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REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA
INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITÉCNICO
“SANTIAGO MARIÑO”
EXTENSIÓN VALENCIA
DISEÑO DE UN BANCO DE PRUEBAS PARA MEJORAR EL PROCESODE COMPROBACIÓN DEL FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LOS
TABLEROS ELÉCTRICOS FABRICADOS ENLA EMPRESA ELEKTROMEK C.A.
Trabajo E!"#$a% &" Gra&o !r""'(a&o #o)o r"*+$$(o !ar#$a%!ara o!(ar a% T,(+%o &" I'-"'$"ro E%"#(r$#$(a.
Autor: /ra'#$#o V$%%"-aTutor acad!"co: Mar$o A-+$%ar
Va%"'#$a0 No1$")br" 2345REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA
INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITÉCNICO
“SANTIAGO MARIÑO”
EXTENSIÓN VALENCIA
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DEDICATORIA
A#RADECIMIENTOS
$NDICE #ENERAL
$1
DISEÑO DE UN BANCO DE PRUEBAS PARA MEJORAR EL PROCESODE COMPROBACIÓN DEL FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LOS
TABLEROS ELÉCTRICOS FABRICADOS EN
LA EMPRESA ELEKTROMEK C.A.
Trabajo E!"#$a% &" Gra&o !r""'(a&o #o)o r"*+$$(o !ar#$a%!ara o!(ar a% T,(+%o &" I'-"'$"ro E%"#(r$#$(a.
Autor: /ra'#$#o V$%%"-a
Tutor acad!"co: Mar$o A-+$%ar
Va%"'#$a0 No1$")br" 2345
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%%.DEDICATORIAS66666666666666666666666...
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INDICE #ENERAL6666666666666666666666. 1LISTA DE CUADROS666666666666666666666 1$LISTA DE FI#URAS666666666666666666666.. 1$$LISTA DE ECUACIONES6666666666666666666.. 1$$$RESUMEN66666666666666666666666666 $7INTRODUCCIÓN66666666666666666666666. 4
CAP$TULO
I. EL PROBLEMA666666666666.66666666.. 8
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II. MARCO REFERENCIAL66666666666666666.. ?
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LISTA DE CUADROS
No. P!4
LISTA DE FI#URAS
No. !!
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No. !!
REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA
INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITÉCNICO
“SANTIAGO MARIÑO”
EXTENSIÓN VALENCIA
DISEÑO DE UN BANCO DE PRUEBAS PARA MEJORAR EL PROCESODE COMPROBACIÓN DEL FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LOS
TABLEROS ELÉCTRICOS FABRICADOS ENLA EMPRESA ELEKTROMEK C.A.
Autor: /ra'#$#o V$%%"-a
Tutor acad!"co: Mar$o A-+$%ar
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RESUMEN
La ")!r"a E%"(ro)" C.A " +'a #o)!a,a 1"'"9o%a'a =abr$#a'(" &"(ab%"ro &" =+"r9a0 #o'(ro%0 !ro("##$o'"0 PoF"r o+" o(ro0 a!%$#a&o a!ro"#(o &" -"'"ra#$:' &$(r$b+#$:' &" "'"r-,a "%@#(r$#a0 !ara &$="r"'(""#(or" $'&+(r$a%"H !"(r:%"o0 -a0 "'"r-,a0 $'=ra"(r+#(+ra0 ")!r"a &"$'-"'$"r,a "' -"'"ra%. La !%a'(a =abr$#a'(" &" (ab%"ro "%@#(r$#o!"r("'"#$"'(" a %a ")!r"a E%"(ro)" C.A0 #+"'(a #o' +' &"!ar(a)"'(o "%#+a% "( "'#ar-a&o &" r"a%$9ar &$="r"'(" ($!o &" !r+"ba a %o (ab%"ro"%@#(r$#o *+" o' =abr$#a&o "' !%a'(a o(ro a&*+$r$&o &" !ro1""&or""7("r$or". E' "% !r""'(" Trabajo E!"#$a% &" Gra&o " "'#+"'(ra %a$'1"($-a#$:' '"#"ar$a !ara %a r"a%$9a#$:' &"% &$"o &" +' ba'#o &"!r+"ba *+" !"r)$(a )"jorar "% !ro#"o &" #o)!roba#$:' &"% =+'#$o'a)$"'(o
&" %o &$="r"'(" (ab%"ro =abr$#a&o "' !%a'(a. E% &"arro%%o &" %a$'1"($-a#$:' $'$#$: "' %a /a" I #o' "% "(+&$o &" %a $(+a#$:' a#(+a% !r""'(""' %a ")!r"a E%"(ro)" C.A. ba'&o" "' %a (@#'$#a &" r"#o%"##$:' &"$'=or)a#$:'. A #o'($'+a#$:' "' %a /a" II0 " "="#(Ja "% a'%$$ &" %o &a(or"#o%"#(a&o "' "% &$a-':($#o0 a, &"%$)$(ar %a '"#"$&a&" &" &"%&"!ar(a)"'(o &" !r+"ba &" (ab%"ro &" %a ")!r"a E%"(ro)" C.A.S"-+$&a)"'(" "' %a /a" III " %%"1a a #abo "% &$"o &"% ba'#o &" !r+"ba"!"#$=$#a'&o (o&a %a $'-"'$"r,a &" &"(a%%" r"*+"r$&a !ara %a #o'=or)a#$:' &"%"*+$!o. E' %a /a" IV " r"a%$9a "% "(+&$o (@#'$#o "#o':)$#o !ara&"("r)$'ar $ "% ba'#o &" !r+"ba r"!r""'(ar b"'"=$#$o o%1"'(ar %a'"#"$&a& &" %a ")!r"a E%"(ro)" C.A.
