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QUN L D N(Project Management)
L Th M Hnh
Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin
i hc Bch khoa, Nng, 2009
NI DUNG
Vai tr, mc tiu qun l d n
Nhim v, quyn hn ca ngi qun l
Cc hot ng qun l
Cng c tr gip qun l
Mt s k thut trong qun l d n
Tng kt
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VAI TR, MC TIU QUN L D N
Vn thng xy ra vi d n
Khng hon thnh ng hn
Xy dng vt qu d ton
Cht lng khng m bo
Cc yu t qun l
Thi gian: ng thi hn
Chi ph: khng vt d ton
Sn phm: y cc chc nng nh
Tha mn yu cu ca khch hng:
tha mn v nhu cu
tha mn v tin trnh
Vic qun l nhm khc phc nhng vn
ny
TRCH NHIM NGI QUN L
Qun l thi gian
Qun l ti nguyn
Qun l sn phm
Qun l ri ro
T chc cch lm vic
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CC HOT NG QUN L
Xc nh d n: vit n
Lp k hoch v lp lch
T chc d n
Gim st, cn i k hoch, lch trnh
Qun l: ri ro, thay i, cu hnh.
Vit bo co d n
CC HOT NG QUN L (2)
Xy dng pht biu v cng vic
To ra cng b d n
To cu trc phn cp
Thc hinc lng
Ln lch biu
Ln ngn sch
To ti liu d n, a ra hot ng qun tr
Lp t d n
Thc hin phn b ti nguyn
Qun l d n
Theo di, iu phi tin
Tin hnh phn tch khc bit
Lp k hoch li?
Kt thc d n
Xc nh cch quay li
Xc nh sa i
Thc hin sa i
Khng
C
Quyn lnh o d n
Xc nh d n
Lp k hochd n
T chcd n
Gim st, iu chnh d n
Kt thcd n
S tin trnh qun l d n
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XC NH D N
Mc tiu, ngha
hnh thnh d n: hiu d n, u thu,...
c s lp k hoch, pht trin
Chun b vit n
Xc nh bi ton
Thu thp, nghin cu ti liu nghip v
Xc nh ngun lc s b ca d n
Vit phc tho
XC NH D N Vit n
Ti liu m t d n
ngha
Cc bc thc hin
Ni dung
M t d n,mc ch v mc tiu ca d n
Phm vi d n, ngun lc thc hin d n
Cc im mc thi gian quan trng
Kinh ph: phn theo giai on
La chn cng ngh pht trin
Phn hiu chnh/iu chnh
Ch k cc bn lin quan
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LP K HOCH Khi nim
Khi nim
Qun l d n cn nhiu thi gian, c bit l cng tc lp k hoch
L cng vic tip tc sut qu trnh: t khi bt u n bn giao sn phm.
c iu chnh thng xuyn mi khi c thng tin mi
Nhiu k hoch khc cn c lp tr gip k hoch chnh v lch trnh v ngn sch
LP K HOCH Khi nim (2)
Cc loi k hoch d n khc
Tn k hoch M t
K hoch cht lng M t th tc v cc chun cht lng p dng
K hoch thm nh M t cch thc, ngun lc v lch trnh thm nh
K hoch qun l cu hnh M t th tc, cu trc qun l cu hnh
K hoch bo tr Ch ra yu cu, chi ph v ngun lc cn cho bo tr
K hoch pht trin i ng M t k nng v kinh nghim ca thnh vin d n s cn
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LP K HOCH Tin trnh
Tin trnh lp k hoch d n Thit lp cc rng buc, hn ch Tin hnh nh gi s b cc tham s d n Xc nh ct mc v cc xut phm cn c Thc hin cc hot ng lp li sut tin trnh:
Lp lch trnh d n Khi ng hot ng theo lch trnh Theo di vic thc hin c lng li cc tham s d n Cp nht tin trnh Tho thun li v cc hn ch v xut phm Nu c vn : xem li k thut v phin bn
LP K HOCH Tin trnh(2)
Xy dng pht biu v cng vic
To ra cng b d n
To cu trc phn cp
Thc hinc lng
Ln lch biu
Ln ngn sch
To ti liu d n, a ra hot ng qun tr
Lp t d n
Thc hin phn b ti nguyn
Qun l d n
Theo di, iu phi tin
Tin hnh phn tch khc bit
Lp k hoch li?
Kt thc d n
Xc nh cch quay li
Xc nh sa i
Thc hin sa i
Khng
C
Quyn lnh o d n
Xc nh d n
Lp k hochd n
T chcd n
Gim st, iu chnh d n
Kt thcd n
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LP K HOCH Ni dung
Ni dung k hoch d n M u: mc ch, mc tiu, phm vi d n
Xc nh tin trnh d n, vng i c chn
Th tc v chun cn c tun theo
Nhn din sn phm cng vic cn c pht trin
Phn tch ri ro, k hoch qun l ri ro
Cc yu cu v ngun lc Nhn lc
Phn cng, phn mm,..
