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01 mrspzfPAoh01 mrspzfPAoh01 mrspzfPAoh01 mrspzfPAoh (01 Chapter)

fu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;d ixl,amh ixl,amh ixl,amh ixl,amh : YnzodrA: jsNd.h yd Ndr;Sh ft;sydisl miqnsuYnzodrA: jsNd.h yd Ndr;Sh ft;sydisl miqnsuYnzodrA: jsNd.h yd Ndr;Sh ft;sydisl miqnsuYnzodrA: jsNd.h yd Ndr;Sh ft;sydisl miqnsu ( ( ( ( Metta Concept : Semantics & Indian historic background ) YnzofldaI ;< fu;a;d hk mohg oS we;s jsjsO wrA:hka ms<snZoj

wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu m<uqfldgu jeo.;a fjz' Metta hk jpkh iZoyd ixCIsma; md,s –

bx.@Sis YnzofldaIfhys oelafjk wF:!h jkqfha ia;@S ,sx.drA:!h wZ.jk ( f.

amity;benevolence ) amity yd benevolence hk jpk folhs'1 –kammatthana, nt. –

bhavana, f. cultivation of benevolenc.-yana, f. friendly feeling. –vihari, a.

abiding in kindliness.tfiau fu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;d hk wF:!h fok fuu Amity hk jpkh iZoyd

ixCIsma; Tlaia\rAvz YnzofldaIfhys oelafjk f;areu jkqfha Friendship;Friendly

relations hk us;@Fjh uQrA;su;a lsrSuhs'2 Amity hk jpkh wF:! olajkafka o us;@Fjh yd

us;@Ndjh wZ.jk Friendship yd yd yd yd Friendly hk f;areuz folhs'3

Tlaia\rAvz YsIHhkaf.a mdrsNdIsl YnzofldaIfhys Metta yd Amity hk

jpk folu wka;rA.; fkdfjz' ta fjkqjg tys tu wF:!h f.k oSu msKsi olajd we;af;a

Friend – Ship yd Friendly hk jpk folhs'4 fuu jpk foflka tlla jQ Friend –

Ship hk jpkfhys wF:!h f,i olajd we;af;a ( an instance,Period,of ) the feeling or

realation ship that exists between friends hkakhs' tfiau fuys wfkla jpkh jQ

Friendly hk jpkfhys wF:!h f,i olajd we;af;a acting or ready to act as a friend;

be friendly to / towards hk wrA:hhs'

tfukau bx.@Sis – md,s YnzofldaIfhys fuu Amity hk jpkfhys wF:!h f,i

oelafjkqfha Metta yd Metti hk f;areuz folhs'5 tfiau Amity hk jpkfhys wF:!h f,i

bx.@Sis – isxy, YnzofldaIfhys oelafjkafka us;@lu" us;@Ndjh" iuZ.slu" idu.@sh"

iud.@s;dj hk wF:!hka iuQyhhs'6 tfukau fuu Amity hk jpkfhys wF:!h ;j;a bx.@Sis

iy bx.@Sis – isxy, YnzofldaIhl oelafjkafka ( am'i-ti ) n. Friendship ; agreement ;

good-will f,ighs'7

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;j;a bx.@Sis - isxy, YnzofldaIhl Amity hk jpkhg fok wF:!h jkafka

us;@Fjh" idud.@sh hkakhs'8tfukau ;j;a bx.@Sis - isxy, YnzofldaIhl fuu Amity hk

jpkfhys wF:!h us;@Fjh" hdZMlu jYfhka fmkajd oS ;sfnz'9

ksrela;s iys; isxy, Ynzo fldaIfhys us;@" ffu;@sh yd fu;a;d hkqfjka Ynzo

;ku tlu wF:!fhys olajd ;sfnz' fuhska us;@ ( ix' us;@ ) hk jpkh uZ.ska hyZM yd ys;j;a

hk f;areuz f.k fok nj fmkajd oS ;sfnz' tfukau tu Ynzohu ysre fyj;a iQrAhhd

weZ.jSu iZoyd mrAhdh kduhla f,i o Ndjs;hg f.k we;s nj o fmkajd oS ;sfnz' fuhg

wu;rj fu;a;d ( md' fu;a;d ) hk moh ffu;@sh" ish,q i;aFjhka flfrys lreKdj

oelajSu msKsi Ndjs;d jS ;sfnz' tfukau .il kduhla oelajSu msKsi;a fuu fu;a;d kduh

jHjydrhg f.k we;s nj tu YnzofldaIfhys fmkajd oS ;sfnz' ta hgf;a jsfYaIfhkau iZ|=ka

.i yeZoskajSu msKsi fuu jok Ndjs;hg f.k we;s nj olajhs' tfiau tys fuu wF:!hkau

f.k oSu msKsi fu;" ffu;@sh" fu;a ( ix' ffu;@sh ) yd ffu;@sh hk jpk Ndjs;hg f.k

we;s nj o olajd ;sfnz'10 iZ|=ka .i iqjZoj;a jDCIhls' fnfyjska wd.usl lghq; iZoyd

Ndjs;dlrk iqjZo |@jHhka ;ekSu msKsi Wmfhda.S lr.kakd Ydlhls' fuysoS fu;a;d hk

Ynzofhkao hul .K iqjZo uQrA;su;a lsrSu msKsi fyj;a biau; lsrSu;a" uD|=nj" T#IOSh

nj" uqyqK meyem;a lr,k iajNdjh jeks fudf<dla .K jsfYaIhka ksrEmKh lsrSu

msKsi fu;a;d Ynzoh iZ|=ka jDCIh wrNhd o jHjydr jS ;sfnk nj fuhska OzjskdrA:j;a

flfrA'

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fu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;d hk jpkfhys wF:!h md,s - isxy, YnzofldaIhl olajd we;af;a

'ffu;@shffu;@shffu;@shffu;@sh' f,ihs' tys ia;@S ,sx.sl kdu moh 'ffffu;a;du;a;du;a;du;a;d' f,i;a mqreI ,sx.sl kdu moh