D&'cr"%tor&': Tab%"ro "%@#(r$#o. Ba'#o &" Pr+"ba. Co'(ro% &" Ca%$&a&.
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INTRODUCCIÓN
La #o)!"("'#$a $'&+(r$a% a '$1"% )+'&$a% "7$-" )aor "=$#$"'#$a
-ara'(,a %o !ro&+#(o =abr$#a&oK !or %o (a'(o " a' r"=$'a&o %a#a!a#$&a&" &" %o $(")a &" "1a%+a#$:' "' ""'#$a )*+$'a &"
"7!"r$)"'(a#$:' !r+"ba "' %a =br$#a &" !ro&+##$:'0 b+#a'&o %o-rar
#o' "(o $'!"##$o'ar #o' )aor "=$#$"'#$a %a #a%$&a& &" %o !ro&+#(o
=abr$#a&o0 =+'&a)"'(a% !ara "% =+'#$o'a)$"'(o :!($)o &" %o !ro#"o &"
!ro&+##$:' $'&+(r$a%" *+" "7$-"' !r"#$$:'0 #a%$&a& 1"%o#$&a&. La #a%$&a&
&" +' !ro&+#(o =$'a% "( &"("r)$'a&a !or %o !+'(o &" #o'(ro% +b$#a&o
"(ra(@-$#a)"'(" "' %a &$1"ra "(a!a &" =abr$#a#$:'. E(o !+'(o &"
#o'(ro% " r"a%$9a' (a'(o "' + &$"o0 1a%$&a#$:' !r+"ba0 #o)o "' %a
$'!"##$:' "7a+($1a &+ra'(" "% !ro#"o !ro&+#($1o.
E%"(ro)" C.A. " +'a ")!r"a 1"'"9o%a'a &"&$#a&a a% &"arro%%o
=abr$#a#$:' &" (ab%"ro &" =+"r9a0 #o'(ro%0 !ro("##$o'"0 PoF"r o+"0 !ara
&$="r"'(" a!%$#a#$o'" "' &$($'(o #a)!o $'&+(r$a%". La !o%,($#a &" %a
")!r"a #o'$(" "' %a a($=a##$:' &" %o #%$"'(" a (ra1@ &" %a !r"(a#$:'
&" "r1$#$o =abr$#a#$:' &" !ro&+#(o *+" #+)!%a' #o' %o r"*+"r$)$"'(o
&" #a%$&a&0 #o'=$ab$%$&a& "-+r$&a&. Para %o-rar "(" #o)"($&o #+"'(a #o'+' &"!ar(a)"'(o &" #o)!roba#$:' &" %o (ab%"ro "%@#(r$#o =abr$#a&o
&"'(ro &" %a ")!r"a E%"(ro)" C.A. "' "% #+a% r"1$(" +'a -ra' $)!or(a'#$a
a *+" a (ra1@ &" &$#o $(")a " -ara'($9a %a !ro&+##$:' #o' "('&ar"
&" #a%$&a& "=$#$"'#$a *+" &")a'&a' %o #%$"'(".
E% !r""'(" Trabajo "!"#$a% &" Gra&o0 "(a !r$'#$!a%)"'(" or$"'(a&o a
&$"ar +' $(")a &" !r+"ba *+" !"r)$(a )"jorar "% !ro#"o &"
#o)!roba#$:' &"% =+'#$o'a)$"'(o &" %o (ab%"ro "%@#(r$#o "' %a ")!r"a
E%"(ro)" C.A. #o' "% obj"(o &" a+)"'(ar %a a($=a##$:' &" %o #%$"'("0 a,
#o)o &" ("'"r )aor a!"r(+ra &"'(ro &" +' )"r#a&o #a)b$a'(" +' r"a
$'&+(r$a% "' #o'(a'(" "7!a'$:'. E(" "(+&$o " "'#+"'(ra "(r+#(+ra&o "'
#+a(ro #a!,(+%o %o #+a%" " &"arro%%ara' &" %a $-+$"'(" )a'"raH
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Ca!,(+%o IH E' "(" #a!,(+%o r"a%$9a %a &"#r$!#$:' &"% !%a'("a)$"'(o &"%
!rob%")a "7!%$#a'&o %a '"#"$&a&" =+'#$:' &"% !ro"#(o a r"a%$9ar0 "
!%a'("a "% !rob%")a a (ra(ar " "!"#$=$#a' "' &"(a%%" %o !r$'#$!a%"
=a#(or" *+" $'("r1$"'"' #o)o !or "j")!%o %a =a%(a &" +' "*+$!o *+"#o'("'-a %a #ara#("r,($#a '"#"ar$a !ara *+" "% !ro#"o &"
#o)!roba#$:' &" %o (ab%"ro "%@#(r$#o "a ) "=$#$"'(". E(" #a!,(+%o
"(ar #o'=or)a&o !or %a #o'("7(+a%$9a#$:' &"% !rob%")a0 !or "% obj"($1o
-"'"ra% %o obj"($1o "!"#,=$#o0 !or J%($)o "' "(a "##$:' " "7!o'"' %a
j+($=$#a#$o'" &" %a $'1"($-a#$:'.
