16 Ciln
r-n- ~roce.ss <~n il.nfl.~e~l ~ ~ ~~
?~ . -t!S'-t.o moc0'P~. Ck /n
rJ . J >> be ~ n, A.e <t
')
S'6Yne · Wclj
?w ~n
-~-~-~ . . I
J s 0 f::h rL:C L:t
0:J- ~· l::JVI1f~~te
~M . \ . ~ , ''"'' _,J l fLLrorh:~J e_ )-·~.rr ro cess I~ d(, 1\Vt h !JUI vd YYir)CropJ<t;es
~ cdk/~T celR
Jn V .J<.v.e~ if'> 1,..,'/fo YJ f-o s ; s cvd . ? <I r n til cl fj e.r hoYJ 1; -u~ r) n hj 'in s
S<J'M ~ d r21:t.d r ,· .0 'c
-7 1:(_~- {l!OCeA-1
·f:t~ pkoru fl
cef_r'j CL~ Nor PAI)fvbh~ -(;(,!...{_ s 1,'/( 1/t t f o'6
_.;;;;: .... '
c1 n h!J ~17 OYJ.
"Ylll e. yn (sy rln er I I
r:;-::- " cn•_:jen fMSetJh., cdJ.s
---- l ~ f\ mncroph~e_-
* + :r r-... o'fcte_t\ ~ be_ r~CJ03vti zeJ CVJ ~e..t· ~ ~ ~ y cuJs -»~
. '
~hot[ t'X:~e~ovU ~ ~td~erwus ~s (&ctZl-uft\3 t,J);L r Ct.._ ·~r...-l'l-~--e_-=-.x.--::-"o-=q UlOUS ctl'l ~jt-n.s· CJY\. f(;,e_~'t S i.ttrrf cLCH ~
t cl: cJ / t/ ' fttt ve
0vtd.;::; <IIOL{j
~;1 ~J t~1f (SVJ
~ .514ft~/} a VL 1-1 j ens .WI"' r t k. , ~ r o ce SH)
>~ Ci/no ucuel w;tt\ M HC- li Proteivu
iVl vtst ~ f roce S5€J_ ~(iiJ~ye~~iiJJ f1(\ tyeMs <:f.' ~ o u· tLted. w ;tf: MHC-1 prot elrt s
~ The bacterial antigen fragments that associate with MHC-II proteins are presented to (recog
nized by) helper T cells (T4 cells), triggering activation of the helper T cells and the release of lymphokines such a~ interleukin-2 (IL-2), which helps to activate B cells. Uncomplexed antigen fragments are r~~gnized by receptors on B cells, triggering their activation and transfonnation into antibody-secreting plasma cells.
ANTIGEN PROCESSING
2.
~l.t-:>t~· '
Example: A Macrophage Processing Bacterial Antigens
Protein
'"--'
uncomplexed antigen fragment ,
antigen fragment
5. Exocytosis and Insertion of antigen-MHC-11 complex
into plasma membrane
-~f;,
('An<hbot!}- l"tled/at~J ;Yv1YI1Ur?;t;j ~ 3 + Z:d+c.A'u-._ -/ ~ + t!(v "' i r1s+- Lt...::,f; ,.