'fu;a;fu;a;fu;a;fu;a;' f,i;a olajd we;'11 tfiau 'fu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;d' jpkh 'fu;afu;afu;afu;a' kue;s kdu m@lD;sh uq,a

lrf.k we;s jQ nj m@dfhda.sl isxy, YnzofldaIfhys olajhs'12 tys wF:!h f,i ffu;@S

lrkjd yd 'fu;fu;fu;fu;' olajd ;sfnz' 'fu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;d' jpkh o kdu m@lD;shla f,ig tysu oela fjz'

jsfYaIKh kuz 'fu;' hkakhs' wF:!h 'ffu;@S' hkakhs' 'fu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;d' hk jpkh jsydrs hk

jpkh iuZ. fhoS 'fu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;d' jsydrs hkafkys wF:!h ffu;@sfhka hqla; j hkak f,i olajd

;sfnz' tfukau 'fu;a Ouzfu;a Ouzfu;a Ouzfu;a Ouz' hk kdu m@lD;sfhka ffu;@S Ou!h yd ffu;@sh wF:!j;a flfrA'

'fu;afu;afu;afu;a' hk kdu m@lD;sh jHjydrfha oS 'fu;a mereuzfu;a mereuzfu;a mereuzfu;a mereuz' ( kd' m@' ) hkafkka ffu;@S mdrus;dj

o" 'fu;a msrs;fu;a msrs;fu;a msrs;fu;a msrs;a a a a ' ( kd' m@' ) hkafkka lrKSh fu;a; iQ;@h o 'fu;a ndjkdfu;a ndjkdfu;a ndjkdfu;a ndjkd' ( kd' ) hkafkka

ffu;@S Ndjkdj o" 'fu;a fndai;afu;a fndai;afu;a fndai;afu;a fndai;a ' ( kd' m@' ) hkafkka ffu;@s fndaOsiFjfhda" wkd.;fhys

fuf;a nq|=ka kuska nq|= jSug mereuz mqrkakdo" 'fu;a uqksfu;a uqksfu;a uqksfu;a uqks' ( kd' m@' ) fuf;a nq|=yqo" 'fu;a is;afu;a is;afu;a is;afu;a is;a

' ( kd' m@' ) hkafkka ffu;@s iy.; is;"ffu;@sfhka hqla; ps;a;h o" 'fu;a iq;^ fu;a iq;`rfu;a iq;^ fu;a iq;`rfu;a iq;^ fu;a iq;`rfu;a iq;^ fu;a iq;`r'

( kd' ) lrKSh fu;a; iQ;@ho woyiajk nj olajd ;sfnz'

ixialD; NdIdfjys fuu jpkh ffu;@ f,i uQ,sl iajrEmfhka we;' thska ia;@S

,sx.sl mohla jQ ffu;@S hk jpkh ksIamkak fjz' YsIHhkaf.a ixialD; - bx.@Sis

YnzofldaIfhys fuu ffu;@ rEmh ( ( ( ( Ajective ) yd ffu;@S ( Feminine ) hk jpk fol

olajd we;'13 fuys ffu;@S hk jpkhg wF:! ;kla olajd ;sfnz' bka m<uq wF:!h jkqfha

Belonging to a Friend hs' fojeks wF:!h jkqfha Given by a friend f;jk wF:!h jkqfha

Friendly, Well - disposed, Amicable, Kind hkakhs' tfiau fuu jpkh us;@ fojshdg

kEluz olajk njo fuys jsia;r flfrA'

fuh ;yjqre lsrSu msKsi ixialD;-bx.@Sis YnzofldaIfha ( us;@ ) hk

jpkfhys wF:!h mrSCId lr n,f;d;a ta iZoyd Friend ( iy<" iypr" ineZos" ydo"

ysff;Is" ys;j;a" hdZM" hyZM" lreKdjka;" us;@" lZMm." wkql~," us;@j;a ), Amicable (

iuZ.s iuzmkak" ys;j;a" iqyZo" us;@" us;@j;a ), Affectionate ( yqr;,a" ohdnr" fma@ujka;"

ysff;IS" wdorKSh )" Kind ( <f;;a" ujzyia" ohdjka;" ohdnr" fidar;" f;;" f;;a"

ldreKsl" lreKdjka;" l,qKq" jrA.h" fidar;sh" fudaia;rh" wdldrh" cd;sh ), A

Brahman Who has arrived at the higest state of human perfection. hk woyia

iuQyhla oS ;sfnk wdldrh oel.ekSug ,efnkq we;'14

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Y@S iqxu., YnzofldaIfhys ( isxy, - isxy,dF:! ) fuu jpkh 'fu;afu;afu;afu;a' jYfhka

olajd ;sfnz' tys wF:!h jkqfha ffu;@shhs'15 fuysu fu;a lZMKq hk moh tlajr Ndjs;d jS

;fnz tys woyi ffu;@sh yd lreKdj hkakhs'16 .Kfiak isxy, uyd wldrdosfhys

'fu;a;fu;a;fu;a;fu;a;' yd 'fu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;d' hk jpk folu ffu;@sh yeZoskajSu msKsi jHjydr lr ;sfnz'17 fuhska

fu;a; hk jpkh iZoyd ffu;@S iy.; hk wF:!hg wu;rj fldgzgh yd .osrsh hk wF:!

follao oS ;sfnz' 'fu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;d' hk jpkh iZoyd ffu;@sh yd iq|= iZ|=ka .i hk wF:! fol oS

;sfnz'18

ls@ia;@shdks wd.usl Ynzo fldaIhla jq lf;da,sl m,a,sfhys Tlaia\rAvz

YnzofldaIfhys hk Ynzo fldaIfhys fu;a;d Ynzoh Mithraism f,i olajd we;' thska

woyia jS ;sfnkqfha o us;@Fjh hkakhs'19 tfukau nhsn,fhys m@Odk fukau flaJ|@Sh

b.ekajSula jk fm@auh hk wF:!ho ksIamkak jSug mokuz jS ;sfnkqfha fuu us;@ ixl,amh

nj meyeos,s fjz' tfukau us;@ Ynzoh ( us;@hsiuz Mithraism ) fyj;a us;@ keue;s

wd.usljdoh olajd jsldYh jSu Tiafia nhsn,hg fuys wdNdIh oevsj n,md we;s nj

meyeos,sj fmfkkakg ;sfnz'

kj n@s;dkH jsYajfldaIh hk fldaI .@J:fhys us;@ ( Mithra ) Ynzoh ms<snZoj

olajd we;af;a th ixialD; us;@ Ynzoh wkqj us;@dia f,i WpzpdrKh jk jpkhla f,ihs'