Ca!,(+%o IIH S" &"#r$b" br"1")"'(" %o a'("#"&"'(" &" $'1"($-a#$:'0
a#$"'&o r"="r"'#$a a %o (rabajo "!"#$a% &" -ra&o r"%a#$o'a&o #o' "% r"a&" "(+&$o a!or(" *+" %o )$)o r"!r""'(a' !ara "(a $'1"($-a#$:'0 a,
#o)o " &"=$'$r' %a ba" (":r$#a *+" !"r)$($r' #o)!r"'&"r %a
#ara#("r,($#a &"% "(+&$o (o&o %o *+" or$-$'a "% )$)o0 &" $-+a% =or)a "
&"("r)$'ara' &"=$'$#$o'" &" (@r)$'o b$#o0 a, #o)o %a ba" %"-a%"
*+" +("'(a' "(a $'1"($-a#$:'.
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*+" " &"=$'$r %a )o&a%$&a& ($!o &" $'1"($-a#$:' "' %a *+" "(a
#$r#+'#r$(o "% !ro"#(o0 %a (@#'$#a &" r"#o%"##$:' &" &a(o0 %a !ob%a#$:'
%a )+"(ra a "(+&$ar a, #o)o (a)b$@' %o !ro#"&$)$"'(o a-r+!a&o "'
=a" *+" !"r)$($r' r"o%1"r "% !rob%")a "' #+"($:'.
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%a #+a%" (ra'#+rr$: "% &"arro%%o &" %a $'1"($-a#$:'0 #o)!r"'&" "j"#+#$:'
&" %a =a" &" $'1"($-a#$:'0 &"&" "% "(+&$o o &$a-':($#o &"% !rob%")a0
a'%$$0 &$"o &" %a !ro!+"(a o o%+#$:' a% !rob%")a a, #o)o %a
=a#($b$%$&a& "#o':)$#a0 (@#'$#a o!"ra($1a0 "% a'%$$ #o(o b"'"=$#$o0 %a#o'#%+$o'"0 r"#o)"'&a#$o'"0 $'#%+"'&o %o a'"7o #orr"!o'&$"'(".
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CAP$TULO I
EL PROBLEMA
Co(t&)tua*"+ac",( d&* %ro-*&!a
La "%"#(r$#$&a& " +'a !ar(" ""'#$a% &" %a 1$&a )o&"r'a0 %a "#o'o),a &"
+' !a, "' &"arro%%o &"!"'&" "' -ra' !ar(" &"% !ro1"#o &" %a "'"r-,a"%@#(r$#a. E% "r +)a'o +a %a "%"#(r$#$&a& !ara +'a -ra' #a'($&a& &"
a!%$#a#$o'" #o)o %a $%+)$'a#$:'0 #a%"=a##$:'0 r"=r$-"ra#$:'0 #o)!+(a&ora0
"%"#(r:'$#a0 )a*+$'ar$a $'&+(r$a%" $(")a &" (ra'!or(" !Jb%$#o0 ).
o "' &,a %a r"a &o'&" " $'&$!"'ab%" "% +o &" %a "%"#(r$#$&a& o' %a
$'&+(r$a0 %o #o)"r#$o0 %o o-ar" %o $(")a !ara (ra'!or(".
Para -"'"rar "%"#(r$#$&a& " '"#"ar$o r"a%$9ar !ro#"o &"
(ra'=or)a#$:' &" "'"r-,a0 "' %a #"'(ra%" "%@#(r$#a0 &"&" &o'&" "
(ra')$(" %a "'"r-,a "%@#(r$#a a (ra1@ &" r"&" &" (ra')$$:'
!o("r$or)"'(" &" &$(r$b+#$:'. S$' ")bar-o !ara *+" +' #o'+)$&or =$'a%
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(ab%"ro "%@#(r$#o. E' +'a $'(a%a#$:' "%@#(r$#a0 %o (ab%"ro "%@#(r$#o o' %a
!ar(" !r$'#$!a%. E' (@r)$'o -"'"ra%"0 %o (ab%"ro "%@#(r$#o o' -ab$'"("
"' %o *+" " #o'#"'(ra' %o &$!o$($1o &" #o'"7$:'0 #o'(ro%0 )a'$obra0
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(ar"a *+" " r"a%$#" %o (ab%"ro " !+"&"' +ar #o)oH #"'(ro &" #o'(ro% &"
)o(or"0 +b"(a#$o'"0 a%+)bra&o0 #"'(ro &" #ar-a o &" +o r"$&"'#$a%0(ab%"ro &" &$(r$b+#$:'0 #"'(ro &" =+"r9a )+#o o(ro.