c lng v kch c, n lc, ti nguyn my tnh
Phn on cng vic, lp bng cu trc phn vic (WBS)
Lch trnh d n
C ch iu hnh v bo co
NI DUNG LP K HOCH
Phn on cng vic Bng cng vic L cch thc hon thnh mc tiu d n Danh sch chi tit nhng g cn hon thnh d n
(danh sch sn phm, cng vic) L c s c lng chi ph, kinh ph d n C s xc nh nhim v gia cc c nhn C s xy dng lch trnh d nCc bc xy dng
Bc 1: Vit ra sn phm chung nht Bc 2: To danh sch sn phm Bc 3: To lp danh sch cng vic, m t cng vic di
mi sn phm mc thp nht Bc 4: nh m cho mi ca bng cng vic Bc 5: Xt duyt li bng cng vic
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NI DUNG LP K HOCH (2)
Phn on cng vic Bng cng vic
V d bng cng vic cho d n phn mm
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NI DUNG LP K HOCH (3)
c lng cng vic
Cc yu t cn c lng
Kch c phn mm
Thi gian
S ngi
Chi ph
Mc c lng
L u vo cho lp lch
NI DUNG LP K HOCH LP LCH
Yu cu t ra cho lp lch
Lng ha lm c s c lng d n
Lch trnh ph thuc vo m hnh la chn
Ngi tham gia thay i theo tng pha ca d n
Cn phi phn tch cng vic chi tit hn v lp lch kim sot
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LP K HOCH Lp lch (2)
Mc tiu ca lp lch l kim sot cng vic
Xc nh nhim v
Thi im bt u, thi im kt thc
Ngi thc hin (s ngi, yu cu,...)
Rng buc (mi lin h gia cc nhim v)
cn c mm do v thi gian
LP K HOCH Lp lch (3)
Nhim v c giao phi: L cng vic c kt qu bn giao Quy trch nhim cho mt c nhn C hn nh v thi gian C th o c (tin , cht lng)Xc nh rng buc nhim v: Cc rng buc v ti nguyn (con ngi, thit b) Rng buc v tin trnh
cc nhim v phi c kt thc trc cc nhim v c th c thc thi k tip thi gian thc hin
Gim ti a cc nhim v ph thuc Thc hin cc nhim v song song khi c th
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LP K HOCH Lp lch (4)
Ni dung ca hot ng lp lch
Phn d n thnh cc nhim v v c lng thi gian, ngun lc thc hin chng
T chc thc hin ng thi cc nhim v ti u lung cng vic
Hn ch s ph thuc gia cc nhim v trnh tc ng gy chm tr ln nhau
Sp xp cc nhim v tn dng cc ngun lc khc: ngi, thit b,..
Ph thuc vo trnh & kinh nghim ngi qun l
LP K HOCH Lp lch (5)
Khuyn co cho lp lch
Gim ti a thi gian tha
Tn dng ti a cc ngun lc
iu phi ti nguyn (ch tha/thiu)
Xem xt cc hn ch
L mt quy trnh lp li
S dng cc cng c t ng
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LP K HOCH Lp lch (6)
V d lp lch
T CHC D N
Xy dng pht biu v cng vic
To ra cng b d n
To cu trc phn cp
Thc hinc lng
Ln lch biu
Ln ngn sch
To ti liu d n, a ra hot ng qun tr
Lp t d n
Thc hin phn b ti nguyn
Qun l d n
Theo di, iu phi tin
Tin hnh phn tch khc bit
Lp k hoch li?
Kt thc d n
Xc nh cch quay li
Xc nh sa i
Thc hin sa i
Khng
C
Quyn lnh o d n
Xc nh d n
Lp k hochd n
T chcd n
Gim st, iu chnh d n
Kt thcd n
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T CHC D N (2)
Lp t d n (v thnh s , m t)
Chc nng nhim v ca tng b phn
Phn b ti nguyn cho tng b phn
Gim c d n
Qun tr d n
Khch hng
Nhm phn tch Nhm thit k Nhm lp trnh Nhm test
T CHC D NLa chn nhn lc
Con ngi l yu t quan trng nht trong pht trin phn mm
Cc thnh vin khc nhau v nng lc
Mt s cc cng vic c th khng phi ai cng lm c Lp trnh h thng
Giao din ha cao cp
iu khin thit b
C s d liu
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T CHC D NNhm v c trng
Phn mm cn c pht trin theo nhm
Qui m nhm ti u: 3~8 ngi
Cc loi thnh vin nhm: Lp trnh vin
Chuyn gia giao din
Chuyn gia min ng dng
Kim th phn mm, qun l cu hnh,..
Cn c: Lnh o nhm (team leader)
Lnh o k thut (technical leader)
Khuyn co cho la chn nhm
Khng nn t chc nhm qu ln
thi gian cho giao tip s tng cao
kh tng tc bng cch thm ngi
Mt s cng vic ch nn mt ngi thc hin
Cn phn r d n ln thnh cc d n nh
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Mt s cch t chc nhm
Nhm ngang quyn (democratic team)
Cng vic c tho lun v cc thnh vin nhm thng nht gii php chung
Cc thnh vin u c kinh nghim v nng lc
Nhm XP
Mt dng ca ngang quyn, lp trnh i v chu trch nhim chung
Nhm quyn lc tp trung (chief programmer team)
Nhm trng c nng lc vt tri, ngi thit k chnh
Cc thnh vin khc thc hin cng vic chi tit
Nhm lm vic hiu qu
Cc mc ch c thng nht
Thnh vin tin tng vo vai tr v mc tiu
Chp nhn mc tiu v tiu ch cht lng
C phng thc trao i thng tin hiu qu hp, trao i tng, kim sot thay i
To c mi quan h hp tc gia cc thnh vin
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GIM ST V IU CHNH
Xy dng pht biu v cng vic
To ra cng b d n
To cu trc phn cp
Thc hinc lng
Ln lch biu
Ln ngn sch
To ti liu d n, a ra hot ng qun tr
Lp t d n
Thc hin phn b ti nguyn
Qun l d n
Theo di, iu phi tin
Tin hnh phn tch khc bit
Lp k hoch li?
