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PRESSOOA formal ontology for continuing resources
Clément OuryHead of Data, Network and Standards departmentISSN International [email protected]@ISSN_IC
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Summary of the presentation
- The origins of PRESSOO
- Main features of PRESSOO
- Describing resources according to PRESSOO
- PRESSOO: now, soon and later
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
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The origins of PRESSOO
FRBR, CIDOC-CRM and FRBROO
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
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The origins: FRBROO
- FRBR: a model for libraries (1998)• Identify minimum functional requirements of bibliographic data• Ensure that they meet user requirements• Outcome: a model for bibliographic information: Work, Expression, Manifestation,
Item- CIDOC-CRM: Conceptual Reference Model for museums (1998, now
ISO 21127:2006)• An ontology for very diverse objects of cultural heritage• Object-oriented• Objective: facilitate exchange of information from heterogeneous sources and
improve resources discoverability
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
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FRBROO: an extension of CIDOC-CRM- 2000: first discussions on harmonisation of both models (European
Library Automation Group, Paris)- 2003: International WG on FRBR-CIDOC harmonisation
• Expressing FRBR with concepts, tools, mechanisms and notation conventions from CIDOC CRM
• Aligning (or even merging) the two object-oriented models- Successive versions of FRBROO
• Version 1.0: 2010• Currently 2.2 (to encompass FRAD and FRSAD models)
- Original FRBR is now FRBRER (to be replaced by FRBR-LRM)
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
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Basic structure of CIDOC CRM
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
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Why PRESSOO?- A specialized and detailed model was needed to represent serials and ongoing
resources• “features” (frequency, medium...)• changes that affect them over the time (continuations, absorptions, splits...)• relationships they can have with other serials (linguistic editions...)
- Provide a linked-data friendly data model• To improve interoperability with other datasets
- PRESSOO for the ISSN registry• Prepare the publication of (a subpart of) the registry in the LOD• Deal with the differences of description from various national centres (e.g. “date of publication”)• Mapping of NCs’ MARC records to PRESSOO may be customized according to national
practices
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
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PRESSOO: an extension of FRBROO
- PRESSOO: “FRBROO for serials and other continuing resources”• “An ontology which aims to represent the underlying semantics of
bibliographic information about continuing resources, and more specifically about periodicals”
- FRBROO chosen as reference standard• For its object-oriented approach: convenient for linked data• As it allow interoperability with other cultural fields (as a CIDOC-CRM
extension)• Because FRBRER was not perfectly adapted for serials
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
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Shortcomings of FRBRER
- FRBR Final Report, 1998: • “Certain aspects of the model merit more detailed examination. (…) In particular,
the notion of “seriality” and the dynamic nature of entities recorded in digital formats merit further analysis”.
- FRBRER: rigidly hierarchical (WEMI structure): lack of flexibility• In FRBRER, the WORK entity is defined as a “distinct intellectual or artistic creation” • Various editions of a serial are seen as so many EXPRESSIONS (e.g. Western
and eastern editions of The Wall Street Journal)• Some situations create severe inconsistencies• N.B.: this approach is now disregarded in FRBR-LRM
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
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Example of a complex but frequent enough case
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
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PRESSOO as FRBROO-based model
- FRBROO model defines a “serial work” class (F 18)• Each serial is regarded as a WORK, including all local, linguistic, etc. editions• By ignoring the Expression and Manifestation entities, FRBROO definitively
circumvents the logical inconsistencies mentioned earlier- FRBROO and of CIDOC-CRM models are able to express the
dynamic nature of serials• or at least, to provide a framework for creating additional classes and
properties which express this “dynamic nature”• E.g,: the CIDOC-CRM classes “E 29 Design or Procedure” that accounts for
planned behaviours
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
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Some aspects of FRBROO
- F1 Work: a sum of concepts- F2 Expression: a sum of signs- 3 meanings for "Work":
• all concepts conveyed by each individual Expression:F14 Individual Work
• all concepts common to various Expressions and serving to identify “bibliographic families”:F15 Complex Work
• the concept of adding something to Expressions (e.g. by aggregating them):F16 Container Work
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Serial works in FRBROO
F1 Work
F15 Complex Work F16 Container Work
F19 Publication Work
F18 Serial Work"There is no single expression or manifestation representing a complete serial work, unless the serial work has ended."
