Quantificazione delle emissioni stradali nella città di Napoli

Napoli, 16 Settembre 2015

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Automobili

Veicoli leggeri P < 3.5 t

Veicoli pesanti P > 3.5 t eautobus

Motocicli cc < 50 cm3

Motocicli cc > 50 cm3

Pneumatici, freni e mantostradale

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Automobili

Veicoli leggeri P < 3.5 t

Veicoli pesanti P > 3.5 t e autobus

Motocicli cc < 50 cm3

Motocicli cc > 50 cm3

Pneumatici, freni e manto stradale

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Automobili

Veicoli leggeri P < 3.5 t

Veicoli pesanti P > 3.5 t e autobus

Motocicli cc < 50 cm3

Motocicli cc > 50 cm3

RACCOLTA E CAMPIONAMENTO

Il particolato è stato raccolto a bordo strada nel mese di marzo 2015 nel tunnel “4 giornate” di Napoli nei punti di entrata/uscita

A. Riccio et al. Real-world automot ive part iculate matter and PAH emissions

Table 3: Vehicle counts (percentage) in the tunnel by sampling period. LDVs are light-duty

vehicles; HDVs heavy-duty vehicles

t imeframemopeds/ passenger

LDVs HDVs coachesurban

motorcycles cars buses

9− 10 376 (23.1) 1125 (69.2) 76 (4.7) 41 (2.5) 5 (0.3) 3 (0.2)

10− 11 373 (23.4) 1083 (68.1) 88 (5.5) 35 (2.2) 9 (0.6) 3 (0.2)

11− 12 371 (23.1) 1124 (70.0) 80 (5.0) 28 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 2 (0.1)

12− 13 418 (26.0) 1071 (66.7) 86 (5.4) 28 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 2 (0.1)

13− 14 519 (28.6) 1192 (65.7) 70 (3.9) 27 (1.5) 4 (0.2) 2 (0.1)

14− 15 463 (27.3) 1142 (67.3) 69 (4.1) 21 (1.2) 1 (0.1) 2 (0.1)

15− 16 414 (22.7) 1320 (72.5) 53 (2.9) 26 (1.4) 3 (0.2) 4 (0.2)

16− 17 453 (24.6) 1289 (69.9) 64 (3.5) 38 (2.1) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.1)

17− 18 455 (24.1) 1366 (72.4) 40 (2.1) 21 (1.1) 2 (0.1) 2 (0.1)

18− 19 503 (28.0) 1270 (70.7) 18 (1.0) 3 (0.2) 2 (0.1) 1 (0.1)

19− 20 583 (31.8) 1213 (66.1) 30 (1.6) 7 (0.4) 0 (0.0) 2 (0.1)

average 448 (25.8) 1200 (69.0) 61 (3.5) 25 (1.4) 2 (0.1) 2 (0.1)

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SHARING VEICOLARE

METODOLOGIE

La stima dei fattori di emissione dei veicoli si basa sul calcolo della differenza di concentrazio-ne tra entrata e uscita, e può essere rappresentata come la quantità di una sostanza inqui-nante che viene emessa rispetto alla distanza percorsa (EFDD) o al combustibile consumato (EFFU).

EFDD =vA

NLDc

EFFU =Dc

DCO2

wc

Concentrazione di CO2 26/03/2015

Sector CO2 2012 (g/km)

Passenger Cars 175

Light Duty Vehicles 247

Heavy Duty Trucks 473

Buses 750

Mopeds 58

Motorcycles 91

Emissioni attese (mediate sul database della provincia di Napoli, ACI Autoritratto, 2014): 172 g/km

Emissioni di CO2 (g/km)

Valore mediano: 163 g/km

IQR: 160 − 165 g/km

Emissioni attese (mediate sul database della provincia di Napoli, ACI Autoritratto, 2014): 172 g/km

PM10 (mg/m3)

Emissioni attese (mediate sul database della provincia di Napoli, ACI Autoritratto, 2014): 49.5 mg/km, 1.75 kg/t

Sector PM10 2012 (mg/km vec)

Passenger Cars 55

Light Duty Vehicles 143

Heavy Duty Trucks 256

Buses 499

Mopeds 83

Motorcycles 30

Sector PM10 2012 (kg/t)

Passenger Cars 0.61

Light Duty Vehicles 1.16

Heavy Duty Trucks 0.86

Buses 0.75

Mopeds 4.44

Motorcycles 1.04

Emissioni di PM10 (t/t)

Valore mediano: 3.5 kg/t

… ma l’emissione attesa (mediate sul database della provincia di Napoli, ACI Autoritratto, 2014) era 1.75 kg/t, la metà di quella osservata

Emissioni di PM10 (g/km)

… ma l’emissione attesa (mediata sul database della provincia di Napoli, ACI Autoritratto, 2014) era 49.5 mg/km

Sector NOx 2012 (mg/km)

Passenger Cars 468

Light Duty Vehicles 975

Heavy Duty Trucks 5300

Buses 6581

Mopeds 129

Motorcycles 183

Emissioni attese (mediate sul database della provincia di Napoli, ACI Autoritratto, 2014): ≈ 600 mg/km

Emissioni di NOx (g/km)

Valore mediano: 780 mg/km

Emissioni attese (mediate sul database della provincia di Napoli, ACI Autoritratto, 2014): ≈ 600 mg/km