Kt thc d n
Xc nh cch quay li
Xc nh sa i
Thc hin sa i
Khng
C
Quyn lnh o d n
Xc nh d n
Lp k hochd n
T chcd n
Gim st, iu chnh d n
Kt thcd n
GIM ST V IU CHNH(2)
Mc tiu ca gim st v iu chnh
m bo cht lng phn mm
Qun l thay i/qun l cu hnh phn mm
Qun l thay i v yu cu, thit k, m ngun
Qun l cu hnh (c pht trin phn tn)
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GIM ST V IU CHNH (3)
m bo cht lng phn mm SQA
(Software Quality Assurence)
L cng vic xuyn sut qu trnh pht trin
Cht lng th hin:
Phn cng
Phn mm
GIM ST V IU CHNH (4)
m bo cht lng phn mm (2)
Cc yu t la chn khi bt u d n: Con ngi
Quy trnh
Cng c
Trong qu trnh thc hin d n: tun th quy trnh (cc chun, cc ti liu)
hp xt duyt
kim th sn phm
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GIM ST V IU CHNH (5)
Gi tr cho tm v sa li
GIM ST V IU CHNH (4)
Xt duyt
Ti mi pha cng vic, cn hp xt duyt m bo cht lng
Thc hin theo nhm
Xt duyt cc ti liu
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GIM ST V IU CHNH (4)
Kim th
Kim tra s hot ng ca sn phm khi c m ngun li lp trnh
tin cy, hiu qu
Cc mc kim th Kim th n v (ngi lp trinh)
Kim th tch hp (nhm chuyn trch)
Kim th h thng (nhm chuyn trch)
Kim th Alpha (trong xng, d liu tht)
Kim th Beta (cho ngi dng s dng)
Tm li: Gim st
Cc thnh vin d n s bo co vic s dng thi gian cho mi hot ng, mi giai on
PM v SE thng xuyn vch ra cc tin b ca cc c nhn so vi thi gian biu d kin
Phi sm ch ra cc vn tim tng trc khi chng tr thnh nhng vn ln
Khch hng phi bit c cc vn c th khng gii quyt c
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Tm li: Kim sot
Kim sot d n: l cc quyt nh v hnh ng c tin hnh da trn tnh trng d n
Cc i tng kim sot: Kim sot tin
Kim sot ngun lc
Kim sot chi tiu
Kim sot cht lng
Kim sot ri ro
Kim sot tin
Trng thi tin Nhn bo co thnh vin v cc tin
T chc hp thng l
Mc ch Hiu trng thi tin so vi mc ch
Pht hin vn
Xy dng cch sa cha, gii quyt vn
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Kim sot tin
Cch kim sot tin Thu thp thng tin t cc thnh vin
So snh trng thi thc ti vi k hoch
Phn tch vn v cp nht li danh sch vn
Tm ra bin php
Chun b ti liu bo co v lm ra bo co
Kim sot ngun lc
Kim sot ngun lc l g?Xc nhn liu ngun lc c sn nh k hoch hay khng trong thi gian no v thi gian, cht lng v s lng. Nu c vn th ly bin php gii quyt
Theo di trng thi kim sot ngun lc: Hiu tnh trng ngun lc. Bo m ngun lc lun c sn
So snh ngun lc thc ti v k hoch: Pht hin sai lch, iu tra nguyn nhn, c bin php khc phc
Thay i k hoch ngun lc
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Kim sot chi ph
Kim sot v theo di chi ph
So snh chi ph thc v chi ph theo k hoch
Cng c kim sot chi ph gi tr kim c: 3 nhn t c s Chi ph theo ngn sch ca cng vic theo lch
Chi ph theo ngn sch ca cng vic lm
Chi ph thc ca cng vic lm
Kim sot cht lng
Kim sot cht lng ca d n: tha mn nhu cu ca d n
Xc nh cht lng bng kim im d n
Cc cng c kim sot cht lng khc
m bo cht lng
Thng tin c s K thut Kt qu
Ti liu k hoch qun l cht lngKt qu o qun l cht lng Chun o cht lng
Cng c v k thut k hoch cht lng
Kim nh cht lng
Nng cao cht lng
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Kim sot ri ro
Kim sot ri ro l g?
Thc hin cc bin php d kin, xy dng k hoch qun l ri ro, thc hin cc bin php phng nga
Qun l ri ro trong ton d n:
Nhn din ri ro, nh lng ri ro, bin php ri ro
Cp nht v thay i v qun l ri ro:
Trong trng hp khn cp, tin hnh cc bin php d phng, cp nht v thay i qun l ri ro. Bo co qun l ri ro v thay i trong qun l ri ro vi ngi c lin quan
K hoch chi tiu
Chi ton d n: c giao t u d n, da trn tnh ton ban u
K hoch chi khi u: Da trn nhn s, ngun lc, n gi
Ti liu k hoch chi: kim sot vic chi cho d n
Vch ranh gii ngn sch: Ra gii hn, trnh vt ngn sch hn nh
Vn 1: Chun b d n
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QUN L RI RO(Risk Management)
Ri ro l cc hon cnh bt li c th xy ra tc ng ln d n v sn phm
Cc loi ri ro: Ri ro d n (tc ng ln lch trnh, ngun
lc)
Ri ro sn phm (tc ng ln cht lng v hiu nng ca sn phm)
Ri ro nghip v (tc ng ln t chc pht trin hay khch hng)
Quan tm ri ro c th qun l c
QUN L RI RO
Cc yu t lin quan n ri ro phn mm:
Cng ngh
Nhn s, i ng
T chc
Cng c
Cc yu cu
Cc c lng
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QUN L RI RO
Tn ri ro Loi M t
i ng suy gim D n Nhn vin c kinh nghim ra i
Thay i qun l D n Thay i th t cng vic
Phn cng khng sn sng
D n Khng nhn c phn cng theo lch
Thay i yu cu D n v sn phm
Yu cu thay i nhiu so vi trc
c t chm tr D n v sn phm
c t giao din c bn bn giao chm so vi lch trnh
QUN L RI RO
Tn ri ro Loi M t
c lng sai D n & sn phm
Kch c sn phm sai nhiu dn n sai cc c lng khc
Kh nng CASE yu km
Sn phm CASE khng thc hin c cng vic nh d kin
Thay i cng ngh Nghip v Cng ngh s dng lc hu
Tnh cnh tranh sn phm km
Nghip v Sn phm cnh tranh khc ra th trng trc