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tfiau ixialD; NdIdfjys us;@ jYfhka olajkqfha bka|= - BrdKSh mqrdjD;a;hkag wkqj

wdf,dalfhys fojshd nj ie,fla' fuu wf,dalfhys fojshd ms<snZo weoys,a, bkaoshdfjz isg

jHdma; jQjla nj ms<s.efka' kefZ.kysr isg b;du;a wE;ska msysgs ngysr m@foaY olajdu fuu

weoys,a, jHdma; jQ nj;a thg miqnsuz jQfha bkaoshdfjz fuh fnfyjska m@p,s;j mej;s mej;s

ksid nj;a ;yjqre jS ;sfnz' fuu weoys,a, jHdma; jS .sh ngysr m@foaYfha jQ rgj,a w;rska

m@xYh" uy n@s;dkHh yd crAuksh hk rgj,a jsfYaIfhka iZoyka l< yelsh'

m<uqfjkau ffjosl us;@ ms<snZoj ,shejS we;af;a l@s' mQ 1 400 g fmr isgh' fuu

us;@ jkaokh mrAishdfjys b;du;a oevsj uq,a nei f.k jHdma;j mej;sks' bka miqj f,dal

m@lg fy,ksla hqoaOfhysoS mrAishkajre jsiska wef,laiekav@shdj w;am;a lr.ekSfuka

wk;rej uqZM uy;a wef,laiekav@shdj mqrdu fuu weoys,a, jHdma; jS .sfhah' 3 jk yd 4 jk

Y; jrAI j,oS us;@ weoys,a, iuzmQrAKfhkau mdfya fuu m@foaYj, jHdma;j mej;s nj

i,lkq ,efnz' tfiau Tjqka jsiska /f.k hk ,o fuu fu;a;d weoys,a, l@sia;shdks wd.fuys

kj;u ixjrAOkh jSuz olajd m@Odk .Kfha m@;sjdosfhl f,i frdau wOsrdchdf.a finZMka

jsiska Ndjs;hg .kakd ,oS' frdau wOscrdchka jQ flduvqia ( Commodus ) yd cq,shka (

Julian ) hk fofokd us;@jdofhys ( Mithraism ) iudruzNlhka f,i oelafjz' ;kaish

y;la osfhdlsiShdkqjre vekshqnz weoys,af,a isg ( vekshqnz weoys,a, mQj!fhys frdaufhys ;snQ

tla;rd wd.usl weoys,a,la f,i ie,lsh yelsh' tu wd.usl weoys,a, jHdma; mej;s

ixialD;sh vekshqnz ixialD;sh f,io tu wd.usl ksldhlhska vekshqnz .re l,h f,io

yZ|=kajd ;sfnz' ) us;@ olajd ta fjkqfjka jsydria:dkhla mdrsYoaOshg m;a lr .;ay' fuu

vekshqnz weoys,a, fukau us;@ weoys,a,o wOsrdcHfhys wdrCIl Wml@uhla f,i Ndjs;hg

f.k ;sfnz'

mqrdjD;a;j,g wkqj us;@f.a Wm; ms<snZoj olajd we;af;a wdf,dalfha meje;au

we;s lrkakd jQ foh f,ihs' tfiau Yia;@hlska ikakoaOj tla milska .,d niskd YoaO jQ

.x.djlska o" YoaO jQ .ila hg isgskakd jQ fmd<fjys orejd f,i th ta jsiskau wF:!l:kh

lr ;sfnz' Tyq w;lska hIagshla /f.k isgsk mqoa.,hd f,i yd miqj ta uZ.ska urKh lrd

iuzm@dma; lrkakd jYfhka o ( udrhd)" tfiau cSjs;h ,nd fokakd jYfhka o ( W;amdolhd

) " f,dal jsIh ms<snZoj jDINhd jYfhkao ish,q jDCI,;djkaf.a ftYaprAhu;a M,orkakd

jYfhkao yZ|=kajkq ,nhs' us;@f.a jDINhd urd oeuSu ( l:dfjys mriamr jsfrdaOS jdlHh

jekiSu) hk ixl,amh fy,ksla l,dfjys ckm@shu wF:!l:kh jS mej;sks' us;@ weoys,a,

;< mQcd jsOSkaf.a idM,H;djh f,i ie,flk jDINhd urdoeuSu ( l:dfjys mriamr

jsfrdaOS jdlHh jekiSu ) us;@ weoys,af,ys uQ,dlD;sh njg m;ajsh'20

wdf,dalfhys fojshd f,i ie,flk us;@ iyhlfhl jkqfha .@Sl iQrAhhd

fojsfhl f,i ie,flk fy,shia ( Helios iQrAhhd ) iuZ.hs' tfiau th frdaudkq w,x>kSh

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miajk iajrhhs' Tyq ksrka;rfhka c,hg wOsm;sj c,h idrj;a lrkaksh jYfhka

oelafjk wkys;d ( Anahita ) fojZ.k iuZ. hq., jYfhka fhfoa'21

fu;a;d hk mofhys jHdlrK jsNd.h msKsi wjOdkh

fhduqlsrSu uZ.ska jd.a jsoHd;aul mCIfhka tys jsldYh

wjfndaO lr.ekSu msKsi msgssjy,la ,efnz' fuz uZ.ska

fu;a;d hk moh ms<snZoj jvd;a wx. iuzmQrAK

js.@yhlg fhduq jsh yelsh' md,s NdIdfjz ‘fu;a;d

(Metta)’hkqfjka yeZoskafjk jpkfha isxy, woyi ‘us;renj’ hkakhs'22 fuh md,sfha bF:s

,sx. kdu mohla jk w;r wldrdka; m@:ud jsNla;s tal jpkfha ‘fu;a;fu;a;fu;a;fu;a;dddd’ hkqfjka

fhfoa'23 uz +t = fu hkqfjka oelafjkafka ug" uf.a hk woyihs' ( wuzy – Ynzo p – P tl

