KARYA TULIS AKHIR
Pengaruh Ekstrak Umbi Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) Sebagai
Pencegahan Defisit Memori pada Rattus norvegicus Melalui Penurunan
Kadar Malondialdehid (MDA)
Oleh :
Dyah Puspa Ardani
201410330311165
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2018
i
PENGARUH EKSTRAK UMBI RUMPUT TEKI (Cyperus rotundus l.)
SEBAGAI PENCEGAHAN DEFISIT MEMORI PADA Rattus norvegicus
MELALUI PENURUNAN KADAR MALONDIALDEHID (MDA)
KARYA TULIS AKHIR
Diajukan kepada Universitas Muhammadiyaph Malang
untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan dalam Menyelesaikan Program Sarjana
Fakultas Kedokteran
Oleh: Dyah Puspa Ardani 201410330311165
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
2018
ii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
LAPORAN HASIL PENELITIAN
Telah disetujui sebagai hasil penelitian untuk memenuhi persyaratan
Pendidikan Sarjana Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Tanggal : 29 Juni 2018
Pembimbing I
dr. Sulistyo Mulyo Agustini, Sp.PK
Pembimbing II
dr. Feny Tunjungsari, M.Kes
Mengetahui, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Dekan,
Dr. dr. Meddy Setiawan, Sp.PD
iii
PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS
Karya tulis akhir ini adalah karya saya sendiri, dan semua sumber baik yang dikutip
maupun dirujuk telah saya nyatakan dengan benar.
Nama : Dyah Puspa Ardani
NIM : 201410330311165
Malang, 29 Juni 2018
Penulis
iv
LEMBAR PENGUJIAN
Karya Tulis Akhir oleh Dyah Puspa Ardani telah diuji dan dipertahankan di depan Tim Penguji
pada tanggal 29 Juni 2018
Tim Penguji
dr. Sulistyo Mulyo Agustini, Sp.PK , Ketua
dr. Feny Tunjungsari, M.Kes , Anggota
dr. Suharto, Sp.Rad , Anggota
v
KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamua’alaikum wr. wb
Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin, puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT atas
segala rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan proposal
dengan judul “Pengaruh Ekstrak Umbi Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) sebagai
Pencegah Defisit Memori pada Rattus norvegicus melalui Penurunan Kadar
Malondialdehid (MDA)” dapat terselesaikan dengan baik. Begitu pula Dialah yang
menyelaraskan gerakan tangan dan pikiran dalam merangkai huruf menjadi kata
dan selanjutnya menjadi kalimat dalam penulisan tugas akhir ini. Segala sesuatu
yang benar dalam tugas akhir ini datang dari Allah SWT, dan segala kekeliruan
dalam penulisan ini datangnya dari diri penulis sendiri.
Dalam penyelesaian tugas akhir ini penulis banyak mengalami kesulitan,
tetapi berkat dukungan, bimbingan, dan bantuan dari dosen pembimbing dalam
rangka penyusunan dan dorongan dari berbagai pihak akhirnya penulis dapat
menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini tepat pada waktunya.
Penulis menyadari bahwa proposal penelitian ini masih belum
sempurna, sehingga masih membutuhkan saran dari berbagai pihak. Penulis
berharap skripsi ini dapat menjadi wujud ibadah penulis kepada Zat Yang Maha
Mengetahui lagi Bijaksana, dan dapat memberikan manfaat bagi para pembaca.
Wassalamua’alaikum Wr. Wb
Malang, 29 Juni 2018
vi
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH
Pada kesempatan ini, penulis menyampaikan terimakasih yang sebesar-
besarnya Kepada:
Kedua orang tua saya, Ayah Arief Hidayat dan Ibu Indraswari Devi yang telah
memberikan doa, waktu, dan dukungan moral maupun materi
Dr. dr. Meddy Setiawan, Sp.PD, selaku Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
dr. Moch Ma’roef, Sp.OG selaku Pembantu Dekan I Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
dr. Sri Adilla Nurainiwati, Sp.KK, selaku Pembantu Dekan II Fakultas
Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
dr. Indra Setiawan, Sp.THT selaku Pembantu Dekan III Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Mpuhammadiyah Malang.
dr. Sulistyo Mulyo Agustini, Sp.PK, selaku dosen pembimbing I saya yang telah
memberikan inspirasi, waktu, kesabaran dan masukan yang sangat membantu
dalam menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini
dr. Fenny Tunjungsari, M.Kes, selaku dosen pembimbing II saya yang telah
membimbing dengan penuh kesabaran dan memberikan banyak saran dalam
menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini
dr. Suharto, Sp.Rad, selaku dosen penguji saya yang telah memberikan waktu,
kesabaran, dan masukan yang sangat membantu penulis dalam menyelesaikan tugas
akhir
Adikku Faizal Putra Budimas, yang telah memberi semangat kepada penulis
untuk segera menyelesaikan tugas akhir
vii
Staff TU, Bu Endah, Mbak Nuke, Mbak Citra, Mas Joko dan Mas Didit, yang
telah membantu administrasi penulis dalam menyelesaikan TA.