1/tJAjenf diJr~J :.., bred4 ... /)() ;Js e . o
-...} ~ .J . b "' ct.er; ttK_ +o 'X. ~ f\S
M e_dilvt: sV\1\
1
~ct-)\)1\ f1'v'Y\ db 6 cJls > hM{J~ 7>- g C e.Qls O\ 1'1 t€.S~ond -&, , lkn r to CH£ cd c) rl tljb\ ."). ~~:. ;si)IJ ;J_
b vJ , ~ K-SfcSY\Fie 0 f"h'l ~' 'Yvt u"L<. i n+tnk i-{ -t?-.z ~u d 0-V\h~s ~ fr-oce.s{e.J.. h-u ~ .. , .. · .. , .. )}" .... acrop~i1o,.e~ J , ,
U · · · · :~.J """ .. ~ ' · a-,; " · fl v'\ h. 'eV\ fM.Jer'tf-tj · -~, .... , ..... ~qle(ljy',.t)c. cell;; cill__ (fl Pc)
~ Vn. t€ Co 3 viii\~ ( -. !;en -to .~ b i nd,j;j- o6 .''1" c1nC!"" 1;<, fS c-UR KCe-f10r> ~ E'lLf... speci/,c i:yfe c!J il11tyu-, /SJA/iJs ~ ~ .-tt.c~ /!J ce!)s .~rrJ:- : a~ . lrfj rll f'IIWI(d. 1;o SC'(ft1:i_ r\ 11-f> b o.QJ e 5 1)..,_):- r\.J:t c)( r. ( b ' .J "U>) -f:f,Af .f1 M( fy ('e "'), <'!VI t;j'lon ,
@)~'ABc~ e~e n~Jl~ ·thy -e:vJ·~~ -;;iJ.z C/. oU e 1'1 h r'Lt-e i Y\ ru ~( ( r <1f cJ Rh'<M d(, ide .. hcJ
c JJs) of:, ~_e n.sw.rt cdJs. ~ pb SIIA~ c d.lr Rcre:U_ . sf eii/s 0- r- ~ JJ c1 &_; e S' tt. c'L't c.i.JLcul ;U e ~ -(J.z ~ fYI f h 0.. f'\ d b ( 0 0 d --co rznc~ &;~ s;K cfb in vas/6'n WHERE Trl'&£ IS iNb TD Ttl ETR ANTiG-t=NS · .
r /) :A j i s lfYVlt_ db -8~ d'l c~ v n.le d__ £ c e}jj' M-t . .rncrYY' t~ C~s · ..t-!~.~ c__~.JL-~--n;~_.-J I A-'- • h rfJTJJ w, fl reJ.J s )' ~ !'fAvl!)i 1'1
d t c{ I -e_.r~ (/ h ret f 1 f1 J r!!:J_
0 n () . t? C e.JJ.s ~ f} ... o }J }'-f_ S r(J}1.. tY1 OYQ r r1nJ / OJ? (Yle.-M 6YJ. r~ v--:] I - .J/_ -
of- ./hce..-6t.J&J g,,svJ.d t0_ S1lW\e d n ?Jtn 11ff_etlr _cy
~ ~ t-e rJ (\A.(_
w~ fe_n~trrtte tk_ St611J ((Y
ouJ:WKe_ 7. 1, \
t
n1 UC(JuS) l
{-ose) u KJ1Wvw_ YVtfiCroffii:.,
(jJ · roceJ!,S CJ- J/':l , ~ jlrrl>:n.~ ® t'11G.RA T£ tv~.n3 J{.._ * b &c{e.r; :ct. d n11J~ dYI. . "-- . 4; /ltf Aflh'c , I,J'Ss d ftt11 t:t..W. ~ 4:MfeJ.d (JJ)ct oJrr "J -th._ A.Vl hf"' info MHC,_ 1l ~ /4 Mdcro t.. c q_ M h t7or.Le_ S/ fN..Mtlf
cmit!j ~nf n-h' ~-t1HC- t~} ~ :L.JA~ 1~ .()v r 1'"\1\J\ aJ t'J< _,..,.__ 9 !; · t"- 0 v ~.A-t '--/e._ ~ ----- -e:/:C-'---0 • • •r : (N ""' c s , ,.. nell r 'V kJ""f M h 'c n· S) w. . ..,.. flcliv!t.().... . . . . ® M I G-R. A Tt" ~.j 6t-·
11() /S cdJ- ____ j,p{Asw.A cdl::-~ blo<x:t wscf Cr1rr.yi':'j (j" ) m e1t1. OYJ:. /?. e:e.U. f:hjen _to ttv_. sfl!ee..,.. v
I ttl( 'ut_ to (/\._ e ceU
®{II I --- , J (1\ "'- .foRl.tdt. Locl.:f.ed · ~pn(f~tvJed b!!ckrt" _ --~ WA/H tdp' "" ~ e.-r~ te"'- (}l.. h!V! flitri.h c. ve ss.·t-[ ~ 0 P ; ~ % '- . 1
