Protozoa Protozoa PhylaPhyla
List of PhylaList of Phyla
Amoeba-like organisms (e.g., Amoeba-like organisms (e.g., AmoebaAmoeba)) Phylum EuglenozoaPhylum Euglenozoa
Subphylum Euglenida (e.g., Subphylum Euglenida (e.g., EuglenaEuglena)) Subphylum Kinetoplasta (e.g., Subphylum Kinetoplasta (e.g.,
TrypanosomaTrypanosoma)) Phylum Chlorophyta (e.g., Phylum Chlorophyta (e.g., VolvoxVolvox)) Phylum Apicomplexa (e.g., Phylum Apicomplexa (e.g., PlasmodiumPlasmodium)) Phylum Ciliophora (e.g., Phylum Ciliophora (e.g., ParameciumParamecium))
General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics
Single-celled or unicellular Single-celled or unicellular organisms; some live in colonies; organisms; some live in colonies;
Size = microscopic (3 to 1,000 Size = microscopic (3 to 1,000 microns).microns).
No germ layers, tissues, or organs; No germ layers, tissues, or organs; However, specialized intracellular However, specialized intracellular
"organelles" are present"organelles" are present
General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics
Locomotion by pseudopodia, flagella, Locomotion by pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia.or cilia.
Symmetry = all types (bilateral, radial, Symmetry = all types (bilateral, radial, spherical, or asymmetrical)spherical, or asymmetrical)
Free living, commensal, parasitic, or Free living, commensal, parasitic, or mutualisticmutualistic
Mostly naked, but few have simple Mostly naked, but few have simple protective exoskeletons (tests). Ex. = protective exoskeletons (tests). Ex. = ArcellaArcella
General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics
Nutrition = autotrophic (holophytic), Nutrition = autotrophic (holophytic), saprozoic, saprophytic, or holozoic.saprozoic, saprophytic, or holozoic.
Reproduction: asexual = longitudinal Reproduction: asexual = longitudinal and transverse binary fission, and transverse binary fission, budding, budding,
Sexual = sporogony, and autogamySexual = sporogony, and autogamy
Amoeba-like organismsAmoeba-like organisms
Amoeba-like organismsAmoeba-like organisms
Organisms move by pseudopodia, Organisms move by pseudopodia, flagella, or a combinationflagella, or a combination
Monomorphic nucleiMonomorphic nuclei Genera Genera
AmoebaAmoeba- without a test, naked - without a test, naked ArcellaArcella- with a calcareous test- with a calcareous test
Figure 11.10Figure 11.10
AmoebaAmoeba
Contractile Vacuole
Nucleus
Food Vacuole
Phagocytosis
Pseudopod
Hyaline Cap
Figure 11.05Figure 11.05Amoeba huntingfood
ArcellaArcella
Test
Pseudopod
Side View
ArcellaArcella
Top View Nucleus
Phylum EuglenozoaPhylum Euglenozoa
Organisms move Organisms move by one or two by one or two flagella flagella
Monomorphic Monomorphic nucleinuclei
Capable of Capable of photosynthesis; photosynthesis; chloroplasts chloroplasts usually presentusually present
Subphylum EuglenidaSubphylum Euglenida
Plant like organismsPlant like organisms SolitarySolitary Can photosynthesizeCan photosynthesize
Euglena
EuglenaEuglena
Stigma
Contractile Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Flagellum notvisible
Subphylum KinetoplastaSubphylum Kinetoplasta
Organisms are only Organisms are only heterotrophicheterotrophic
No chloroplasts No chloroplasts presentpresent
all parasiticall parasitic
Trypanosoma smear – cause of sleeping sicknessOrganism
Red Blood Cells
Trypanasoma Trypanasoma
Trypanosoma organism
Red Blood Cells
Phylum ChlorophytaPhylum Chlorophyta
Flagellated single or colonial Flagellated single or colonial organismsorganisms
Are autotrophicAre autotrophic Have chloroplasts with chlorophyllHave chloroplasts with chlorophyll Genetically different from Genetically different from
EuglenozoaEuglenozoa
Figure 11.20Figure 11.20Volvox life cycle
VolvoxVolvox
Egg
MotherColony
Zygote
Mother Colony
Daughter Colonies
Nuclei of individualcells
Phylum ApicomplexaPhylum Apicomplexa
organisms do not organisms do not have locomotor have locomotor structures; structures;
all species are all species are parasiticparasitic
asexual asexual reproduction reproduction involves involves schizogonyschizogony
Plasmodium smear – cause of Malaria
Plasmodium – agentFor malaria
Final Host
Vector
Trophozooite
trophozoitemerozoite
Ring stage
Red blood cell
Ring stage – Early Trophozoite
Ring stage in red blood cell
Merozoites in the Schizont
Schizont with merozoites in red blood cell
Red blood cell
Gametocytes
Female Male
Phylum CiliophoraPhylum CiliophoraThe CiliatesThe Ciliates
Organisms move by ciliaOrganisms move by cilia Usually two sizes of nuclei Usually two sizes of nuclei Macronucleus and micronucleusMacronucleus and micronucleus Reproduction usually by transverse Reproduction usually by transverse
binary fissionbinary fission but sexual reproduction by conjugationbut sexual reproduction by conjugation
Paramecium
Binary Fission – Asexual Binary Fission – Asexual ReproductionReproduction
Conjugation – sexual reproductionConjugation – sexual reproduction
Vorticella Vorticella
StentorStentor