Staff Biomedik, Bu Fat, Pak Joko, Mas Nyono, Mas Mif, Pak Kus yang telah
membantu administrasi penulis dalam menyelesaikan TA.
Muhammad Rendy Aliansyah yang selalu memberikan dukungan dalam proses
penyelesaian penelitian ini.
Teman-teman dalam kelompok penelitian saya Yulida, Festi, dan Bella,
terimakasih atas seluruh dukungan dalam proses penelitian ini, semoga disegerakan
untuk menikah.
Keluarga Tim eNOS, Silva, Eria, Tika, dan Wafi. Teruslah berkarya dan
meneliti, terimakasih atas inspirasi, bantuan dan dukungan dalam tugas akhir ini
semoga kita bertemu lagi di ajang kompetisi penelitian lainnya.
Keluarga di Executive Board AMSA-UMM, Adit, Adni, Feti, Sunu, Silva, dan
Vira yang telah memberikan inspirasi, semangat, dan dukungan
Teman-teman Rhythm of Medico yang memberikan semangat, kesabaran, dan
dukungannya.
Seluruh teman-teman “Medula Spinalis” angkatan 2014 FK UMM yang tidak
bisa disebutkan satu persatu. Terimakasih atas segala bantuan, motivasi, doa selama
perkuliahan.
Teman-teman KKN 152 UMM yang sudah memberi kecerian dalam
mengerjakan tugas akhir
Para dosen pengajar FK UMM yang telah memberikan bekal ilmu dan
pengetahuan.
viii
Semua pihak yang turut membantu dalam menyelesaikan karya tulis ini dan
juga mendoakan demi suksesnya karya tulis ini yang tidak bisa penulis sebutkan
satu-persatu.
Penulis menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa tidak ada sesuatu yang sempurna di dunia ini
sehingga penulis sangat mengharapkan masukan dari berbagai pihak. Semoga tugas
akhir ini sebagai suatu karya tulis ilmiah dapat bermanfaat bagi semua pihak.
Malang, 29 Juni 2018
Penulis
ix
ABSTRAK
Ardani, D.P. 2018, “Pengaruh Ekstrak Umbi Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus l.) sebagai Pencegahan Defisit Memori pada Rattus norvegicus Melalui Penurunan Kadar Malondialdehid (MDA)”. Tugas Akhir Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Pembimbing (1) Sulistyo Mulyo Agustini* (II) Feny Tunjungsari**.
Latar Belakang: Radikal bebas akibat kondisi hiperlipidemia mampu menaikkan kadar malondialdehid (MDA) plasma dan memicu defisit memori. Umbi rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus l.) memiliki kemampuan sebagai antioksidan yang terbukti mampu mencegah terjadinya defisit memori dengan menurunkan kadar MDA plasma. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak umbi rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus l.) sebagai pencegahan defisit memori pada Rattus norvegicus melalui penurunan kadar MDA Metode: Penelitian eksperimental murni ini menggunakan desain post-test only control group yang dilakukan selama 36 hari pada 25 ekor tikus yang dibagi dalam lima kelompok yaitu kontrol negatif dengan diet normal, kontrol positif dengan diet hyperlipidemia, dan tiga kelompok dengan diet hiperlipidemia+ekstrak umbi rumput teki dengan dosis 125 mg/kgBB/hari, 250 mg/kgBB/hari, dan 500 mg/kgBB/hari. Pada hari ke 36 tikus diuji dengan Morris water maze,diterminasi dan dilakukan pengambilan darah maksimal dari jantungnya, kemuadian dilakukan pengujian kadar MDA plasma. Hasil Penelitian dan Diskusi: Analisis statistik membuktikan pemberian ekstrak secara signifikan mempercepat waktu tikus mencapai pijakan pada water maze (p<0.001) dan menurunkan kadar MDA plasma (p<0.001). Regresi linier menunjukkan bahwa sebesar 85% penurunan waktu tikus mencapai pijakan dan 83% penurunan kadar MDA disebabkan oleh pemberian ekstrak umbi rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus l.). Kesimpulan: Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak umbi rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus l.) berfungsi sebagai antioksidan yang secara efektif mampu mencegah defisit memori. Kata Kunci: Umbi rumput teki, defisit memori, MDA, hiperlipidemia
*Staf Pengajar Patologi Klinik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
** Staf Pengajar Kesehatan Masyarakat Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
x
ABSTRACT
Ardani, D.P. 2018, “Effectiveness of Cyperus rotundus Tuberos Extract as Memory Deficits Prevention in Rattus norvegicus through Lowered Malondialdehyde (MDA) Level” Final Project, Medical Faculty of Muhammadiyah Malang University. Supervisor (1) Sulistyo Mulyo Agustini* (II) Feny Tunjungsari**.