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#o'&$#$o'" &" o!"ra#$:' :!($)a a *+" " %a J'$#a =or)a &" -ara'($9ar %a
r"&+##$:' &" =a%%a "' "% !ro#"o &" o!"ra#$:' !ara %o #+a% =+"ro' &$"a&o.
Lo (ab%"ro "%@#(r$#o o' =abr$#a&o a '$1"% )+'&$a% !or &$="r"'("
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#+'a&o " !o'"' "' "r1$#$o. Para "%%o0 %a ")!r"a &"% "#(or "%@#(r$#o "'
"% )+'&o ")!%"a' &$="r"'(" )@(o&o &$!o$($1o %o #+"%" #+)!%"'
=+'#$o'" !ar($#+%ar"0 *+" !"r)$("' 1"r$=$#ar %a "=$#$"'#$a =+'#$o'a%$&a& &"%
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$'#%+"' &$!o$($1o &" %abora(or$o a + 1"9 =or)a' !ar(" &" %a #a%$&a& &"%
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E' V"'"9+"%a +'a &" %a ")!r"a &"&$#a&a a% &$"o0 =abr$#a#$:'0
!r+"ba " $'(a%a#$:' &" (ab%"ro "%@#(r$#o " %a ")!r"a E%"(ro)" C.A.0
+b$#a&a "' %a Zo'a I'&+(r$a% M+'$#$!a% Nor("0 #a%%" 4 !ro%o'-a#$:' A1.
M$#"%"'a0 Va%"'#$a "(a&o CaraboboK "'(r" + !ro&+#(o " &"(a#a'H
PoF"r o+"0 #"'(ro &" #o'(ro% &" )o(or"0 #"%&a &" )"&$a ("'$:'0 #"'(ro
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a-ro!"#+ar$a0 "'(r" o(ra. V"r /$-+ra 4.
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La !rob%")($#a !r""'(" "' %a ")!r"a E%"(ro)" C.A. " )a'$=$"(a
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=abr$#a&o0 #+o !ro!:$(o !r$'#$!a% " a"-+rar *+" "% !ro&+#(o =$'a% #+)!%a
%a "!"#$=$#a#$o'" r"*+"r$&a !or "% #%$"'("0 #o' %o "('&ar" &"
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CAP$TULO II
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Figura 2 H Ba(co d& %ru&-a' &*&ctr,("ca'. /+"'("H +a'(" L(&.
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3o*t1!&tro
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Figura H 3o*t1!&tro. /+"'("H P"aT"#.
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T"%o' d& 3o*t1!&tro'
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Caract&r1't"ca' d&* /o*t1!&tro D"0"ta*:
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Figura " H A!%&r1!&tro. /+"'("H P"aT"#.
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Figura # H Autotra('2or!ador /ar"a-*&. /+"'("H P$%$!.
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D"'tor'",( d& *a 2or!a d& o(da
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F"*tro d& o(da
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Figura 1' H R&0u*ador d& t&('",(. /+"'("H T"or,a &" C$r#+$(o D$!o$($1o E%"#(r:'$#o.
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Fu&(t& d& corr"&(t&
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!ar(" )"(%$#a #o' #o'"7$:' a %a (o)a a ($"rra "'#o'(rar !or "%%a +'
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Figura 1$ H Barra'. /+"'("H E%"(ro)" C.A.
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CAP$TULO III
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Mu&'tra
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Fa'& I: D"a0(o't"car *a '"tuac",( actua* u& '& %r&'&(ta dura(t& &*
%roc&'o d& co!%ro-ac",( d&* 2u(c"o(a!"&(to d& *o' ta-*&ro'
&*ctr"co' 2a-r"cado' &( *a &!%r&'a E*&9tro!&9 C.A. a tra/' d& *a'
tc("ca' d& r&co*&cc",( d& "(2or!ac",(.