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QUN L RI RO
Cc hot ng ca qun l ri ro
xc nh (d on) cc ri ro
phn tch ri ro (nh gi kh nng, thit hi)
lp k hoch trnh hay hn ch tc ng
gim st (theo di s xut hin, tc ng ca ri ro) v p dng gii php qun l trong sut qu trnh d n
QUN L RI RO
Tin trnh qun l ri ro l qu trnh lp
Xc nh ri ro Phn tch ri ro Lp KH ri ro Kim sat ri ro
Danh sch ri ro tim tng
Danh sch ri ro xp th t u tin
K hoch trnh, hn ch
nh gi ri ro, Bin php
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QUN L RI RO
Gii php qun l ri ro
Gii php da trn phn tch loi yu cu
chc nng cn thit
chc nng mong mun
chc nng tu chn
Nguyn l gii php: Pareto (80-20)
Phn tch, a ra quyt nh c p dng bin php qun l cn thit hay khng
da trn thng k (kinh nghim)
dng cy quyt nh
QUN L RI RO
Mt s ri ro v bin php
Ri ro nhn s: Thiu ngi S dng ngi tt nht
Lm vic theo nhm
o to ngi mi
Ri ro c lng: K hoch, d n khng st thc t c lng nhiu ln
Phn loi, lc b cc yu cu th yu
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QUN L RI RO
Mt s ri ro v bin php
Pht trin sai chc nng
Phn tch t chc/m hnh nghip v ca khch hng
Lm bn mu
Pht trin sai giao din
Phn tch thao tc, to kch bn s dng
Lm bn mu giao din
QUN L RI RO
Mt s ri ro v bin php
Ri ro kinh t: khch hng yu cu qu cao
Phn loi, loi b cc yu cu th yu
Phn tch li ch, chi ph
Khch hng thay i yu cu lin tc
p dng thit k hng i tng (du thng tin)
Pht trin theo m hnh xon c (tin ha)
Hp ng cht ch
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QUN L THAY I
Mt s l do khin d n b tht bi:
Lun c s thay i
Yu cu, thit k, m ha, sa li,..
Phn mm lun tin ha
Khng nhn bit c s thay i
Khng c phng php hiu qu qun l s thay i
QUN L THAY I
Xc nh thay i ca bt c hot ng no: phm vi
kt qu bn giao
kin trc c bn
chi ph
lch trnh
Lp ti liu y v cc thay i, m bo cc thnh vin hiu r v cc thay i cn s dng cng c h tr
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QUN L CU HNH
Software Configuration Management (SCM) L xc nh, kim sot, kim ton v bo co nhng thay i
thng xuyn xut hin khi phn mm ang c pht trinv sau khi n c a ra cho khch hng.
Qun l cu hnh l ngh thut nhn din, t chc, v kim sot nhng thay i i vi phn mm ang c xy dng bi mt t lp trnh.
nh ngha ca IEEE(IEEE Std.610.12.1990 ) CM l b mn p dng vic cnh gii k thut v hnh chnh
vo Nhn din v lm t liu cc c trng chc nng v vt l
ca cc khon mc cu hnh Kim sot thay i i vi cc c trng ny Ghi li v bo co vic x l thay i & tnh trng thc hin Kim chng s tun th theo yu cu xc nh
QUN L CU HNH (2)
Nhim v ca qun l cu hnh:
qun l phin bn phn mm
lu tr ti liu, m ngun, d liu
to im truy cp duy nht (m bo tnh thng nht ca m ngun)
Trn din hp, cn gi l qun l m ngun
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QUN L CU HNH (3)
Li ch ca qun l cu hnh
Cung cp cho ngi pht trin phin bn mi nht ca phn mm
Qun l cc m ngun c lu tr phn tn
Qun l cc phin bn khc nhau
Ghi ch l do ca sa i m ngun
D dng truy cp cc phin bn c
Tit kim khng gian a
QUN L CU HNH (4)
Qun l phin bn
Khi nim phin bn phn mm
Phin bn hon thnh (version)
Nhng thay i b phn (variant)
Xut phm (release)
Cn c cc tiu ch xc nh phin bn, tiu ch nh danh phin bn
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QUN L CU HNH (5)
Phng thc hot ng
Lu tr tp trung m ngun, ti liu, cng c
Lu tr duy nht (logic)
Qun l sa i khng cho php sa i ng thi
lu tr phin bn c
thng tin sa i: l do, ngi thc hin, thi im
QUN L CU HNH (6)
Ni dung lu tr Ti liu:
phn tch, thit k, ti liu ngi dng
M ngun Cng c pht trin
cn bin dch li cc m ngun c cn cho vic bo tr
Cc b d liu test
Vi ni dung ln, phi qun l hng ngn ti liu
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H S D N
H s d n bao gm tt c giy t, ti liu lin quan n qu trnh hot ng ca d n Th t trao i vi bn ngoi Cc c lng thi gian Cc biu mu, bn ghi nh, bin bn hp Cc th tc, cc bo co Cc quy nh v trch nhim, quyn hn trong d n Cc cp nht lch biu, cc ti liu khc
Th k d n lu tr, bo qun ti liu d n Phn loi ti liu To lp, thu thp, b sung h s Cung cp ti liu khi cn Lu tr trn my, trn giy
H S D N (2)
Tc dng ca vic lu tr h s d n
Mt thi gian mt ln, tit kim nhiu ln
To iu kin theo di d n
To thun li cho cp trn kim tra d n
L c s lp bo co
L ch da Ngi qun l d n t bo v mnh
Chia s thng tin trong tp th thc hin d n
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Qun l nhn s
1. Tuyn dng
2. Sa thi
3. ng lc thc y
4. Hoch nh ngh nghip
5. o to hun luyn
6. Thm nh
Tuyn dng
Mt > 7 tun/1 ngi
Thng bo tuyn dng
H s xin vic
- Qung co- Tip nhn h s- Sng lc
Phng nhn s
trnh danh sch cho PM
Phng t chc
Trng d n (PM)
Phng vn
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Tuyn dng
Mt i ng tt:
Mt i ng c tnh, a dng v tm l
Coi bt ng kin l c li
Xy dng ci nhn chung, thc nhm
Khng nn:
Tuyn nhng ngi ging mnh
Thiu ngi c sng kin, ham hc hi
Tha ngi u tu si ni
Sa thi
Do nhn vin khng m ng c nhim v.