-" L . @- Mv h 1100. ~J....:;,.. n~, ocyfo~.f:d !w ~ ~Yl ~ o.. ~~ '\~sef,.,.. · .f.ee, f " · _,_, ~-J A. ~ . /1..4 ~ t 10\. ( v~'L' JU..c4..L fw J uCyfo~ S; in 1/I.Se.S dJ. - P,; i 1. ~.J ma.cr:afh~s ~a .At.JfVIfn. nc(.I.R._ t~Ao-t- 1;. ~ ~ il'tU.St' f s'AleUt ·
~.eJ og ~ O~tS ~ o<:i:u/L ~r~bneo,~ld -• 1\..D s {; ' . b ' . ' _J_ f Af"\ frYIMUtlt:.. 1~ SctV(II.t l1Ylf{~ M~ L i/lf(}(}tetJ
ir1. J; 'rcnf ):;wttfrr?hc 1lS:5[i(S ob {be_ boi:J fj:t: tk SaMe. h'll.A_e_
Ag Receptor
MHC II~ Ag Receptor
ll ~ 1 Receptor
MHC 1- Ag Receptor
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
-,o'
Antigen ----l
Costimulation ............ _....._.. ... ... .......... ,. -2 ....... - ...
I \ PROLIFERATION ...
I \
.. r: :· .:-~ .,. "
·s
I I I
I IL- 1 I
I I I
..1!
•
... ~ ............ ~ I
IL- 2 stimulates
cell division
I ~Lt.,.
r-~1· DIFFERENTIATION I
Antibodies travel via the blood to all regions of the body • and bind to antigens of the kind that stimulated their production, forming antigen-antibody complexes.
Antibodies released
~ ~~ ~ ~~
~(/ ~ Antigen-antibody complexes have three functions : (1) activation of complement. (2) enhancement of phagocytosis (by opsonization). (3) neutralization of toxins and viruses.
Costimulation Macrophages also present antigen to helper T cells. This stimulates the helper T cells to prdiferate and secrete cytokines that costimulate the antigen-bound B cells. Helper T cells bind to the antigen-MHC-II complex and secrete IL-2 that acts as a costimulator to initiate B cell division and differentiation; IL-2 also acts as an autocrine, stimulating proliferation of the same helper T cells that secreted it.
~~-- ·,!
~
'qf~f-~, b ANTIBODY FUNCTIONS
Activation of Complement a ..
Antigen _ __.,_,.,.,..,.-~.... Enhances i nflam mati on
~ (C3a and C5a) .....
~~~-~
..
Phagocytosis
Bacterium =-Antigen
Neutralization
Antibody :1
Antibody Functions
--------~ Enhances phagocytosis .... - C1 receptor
Bacterial Toxin
(opsonization by C3b)
~ Directly kills bacteria (cytolysis by M~C)
Antibodies destroy antigens by three basic mechanisms: (1) Activation of Complement Complement kills bacteria by cytolysis and enhances phagocytosis. (2) Phagocytosis Coating of bacteria with antibody (opsonization) enhances phagocytosis. (3) Neutralization Antibodies link toxins or viruses, forming nonpathogenic substances.