I'$#$a%)"'(" " &"arro%%: +' &$a-':($#o &" %a $(+a#$:' "7$("'(" "' %ar"a%$&a& &" "(+&$o0 #o)o +' )"&$o !ara r"#o'o#"r %a !ro!$"&a&"
#ara#("r,($#a &"% obj"(o o #ao "' $'1"($-a#$:'0 &" "(a =or)a r"a%$9ar +'
a'%$$ o b+#ar +'a o%+#$:' a + !rob%")a o &$=$#+%(a&". E(a "(a!a "
r"a%$9: !ara &"("r)$'ar %a =or)a "' *+" "% &"!ar(a)"'(o &" !r+"ba #o'(ro%
&" #a%$&a& &" %a ")!r"a E%"(ro)" C.A. r"a%$9a + o!"ra#$o'" "' %a
!%a'(a &" =abr$#a#$:' &" (ab%"ro "%@#(r$#oK )"&$a'(" "% +o &" &$($'(a
(@#'$#a "rra)$"'(a #o)o %a $'!"##$:' %a ob"r1a#$:' &$r"#(a0 "%
"(+&$o0 a!%$#a#$:' &" !r+"ba0 (o)a &" &a(o0 #o'+%(a (@#'$#a0 r"1$$:'
&" $'=or)a#$:' (@#'$#a &o#+)"'(a%0 (o&o "(o #o' %a &"b$&a a"or,a -+,a
&"% !"ro'a% #a%$=$#a&o &" %a ")!r"a E%"(ro)" C.A. E $)!or(a'(" r"a%(ar
*+" &+ra'(" "(a =a" " a#" +o &" %a (@#'$#a " $'(r+)"'(o &"
r"#o%"##$:' &" $'=or)a#$:' #o' %a =$'a%$&a& &" #+)!%$r "% obj"($1o &" r"a%$9ar
+' &$a-':($#o *+" $'&$#a "% #o)$"'9o !+"(a "' )ar#a &" %a
$'1"($-a#$:' !ro!$a)"'("0 !ara a, r"#abar (o&a %a $'=or)a#$:' !o$b%" obr"
"% #ao &" "(+&$o. E' "(a !r$)"ra =a" " +($%$9: %a (@#'$#a '"#"ar$a!ara %a r"#o%"##$:' &" &a(o0 ("'$"'&o #o)o !+'(o &" !ar($&a %a ob"r1a#$:'
&$r"#(a0 #o' %a )$)a " %o-r: #o'o#"r %a )"(o&o%o-,a *+" "% &"!ar(a)"'(o
&" !r+"ba #o'(ro% &" #a%$&a& ")!%"a !ara r"a%$9ar %a !r+"ba0 a, )$)o
#o'o#"r %o "*+$!o *+" +($%$9a&o !ara r"a%$9ar %a !r+"ba.
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Fa'& II: A(a*"+ar *o' r&'u*tado' o-t&("do' d&* d"a0(,'t"co %ara
d&t&r!"(ar *a' (&c&'"dad&' d&* d&%arta!&(to d& %ru&-a' 8 co(tro* d&
ca*"dad d& *o' ta-*&ro' &*ctr"co' 2a-r"cado' &( *a &!%r&'a E*&9tro!&9
C.A.E' "(a =a" &"% !ro"#(o a("'&$"'&o a %o r"+%(a&o &"% &$a-':($#o
r"a%$9a&o "' %a =a" a'("r$or0 " !ro$-+" #o' "% a'%$$ &" (o&o %o &a(o
r"#o%"#(a&o "' %a /a" I0 "% a'%$$ &" &a(o " #"'(ra "' %a $'="r"'#$a0 "%
!ro#"o &" &"r$1ar +'a #o'#%+$:' ba'&o" o%a)"'(" "' %o *+" #o'o#" "%
$'1"($-a&or. E(" !ro#"o &" a'%$$ &" &a(o "r1$r !ara $'!"##$o'ar0
%$)!$ar (ra'=or)ar %o &a(o r"#o!$%a&o #o' "% obj"($1o &" r"a%(ar
$'=or)a#$:' J($%0 %o *+" +-$"r" #o'#%+$o'"0 a!oo a %a (o)a &"&"#$$o'". E' &"=$'$($1a " "7a)$'ar' %o &a(o "' br+(o #o' "% !ro!:$(o
&" ob("'"r #o'#%+$o'" obr" %a $'=or)a#$:' r"#aba&a.
E% &"arro%%o &" "(a =a" !"r)$(" #o'o#"r &" =or)a or&"'a&a
$(")($#a %a &"=$#$"'#$a *+" !r""'(a "% &"!ar(a)"'(o &" !r+"ba
#o'(ro% &" #a%$&a& &" %a ")!r"a E%"(ro)" C.A.K !ara %+"-o #o' "(a
$'=or)a#$:' r"a%$9ar %o "(+&$o '"#"ar$a *+" !"r)$(a' or$"'(ar %o
(rabajo *+" &"' o%+#$:' o!or(+'a a %a !rob%")($#a !%a'("a&a.
Fa'& III: E&cutar &* d"'&7o d& cada u(a d& *a' %art&' &*ctr"ca' 8
!&c4("ca' u& co(2or!ara( &* -a(co d& %ru&-a' to!a(do &(
co('"d&rac",( toda *a "(0&("&r1a d& d&ta**& (&c&'ar"a.
La =a" III #o'$($: "' "% &"arro%%o &"% &$"o &"% ba'#o &" !r+"ba &"
=or)a *+" " $'#%+a' (o&a %a !ar(" "%@#(r$#a )"#'$#a &"% )$)o.