) fuys kdu Od;j jkqfha 'fu;a;dh;sfu;a;dh;sfu;a;dh;sfu;a;dh;s' hkakhs' fuhska wF:!j;a jkqfha ffu;@S lrhs yd fu;a

is; m;rejhs hk f;areuzh' tfukau bF:s ,sx.drA:fhka 'fu;a;dhkdfu;a;dhkdfu;a;dhkdfu;a;dhkd' hk jpkh ffu;@S

lsrSu hk wF:!fhka jHjydrfha fhfoa' tfukau ;j;a jsfgl 'fu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;dfu;a;d' hk bF:s ,sx. joko

ffu;@sh hk wF:!fhkau jHydr fjz' md,s NdIdj ;< ‘fu;a;d’hkqfjka fhfok fuu jpkh

ixialD; NdIdj ;< ‘ffu;@‘ffu;@‘ffu;@‘ffu;@S’hkqfjka tu wrA:fhkau Ndjs;d fjz'24 we;euzjsg isxy,

jHjydrfhyso tys ixialD;‘ffu;@S’hk rEmho fhfok nj oel .; yelsh'25 bx.@Sis

NdIdfjz ‘Metta’ hk jpkfhka woyia lrk foh ‘Amity’ f,i olajd ;sfnz'26 tys woyi

o us;@Fjh hkakhs' ta wkqj md,sfha Bg oS we;s wrA:h jk ‘ffu;@S iy.;’ hkak fuz jpkh

iZoyd Ndjs;d l< yels fydZou wF:!h nejz fmfka'27

fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZoj wF:! olajk jsg lreKdj fyj;a ldreKslFjh

ms,snZoj o iZoyka l, hq;uh' ula ksid o h;a ffu;@shlska f;dr ldreKslFjh;a"

ldreKslFjfhka f;dr ffu;@sh;a idrOrAu mCIfhka .;a l< mrudrA: jYfhka wrA: Y~kH

jk nejsks' ta wkqj kshu jYfhka ffu;@sfhys wF:! oelajSu ldreKslFjfhys miqnsu u; isg

l< hq; jkafka ffu;@sh yd lreKdjo" tfukau ffu;@sh yd uqos;dj o" ffu;@sh yd

WfmaCIdj o wfkHdakH jYfhka iyfhda.fhka Wmhqla;h' tfukau Wmfhda.s;duh jYfhka

.;a l< wfkHdakHdOdr o jkafkah' fuz ksid fu;a;d ixla,mh ms<snZoj wjOdkh olajk jsg

th kshudldrfhka ksrEmKh flfrkqfha lreKdj uqos;dj yd WfmaCIdj hk fiiq

idrOrAu ixl,amj, o .enzjSu fu;a;d ixl,amfhys oDIHudk jkafka kuz muKs' fjk;a

f,ilska olajf;d;a wmg idrOrAu ixl,amhla jYfhka fu;a;d ixl,amfhys w.h udkj

prAhdjkaf.ka jshqla;j .; fkdyels w;r tfia l<fyd;a th yqfola is;sjs,s ud;@ jQjla

jkq we;' kuq;a fu;a;d ixl,amh lsis jsfglj;a tfia jkafka fkdfjz' huzlsis ixl,mhla

idrOu!hla f,i ie,lSug wjYHjk uQ,sl iq|=iqlu jkqfha tu ixl,amh ldhsl" jdpisl

yd udkisl jYfhka uqZM uy;a ffcj m@cdj jsIfhysu Okd;aul mCIfhka olajkakd jQ

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Wmfhda.S;djhhs' tfukau tu ixl,amh fiiq iudka;r ixl,am iuZ. taldnoaO;djh

msKsi olajkakd jQ keushdjhs' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys fuys huzlsis ixl,amhla idrOu!hla

jSug olajk ,o iq|=iqluz ish,a, iuzmQrAKh' fu;a;d ixl,amh thg iudka;r wfkla

ixl,am jQ lreKdj" uqos;dj yd WfmaCIdj iuZ. wfkHdakH jYfhka iuznJO;djhla

fmkajhs' fu;a;d ixl,amh yg .kqfha o isf;a wkHhka ms<snZoj ldreKsl yeZ.Sula fyj;a

lreKdjla" wkHhka iqL jsyrKh ms<snZo fiduzkila fyj;a uqos;djla" wkHhka ms<snZoj

jspdr mQrAjlj is;Sug m@udKj;a uOHia:;djhla fyj;a WfmaCIdjla" isf;ys we;s jsgl

muKs'

fu;a;d ixl,amfhys

Ndr;Sh miqnsu ms<snZoj

wOHhkhl ksr; jkafkl yg us;@

fojsfhl f,i ksrEmKh jkq

oel.; yelsh' fu;a;d ( us;a;"

us;@ ) hkq Ndr;fha merKsu

jHjydrhls' bka|+-BrdKSh hq.fha

oS fuz jpkh Ndjs;dl< njg

idOl yuqfjz'28 bka|+-BrdKSh

f.da;@sl ckhd jsiska ;u f.da;@sl

mqomQcd lghq;j, oS fuu jok

Ndjs;d fldg ;sfnz' Tjqkaf.a

f.da;s@l psyakh f,i ie<lkdjQ

wd.usl ixfla;h jYfhka iQrAhhd

Ndjs;d fldg ;sfnz'29 iQrAhhd

yeZoskajSu iZoyd jHjydr lrkq

,enQfjz ‘us;@’hk jpkhhs'30 fuu

lreKg meyeos,s yd m@n, YdCIs

wfjia;dfjys yd mrAishdkq wd.usl

ixl,amj,oS;a oel.; yelsh'31

tys oS us;@ uZ.ska ksrEmKh jkafka

wksjdrAhfhkau iQrAh foaj;djdh'

iQrAhhdf.a wdf,dalu;a nj us;@

hkafkka woyia lr ;sfnz' wdf,alh

wZ|=r |=re lr th wE;g m,jd

yrshs' tfukau ukqIHhd ;< olakg

,efnk ish,qu wZ|=re is;sjs,s |=re

8

fldg m,jd yer Tjqka ;< iudcuh taldnoaO;djh we;s lrjSu ixfla;j;a lsrSu msKsi

us;@ hkak Ndjs;d lr ;sfnz'32

kuq;a ksrela;drA:h wkqj wfjia;dfjys us;@ hkakg ,nd|=ka woyi wod,

jpkh js.@y fldg ,nd .; fkdyels nj fmfkkakg ;sfnz' iD.a fjzofhys fuz jpkh

us;re nj f.k oSu msKsi jHjydr jS ;sfnz' ta wkqj wfjia;dfjys fuu jpkh iydhl

fyda us;@Fjh hkak f.k oSu msKsi jHjydr l,d jsh yelshs'33 wdfjzia;sl .@J:hkays us;@