·'if.:"~ .-;··.;
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION IN LYMPH NODE ·-r
Antigen Bacterium ._,
·· Afferent Lymphatic Vessel
Macrophage ,
Efferent Lymphatic Vessel
· Antibody
~~ ?ft~t-%.,, I
,I
I
u-
~ r Lt_
.,::..)...
l)ire~ K(2J
-JE·~ 1"' tva.cJlu.lM
* (f?lV\C'e/L ------------;;-* ~ill~- 1J .;;,'s·rV-~ "
I Hec_~a\1\·,svv. ~
r (."21
L ~IJ A <.lfy' -(,...l(_f S' I
CUJr
,-------------.......-----r-----------.-------------· ~ONe OF -1 HE \viRAl!' 1"J£oTp;/tJSj ARE IN.St;R.Tef)
TN THE PL-A.5MA 1'-1EMgRANE oF -erie H0ST CELL
((lt'\(pLfXEb wiTI-1 rMHC-1 proteins) S\vH~ MHC:-1 frote.lflr 0\J"-t P~e/lf on r
~ ry~ ct cit"-Ajef\- MHc-I C<J-mrf<?-_ eM, h<-Ovr\ vi n/ts __ ~t.~
..---- 1 ~ /)A _ f'1) S ~ · !l CYI/t Q t:(l-C he C _)._ di'Uj.A ~ ___,....\ TU.Mt}v~.,r tlj~j_hCIP~"s . CAnCeA c~ 1 L l)...vt-. ((. U . I v":J
\.1~· t rt~~cf~.-t;ed &:J vlr~Ases._..~ c~.,_e .. ,-Vtr((~s <fY r,>chilh<Jn
3_ etl-e h CJ.~ r'LLt:-e.A.ei~ . C<"trtC~ ce_lls {Jrocfut.c~ l{_t\J(A51A..ltt,. P'ROIEttV5 NOT FOLJtVb .171J
NoR~A L l?.ob y CELLS
SDMf' 0 r THESE cA"tcER-IJ.Jbuq;_b PRoTcilJ5 Cfl L- L/3l) TUMo ·'K ANTi G~ ~ N.S d\ R e II\/ s !5'1{ TeD I Ai TI-l~ ?U1SHFJ M~H/Jf(AJJe-~ ·oF TuMoR_ Cel-l-S fiSSocilfTE:lJ VJ I TI-T M H C- "l P£oTeiAJS
r::J'\ IH·,~cs ~G f:l>.l- M HC-If ~~ex..s Se_rw_ "'-" l?iNDii!!J. \15) ~- y- qtf-.o.f"Ox:c T ~
u.J.l':J
C/}/;· q ~tf5vt.-~'-
·R~r ~ '6 .. clt\. . r\n h'3e.n ~ Cit T c /J IJ fir ctt;;r_t
c...zx_ I
R_e_u.phrf (Tel<) ~
-~t_~ OV\.Q. rtY':J.Q ,· o ns cf6 d..!/f.e rt.t?f C¢f 1-o foX.~ c I cdts
THAT CfiA! ~
EACH wi·TH UtJIQut TCR:s R ec.o G-tJ I z.~ s:pecc Fi c A tJT/G ftJ --~· --------
- M c H- 1 C6YVI~ e.-4.