Para "%%o "% #r$("r$o ) $)!or(a'(" a #o'$&"rar " %a $'-"'$"r,a &" &"(a%%"0
a *+" " %a =a" "' %a *+" *+"&a' &"=$'$&o (o&o #a&a +'o &" %o
$(")a0 #o)!o'"'(" o !ar(" *+" $'("-ra' "% !ro"#(o0 &"("r)$'a'&o(o&o %o "%")"'(o !ao '"#"ar$o *+" a' &" "r +=$#$"'(" !ara
%%"1ar%o a %a !r#($#a0 " &"#$r0 *+" "(a =a" &"("r)$'a %a o%+#$o'" *+"
&"b"' #o'#r"(ar" "' r"!+"(a a% !rob%")a !%a'("a&o0 *+" &"#r$b"' "'
+ (o(a%$&a& #o' "% &"(a%%" '"#"ar$o %o r"*+$$(o !ara + !o("r$or
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(ra'=or)a#$:' "' +'a r"a%$&a&. La =a" III &" %a $'-"'$"r,a &" &"(a%%" $'#%+$r
"% a'%$$ &"% !ro"#(o !ara *+" "(" " %%"1" a #abo0 (o)a'&o "' #+"'(a "%
&$"o !%a'("a&o0 &"=$'$"'&o %a #o'=$-+ra#$:' -"'"ra% !ara "% ba'#o &"
!r+"ba0 &"arro%%o &" &"(a%%a&o &" "*+")a0 &$a-ra)a &$"o &" %o!%a'o +'$=$%ar" #o'#"r'$"'(" a% $(")a r"*+"r$)$"'(o &" )a("r$a%" a
+($%$9ar. Co' (o&a %a $'=or)a#$:' r"#aba&a "' %a =a" a'("r$or" " r"a%$9ara
%a a&"#+a#$:' "%abora#$:' &" #a&a +'a &" %a !ar(" "%@#(r$#a
)"#'$#a *+" #o'=or)ara' "% $(")a a &$"ar0 (o)a'&o "' #+"'(a %o
&$1"ro "%")"'(o '"#"ar$o !ara + &"arro%%o.
Fa'& I3: E/a*uar *a 2act"-"*"dad tc("ca 8 &co(,!"ca &( *a
"!%*&!&(tac",( d&* -a(co d& %ru&-a'.E' %o *+" r"!"#(a a %a /a" IV0 " r"a%$9: +' "(+&$o &" =a#($b$%$&a&K
r"!r""'(a'&o (o&a %a !o$b%" 1"'(aja !ara %a ")!r"a0 &"("r)$'a&o
#+a%" " "% obj"($1o &" %a ")!r"a "(+&$ar $ %a $)!%")"'(a#$:' &"%
!ro"#(o -+$ar a %a ")!r"a a #+)!%$r "" obj"($1o. Para "%%o " r"a%$9: +'
"(+&$o &" =a#($b$%$&a& (@#'$#a *+" " +'a "1a%+a#$:' *+" &")+"(ra *+" %a
"j"#+#$:' &"% !ro"#(o !+"&" !o'"r" "' )ar#a0 *+" "!"#$=$*+"
a!"#(o #o)o "% #orr"#(o =+'#$o'a)$"'(o &"% "*+$!o &o'&" "r $'(a%a&o0
%a 1"'(aja obr" "% $(")a a'($-+o0 &"("r)$'ar $ " &$!o'" &"
#o'o#$)$"'(o !ara o!"rar " $'(a%ar +' '+"1o "*+$!o0 $'&$#ar $ " !+"&"'
#+)!%$r %o !ro#"&$)$"'(o =+'#$o'" r"*+"r$&a !ara "% &"arro%%o "
$)!%a'(a#$:' &"% '+"1o $(")a0 $ " &$!o'" &"% "*+$!o %a
"rra)$"'(a !ara %%"1ar%o a #abo "% !ro"#(o.
A&") " r"a%$9: +' "(+&$o &" =a#($b$%$&a& "#o':)$#a !ara &")o(rar
$ " 1$ab%" $'1"r($r "' "% &"arro%%o &"% !ro"#(o0 )$)o *+" !rob: *+" %o
b"'"=$#$o a ob("'"r o' +!"r$or" a %o #o(o "' *+" $'#+rr$: a% &"arro%%ar " $)!%")"'(ar "% !ro"#(o o $(")a0 " &"#$r0 $ "% !ro"#(o " =a#($b%"
"#o':)$#a)"'(" $-'$=$#a *+" %a $'1"r$:' *+" " "( r"a%$9a'&o "
j+($=$#a&a.
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CAP$TULO I3
RESULTADOS
S"-J'0 "% Ma'+a% &" Trabajo E!"#$a% &" Gra&o &"% I'($(+(o
U'$1"r$(ar$o Po%$(@#'$#o Sa'($a-o Mar$o 233;H
S" #o'$&"ra' %o r"+%(a&o #o)o +'a '+"1a !ro!+"(a o=or)+%a#$:' (":r$#a0 !r#($#a0 o (":r$#o!r#($#a "-J' "%"(+&$o r"a%$9a&o0 *+" #o'(r$b+" a% "'r$*+"#$)$"'(o &"%#o'o#$)$"'(oK " $-+a%)"'(" #o'($(+"' +' $'("'(o &" !%a)ar "' +' (o&o #o"r"'(" %o &")o(ra&o "' "% a'%$$ &" %or"+%(a&o0 "' 1$r(+& &" %o #+a% "% ra9o'a)$"'(o $'&+#($1o ")+"(ra a !%"'$(+&. !.84.
E% #a!,(+%o *+" aora " "7!o'" "( &$r$-$&o a %o r"+%(a&o &" %a
$'1"($-a#$:'0 "' @% " &"arro%%a' %a =a"0 !ar(" =+'&a)"'(a% &" %a$'1"($-a#$:' &"&" %a #+a%" " &"("r)$'a %a !rob%")($#a !%a'("a&a
!ar($"'&o &" %a $(+a#$:' a#(+a%0 !aa'&o !or "% "(+&$o &" %a $'=or)a#$:'
r"#o!$%a&a0 "% &$"o &" +'a o%+#$:' a% !rob%")a0 "% "(+&$o &" %a =a#($b$%$&a&
(@#'$#a "#o':)$#a &" "(a o%+#$:'.