jsYajdifhys wdrCIlhd f,i yeZoskajS we;' fuu fojshdf.a ldreKsl iajrEmh o fjzofhys

ksrka;rfhka u iZoyka jS we;' taaaa ksid uq,a wjia:dfjys us;@ hk jpkfhka woyia lrkakg

we;af;a iajNdj Ou!h yd iajNdj Ou!h wdrCId lsrSu msKsi ksrka;rfhkau fidhd n,d

lghq; lrkakd jQ iQrAh foj;djd ;< .enzjQ w;sYh uD|= fudf<dla ldreKsl iajNdjh nj

meyeos,sh'34 fuys iajNdj Ou!h hkakg iuia; ffcj m@cdj o wka;rA.; cSjS" wcSjS

mrsirh nejz ie,ls,a,g .ekSu jeo.;ah' fuhska weZ.fjkqfha uq,a ld,fha oS mgkau udkjhd

ish ffcj m@cdj yd iuia; mrsirh ms<snZo olajk ,o ldreKsl us;@YS,S wdl,amfhys h:d

iajNdjhhs'

" us;@ fojsfhda l;d lruska usksiqka l@shdYS,S lr;s' us;@ fojsfhda mD:sjsh wyi

ord isgs;a' us;@ fojsfhda msh fkdfy<k weiska ck;dj ksrSCIKh lr;s' us;@ fojshdg

.sf;,a nyq, hd.h mqojq' " 35

we;euzjsg oS us;@ uZ.ska mD:sjsh yd wyi ord isgsk iajrEmhla olajd we;af;a

iajNdj Ou!fhys pu;aldr ckl iajrEmh ksrEmKh fldg oelajSu Wfoid fukau th

lsishuz j.lSuz iy.; wdl,amhlska iuia; ffcj m@cdjf.au hym; Wfoid lghq; lrk

nejz fmkajSug jsh yelsh' ;ukaf.a hym; Wfoid lghq; lrk iajNdjOu!h keue;s us;@g

;uka jsiska o m@;Hqmldr l< hq; nejz fmkajd oS we;af;a us;@g hd. l< hq; wdldrh

oelajSfuks' idudkHfhka .sf;,a tod ffjosl iudcfhys by< fmf,a m@KS; wdydrhla f,i

ie,lsks' tnZ|= wdydrhlska us;@ hd.fhka mqokakg kshu fldg ;snSu uZ.ska wF:!j;a jkqfha

us;@ ixl,amh flfrys ffjosl ckhd oelajQ iuzNdjkdjhs'

"wdos;H ( us;@ ) fojshks" hfula Tng ( Tfnz ) kshuhg wkqj m@Kduh lr;a o"

us;@ fojshks" ta kefik iq,q hd. mQcdj ms<s.kq uekjs' Tn jsiska Wmldr lrkq ,enqfha fkd

kefikafkah' mrojkq fkd ,nkafkah' Tyq fj; uE;ska lror fkdths' wE;ska o fkdths'" 36

fuys us;@g ;j;a mH!dh kduhla oelafjhs ta wdos;H hkakhs' fuh o us;@

jHjydrh fukau m@p,s; jQjls' us;@ keue;s iajNdj Ou!hd fj; huz lsisfjl l<.K

i,ld o ta mqoa.,hd o iajNdj Ou!fhys .enzjkakd jQ wmQrAj uysuh fya;fjka wdrCId

9

lrfokq ,nk nj fuhska meyeos,s lr oS ;sfnz' nq|=iufhys iZoyka jk " Ouzfuz yfjda Ouzfuz yfjda Ouzfuz yfjda Ouzfuz yfjda

rlaL;srlaL;srlaL;srlaL;s OuOuOuOuzupdrszupdrszupdrszupdrs " ( Ou!fhys yeisfrkakd ta Ou!h jsiskau iqrCIs; lrkq ,nhs' ) hk

jelsfhka lshfjkqfha o fuhg uZola iudk uq;a Bg jvd mqZM,a wF:!hls' fuz wkqj iajNdj

Ou!hg ( uq,a ld,fhys Ou!h jYfhka ms<s.kakd ,oafoa iajNdjslFjh yd uqiq jqkq cSjs;hla

.; lsrSuhs' ) wkql~,j ;u osjs fmfj; ilia lr.kakd ,o ;eke;a;dj iajNdj Ou!h

uZ.skau iqrCIs; lr,k njg fuhska lshfjz'

"f,v frda. j,ska us|=Kq" ( Tn fj; ) ms|=Kq wdydrfhka i;gg m;a jk" jHdma;

jQ mD:sjsh mqrd ia:djr jQ" wdos;Hf.a ( us;@ fojshkaf.a ) kshufhys neZoS isgsk wms us;@

fojshkaf.a fydZo ysf;ys /fZouq' " 37

iajNdjslFjh wdrCId lruska thg

wkl~, fjuska .; lrkakd jQ osjs fmfjf;ys

iajNdjh fuhska fy,s fjz' tkuz uqZM uy;a cSj

wcSj f,dalh flfrys us;@Fjh m;rejd jsiSu fuys

oS iajNdjslFjh f,i f.k we;s njhs' us;@

fojshkaf.a fydZo ys; ;ukag ,efnkafka tjsg nj

ffjoslhska l,amkd fldg we;' fuh tla;rd

wdldrhlska iajNdjslju ffcj iqrCIs;;djh

we;s lr,Su msKsi yd iudc idrOu! ( Social

Values ) j, m@Njh iksgqyka lrk jeo.;a iJOs

ia:dkhls' us;@ fyda us;@Fjh we;s lr.ekSu uZ.ska

fuf,dj ishZM fokdgu iuZ.s iuzmkakj jdih

l< yels ;ekla njg mrsjrA;kh lr.ekSu iZoyd

Tjqka jsiska orK ,o idOdrK m@h;akfhys

iajNdjh fuz ;,ska wmQrejg fy,s fmfy,s fjz'

fuys meyeos,sju hd.h jsia;r fldg

we;af;a i;ka urd lrk ysxidjdoS ns,s mQcdjla

jYfhka fkdj wdydr mdk muKla mqod is|= lrkq

,nk mQcdjla jYfhks' mQrAj ld,Sk jYfhka

wdruzNl hq. j,oS hd. hkafkys kshu iajrEmh

o fuhska uQrA;su;a lr fmkajhs' wdruzNl hq.j, oS

hd. hkqfjka woyia lrk ,oafoa ;uka fukau wka

10

who wdydr mdk j,ska i;mjd Tjqkaf.a us;@Fjh ms<s.ksuska i;gska hq;j osjs f.jSu nj

fuhska fmfka' ienjskau us;@ foaj;djd msoSfuz kshu l@uh jYfhka Tjqka jsiska ms<s.kq