w~ CJ5·
()..._
(')l/) h8~
~~{\Q ~ IS (NDS /0
, , + LL-.... ' ·T J)llll r e_ S h' r:!j ( I n f1 cJ1 v:) ~ ·r u l uK I C CCJL.I( ~ ({) U./11 te:.rs Co'<'V\f2-e:<ed l.).)tth . M r/c-:r Pratein5 6'Y\ ~
a.... vtnJS- ;~e.ut~( (}( Cttnc~ em_,· (;c-
( Re.CD~n/;ze_s J fk CFrvt~e.'t
~~ 0.. cJdYL.e_ c C!Jfofoxic T ~5
~ T
ft +:- tt~ S' lU'VLt h ~"v\..t. t'¥l e.I'Vl O"Yj C&+o foX; c T c. Uls CL-~ p 'red. u. ced
J'Tk ~·If,;;;[ 'i:Jfofo')(_\c_. ~ QU...l • CttyrceJ ~ ~ 6 Laob fvc'YIA ~ fh na e._s Cf'( sf(ee.n ~ ill ~S)\NLS cfb ~ ·JSod.!} -> W~ ~ 0n4JLLVlte;- CeJis
fb_ct-r c1 ( 5 p}rty f ?u~-~'- r) ft hjeru ~t-f_{~d w ; t£\ /Vl f/c -I fro-1t-i f\ ~ -----?> ·~ 6; fld oJ- R ELEIJSE JJflt'-111 (}-i A) fC..y To /C(ivES
Attack by Cytotoxic T Cells Cytotoxic T cells have three killing mechanisms: (1) Cytolysis (Lysis) A cytokine called perforin forms pores in the plasma membranes of target cells, causing them to burst and die. (2) DNA Fragmentation A cytokine called lymphotoxin kills target cells by DNA fragmentation. (3) Phagocytosis A cytokine called gamma-interferon enhances the phagocytic activity of macrophages, which ingest and kill the target cells.
Costimulation @!acrophag~)phagocytize virus-infected cells and cancer cells. The process and insert fragments of the antigens into their plasma membranes ssociated with MHC II. The macrophages present these antigens to resting helper T cells locate in lymphatic tissues.\ The helper T cells are costimulated by IL-l, which is secreted by the macrophages. The activated helper T cells proliferate and secrete a variety of cytokines, especially IL-2. The IL-2 acts as a costimulator for antigenbound cytotoxic T c:eils. IL-2 also acts as an autocrine, increasing the proliferation of helper T cells (a positive feedback mechanism).
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY CZ!f.( [0
T cell RE--ceptor--
ACTIVATION
Costimulation ........ ~...... IL-2 -
~ ;._)i·· --~ .. , .... :..~·t·-.~ .. ;1
'-Lllf-1 •
' ' ' • I IL- 1 I I I I
• •
I \ ~ . .. ~ ~
PROLIFERATION ......... ~
' ' IL- 2
stimulates cell division
l ATTACK
Activated cytotoxic T cells are carried from lymphatic tissues via the blood to all parts of the body. They bind to virus-infected cells that display the same antigens that triggered their production and secrete cytokines.
--------------···· ~- ·-.... --- .. .. • • • • • • ... Gamma-IFN -- .. ( h ... ... ... Lymphotoxin .. .. P agocytosis)
.. ...._(DNA fragmentation) ....._ --==- ·
~ Perforin (cytolysis) ~ ....... _ _ __ .,. -------
;·+· -)
§)·.
)
~ .. ~~ .. ..,~._
c; Svf~1Ac~ c'L~ l C::le_~
. ~':i 1'.( p ~ fl n· c ~ ·.-
-(Viov-1 <:...·
U<?.iflS' ( -"lrf~:ri~ s ~ ·~·
c--
~'t, 7S.
/_itt. i, fJA.. Cenfyt. l1, \ I q4'y• ?>..rx (Jltt. +-·. ··~-. · SUpr<Jcl~\liCUIM
1
@centra\·.axillilry .,Jf6'1' .··e.·.. ··· · d V . lie. ':'-~. tt--L ~-c.x-(<!c~i~K-+ hAf~:~ -;:r ··- .• ~~·~· L "'<1 ~11.~ , §~ rr.;:.:z.--t=~7 /// /.?(_ /1 f . . y- rtct?; w.. .)1flwf/.. 1?~ .
...:..----~ I / / // . Aptca I 1 + "2.. + "3 + f . ·. , ,''>' ,'/ I ®Antcrior~xill!i-{ 'i)l'o (i'ec.+oY.t @Lateral axrllary / ./ {. 1 ~ ••••• 1· 0 ~ · 1 ? Uf ~ot.cr.