E' "(" #a!,(+%o " &"arro%%: %a $'1"($-a#$:'0 #o' %a =$'a%$&a& &"
!r""'(ar %a o%+#$:' a% !rob%")a0 &ar #+)!%$"'&o a %a =a" !r""'(a&a
"' "% )ar#o )"(o&o%:-$#o. Lo r"+%(a&o =+"ro' !r""'(a&o !or "(a!a0 %a#+a%" 1a' &"&" "% &$a-':($#o &" %a $(+a#$:' a#(+a%K a'%$$ &" %a
$'=or)a#$:' r"#o%"#(a&a0 "%abora#$:' &"% &$"o &" +' &$!o$($1o "%@#(r$#o0
&"($'a&o a o%1"'(ar %a '"#"$&a&" "'#o'(ra&a "' "% &$a-':($#o %a
"1a%+a#$:' (@#'$#o"#o':)$#a &" %a !ro!+"(a.
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Fa'& I: D"a0(o't"car *a '"tuac",( actua* u& '& %r&'&(ta dura(t& &*
%roc&'o d& co!%ro-ac",( d&* 2u(c"o(a!"&(to d& *o' ta-*&ro'
&*ctr"co' 2a-r"cado' &( *a &!%r&'a E*&9tro!&9 C.A. a tra/' d& *a'
tc("ca' d& r&co*&cc",( d& "(2or!ac",(.
A #o'($'+a#$:' " !ro!or#$o'a %a $'=or)a#$:' b$#a '"#"ar$a a#"r#a
&"% %+-ar "% #ao &" "(+&$o0 #o)o %o " %a +b$#a#$:'0 %a =+'#$:' *+" a%%, "
#+)!%"0 %o "%")"'(o *+" $'#%+" %a $'("ra##$:' "'(r" "%%o0 #o' "% =$' &"
#o'o#"r %o a!"#(o -"'"ra%" &"% !rob%")a0 (o&o "(o a#$"'&o +o &"
(@#'$#a *+" !"r)$(a' r"#o!$%ar (o&a %a $'=or)a#$:' '"#"ar$a a% ($")!o *+"
" "7!%ora' %a #o'&$#$o'" a#(+a%" a (ra1@ &" %a ob"r1a#$:' &$r"#(a.E(a a#($1$&a& !"r)$(" #o'o#"r "% a)b$"'(" (o&o %o r"%a#$o'a&o #o' %a
%,'"a "' "(+&$o0 #o)o +b$#a#$:'0 #ara#("r,($#a &" + !ro#"o !ro&+#($1o0
!"ro'a% *+" %abora "' "%%a0 "'(r" o(ro. Co' "%%o " #o'o#" a&") "%
#o)!or(a)$"'(o *+" ($"'" #a&a +'o &" %o "%")"'(o "'(r" ,0 %o
#o'#"r'$"'(" a &a(o (@#'$#o &" %a %,'"a &" !ro&+##$:' (a'(o &" +
!ro#"o #o)o &" %a #ara#("r,($#a (@#'$#a &" %o &$="r"'(" "*+$!o.
E*&9tro!&9 C.A.
E%"(ro)" C.A. " +'a ")!r"a 1"'"9o%a'a *+" #o)$"'9a +
o!"ra#$o'" "' "% ao 440 "!"#$a%$(a "' "% &"arro%%o &" !ro"#(o
$'("-ra%" &" -"'"ra#$:' &$(r$b+#$:' &" "'"r-,a "%@#(r$#a0 =abr$#a'(" &"H
(ab%"ro &" =+"r9a0 #o'(ro%0 !ro("##$o'"0 PoF"r o+" )"(a%)"#'$#a.
Co' &$1"ra a!%$#a#$o'"0 "' ")!r"a &"% ra)o !"(ro%"ro0 -a0
#o'(r+##$:'0 (ra'!or(" ")!r"a &" $'-"'$"r,a "' -"'"ra%.
U-"cac",(
La !%a'(a " +b$#a&a "' %a Zo'a I'&+(r$a% M+'$#$!a% Nor("0 #a%%" 4
!ro%o'-a#$:' A1. M$#"%"'a0 Va%"'#$a "(a&o Carabobo. V"r /$-+ra 4;.
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Figura 1# H U-"cac",( d& *a &!%r&'a E*&9tro!&9 C.A. /+"'("H Goo-%" Ma!.
Eu"%o' 2a-r"cado' &( *a &!%r&'a E*&9tro!&9 C.A.
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S"'t&!a' %orta ca-*& d& ;"&rro 8 a*u!"("o.
U'$&a& *+" =or)a +' $(")a "(r+#(+ra% r,-$&o +a&o !ara +j"(ar o !ara
a!oar #o' "-+r$&a& %o #ab%". V"r /$-+ra 4>.