,enqfha o fuu l@uhhs'

ffjoslhka m@Odk jYfhka wdydrhg .kq ,enqfjz lsrs" .sf;,a" OdkH" t<j,q

iy m<;re muKs' uia udxY wdydrh iZoyd Ndjs;d l< njg iZoyka fkdfjz' we;euz jsgl

oS mYapd;a ld,Skj hd.hka iZoyd i;ka urd ns,s mQcd lrk isrs; wdruzN jQ miqj kuz tu

hd. lrk ,o i;kaf.a uia wdydrh iZoyd .kakg we;ehs Wml,amkh l< yelsh'38 tfia

uia jrA. Ndjs;d lrk ,o kuz nyq, jYfhka ta iZoyd Ndjs;d lrkakg we;af;a yrla uia

nj lsj yelafla hd. iZoyd Ndjs;d lrkq ,o m@Odku i;ajhd .jhd jSu ksihs' us;@

foaj;djd msoSu iZoyd hd.hka meje;ajSfuz oS m@Odk jYfhkau Ndjs;hg .kq ,enQ uOHidr

jrA.hka jQ fidau mdkh ms<sfh< lrkq ,enQfjz fidau me,Egsh wUrd bka Wlyd .kq ,nk

hqI jrA.hlsks' idudkH wjia:djkays mdkh lsrSu iZoyd fjk;a OdkH jrA.hlska ms,sfh<

lrk ,o fjk;a uOHidr jrA.hla Ndjs;d lrk ,oS'

" mQcdrAN" w;Hka; lreKdkajs;" fuz us;@ kuz" ukd md,khla mj;ajk

jsOdhl rfcla bmso isgS' b;ska wms ta YoaOjka;hdf.a fydZo ysf;ys l,HdK jQ ohdfjys

/fouq' " 39

ishZM .Khka w;r us;@ .Khu m@Odk jk nj fmkajd oSu msKsi fuys

jsOdhl rfcla hk jHjydrh Ndjs;hg f.k ;sfnz' tfukau fuys ;j;a jsfYaIhla o

olakg ,efnz' tkuz us;@ ixl,amh jvd;a mqZM,a iajrEmhlska hq;j Ndjs;hg f.k we;s

wdldrh fuysoS olakg ,efnkafka w;Hka; lreKdkajs;" l,HdK jQ ohdj" fydZo ys;" YoaO

nj" mQcdrAN hk wF:!hka us;@ ixl,amhg wdfoaY lr olajd we;s fyhsks' mqZM,a jYfhka

.;al< us;@ ixl,amfhys l@udkQl~, jHdma;sh fuhska oela fjz'

nq|= iuh ;< n@yau jsyrKhkays lreKd yd fu;a;d ixl,am folla jYfhka

f.k js.@y l< o fuys oS us;@ ixl,amhgu tu ixl,am foflysu .Khka wdfrdamKh lr

we;s wdldrh wkqj lsh yelafla uq,a ld,Sk ukqIHhd iuia; mrsirh yd ffcj f,dalh w;r

ish meje;au ;yjqre lr,Su wrUhd us;@ ixl,amhkaf.ka Tyq wfmaCId lrk ,o .K

jsfYaIhka uQrA;su;a lr oelajSfuz wNs,dIh fmroers lrf.k Tyq jsiskau us;@ ixl,amh

ksmehqKq njhs' tfiau fiiq .K jsfYaIhka we;s lr,Sug fuz m@Odk .Kh jk us;@

ixl,amh msysg jQ fyhska thg m@OdkFjh ,nd fokakg we;s njhs' tfiau hful ;<

us;@Fjh yg .kqfha wkHhka jsIfhys Tyq ;< we;s lreKdj fya; fldg f.kh' tfukau

lreKdj yg .efkkqfha ish,q ffcj m@cdj jsIfhys mqoa.,fhl ;< we;s us;re nj

ke;fyd;a ys;j;a nj flaJ|@ fldg f.kh' fuz ksid ffu;@sh yd lreKdj .Kdx. folla

11

f,i jsia;r lrkq ,enqj;a ta folu wF:!j;a jkafka ienjskau huzlsis mqoa.,fhlf.a isf;ys

ta .Kdx. folu frdamKh jS we;s jsglh'

;jo m@cdj md,kh lrkakg iq|=iq rdcH md,lfhl ;, ;snsh hq; jQ .Khka

w;r m@Odku .Kh f,i fuz us;@ .Kh ;snsh hq; nj o fuz uZ.ska fmkajd fohs' rgjeishd

flfrys ohdfjka hqla;" tfiau ish,a,ka flfrys tlf,i fydZo ys; me;srjsh yels"

rgjeishka ish orejka f,i i,ld Tjqka jsIfhys w;Hka; ldreKslFjh me;srjsh yels"

l@shdjkaf.ka mdrsYoaO wej;uz mej;fuka iukajs;" il,jsO ck;djgu mQcdrAN f,i

wNHka;r.; .K iuqodhlska iukajs; jQ md,lfhla ms<snZoj bZ.shla fuz ;<ska imhhs' th

i;HjYfhkau md,lfhl i; jsh hq; .K iuqodh fuz hehs fmkajd fok w;r

jHx.drA:fhka ixfla;hla f,i o Ndjs;d fjz' fuhska ixfla;j;a jkqfha OrAusIaGFjhhs' th

ksIamqoa., jQjla jk w;r lsishuz mrudorAYS iudc idrOu! moaO;shla weZ.fjhs' ixfla;hla

f,i .ekSfuz oS mYapd;a ld,Sk pl@jrA;s ixl,amfhys uQ, nSchka fuz ;<ska ksrEmKh jkq

oel.; yelsh'