'}f"cwfl ·'/'--.....:.&~: ,·,:&··-··. / :e~ - (.{S, e If\(}.. ectOY.J.I~ 'Milll...Y' _ . . . . . : v_.: : ·. ·. . : _ /? e ct. r v!. ,,.. ~fi"»> : " ·
-LL;. ~J i/,4_. C\"l~i.J..l,,u I . :0: ·-~~<. . ~-: ~ :. ·. (}.- l.l'o t tfs ~ c/6 b rtt)St \/lin f · .. · /:-.·. · \.."""'- 4 : : 6- .tbJ.d""A.;.,~ w•..L1 c1bc""l!.
, . ~-: U.~Mbdicu.s ~ _L;}rnfh ~..Js ' )\'j ( ;( :_ 1 : ,lnt:rnal rn~_m":13t'V t tiM.. C/f/'f.A. .(_ 1 ,. ) ) / :11 : : { msu)(., ~~) £x.rt-rt .t...J?<trt.. 1v- •• 1 • •• ' J1 :I; _ Rtct.iw ~!<A ;rh .fr~ ~~d.,",,j
ll\ Tef<.AL Sidt "6_ ~JJ 11 . • • :1 :e: ~ '6 bt-tiiSr {vy-r.llA .... o,l ~- + cl ~il .. , 1tt?~. t-'1'-•JJ;Jl. · •.• · UO... ~-f'~ i"-1-tr · oi.~J. >--"1..-- . · Y'L-
'itf 11 u.r "''· ~ ~ ([) Posterior ilXil,lary ':}T<Ht.f a. s!-'-bsc~~.rc.J.M. OJ ra ~
- -id. cl n·H .. fi llY to Su.bJ("fdl.,,;~ f ...,.., u. s (b.- 0 :r
- Rtctr'v-L ~Y>t"f).., vt!..S!.4:.P tycu E ·lk b "<" "-' -!'lA '-"> r_b.L \ • ~ ~ u_._:c crw . (£ymph nod~ drai~lilg the bre:ts.tj . . . . • ~:::::.::.
- 7?..~ tr-4f' c(L.~ l..r.;;,-.,f"h no-dcr. dr~;,. .'·11ro Ct._,_ • S~(ll viAh- . lome/~ .... ttu.:-~ . . ~~ _ cfY., -t~ J..e...f;t tt...~.--__, fyt.,tnf: Jr, 1 rrr lf1h:J f.lur"Yrlet.:: At;U_.f ----=r- \/c..rHtt.A~ Ctrcr.Ja/id;,_ - ·· - ,, --.. r,~h r- .... ~-- '- ~ R-t .. ~n..,ph -frt...tn;< -=7 -';.. ..... .;.
..
.• ... :
~
SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL LYMPH NODES · -
The superficial inguinal lymph nodes are ~ variable in their number and size. Their arrangement· is 'T'-shaped, having a lower vertical group and an upper horizontal group. The upper nodes can be subdivided into the upper lateral and upper medial groups.
1
Upper lalttal group~· ___ _
lower vtrllcal oroup _,, _____ _
~c.
FJa. 5 Superfldal inguinal lymph nodes •.
l. The lower vertical group is placed along both sides of the upper part of great saphenous vein. It drains the skin and fasciae of the lower limb, except the buttock (to upper lateral group) and tlre short saphenous territory (to popliteal nodes).
2. The upper lateral group is placed beiow the lateral part of inguinal ligament. It drains : the buttock, :flank and the back below the : waist.
3. The upper· meJitl group is placed below the medial ('!nd cf t_h& inguinal ligament; one or two nodes ma} lie ~ove the inguinal ligament on the course of tbe superficial epigastric vessels. They drdiu r.utvior abdominal wall below the umbilicus, ~nd the perineum.
{
The ejferents from all superficial nodes pierce tht. cribriform fascia~ and terminate into the deep inguinal lymph nodes which lie along the upper part of the femoral vessels. .