Thc hin nhanh chng
Th hin bng vn bn c th lm c s cho tranh chp v php l sau ny
Gii php ca PM gii?
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36
ng lc thc y
ng lc chuyn nghip
ng lc c nhn
ng lc thc y
ng lc chuyn nghip: c lm mt cng vic th v, c khuyn khch, t do pht kin sng to
ng lc c nhn: tin, a v
PM cn to iu kin thun li cho nhn vin lm vic. C khen thng ph hp.
04/12/2009
37
Hoch nh ngh nghip
Mi nhn vin u c nhng kht vng lu di hn
PM cn lp k hoch cng vic vi tng c nhn sao cho hu ch cho s nghip ca h.
PM cn lm tho lun trc tip vi tng c nhn, t nht l hng nm.
C khen thng
o to, hun luyn
Mc ch: ch ra cc yu im ca nhn vin.
Cc SE v PM phi chu trch nhim trc tip trong vic ch ra cc yu cu ca vic hun luyn
K hoch hun luyn phi ph hp vi tng nhn vin
04/12/2009
38
Thm nh
L hot ng thng xuyn ca PM
nh gi da trn:
+ Khi lng v cht lng cng vic c giao
+ Ni qui, php lut
+ Khi lng thi gian nghin cu
+ Quan h vi cc ng nghip
Vic thm nh c thc hin bng vn bn c ch k xc nhn.
CNG C TR GIP QUN L
Microsoft Project 2000,
H tr qun l d n phn mm
Microsoft SourceSafe
Qun l cu hnh, m ngun
Visio 2000
To bng biu, m hnh
http://www.startwright.com/project1.htm
04/12/2009
39
04/12/2009
40
CNG C TR GIP QUN L (4)
Biu Grantt to bng Visio 2000
CNG C TR GIP QUN L(5)
Timeline to bng Visio 2000
04/12/2009
41
MT S K THUT S DNG
K thut nghin cu kh thi
o v c lng d n
Cng c lp lch
04/12/2009
42
NGHIN CU KH THI
Xc nh, phn tch cc yu t
Phm vi phn mm
Kh thi v kinh t
Kh thi v k thut
Kh thi v php l
Cc ri ro v bin php khc phc
NGHIN CU KH THI (2)
Kh thi v kinh t
Phn tch li ch, chi ph
Chi ph xy dng (u t 1 ln: ngun, s vn)
Ph tn vn hnh (chi thng xuyn)
Hiu qu kinh t (thi gian hon vn)
V tr ca sn phm
Kh nng ti chnh ca khch hng
khch hng # nh pht trin: v quan im kinh t
Nh pht trin cn thuyt phc khch hng
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43
NGHIN CU KH THI (3)
Kh thi v k thut
Cc yu t cn xem xt:
c cng ngh thc hin khng?
c nng lc trin khai khng?
c ti nguyn k thut thc hin khng?
khch hng c vn hnh c khng?
NGHIN CU KH THI (4)
Kh thi v php l
Khng vi phm:
lut, quy nh trong hot ng pht trin
bn quyn
t do c nhn
kim duyt email, ph mt khu...
Gy hi i vi bn th ba
virus, spam email
Cc lut php khc
cung cp cc dch v cm,...
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NGHIN CU KH THI (5)
Cc nhn t c th lm d n tht bi: Ri ro k thut: qu kh
Ri ro kinh t: qu t
Ri ro thi gian: thi gian qu ngn
phn r yu cu phn tch mc ca n cn thit
mong mun
ty chn (optional)
NGHIN CU KH THI (5)
Bo co kh thi quyt nh
Trin khai d n
Khng trin khai
Xem xt li
04/12/2009
45
O V C LNG D N
o phn mm
Kch thc, chi ph, hiu nng, cht lng
c lng
kch thc
chi ph
thi gian
O V C LNG D N
o v c lng
c lng phn mm l cng vic quan trng hng u trong qun l d n
kch c, chi ph
thi gian, nhn lc
c lng c cn c o
kch c, cht lng, hiu nng
Nguyn l: cn xc lp o cho mi cng vic
o phi nh lng c
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O D N
o kch c phn mm
Qua dng lnh (LOC Lines Of Code)
trc quan
ph thuc ngn ng
Qua im chc nng (FP Functional Points)
c lp vi ngn ng
ph thuc cc m hnh la chn (tham s)
hiu nng: KLOC/ngi-thng
cht lng: s li/KLOC
chi ph: gi thnh/KLOC
O D N (2)
o theo dng lnh
Th no l mt dng lnh?
Ngn ng cng thp th tc vit lnh cao
Nng lc sn xut ca ngi lp trnh cao???
Ngi vit m di dng c li (nng lc sn xut cao) ???