A. Riccio et al. 11

formate are not considered further.262

About 30% of the total PM10 mass is explained by ionic elements at the tunnel en-263

t rance, predominant ly sodium chloride, calcium and sulphate. Total Na+ concentrat ions264

vary from 12.3 to 16.2 µg/ m3 and average 14.8 ± 3.1 µg/ m3, and there is no significant265

variat ion at the tunnel exit . Typically, sodium is used to determine the sea-salt compo-266

nent in aerosol part icles since the water-soluble sodium is assumed to originate solely267

from seawater. Under this assumpt ion, the result ing sea-salt concentrat ion varies from268

21.4 to 41.0 µg/ m3 and a mean level of 26.7± 5.8 µg/ m3; thus, according to equat ion (1),269

about 30% of PM10 mass derives from the marine contribut ion, which is not surprising270

since the tunnel entrance is located close to the seaside.271

Tabl e 1

Mean, median, minimum, maximum and standard deviations (SD) of atmospheric PM10 , trace

elements and ion concentrations col lected at the tunnel entrance and exit. Concentrations are in ng/ m3

for elements and µg/ m3 for ionic species, unless otherwise stated. ‘ lod’ stands for ‘ limi t of detection’ .

t unnel ent rance tunnel exit

mean ± SD median min max mean ± SD median min max

PM 10 86.3 ± 16.6 84.9 61.7 115.9 411 ± 113 407 279 567

Na+ 14.8 ± 3.1 13.4 12.3 16.2 12.3 ± 1.3 12.3 10.1 14.5

NH+4 < lod < lod < lod < lod 2.9 ± 1.7 3.3 0.2 5.0

K + 4.3 ± 1.1 4.0 3.0 6.2 3.4 ± 0.6 3.5 2.5 4.6

Mg2+ 1.3 ± 0.3 1.3 1.2 2.0 1.7 ± 0.2 1.7 1.3 1.9

Ca2+ 9.0 ± 1.3 8.2 8.0 11.4 27.4 ± 4.8 27.6 20.6 34.7

F− 1.3 ± 0.3 1.3 0.8 1.6 1.3 ± 0.3 1.2 0.8 1.9

CH3COO− 0.6 ± 0.6 0.5 < lod 1.8 0.5 ± 1.3 < lod < lod 4.2

HCOO− 1.6 ± 2.4 < lod < lod 7.0 0.9 ± 1.4 < lod < lod 4.1

Cl− 4.9 ± 1.5 5.0 3.3 8.0 6.1 ± 2.8 5.4 3.9 13.2

SO3−4 5.6 ± 1.9 5.9 2.7 9.0 8.0 ± 1.6 8.2 5.6 10.8

sea salt 26.7 ± 5.8 24.7 21.4 41.0 24.2 ± 4.4 22.7 18.8 34.4

ssSO3−4 3.6 ± 0.8 3.4 2.7 5.6 3.1 ± 0.3 3.1 2.6 3.7

nssSO3−4 2.0 ± 1.9 1.5 0.0 5.9 5.0 ± 1.4 5.1 3.0 7.2

nssCa2+ 8.5 ± 1.2 7.8 7.4 10.7 26.9 ± 4.8 27.1 20.2 34.2

nssMg2+ − 0.5 ± 0.1 -0.4 -0.7 -0.3 0.2 ± 0.2 0.1 -0.1 0.4

nssK + 3.9 ± 1.0 3.7 2.7 5.7 3.1 ± 0.6 3.2 2.2 4.2

A. Riccio et al. Real-world automot ive part iculate matter and PAH emissions

Table1: List of thedetected PAHs. Acronyms, molecular weights (MW), number of aromat ic

rings (N), toxic equivalent factors (TEF), carcinogenic groups and lod (limit of detect ion)

of the experimental procedure are also reported.

PAH MW N TEFa carcinogenic groupb lod

Phenanthrene (PhA) 178 3 0.001 3 0.001

Anthracene (An) 178 3 0.01 3 0.002

Fluoranthene (Fla) 202 3 0.001 3 0.001

Pyrene (Pyr) 202 3 0.001 3 0.001

Benzo(a)anthracene (BaA) 228 4 0.1 2B 0.001

Chrysene (Chr) 228 4 0.01 2B 0.002

Benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) 252 4 0.1 2B 0.001

Benzo(k+ j)fluoranthene (Bk+ jF) 252 4 0.1 2B 0.003

Benzo(e)pyrene (BeP) 252 4 – 3 0.001

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) 252 5 1 1 0.001

Perylene (Pery) 252 5 – 3 0.002

Indeno(1,2,3-c,d,e)pyrene (IcdeP) 276 5 0.1 2B 0.001

Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (BahA) 278 5 1 2A 0.002

Benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BghiP) 276 6 0.01 3 0.001

Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene (DBaeP) 302 6 1 3 0.003

Coronene (Coro) 300 6 – 3 0.001

Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene (DBahP) 302 6 10 2B 0.002

Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene (DBaiP) 302 6 10 2B 0.006

Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene (DBalP) 302 6 100 2A 0.01

a List by Nisbet and LaGoy,36 Malcolm and Dobson,37 Bergvall and Wester-

holm.38

b Group 1: carcinogenic to humans; group 2A: probably carcinogenic to humans;

group 2B: possibly carcinogenic to humans; group 3: not classifiable as to its

carcinogenicity to humans39.

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