. .
---~ r ~ Painful cnlargeme~t of the superficial inguinal '
iymph nodes may therefore indicate ~a disease of the superficial parts of the lower limb includ-ing the buttock, infraumbilical part of anterior abdomial wall, perineum, external genitalia, anus, vagina and round ligament of uterus.
•
@ ............... c -'"f.,~ J' t:>··-" 1}::,~7--~,
)
" I~
LYll\t!HP~i=~ YRU~KS AN'D fL y·~u~JP'tM!'~Lf'WC ~UCT~ ~\
Right ':.ymphatic Duct-
!·_,
Right 3ubclavian Trunk --
>'~'·~i·'""'· "'""'"\ Subclavian Vein ·; ·
Right Bronchomediastinal Trunk .':lr
Vena Cava
Internal Jugular Veins
~·
Left -"' . .. .. . 1.1.. \~ Jugular Trunk y ~'~~·~';\~ ·6~"' "''"-
. · ~ kAA • "~~ .
Left Subclavian Trunk
Left Subclavian Vein
Left Bronchomediastinai Trunk -.~~~,~~~:,~····.·''
0 )ff\, ~' It ? .r>· •• . -•.. l'f \~-. ~ f·A._(!J:t~t!:~t!.. ' ·'11 ~ .. , .}'\ -o' ,: . . ·. . ~"' ' ~
"'\~~ ',j? '
Qll ~~'-'·~ P~'f·of at ~,. ~ ''f~ '\ )._ ·., - •
A• ~~.,.v-~0W1 ~···' .. r .
-s)"l4~ ~fls 'f) l~~ ~
'~~i" ., ... "_,~· 1.
:. Cisterna Chyli
F.ti§ht li..umharTrunk .~7 Left .
\;':. Lumbar Trunk J. f~, if.!" !
,,. . ... J.•·~,~s -~
lntestir~ai Trunk -,
; st~·~", ;,..., .. ,.,,.,.of_. ? ~~.t~fl. f' ,,~. .... " flo ,,,. t4 llt!itt:ff =
·'4J
, ·- - fL..- i : ~ &... ft ~"l _., . ~-"!"'U ' r ··lbd~?~ ~w
. .,., :iJ!i?L;r ~L~,.,£b·~>~<" ~- '~\:f-~; ~;~"':'"~·:. ~¥- ~:.:'·.-~.)
t.
~:~~~··r:·•; • .- , .. ,.. ~~ .....- .• '""' -·.r• t~o~• ~· ~:~""'~1'-..iii:.i. ~:·"'·. ~·..,..m···.·'). 'f .··"'\A .~ ..... :~o."¥1'"' r-.•• J ~~~M'_.f.il!..._ £'.: ...... ..!•1!:-.. --~~. ". ~.; ~ ·~ ~- ~ ~<';-" -~JfJJ.a;o~'•.A-~- rr._.i•'_,.l,' .. ·• ', ·•-· I' ,. "'•~ ~ ;·..-.x_. . l '\:.:1.10,.":;. , #..!'»·."'~· . ·. ·-.,_ •. ·. _,, .:.:_? ~~. ,.;. • ~ · '~.;,. ~ ·f.:·· ~?_'/ ... i/'iw ,-: ~r} . ~ • _ .. ~ "!~-b~-~. , "-~~-;,;, ~ '~~· ?j~·'·'• . ""' ~ •. ;i ... ~~.~R,..-:!~'h!'lli~- \Z.