Background: Free radical due to a hyperlipidemic condition can raise the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and trigger memory deficits. The extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizome can act as an antioxidant which has been shown to prevent memory deficits and lowering MDA level. Objective: Investigate the effectiveness of Cyperus rotundus rhizome extract to prevent memory deficits through lowering the MDA level. Method: This experimental study used post-test control group design, that was conducted for 36 days in 25 male wistar rats. The samples were divided into five groups: negative control with normal diet, positive control with hyperlipidemic diet, and three groups with hyperlipidemic+extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizome diet with the dosages of 125 mg/kgBW/day, 250 mg/kgBW/day, 500 mg/kgBW/day. On the 36th day all wistar rats were tested with Morris water maze and terminated to get the intracardiac blood for MDA level test. Research result: Statistical analysis showed that the extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizome significantly lowered the time needed to reach the platform of Morris water maze test (p<0.001) and MDA level (p<0.001). Linear regression test showed that 85% of decrease time needed to reach the platform and 83% of MDA level reduction were caused by the extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizome. Conclusion: The results showed that the extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizome effectively act as an antioxidant to prevent memory deficits.
Keyword: Cyperus rotundus, memory deficits, MDA, hyperlipidemia
*Clinical Pathology Department of Muhammadiyah Malang University Medical Faculty
** Public Health Department of Muhammadiyah Malang University Medical Faculty
xi
DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ............................................................................... ii
HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS .............................................. iii
LEMBAR PENGUJI ......................................................................................... iv
KATA PENGANTAR ......................................................................................... v
UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH .............................................................................. vi
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ ix
ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................x
DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................ xvi
DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... xvii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ............................................................................... xviii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................... xx
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................1
1.1 Latar Belakang.......................................................................................1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah .................................................................................2
1.3 Tujuan ...................................................................................................2
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ..........................................................................2
1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus..........................................................................2
xii
1.4 Manfaat ..................................................................................................3
1.4.1 Akademis ..................................................................................3
1.4.2 Klinis .......................................................................................3
1.4.3 Masyarakat ..............................................................................3
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ..........................................................................4
2.1 MDA dan Hiperlipidemia .....................................................................4
2.2 MDA dan Gangguan Memori ..............................................................7
2.3 Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus l.)....................................................10
2.3.1 Taksonomi Rumput Teki ........................................................10
2.3.2 Habitat dan Morfologi Rumput Teki .....................................10
2.3.3 Kandungan Rumput Teki .......................................................12
2.3.4 Ekstrak Umbi Rumput Teki sebagai Penghambat Peroksidasi
Lipid .........................................................................................13
BAB III KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN .....15
3.1 Kerangka Konseptual penelitian.........................................................15
3.2 Hipotesis ..............................................................................................17
BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN ....................................................................18
4.1 Jenis Penelitian ...................................................................................18
4.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ...............................................................18
4.3 Populasi dan Sampel Penelitian...........................................................18
4.3.1 Populasi ..................................................................................18
xiii
4.3.2 Sampel ....................................................................................18
4.3.3 Besar Sampel ..........................................................................19
4.3.4 Teknik Pengambilan Sampel ..................................................20
4.3.5 Karakteristik Sampel Penelitian .............................................21
4.3.6 Variabel Penelitian .................................................................21
4.3.7 Definisi Operasi Variabel Penelitian ......................................23
4.4 Alat dan Bahan penelitian ..................................................................26
