Quantificazione delle emissioni stradali nella città di Napoli
Napoli, 16 Settembre 2015
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Automobili
Veicoli leggeri P < 3.5 t
Veicoli pesanti P > 3.5 t eautobus
Motocicli cc < 50 cm3
Motocicli cc > 50 cm3
Pneumatici, freni e mantostradale
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Automobili
Veicoli leggeri P < 3.5 t
Veicoli pesanti P > 3.5 t e autobus
Motocicli cc < 50 cm3
Motocicli cc > 50 cm3
Pneumatici, freni e manto stradale
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Automobili
Veicoli leggeri P < 3.5 t
Veicoli pesanti P > 3.5 t e autobus
Motocicli cc < 50 cm3
Motocicli cc > 50 cm3
RACCOLTA E CAMPIONAMENTO
Il particolato è stato raccolto a bordo strada nel mese di marzo 2015 nel tunnel “4 giornate” di Napoli nei punti di entrata/uscita
A. Riccio et al. Real-world automot ive part iculate matter and PAH emissions
Table 3: Vehicle counts (percentage) in the tunnel by sampling period. LDVs are light-duty
vehicles; HDVs heavy-duty vehicles
t imeframemopeds/ passenger
LDVs HDVs coachesurban
motorcycles cars buses
9− 10 376 (23.1) 1125 (69.2) 76 (4.7) 41 (2.5) 5 (0.3) 3 (0.2)
10− 11 373 (23.4) 1083 (68.1) 88 (5.5) 35 (2.2) 9 (0.6) 3 (0.2)
11− 12 371 (23.1) 1124 (70.0) 80 (5.0) 28 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 2 (0.1)
12− 13 418 (26.0) 1071 (66.7) 86 (5.4) 28 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 2 (0.1)
13− 14 519 (28.6) 1192 (65.7) 70 (3.9) 27 (1.5) 4 (0.2) 2 (0.1)
14− 15 463 (27.3) 1142 (67.3) 69 (4.1) 21 (1.2) 1 (0.1) 2 (0.1)
15− 16 414 (22.7) 1320 (72.5) 53 (2.9) 26 (1.4) 3 (0.2) 4 (0.2)
16− 17 453 (24.6) 1289 (69.9) 64 (3.5) 38 (2.1) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.1)
17− 18 455 (24.1) 1366 (72.4) 40 (2.1) 21 (1.1) 2 (0.1) 2 (0.1)
18− 19 503 (28.0) 1270 (70.7) 18 (1.0) 3 (0.2) 2 (0.1) 1 (0.1)
19− 20 583 (31.8) 1213 (66.1) 30 (1.6) 7 (0.4) 0 (0.0) 2 (0.1)
average 448 (25.8) 1200 (69.0) 61 (3.5) 25 (1.4) 2 (0.1) 2 (0.1)
17
SHARING VEICOLARE
METODOLOGIE
La stima dei fattori di emissione dei veicoli si basa sul calcolo della differenza di concentrazio-ne tra entrata e uscita, e può essere rappresentata come la quantità di una sostanza inqui-nante che viene emessa rispetto alla distanza percorsa (EFDD) o al combustibile consumato (EFFU).
EFDD =vA
NLDc
EFFU =Dc
DCO2
wc
Concentrazione di CO2 26/03/2015
Sector CO2 2012 (g/km)
Passenger Cars 175
Light Duty Vehicles 247
Heavy Duty Trucks 473
Buses 750
Mopeds 58
Motorcycles 91
Emissioni attese (mediate sul database della provincia di Napoli, ACI Autoritratto, 2014): 172 g/km
Emissioni di CO2 (g/km)
Valore mediano: 163 g/km
IQR: 160 − 165 g/km
Emissioni attese (mediate sul database della provincia di Napoli, ACI Autoritratto, 2014): 172 g/km
PM10 (mg/m3)
Emissioni attese (mediate sul database della provincia di Napoli, ACI Autoritratto, 2014): 49.5 mg/km, 1.75 kg/t
Sector PM10 2012 (mg/km vec)
Passenger Cars 55
Light Duty Vehicles 143
Heavy Duty Trucks 256
Buses 499
Mopeds 83
Motorcycles 30
Sector PM10 2012 (kg/t)
Passenger Cars 0.61
Light Duty Vehicles 1.16
Heavy Duty Trucks 0.86
Buses 0.75
Mopeds 4.44
Motorcycles 1.04
Emissioni di PM10 (t/t)
Valore mediano: 3.5 kg/t
… ma l’emissione attesa (mediate sul database della provincia di Napoli, ACI Autoritratto, 2014) era 1.75 kg/t, la metà di quella osservata
Emissioni di PM10 (g/km)
… ma l’emissione attesa (mediata sul database della provincia di Napoli, ACI Autoritratto, 2014) era 49.5 mg/km
Sector NOx 2012 (mg/km)
Passenger Cars 468
Light Duty Vehicles 975
Heavy Duty Trucks 5300
Buses 6581
Mopeds 129
Motorcycles 183
Emissioni attese (mediate sul database della provincia di Napoli, ACI Autoritratto, 2014): ≈ 600 mg/km
Emissioni di NOx (g/km)
Valore mediano: 780 mg/km
Emissioni attese (mediate sul database della provincia di Napoli, ACI Autoritratto, 2014): ≈ 600 mg/km
A. Riccio et al. 11
formate are not considered further.262
About 30% of the total PM10 mass is explained by ionic elements at the tunnel en-263
t rance, predominant ly sodium chloride, calcium and sulphate. Total Na+ concentrat ions264
vary from 12.3 to 16.2 µg/ m3 and average 14.8 ± 3.1 µg/ m3, and there is no significant265
variat ion at the tunnel exit . Typically, sodium is used to determine the sea-salt compo-266
nent in aerosol part icles since the water-soluble sodium is assumed to originate solely267
from seawater. Under this assumpt ion, the result ing sea-salt concentrat ion varies from268
21.4 to 41.0 µg/ m3 and a mean level of 26.7± 5.8 µg/ m3; thus, according to equat ion (1),269
about 30% of PM10 mass derives from the marine contribut ion, which is not surprising270
since the tunnel entrance is located close to the seaside.271
Tabl e 1
Mean, median, minimum, maximum and standard deviations (SD) of atmospheric PM10 , trace
elements and ion concentrations col lected at the tunnel entrance and exit. Concentrations are in ng/ m3
for elements and µg/ m3 for ionic species, unless otherwise stated. ‘ lod’ stands for ‘ limi t of detection’ .