04/12/2009
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O D N (3)
o theo dng lnh
So snh ngn ng
O D N (4)
V d s dng lnh
1.000.000 Assembly
400.000 C
175.000 C++
150.000 Java
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O D N (5)
o theo im chc nng (FP)
L tng hp cc c trng ca module Input
Output
Interface
Files s dng
Xc nh trng s cho cc c trng trn, ph thuc vo ng cnh (d n) c th: phc tp ca bi ton
Cc yu cu v cht lng, hiu nng
Kch thc ca d liu s dng
O D N (5)
o theo im chc nng (FP)
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O D N (5)
o theo im chc nng (FP)
c trng phng php FP D liu d hiu vi ngi dng, bi v vic c lng
c thc hin cho cc khon mc thy c vi ngi dng.
Vic iu chnh c thc hin da trn d liu thc t c tch lu trong qu kh. Do , vic tch lu d liu l cn thit.
Cn c tiu chun nh gi chun ho trong vic p dng phng php c lng ny.
O D N (6) - o theo im chc nng
Bc 1. Tnh cc i lng sau:
- S chc nng nhp liu c1
- S chc nng xut d liu c2 (bo biu, mn hnh xut, thng bo li)
- S chc nng truy vn d liu c3.
- S tp tin d liu c4 (trong trng hp dng CSDL quan h th l s quan h, CSDL hng i tng th l s lp).
- S cc giao tip vi h thng khc c5.
Bc 2. Tnh tng:
5
1i
iiWC
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O D N (7)- o theo im chc nng
Bc 3. Tnh cac gia tr hieu chnh o phc tap Fi(i=1, 2,, 14) nh vao 14
cau hoi, cho iem t 0 en 5 tng ng vi cac mc o: khong co, t,
va phai,trung bnh, ang chu y, that s can thiet.
1. He thong oi hoi phai bao am an toan ve viec cap nhat va tra cu d lieu hay khong?
2. oi hoi viec truyen thong hay khong?
3. Co cac chc nang x ly phan bo hay khong?
4. Van e toc o co quan trong hay khong?
5. He thong se hoat ong tren mot moi trng co san nang ne khong?
6. Co oi hoi nhap d lieu trc tuyen hay khong?
7. D lieu nhap trc tuyen (neu co) co oi hoi transaction hay khong (do co nhieu man hnh
nhap hay nhieu thao tac ong thi) ?
8. D lieu lu tr c cap nhat trc tuyen?
9. Co yeu cau cac thao tac nhap xuat hay cac cau truy van phc tap khong?
10. X ly ben trong co phc tap khong?
11. Ma nguon co can thiet ke e co the dung lai khong?
12. S chuyen oi d lieu va cai at he thong co c bao gom trong thiet ke khong?
13. He thong co c thiet ke e cai at cho nhieu to chc khac nhau khong?
14. He thong co c thiet ke e de dang thay oi va de dang s dung bi ngi dung khong?
O D N (8)- o theo im chc nng
Bc 4. Tnh so iem chc nang
FP= *(0.65 + 0.01 * Fi ).
Fi (I=1..>14): Gi tr iu chnh phc tp.
Cc ga tr hng c xc nh theo kinh nghim
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O D N (8)-Xc nh d n
O D N (8)-Lin h gia LOC v FP
Ngon ng lap trnh LOC/FP
Hp ng 320
C 128
Cobol 105
Fortran 105
Pascal 90
Ada 70
Cac NNLT hng oi tng 30
Ngon ng the he 4 (4GLs) 20
Cac bo phat sinh ma 15
Bang tnh 6
Ngon ng ICON 4
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C LNG D N
Bi ton
Hy pht trin Trang web xem kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin
Vy:
Trong bao lu s hon thnh?
Chi ph l bao nhiu?
Dng bao nhiu ngi?
C LNG D N (2)
c lng phn mm
Cc yu t cn c lng
kch c phn mm
chi ph (cng sc) pht trin
thi gian thc hin
s ngi tham gia
Nguyn tc c lng
phn r chc nng
c lng tng chc nng
da trn kinh nghim, d kin qu kh
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C LNG D N (3)
c lng theo
Kch c LOC: c lng trc tip vi tng m un
FP: c lng gin tip thng qua c lng input/output, yu cu
Cng sc: da trn kch c, phc tp
da vo d liu qu kh
n v: ngi-ngy, ngi-tun, ngi-thng
C LNG D N (4)
c lng vic lp trnh (IBM)
D = C * (G + J) D: Cng sc (ngi-ngy)
C: nhn t phc tp (ph thuc ngn ng)
G: nhn t kinh nghim (ph thuc s nm)
J: nhn t tri thc v cng vic, vic lin quan (cc mc: cn nhiu, cn va, khng cn)
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C LNG D N (5)
V d c lng
Trang web xem kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin
Bao gm cc m un/giao din chnh: nhp thng tin tm kim: 100 LOC
tm kim trn CSDL sinh vin: 300 LOC
sinh kt qu: 100 LOC
cng sc: 01 person-week
Vy phm mm o to 2000 LOC th sao???
C LNG D N (6)
M hnh c lng COCOMO
COCOMO - COnstructive COst MOdel M hnh COCOMO, mt phng php c lng do Boehm xut,
l ph hp cho vic c lng cc h thng c trung ti c ln.
c lng n lc, thi gian, s ngi pht trin da trn kch c phn mm.
COCOMO bao gm 3 dng: COCOMO c bn: M hnh cho gi tr n, tnh, chi ph c tnh nh
ln ca Phn mm theo dng lnh.
COCOMO trung gian: - chi ph c tnh nh ln ca Phn mm theo dng lnh. Cng thm nh gi sn phm, phn cng, nhn lc v cc thuc tnh ca d n.