4.4.1 Alat Pemeliharaan Tikus ........................................................26
4.4.2 Alat dan Bahan Pembuatan Ekstrak Umbi Rumput Teki .......26
4.4.3 Alat Pengambilan Darah Tikus..............................................26
4.4.4 Alat dan Bahan Pengukuran MDA........................................26
4.4.5 Alat dan Bahan Pembuatan Diet Hiperlipidemi....................26
4.4.6 Alat dan Bahan Water Maze Test..........................................27
4.4.7 Alat Lain ...............................................................................27
4.5 Prosedur penelitian .............................................................................27
4.5.1 Proses Adaptasi ......................................................................27
4.5.2 Pembagian Kelompok Tikus ..................................................27
4.5.3 Pembuatan Ekstrak Umbi Rumput Teki.................................29
4.5.4 Dasar Penentuan Dosis Umbi Rumput Teki ..........................31
4.5.5 Pelaksanaan Perlakuan Penelitian ..........................................31
4.5.6 Pemberian Diet Hiperlipidemi ...............................................33
4.5.7 Proses Anstesi dan pembedahan hewan coba ........................33
xiv
4.5.8 Pengukuran Kadar MDA ........................................................35
4.5.9 Pengujian Water Maze...........................................................35
4.6 Alur penelitian ....................................................................................36
4.7 Analisa Data .......................................................................................37
BAB V HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISA DATA .................................39
5.1 Hasil Penelitian ...................................................................................39
5.2 Analisis Data .......................................................................................42
5.2.1 Uji Normalitas ........................................................................42
5.2.2 Uji Homogenitas ....................................................................43
5.2.3 Uji One Way Anova ................................................................44
5.2.4 Uji Post Hoc ...........................................................................45
5.2.5 Uji Regresi..............................................................................46
BAB VI PEMBAHASAN ..................................................................................51
BAB VII KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ..........................................................58
7.1 Kesimpulan .........................................................................................58
7.2 Saran ...................................................................................................58
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN
xv
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 Kandungan rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus l.) .................................12
Tabel 5.1 Rerata Hasil Pengukuran Waktu pada tes water-maze ......................39
Tabel 5.2 Rerata Hasil Pengukuran MDA Plasma ............................................40
Tabel 5.3 Hasil Uji Normalitas Waktu Tikus Mencapai Pijakan ......................41
Tabel 5.4 Hasil Uji Normalitas Kadar MDA .....................................................42
Tabel 5.5 Hasil Uji Homegenitas Waktu Tikus Mencapai Pijakan ..................42
Tabel 5.6 Hasil Uji Homogenitas Kadar MDA ..................................................42
Tabel 5.7 Hasil Uji One Way ANOVA Waktu Tikus Mencapai Pijakan.............43
Tabel 5.8 Hasil Uji One Way ANOVA kadar MDA ...........................................44
Tabel 5.9 Hasil Uji Post Hoc Bonferroni Waktu Tikus Mencapai Pijakan........44
Tabel 5.10 Hasil Uji Post Hoc Bonferroni kadar MDA ................................... 45
Tabel 5.11 Hasil Uji Regresi Waktu Tikus Mencapai Pijakan ......................... 45
Tabel 5.12 Hasil Uji Regresi Kadar MDA ....................................................... 47
xvi
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1 Tanaman Umbi Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus l.) ....................12
Gambar 5.1 Rerata Hasil Pengukuran Waktu pada Water Maze Test .............. 40
Gambar 5.2 Rerata Hasil Pengukuran Kadar MDA ......................................... 42
Gambar 5.3 Hasil Uji Regresi Water Maze Test .............................................. 47
Gambar 5.4 Hasil Uji Regresi Pengukuran Kadar MDA .................................. 49
xvii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
MDA = Malondialdehid
PUFA = Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
ROS = Reactive Oxygen Species
LDL = Low Density Lipoprotein
NADPH = Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment
IQCDE = Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly
MMSE = Mini Mental Status Exam
GPCOG = General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition
MIS = Memory Impairment Screen
DNA = Dioxyribonuklease Acid
NO = Nitric Oxide
TNF- = Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
xviii
IFN- = Interferron gamma
IL-1 = Interleukin 1 beta
TBA = Tiobharbithuric acid
WHO = World Health Organization
DHA = Docosahexaenoic acid
xix
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran.1 Hasil Pemeriksaan kadar Malondialdehide (MDA) dan Waktu Pada
Water Maze Test.............................................................................. 65
Lampiran.2 Data Hasil dan Analisis Penelitian ................................................. 67
Lampiran.3 Surat Determinasi .......................................................................... 78
Lampian.4 Pernyataan Laik Etik ....................................................................... 79
Lampiran.5 Surat Keterangan Penelitian............................................................ 80
Lampiran.6 Kartu Konsultasi Tugas akhir ....................................................... 81
Lampiran.7 Dokumentasi ................................................................................. 82
59
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