is a
is a
is a is a
is a
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The publication process* in FRBROO
*: for physical items; digital publishing is modelled slightly differently (no F3)
F24 PublicationExpression
F3 ManifestationProduct Type
F5 Item
CLR6 should carry
R7 is example of
F19 PublicationWork
R3 is realised in
R6 carries
F30 PublicationEvent
F32 CarrierProduction Event
R23 created a realisation of
R24 created
R27 used as source material
R26 produced things of type
R28 produced
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PRESSOO: the making of - April 2012: issues of FRBR serial description discussed «in an ISSN perspective»
during a technical meeting in Paris- January-March 2013: 7 meetings
• Examination of the semantics of each single data element in the ISSN Manual• Can this semantics be expressed using existing FRBROO and CIDOC CRM classes and
properties?• If not, then declare specific classes and properties
- PRESSOO = sum of specific classes and properties declared through that process• A mapping from the ISSN data elements to PRESSOO is provided in the model
- April 2014: 0.5 version submitted to IFLA FRBR review group- June 2014: amended version (endorsed by the FRBR RG) published as 1.0 version
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Main features of PRESSOO
Or: “A good serial is a dead serial”
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
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PRESSOO: key principles- Descriptive information of a serial makes statements about the past
and assumptions about the future• “There is in general no single expression or manifestation representing a
complete serial work, unless the serial work is ended” (FRBROO)• “The sum (at a given point of time) of all the expressions of all past issues
published so far does not represent the serial work, but can be thought as a “component” of a virtual complete expression that does not exist yet” (PRESSOO)
- PRESSOO models the many changes that are likely to occur over time in the life of a serial
• What is actually described is a set of issuing rules (publication plan)
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
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PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
A continuing resource still being publishing according to PRESSOO
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PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
Periodical, issue, article in PRESSOO
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Periodical, issue, article in PRESSOO
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
Title
Die *bayerische Landwehr / Hersg. von Angehövigen des bayn. landw. Inf. Régt. 2 Erfs for die Hinterbleibenentrasse des RegtsNr. 1 (Sept. 1916)-Colmar : Druck A. Jess, 1916-
Secondary author Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte (Germany) Adam Matthew Digital (Firm)
Germany : Heer : Bayerisches Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment, 2
Publication Date 1916 – 1918
Language German
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PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
Periodical, issue, article in PRESSOO
Bayerische Landwehr Flieger
kampf
N°1, Sept. 1916
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PRESSOO classes (sample)- Mostly related to events (subclasses of E7 Activity, F27 Work
conception, or F30 Publication events)• Z1 Serial transformation• Z2 Absorption• Z3 Separation• …• Z6 Starting of publication• Z7 Ending of publication• …• Z12 Issuing Rules
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
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PRESSOO properties (sample)
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
- Properties of Z1 Serial transformation• Y1 provided a continuation to (was continued through)• Y5 split (was split through)• Y7 merged (was merged through)• Y9 absorbed (was absorbed through)
- Properties of Z12 Issuing rule• Y21 foresees use of language (is language foreseen in)• Y23 foresees dimension (is dimension foreseen in)• Y26 foresees edition (foresees to be another edition of)
- Properties of F18 Serial work• Y33 was merged with• Y42 has current place of publication (is current area of publication of)
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Remember the many editions of Le Petit Phare?
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
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A PRESSOO rendition of Le Petit Phare
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Describing resources according to PRESSOO
The wildlife of periodicals
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
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Colour codes
- In the following slides
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
F…
R…, CLP… or CLR…
E…
P…
Y…
Z…
= a class from CIDOC CRM
= a property from CIDOC CRM
= a class from FRBROO
= a property from FRBROO
= a class from PRESSOO
= a property from PRESSOO
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Chronological boundariesF18 Serial Work
F30 Publication Event
R23 created a realisation of
Z6 Starting ofPublication
Z7 Ending ofPublication
= Publication of earliest known issue = Publication of latest known issue
P116 startsP115 finishes
Y17 launched Y18 ended
When didit begin?
When didit end?
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Describing a periodical
F18 Serial Work Y37 has former or current issuing rule (is former or current issuing rule of) Z12 Issuing Rule Y26 foresees other edition (foresees to be another edition of) (Y26.1 has type: E55 Type {instance: other edition in a different language}) Z12 Issuing Rule Y37 is former or current issuing rule of (has former or current issuing rule) F18 Serial Work
F18 Serial Work Z12 Issuing Rule
Z12 Issuing Rule
Y38 has current issuing ruleY37 has former or current issuing rule
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Describing a periodical:aspects of a publication plan
Z12 Issuing Rule
Z12 Issuing Rule
Y24 foresees use of title
Z12 Issuing Rule
Z12 Issuing Rule
Z12 Issuing Rule
Z12 Issuing Rule
Z10 Sequencing Pattern
Z11 URL
E35 Title
E56 Language
E54 Dimension
E55 Type
Y21 foresees use of language
Y22 foresees sequencing pattern
Y23 foresees dimension
Y20 foresees type
Y28 foresees URL
(of frequency, carrier, digital format, content, medium…)
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Describing a periodical:changes in a publication plan
Z12 Issuing RuleZ12 Issuing Rule
Y15 replaced
Z5 Issuing RuleChange
Y16 replaced with
E52 Time-Span
E50 Date
P4 has time-span
P78 is identified by
From what? To what?
When?