COCOMO chi tit tch hp mi c trng ca COCOMO trung gian cng thm nh gi ca chi ph nh hng (phn ch, thit k,.) trong mi giai an ca qui trnh cng ngh phn mm (the software engineering process)
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C LNG D N (6)
M hnh c lng COCOMO c bn c th p dng cho ba lp d n phn mm: D n t chc tng i nh, d n phn mm n
gin, i ng nh c kinh nghim ng dng tt,v lm vic trn mi trng vi nhng yu cn khng qu cng nhc.
D n phn mm bn trong, trung gian, i ng c kinh nghim hn hp, v lm vic trn mi rng vi nhng yu cn khng qu cng nhc.
D n nhng c trin khai trong iu kin cht ch phn cng, phn mm v cc rng buc v vn hnh.
C LNG D N (7)
Phng trnh ca COCOMO c bn c dng:
N lc: E = a * Lb
Thi gian: T = c * Ed
S ngi: N = E/T
Trong : L: s dng lnh (KLOC)
a, b, c, d: tham s cho theo bng sau:
a b c d
Organic 3.2 1.05 2.5 0.38
semi-detached 3.0 1.12 2.5 0.35
embeded 2.8 1.2 2.5 0.32
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C LNG D N (8)
Phn r mun chc nng v c lng s dng lnh (L)
Tnh li s dng lnh trn c s ti s dng
Tnh n lc pht trin E cho tng m un
Tnh li E da trn phc tp ca d n
tin cy, ln ca CSDL
yu cu v tc , b nh
Tnh thi gian v s ngi tham gia
C LNG D N (9)
COCOMO: V d
Phn mm kch c 33.3 KLOC.
Chn: a = 3.0 b = 1.12 c = 2.5 d = 0.35
E = 3.0 * 33.31.12 = 152 ngi-thng
T = 2.5 * E0.35 = 14.5 thng
N = E/D = ~ 11 ngi
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C LNG D N (9)
COCOMO c bn rt tt cho c tnh chi ph th, d dng v nhanh.
Tuy nhin, s chnh xc s b gii hn v thiu mt s nhn t cha k n:
s khc nhau trong rng buc v phn cng,
kinh nghim v kh nng chuyn nghip ca con ngi,
vic s dng cc cng c hin i
cc c trng khc c nh hng n chi ph phn mm.
Cng c lp lch
C hai biu Gantt and PERT l cng c CPM (Critical Path Method) : Qun l cc cng vic c lin quan trong cc d ln v
phc tp.
Biu Gantt C th a ra t mt danh sch hat ng
Mt biu Gantt l mt biu ngang minh ha k hoch lm vic
Thi gian hin th trn trc ngang v cc hot ng c sp xp theo trc ng
V tr ca mt thanh th hin bt u v kt thc cng vic, v di thanh l khong thi gian thc hin cng vic
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Cng c lp lch
Cng c lp lch
Biu PERT/CPM
C th a ra t mt danh sch hat ng
Program Evaluation Review Technique
(PERT)
Critical Path Method (CPM)
Biu PERT/CPM hin th mt d n nh mt s mng, cc hat ng (cng vic) hin th nh cc vecto, v cc s kin biu din bi cc nt
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Cng c lp lch
Biu PERT/CPM
Cc k php:
Cng vic, nhim v
Cng vic o (th hin rng buc)
S kin (bt u/kt thc cng vic)
Mc thi gian (Milestone)
Cng c lp lch
Biu PERT/CPM
Cc vectors biu din cc cng vic ni cc nt (cc mc s kin)
Thi gian c lng cho mi cng vic hin th trn vecto.
Cc cng vic cn c hon thnh trong mt trt t xc nh c gi l cc cng vic ph thuc hay chui cng vic
Cc hot ng gi (Dummy) c th c s dng biu din cng vic ph thuc
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Cng c lp lch
thi im bt u sm nht ts : thi gian hon thnh sm nht cho mt cng vic L thi gian nh nht cn hon thnh tt c cc cng vic xy ra trc
mt s kin.