"ck;dj Wkka|= lruska w;Hka; lreKdjka; .dhl ( us;@ )" fY@aIaG wdos;Hg

( us;@g ) m@Kdufhka <Z.d jsh hq; fuz m@KS; hd. msfoaksh ta w;Hka; m@YxidrAN us;@g

w.aksfhys mqojq' "

fuys oS us;@ ixl,amh w;Hka; lreKdjka; .dhl f,i ;j;a jsfYaIK

mohlska hqla;j yeZoskajS ;sfnz' fuys .dhl hkq .dhkd lrkakd hk wF:!hhs' fuhska

fmfkkafka us;@f.a lreKdjka; Ndjh .S;j;a iajrEmhlska hqla;j oelajSu msKsi fm<Uqkq

njhs' us;@ ixl,amfhys wdfjzzok mCIh .enzjkakd jQ iaks.aO iajrEmh .dhl hkafkka

wF:!j;a lrkakg fm<Uqkq nj is;sh yelshs' us;@ ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv jvd;a

ishquzj ksrEmKh lr fmkajSug .;a W;aidyhla fuz uZ.ska oela fjz' .dhk hkafkys

12

l@udkQl~, Ndjhla fukau rs;auhdkQl~, Ndjhla o .enzfjz' ;d,hla o ;snsh hq;h' ta

ish,af,ys wka;rA.;h jkqfha isf;ys wdfjzokd;aul mCIfhka huzlsis uD|= iajNdjhla yg

.ekajSuhs' ienjskau .S;fhka flfrkqfha o tu uD|= nju ps;a; ika;dkfhys w;s lrjSu

jk fyhsks'

us;@g msosh hq; hd. msfoaksh m@KS; iajNdjfhka hqla; jsh hq; nj fuhska

mejiS we;' us;@ f.a iajrEmh w;sYhskau ishquz Ndjuh ;;ajhls' tu Ndjuh ;;ajh

rEmuh jYfhka oelajSfuz oS ta msKsi Ndjs;d lrk ,o jpkhkays .enzjk pu;aldr ckl

iajrEmh fuz ;<ska meyeos,sju u; jS fmfka' m@KS; hd. msfoaksh mjd us;@ fj;g <Z.d jsh

hq;af;a m@Kdufhka fyj;a iEufokdf.au Nla;su;a iajrEmfhka nj fmkajd oSu ;< us;@

fyj;a us;@Fjh ck uki .@yKh lr.;a wdldrh jsps;@j;a whqrska fmkajhs' tfukau uq,a

jrg hd.h iZoyd w.aksh fyj;a .skaor Ndjs;d lr .;a whqre;a tu .skafkka wdydr us;@

fj;g muqKqjk whqre;a fuhska meyeos,s fjz'

by; us;@ ixl,amh jrAKs; iajrEmh wkqj meyeos,sju fmfkkafka mYapd;a

ld,Sk n@yau ixl,amhg iudk lula fuys .enzjk njhs' hd. msfoksh uZ.ska us;@ ixl,amh

ix;Iagshg meusK jSu;a" ta iZoyd .skak udOHhla fldg .ekSu;a hk lreKq fol m@Odk

jYfhka tlS iudkFjhg fya; idOl fjz' tfiau n@yau ixl,amh cSjudk n@yauhdf.a

iajrEmfhka fmd|= ck uki weZo neZo ;nd .kakd whqrska jrAKkd l,dla fukau" us;@

ixl,amh o us;@ keue;s l,ams; foajshlf.a fjzIfhka fmd|= ck uki weZo neZo ;nd .ekSu

msKsi fujeks jD;a;dka; rpkh b;du;au idrA:l wdldrfhka Wmfhda.S lr.;a whqre

fmfka'

"hoskakkag msysg jk us;@ fojshkaf.a m@idoh hym; f.k ths' ( hym; )

w;Hka; oSma;su;a Okh f.k ths' " 40

us;@ ixl,amh l@ufhka wdOHd;ausl ;,h w;sl@uKh lruska f,#lsl ;,h lrd

<Z.d jkakd jQ ijrEmhla oSma;su;a Okh hk fh|=u uZ.ska .uH fjz' fmr oS us;@

ixl,amfhka n,dfmdfrd;a; jQfha wdOHd;ausl m@idoh muKs' kuq;a jrA;udkfhys

wdOHd;ausl m@idoh wNsnjkh lrjd f,#lsl oshqKqj o fuz uZ.ska Wod lr.; yelsh hk

;ekg ffjoslhkaf.a us;@ ixl,amh jsldYh jSu iduQyslFjh ;,ska tlS YsIaGdpdrh Wod

lr.kq ,enQ tla;rd ch.@yKhla f,i o wF:! oelajsh yelsh' iduQyslFjh jeo.;a jkqfha

tl, fnfyjska jHdma; meje;s cSjk rgdj wkqj ;ksj cSj;a jSu w.h fkdlrk ,o w;r

Tjqka iduQysl f,i ish cSjk rgdj f.dv kZ.d .kq ,enQ nejsks' lDIslrAuh" iFjmd,kh"

fj<odu" rgj,a wdl@uKh jeks luk fyda lghq;a;l oS jqj;a tod mej;s wrA: l@uhg wkqj

uq,a nei f.k ;snqfka iduQysl cSjk rgdjhs'

13

tnejska fuu wF:!l@uh wkqj Tjqkag jeo.;a jQfha udkj m@.aOkh fyj;a usksia

Y@uhhs' usksia Y@uh yiqrjd,Sug fukau h:d mrsos th l<ukdlrKh uZ.ska fhdojd .ekSu

msKsi wdl,amuh jYfhka udkjhd ;< iduQyslFjh f.dvkeZ.su wjYH jS ;snqKs' fuz

iZoyd ffjoslhka Ndjs;d lrk ,o ixl,amh f,i us;@ ixl,amh yZ|=kajd osh yelsh' us;@

ixl,amfhys fuu jsldYh uZ.ska fmkajd fokqfha tu ;;ajhhs' fmr wdOHd;ausl jYfhka

yqfola m@idoh ckkh lsrSu iZoyd muKlau Ndjs;d lrk ,o us;@ ixl,amh fN#;sl

w.hla jQ Okh keue;s f,#lsl jgskdlu ckkh lsrSu iZoyd o Ndjs;hg f.k ;snSu uZ.ska

fuh ;yjqre fjz'

us;@ ixl,amh uZ.ska ,nd fokq ,nk Okh wksjdrAhfhkau hym;a fydZo Okhla

jSfuz wksjdrAhh ,CIKh o tys .enzjk nj ffjoslhka m@ldY fldg we;af;a tu Okh

fydZo" OdrAusl Okhla fyj;a oSma;suka Okhla f,i fmkajSu uZ.sks' iduQyslFjh fukau

idOdrK nj o us;@ ixl,amh ;<u wka;rA.; ;j;a udkj idrOu!hla f,i fuz wdldrhg

ffjoslhska jsiska m@lg lr ;sfnz'