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Relationships among periodicals
Z12 Issuing Rule
Z12 Issuing Rule
Y25 foresees association with
Z12 Issuing Rule
Z12 Issuing Rule
Z12 Issuing Rule
Z12 Issuing Rule
Y26 foresees other edition
Y27 foresees translation in
(supplement, insert…)
(different type of carrier, abridged edition,local edition…)
(Not expressed directly from F18 Serial Work to F18 Serial Work, as the relationship can be stopped at any time without loss of identity for the involved serials: the relationship is therefore viewed as part of the production plans for the two serials involved in the relationship)
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Relationships between periodicals and monographs
Y39 is enhanced by monograph
Y40 enhances monograph
(special issue,supplementing monograph…)
(base volume for an updating loose-leaf,supplemented monograph…)
(Expressed directly from F18 Serial Work to F19 Publication Work, as the relationship remains valid at any point in time throughout the life of the periodical)
F18 Serial Work
F18 Serial Work
F19 Publication Work
F19 Publication Work
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Continuations
F18 Serial WorkY29 evolved into
P119 m
eets
in tim
e with
Z1 Serial Transformation
F18 Serial Work
F27 Work Conception
F30 PublicationEvent
F30 PublicationEvent
Y1 pr
ovide
d a
cont
inuati
on to
Y2 initiated as
continuation
R23 created a realisation of R23 created a realisation of
P134 continued
Z7 Ending of Publication
Z6 Starting of Publication
P115 finishes
P116 starts
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‘Supersedes’ relationship
F18 Serial WorkY31 was superseded by
Z1 Serial Transformation
F18 Serial Work
F30 PublicationEvent
F30 PublicationEvent
Y3 pr
ovide
d a
repla
cemen
t to Y4 initiated as
replacement
R23 created a realisation of R23 created a realisation of
P134 continued
Z7 Ending of Publication
Z6 Starting of Publication
P115 finishes
P116 starts
F27 Work Conception
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Absorptions
F18 Serial Work
Y35 was absorbed inP119
meets
in tim
e with
Z2 Absorption
F18 Serial Work
F30 PublicationEvent
F30 PublicationEvent
Y9 a
bsor
bed
Y10 enhancedR23 created a realisation of R23 created a realisation of
P10 falls within
E7 Activity
Z7 Ending of Publication
P115 finishes
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Separations
F18 Serial Work
Y30 was partially continued by
Z3 Separation
F18 Serial Work
F30 PublicationEvent
F30 PublicationEvent
Y12
sepa
rate
d fro
mY11 separated
R23 created a realisation of R23 created a realisation of
P10
falls
with
in
F27 Work Conception
Z6 Starting of Publication
P116 starts
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Mergers
F18 Serial WorkY34 was merged to form
Z1 Serial Transformation
F18 Serial Work
F30 PublicationEvent
F30 PublicationEvent
Y7 merged
R23
crea
ted
a re
alisa
tion
ofR23 created
a realisation of
P134 continued
F18 Serial Work
F30 PublicationEvent
R23
cre
ated
are
alis
atio
n of
Y7
mer
ged
Y33 was merged with Y34
was
mer
ged
to fo
rm
P134 continued
Y8 merged into
F27 Work Conception
Z7 Ending of Publication
Z6 Starting of Publication
P115 finish
es
P116 starts
Z7 Ending of Publication P115 finishes
P119 meets in time with
P119 meets in time with
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Splits
F18 Serial WorkY11 was split into
Z1 Serial Transformation
F18 Serial Work
F30 PublicationEvent
F30 PublicationEvent
Y5 split Y6 initiated
R23
crea
ted
a re
alis
atio
n of R23 created a realisation of
P134 continued
F18 Serial Work
F30 PublicationEvent
R23 created a realisation of
Y6 initiated
P134 continued
Y32 was split into
Z7 Ending of Publication
Z6 Starting of Publication
P115 finish
es
P116 starts
Z6 Starting of Publication
P116 starts
P119 meets in time with
F27 Work Conception
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Temporary replacements
F18 Serial Work
Z4 TemporarySubstitution
F18 Serial Work
F30 PublicationEvent
F30 PublicationEvent
P9 co
nsist
s of
F30 PublicationEvent
R23 created arealisation of
Y36 had surrogate
F27 WorkConception
F30 PublicationEvent
F30 Publication
Event
Y14 substituted with
Y13
prov
ided
surr
ogat
e to
R23 created arealisation of
R16 initiated
P9 consists of
P9 consists of
P134 P134
P10 falls within(if the replacing serial pre-exists)
P20 had specific purpose(if the replacing serialis created specifically
to replace the other one)
4141
PRESSOO: now, soon and laterImplementers wanted
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
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PRESSOO: an IFLA standard- World-wide review ended successfully on March 2015- PRESSOO Review Group Created by cataloguing section SC in
August 2015 (IFLA meeting in Cape Town)• Review and maintain PRESSOO on an ongoing basis • Liaise with other standardisation bodies (IFLA, RDA…)
- Current project: declare PRESSOO element sets on open metadata registry
• Under iflastandards.info domain name• Foster implementations of the model
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
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Implementing PRESSOO
- ROAD, Directory of open access scholarly resources• Bibliographic records of journals, book series, scholarly blogs, conference
proceedings, repositories• Subset of ISSN registry• Dump accessible under CC-BY-NC license
- PRESSOO model used for the ROAD database RDF serialization• Applied to 13 000+ ISSN records• Home-made ROAD ontology for some ISSN record specificities (title
proper, variant title, etc.)
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015
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Thank you for your attention!
And special thanks to Patrick Leboeuf for providing many slides for this presentation
PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015