ts(nh) = Max{ ts(nh u cv) + tcv}Mi cv i vo nh c xt
thi im bt u mun nht tm : thi gian hon thnh mun nht cho mt cng vic L thi im mun nht m mt s kin c th xut hin khng lm tr
tan b d n
tm(nh) = Min { tm(nh cui cv) - tcv }
Thi gian d phng cng vic tdf : tng thi gian cho php mt s kin c th b tr m khng lm tr d n
tdf (cv) = tm (nh cui cv) - ts (nh u cv) - tcv ng dn ti hn: l dy cc s kin v cng vic khng c thi gian d
phng. S tn ti t nht mt ng dn hon thnh m thi im bt u sm nht v
thi im bt u mun nht bng nhau. Ngi qun tr d n da trn ng dn ti hn gim st, theo di d n
V d: Biu PERT/CPM
V d: Bng cng vic c xc nh
Cng vic
Thi gian
i sau cng vic
Cng vic
Thi gian
i sau cng vic
a 1 - k 2 g, i
b 5 - m 3 i
c 6 - l 3 i
d 4 - n 2 k
e 4 a o 1 l, n
f 3 b p 2 g, i, h
g 3 c q 3 g, i, h
h 4 d r 2 o, p
i 2 e,f s 1 r, q
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V d: Biu PERT/CPM
V d: Mng cng vic tng ng
0
1
a(1)
2b(5)
3
4
c(6)
d(4)
5
6
e(4)
f(3)
g(3)
7
8
9
10h(4)
k(2)
i(2)
l(3)
n(2)11 12
13m(6)
o(1) r(2)
s(1)
q(3)
p(2)
V d: Biu PERT/CPM
V d: thi im bt u sm nht ts
0
1
a(1)
2b(5)
3
4
c(6)
d(4)
5
6
e(4)
f(3)
g(3)
7
8
9
10h(4)
k(2)
i(2)
l(3)
n(2)11 12
13m(6)
o(1) r(2)
s(1)
q(3)
p(2)
ts(nh) = Max{ ts(nh u cv) + tcv}
1
5
6 10
8 10
14
12
4 10
15 17
18
Mi cv i vo nh c xt
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V d: Biu PERT/CPM
V d: thi im bt u mun nht tm
0
1
a(1)
2b(5)
3
4
c(6)
d(4)
5
6
e(4)
f(3)
g(3)
7
8
9
10h(4)
k(2)
i(2)
l(3)
n(2)11 12
13m(6)
o(1) r(2)
s(1)
q(3)
p(2)
tm(nh) = Min { tm(nh cui cv) - tcv }
1/4
5/5
6/7 10/10
8/8 10/10
14/14
12/12
4/9 10/13
15/15 17/17
18/18
0/0
Mi cv i vo nh c xt
V d: Biu PERT/CPM
V d: Thi gian d phng cng vic: tdf
0
1
a(1)
2b(5)
3
4
c(6)
d(4)
5
6
e(4)
f(3)
g(3)
7
8
9
10h(4)
k(2)
i(2)
l(3)
n(2)11 12
13m(6)
o(1) r(2)
s(1)
q(3)
p(2)
1/4
5/5
6/7 10/10
8/8 10/10
14/14
12/12
4/9 10/13
15/15 17/17
18/18
0/0
tdf (cv) = tm (nh cui cv) - ts (nh u cv) - tcv
3
0
1
51
0
3
0
5
/4
3
0 0
2 0
0
0
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V d: Biu PERT/CPM
V d: Cng vic gng, ng gng
0
1
a(1)
2b(5)
3
4
c(6)
d(4)
5
6
e(4)
f(3)
g(3)
7
8
9
10h(4)
k(2)
i(2)
l(3)
n(2)11 12
13m(6)
o(1) r(2)
s(1)
q(3)
p(2)
1/4
5/5
6/7 10/10
8/8 10/10
14/14
12/12
4/9 10/13
15/15 17/17
18/18
0/0
Cng vic gng: tdf = 0 nh gng : ts=tm
3
0
1
51
0
3
0
5
/4
3
0 0
2 0
0
0
V d: Biu PERT/CPM
0
01 2
3
4
5 7
6 8 9
1
Thi im bt u sm nht
(ECT- Earliest Completion Time)
Thi im bt u mun nht
(LCT-Latest Completion Time)
Event
a
b
c e g
d
f
h2 8
3
4
5 2
2
322
10
10
17
4
13
5
17
9
15
15
17
17
20
20
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Computing and Information Technology 127
Cho danh
sch cchot ng
sau:
To mt biu PERT/CPM cho danh sch cc hot ng trn
V d:
Activity Estimated Duration Predecessor
A 1 day
B 2 days
C 3 days
D 4 days A
E 5 days B
F 4 days B
G 6 days C
H 6 days D,E
I 2 days G
J 5 days H,F,I
128
PERT/CPM Chart
with ECTs & LCTs
1
2
4
3
9
8
7 13
A
D
JB F
CG
5
6
2 4
3
4
1
11
1
6
5
12
I
2
V d:
E
5
10H
6
in cc gi tr ECT & LCT
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65
129
PERT/CPM Chart
with ECTs & LCTs
1
2
4
3
9
8
7 13
A
D
JB F
CG
5
6
2 4
3
4
1
11
1
6
5
12
I
2
0
0
3 9
2 6
11
17
7
5
13 18
1813
13
7
7
13
115
2
37
n gin ha biu bng cch loi b cc s kin trng lp (ECTs & LCTs)
V d:
E
5
10H
6
13
13
130
Simplified
PERT/CPM Chart
with Critical Path
1
2
4
3
8
7
11A
D
J
B F
CG
5
6
2 4
3
4
1
9
1
6
5
I
2
0
0
3 9
2 6
11
1
7
5
18
18
13
7
7
13
115
2
3
n gin ha biu bng cch loi b cc s kin trng lp (ECTs & LCTs)
V d:
E
5
10H
6
13
13
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66
Bi tp:
Mt d n gm danh
sch cc hot ng sau:
Activity Duration (mins) Predecessor
A 5 -
B 25 A
C 180 B
D 10 B
E 100 B
F 5 D
G 60 F
H 120 E
I 10 G
J 25 K
K 30 H, C
L 10 J, I
M 60 L
To mt biu PERT/CPM cho danh sch cc hot ng trn
TNG KT: QUN L D N
Qun l d n tt quyt nh s thnh cng ca d n
Bn cht v hnh (intangible) ca phn mm gy ra nhng vn cn phi c qun l khi pht trin
Ngi qun l c nhiu vai tr, nhng hot ng ch yu l lp k hoch, c lng v lp lch. H cn c kinh nghim, phi kin quyt
Lp k hoch v c lng l qu trnh lp c thc hin trong sut qu trnh thc thi d n
Mi s kin trong qun l phi c lp ti liu v c xt duyt hay kim tra
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TNG KT: QUN L D N
Cn c o cc i lng c qun l: khi lng, cht lng, tin trnh
Ct mc (milestone) ca d n l im ti mt s cc bo co chnh thc v tin trnh d n c trnh bo qun l
Cc ri ro cn qun l c th l ri ro d n, ri ro sn phm, ri ro nghip v.
Qun l ri ro lin quan n xc nh ri ro c kh nng tc ng n d n v lp k hoch ngn nga,hn ch
Bit s dng cng c tr gip tng kh nng v hiu qu qun l