t unnel ent rance tunnel exit
mean ± SD median min max mean ± SD median min max
PM 10 86.3 ± 16.6 84.9 61.7 115.9 411 ± 113 407 279 567
Na+ 14.8 ± 3.1 13.4 12.3 16.2 12.3 ± 1.3 12.3 10.1 14.5
NH+4 < lod < lod < lod < lod 2.9 ± 1.7 3.3 0.2 5.0
K + 4.3 ± 1.1 4.0 3.0 6.2 3.4 ± 0.6 3.5 2.5 4.6
Mg2+ 1.3 ± 0.3 1.3 1.2 2.0 1.7 ± 0.2 1.7 1.3 1.9
Ca2+ 9.0 ± 1.3 8.2 8.0 11.4 27.4 ± 4.8 27.6 20.6 34.7
F− 1.3 ± 0.3 1.3 0.8 1.6 1.3 ± 0.3 1.2 0.8 1.9
CH3COO− 0.6 ± 0.6 0.5 < lod 1.8 0.5 ± 1.3 < lod < lod 4.2
HCOO− 1.6 ± 2.4 < lod < lod 7.0 0.9 ± 1.4 < lod < lod 4.1
Cl− 4.9 ± 1.5 5.0 3.3 8.0 6.1 ± 2.8 5.4 3.9 13.2
SO3−4 5.6 ± 1.9 5.9 2.7 9.0 8.0 ± 1.6 8.2 5.6 10.8
sea salt 26.7 ± 5.8 24.7 21.4 41.0 24.2 ± 4.4 22.7 18.8 34.4
ssSO3−4 3.6 ± 0.8 3.4 2.7 5.6 3.1 ± 0.3 3.1 2.6 3.7
nssSO3−4 2.0 ± 1.9 1.5 0.0 5.9 5.0 ± 1.4 5.1 3.0 7.2
nssCa2+ 8.5 ± 1.2 7.8 7.4 10.7 26.9 ± 4.8 27.1 20.2 34.2
nssMg2+ − 0.5 ± 0.1 -0.4 -0.7 -0.3 0.2 ± 0.2 0.1 -0.1 0.4
nssK + 3.9 ± 1.0 3.7 2.7 5.7 3.1 ± 0.6 3.2 2.2 4.2
A. Riccio et al. Real-world automot ive part iculate matter and PAH emissions
Table1: List of thedetected PAHs. Acronyms, molecular weights (MW), number of aromat ic
rings (N), toxic equivalent factors (TEF), carcinogenic groups and lod (limit of detect ion)
of the experimental procedure are also reported.
PAH MW N TEFa carcinogenic groupb lod
Phenanthrene (PhA) 178 3 0.001 3 0.001
Anthracene (An) 178 3 0.01 3 0.002
Fluoranthene (Fla) 202 3 0.001 3 0.001
Pyrene (Pyr) 202 3 0.001 3 0.001
Benzo(a)anthracene (BaA) 228 4 0.1 2B 0.001
Chrysene (Chr) 228 4 0.01 2B 0.002
Benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) 252 4 0.1 2B 0.001
Benzo(k+ j)fluoranthene (Bk+ jF) 252 4 0.1 2B 0.003
Benzo(e)pyrene (BeP) 252 4 – 3 0.001
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) 252 5 1 1 0.001
Perylene (Pery) 252 5 – 3 0.002
Indeno(1,2,3-c,d,e)pyrene (IcdeP) 276 5 0.1 2B 0.001
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (BahA) 278 5 1 2A 0.002
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BghiP) 276 6 0.01 3 0.001
Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene (DBaeP) 302 6 1 3 0.003
Coronene (Coro) 300 6 – 3 0.001
Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene (DBahP) 302 6 10 2B 0.002
Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene (DBaiP) 302 6 10 2B 0.006
Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene (DBalP) 302 6 100 2A 0.01
a List by Nisbet and LaGoy,36 Malcolm and Dobson,37 Bergvall and Wester-
holm.38
b Group 1: carcinogenic to humans; group 2A: probably carcinogenic to humans;
group 2B: possibly carcinogenic to humans; group 3: not classifiable as to its
carcinogenicity to humans39.
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