~~·~~~·?: .. ;.-~~~~-~~-~,!~ ~:-.~~-:~:::,:::~:;·~,~1:~:;~~:~~:~~ ~·t,:"•,~5-1':'-.J)-i .... • . ., ·•·"' ''' ~ •.,.. P,(·•.,::;...·\f•-:. io••o~•_l,.to-~1) ..... -~..... ~ .c ~~ ' tA.Jte• • ~ • . ., .. ....It 1i! .. • • . 1 ~: ~·4 • ...:.._'- ~.;.. t;,.. ~-:... , .... ...;. ~ .... :..; .... .;A·~ • . -~~--~~. :._ .. ~ "! -.• ·•· 14'~-~ 'e .. ,. llr: «:.; II'' 0 • » .... _. •· F -·-· • ~ot.:~- -. " .!,.;,~.· \·~ , .. :_• .. .. ,·.,~ '..!'..:.· • -- ·~·· -:_Ll __ 9' ~ ., IIIJ' , - _,.- ""'i. •• -- ....... " . .,...:l --... ,. r . .:::~ '4."111'[_, -~~ ~9 ,.,"":.:.t.,<i.'/:. : ... .;·'-'loc'tiiT.~. --~1~ l!j;.~·· ~ ,•'"IT:ot<>..l'.:'~ ~ ..... ~ ~- i _..,,~·~ -~~ \( J~t' ,.. '- : ...... ':•:.'- .... -..:;~ ... ,.... h-~- "'~: ''S
'" •• ... • ~· •••• ,,_... '- ., .. ' '"'If! .... 10 -.:.t·~,~:~L'o!i --~~~ ...... ,.,, ... ,..,.:+',~I'._:.,. ..... .,-:··~"?.! ~~,-...~a;:: ~~·~~~--·· . ~, . .. 7'=' If • .. rt.:-;t;. ·.1. ,. ~~-~·~~ ..... ~-~ . .... 1f'l ~·. ~-.••• r.; ;t'; _,_~-l"'.f...._,t_-"" "" .· ... ~-Tot·~-. •.. . '........ . .. ,'-;w.~ -..,.; ·::.o..Df ' ;;e·;: J.• ... ··~"f!#~, ·.0!.· ,.;t;:._.,;;:.ot~[J.~·>'."' .--~ii'" ...... ""'~ .... ~ l .. t~h ~-"'·?-II··· .;;ta""'..-; --~..,_~-;-•. ~\( .. 4;-...,. A~·\-• .... t!.__ o ...... . 4 --1"" • ~ I ·<t_R- ,. p~ ~ 'f!!:. o •-..:· •J .. ~. ...,.. ~ ~~~~~ '+":....,~:-.. 7~tt't;·.~· .. ·.-:.z- ~· --:' ... . , !"~~~· ~ :.:~ -~. --~-<t· '-i!... • •• 'l'-l' .. ~ "" .,, ~i.-1 ... ""' :J!..trJI ... ~1 .. ,.!?.:.,.~ ~:-~ .~: ..... ~:~.-~ ... ~ ••. ~:.~ ....... £. ~·
Postcapillary venules lined with si cuboidal endothelium
Feature
Role
Cortex and medulla
Lymphatics
Main derivatives
Plasma cells
<lSkecirculating lymphocytes
Thymus
Primary
·.,Present
Present
Efferent only -Epithelial reticular cells and thymic corpuscles
T cells; thymic hormones
Cortex is partly shielded
Absent from cortex
Absent from cortex; uncommon in medulla
Present in medulla only
Lymph Node
Secondary
Present
Present
Afferent and efferent
Absent
Immunoglobulins; T&t8 cells
In lymph
Present in cortex
Present in medulla
Present
• Excluding vascular endothelium or covering mesothelium.
·~;:!'~Jr~:<:·x:;~:-~·,:l't:,. ~ ... :• ·" .
Spleen
Secondary
Present
Absent
~fferent only
Absent
Immunoglobulins
In blood
Present in white pulp (associated with arteries)
Present in red pulp
Present
~ I. ~
~ l([j) t
Figure 7-8 Sheathed (central) artery of the spleen, showing the lymphoid sheath, a lymphoid nodule and its follicular artery, ar1d the border between the white pulp and red pulp (nHlrgiri;.::..l