Figura 1$ H S"'t&!a' %ortaca-*&'. /+"'("H E%"(ro)" C.A.
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Po&r ou'&.
U' #"'(ro "%@#(r$#o !r"=abr$#a&o "( "!"#$a%)"'(" &$"a&o !ara "%
)o'(aj" &" "*+$!o "%@#(r$#o &" !o("'#$a #o'(ro%0 a&") &" %o "*+$!o
&" #o)+'$#a#$:'0 "(o o' a%oja&o !ro("-$&o &" %a #o'&$#$o'"a)b$"'(a%" a!%$#ab%" a %a 9o'a &" + $'(a%a#$:'. E% (a)ao0 (")!"ra(+ra0
$(")a &" &"("##$:' %a &$!o$#$:' &" #o)!o'"'("0 &"b" "r %a )
a&"#+a&a !ara a%b"r-ar%o0 a&") !ro!or#$o'ar a% o!"ra&or +' a)b$"'("
"-+ro a!ro!$a&o !ara %a )a'$obra &" %o "*+$!o. O=$#$'a0 bao0 #+ar(o
&" ba("r,a0 #+ar(o &" )a'("'$)$"'(o0 #+ar(o &" #o)+'$#a#$o'"0 !+"&"'
"r a-r"-a&a a% #"'(ro "%@#(r$#o !r"=abr$#a&o. V"r /$-+ra 4?.
Figura 1% H Po&r ou'&. /+"'("H E%"(ro)" C.A.
C&(tro d& co(tro* d& !otor&'.
Lo #"'(ro &" #o'(ro% &" )o(or" o' #o'j+'(o &" &$!o$($1o
"'#ar-a&o &" r"-+%ar "% =+'#$o'a)$"'(o a##$o'a)$"'(o &" %o )o(or" &"%a )*+$'a V"r /$-+ra 4. S" (ra(a &" -ab$'"(" o ar)ar$o )"(%$#o
&"'(ro &" %o #+a%" " a-r+!a' +'$&a&" &" #o'(ro% *+" !"r)$("' !ro("-"r a
%o )o(or". D"'(ro &" %o #"'(ro &" #o'(ro% &" )o(or" " "'#+"'(ra' %o
#+b,#+%o0 &o'&" " a-r+!a' %a +'$&a&" &" #o'(ro%. V"r #+a&ro 4.
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Figura 1&H C&(tro d& co(tro* d& !otor&'. /+"'("H E%"(ro)" C.A.
Cuadro <C&(tro d& Co(tro* d& !otor&'.
/+"'("H E%"(ro)" C.A.
C&*da' d& M&d"a T&('",(Co'j+'(o &" "##$o'" 1"r($#a%" V"r /$-+ra 23 "' %a #+a%" " +b$#a'
"*+$!o &" )a'$obra $'("rr+!(or" &" !o("'#$a "7(ra,b%"0
"##$o'a&or"0 )"&$&a (ra'=or)a&or" &" #orr$"'(" &" ("'$:'0 0
#+a'&o " o%$#$("0 "*+$!o &" !ro("##$:' #o'(ro%0 )o'(a&o "' +'o o )
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#o)!ar($)$"'(o $'"r(o "' +'a "(r+#(+ra )"(%$#a "7("r'a0 *+" #+)!%" %a
=+'#$:' &" r"#$b$r &$(r$b+$r %a "'"r-,a "%@#(r$#a. V"r C+a&ro 2.
Figura 2' H C&*da' d& M&d"a T&('",(. /+"'("H E%"(ro)" C.A.
Cuadro >C&*da' d& M&d"a T&('",(
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/+"'("H E%"(ro)" C.A.
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C&(tro d& d"'tr"-uc",( d& %ot&(c"a
U'a "'1o%1"'(" )o&+%ar !r"=abr$#a&a0 !ara #"%&a &" !o("'#$a "*+$!o
a+7$%$ar. U'a +'$&a& a+(o+=$#$"'(" "( #o)!%"(a)"'(" #oor&$'a&a0
"'a)b%a&a "'aa&a "' +' a)b$"'(" #o'(ro%a&o "' =br$#a. V"r /$-+ra24. V"r C+a&ro 8.
Figura 21H C&(tro d& d"'tr"-uc",( d& %ot&(c"a. /+"'("H E%"(ro)" C.A.
Cuadro C&(tro d& d"'tr"-uc",( d& %ot&(c"a
/+"'("H E%"(ro)" C.A.
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Ta-*&ro' Corr&ctor d& Factor d& Pot&(c"a
Ba'#o &" #o'&"'a&or" !ara %a #orr"##$:' &"% =a#(or &" !o("'#$a #o'
"% =$' &" &ar )aor "=$#$"'#$a "%@#(r$#a a + 1"9 %a &$)$'+#$:' &"% #o(o &"
"'"r-,a. V"r /$-+ra 22. V"r C+a&ro .
Figura 22 H Ta-*&ro' Corr&ctor d& Factor d& Pot&(c"a. /+"'("H E%"(ro)" C.A.
Cuadro @Ta-*&ro' Corr&ctor d& Factor d& Pot&(c"a
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/+"'("H E%"(ro)" C.A.
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C&*da' d& tra('2&r&(c"a
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