" lSrA;su;a ta us;@ foajsfhda uysufhka fojz f,djg W;a;rS;rh'" f;aciska uy

fmdf<djg W;a;rS;rh'"

us;@f.a wdOHd;aul ;,h uysuh f,i;a" f,#lsl ;,h f;aci f,i;a fmkajd oS

;sfnz' fuys uysuh lsishuz W;a;rS;r udkqqIsl .KOu! /ila ksfhdackh lsrSu msKsi

Ndjs;d lr ;sfnz' ohdj" wkHhka jsIfhys iudkd;au;djfhka hqla;j lghq; lsrSu jeks

.Kdx. us;@g wh;a fia olajd we;' fuzjd idudkH ukqIHFjfhka Tnzng jsyso hk nejska

idudkH ukqIHhdf.ka fjkia jk lreKla f,i f.k W;a;rS;r ;;ajh m@odkh lr we;'

fmd|= nj iudkd;au;djh jeks lreKq ffcj jsoHd;aulj o udkj taldnoaO;djh iqrCIs;

lsrSu msKsi bjy,a jsh yels lreKqh' iduqysl cSjk meje;aulska hqla; ukqIHhdg fujeks

foa b;du;a w.kd iudc fuj,ula jQjdg iel ke;' ta Tiafia fujeks lreKq W;a;rS;r

;;ajfhka by,g Tijd ;nkakg we;'

tfukau fuys oS f;aci hkafkka woyia flfrkafka md,kh lsrSuhs' fyj;a

l<ukdlrK uQ<OrAu Ndjs;hhs' l<ukdlrK uQ<OrAu Ndjs;fhys oS udkj m@d.aOkh

yeisrjSfuz wjYH;djh yg.kS' udkj m@d.aOkh ;ukag wjYH wdldrhg l<ukdlrKh

lsrSfuys,d us;@ ixl,amh olajkakd jQ odhlFjh i,ld thg f;aci hehs jHjydr lr

;sfnz' us;@ ixl,amfhys f,#lsl mCIh wjOdrKh jkqfha fuz wdldrfhks'

" us;@ fojshkag hg;a j hosk mZ[ap ( il, ) ck;djg Wojq lrkakg iu;a

fy;u il, foaj iuQyh ord isgS'" 41

14

us;@ ixl,amh fuys oS BYajr ;;ajhg Tijd ;sfnz' tkuz il, oeh ord isgsh

iEu fohlu wOsm;shd jYfhks' ffjoslhka talfoajjdoSka fukau nyqfoajjdoska f,i;a

lghq; l< njg idOl uska imhhs' tla tla oehg wOsm;SFjh Wiq,kq ,nk tla tla

foaj;djre jev isgsk w;r ta ish,a,kagu by,ska us;@ jev isgsk nj yd lghq; lrk nj

mjikafka tfyhsks' fuys foaj hkak jHjydr lrkq ,nkqfha idudkH ukqIHFjhg

jH;sfrAl jYfhka .; yels tla tla udkj .Kdx.hkays wfmaCIs; mrsidOk ugzgu

weZ.jSu msKsi nejz jgyd .ekSu fuys oS jeo.;ah'

" us;@ f;fuz wdZ{djg wkqj" fojz usksiqka w;r hd. ;DKh we;rE ckhdg

wdydrh imhd we;' " 42

us;@ talfoaj jdofhka nyqfoaj jdohg meusKSu Ndr;Sh ixialD;sl b;sydih

;< wd.usl wxYh iuznJOfhka b;du;a jeo.;a iJOsia:dkhla lksgqyka lrkakls' us;@

ixl,amh jsldYh jSu;a iuZ.u us;@ ixl,amhg muKla wh;a f,i i,lk ,o fndfyda

.K jreK keue;s ;j;a ixl,amhlg wdfoaY lr tu ixl,am oajsFjh uZ.skau us;@f.a

iajrEmh olajk ,oS' fuu oajsFjh i; jsfYaI .;s.K iy ldrAh isoaOs m@fhda.sl jYfhka

iudkh' fuu oajsFjh ms<sisZo f.k we;af;a ;dreKHhjh' orAYk lD;H lrkakd jQ wei ysre

fjz' ysre /ia m;s; jkafka l@udkql~, f,i .ufkys ks;r jS isgshoSuh' wZosk m<Zok jia;@

b;du oSma;su;ah' wyfiys rsh uZ.ska .ufkys ksr; fjz' fojz f,dj msysgs rkauqjd ksjil

jdih flfrA' th l,qKq oyilskao" fodr oyilskao" iukajs; fnfyjska Wia jQ ia:djr

iqjsi,a ksjils' fuys rcjre f,i l@shd lrk b;du;a nqoaOsu;a ryia T;a; lrefjda fj;a'

Tjqyq pl@jrA;s rcjreh' fuu ixl,am oajsFjh udhd kuska yeZoskafjk .ma; n,hlska l@shd

lrk tfukau ishZM ;kays ish wdOsm;H m;rjd yer lghq; lrk wiqr kuska

yeZoskafjkafkda fj;a' Tjqkaf.a lD;H jQfha wreK bj; m,jd yerSu;a" wjldYh yryd ysre

fufyh jSu;a" th jeiafika yd j<dl,ska jid oeuSu;ah' fuu ixl,am oajsFjh iuia;

f,dalhu md,kh lrkafkda fj;a' Tjqyq wyi" fmd<j iy iq<Z. ord isgsk w;r

wdrCIlhka f,i o l@shd lr;s'

.x.d iuQyfhys iajdusm@;@hka kuz fuu ixl,am oajsFjhuh' jrAIdj usksiqka

fj; m@odkh lrkafkda fudjqyqh' tnejska fndfyda usksiqkaf.a ksrka;r m@oCIdjg fudjqyq

,la fj;a' Tjqkayg ukqIHhka hd. msKsi okafok lEu nSu yd uOqmdkhkays m@udKh

fld;ruz o h;a tajd osiajkqfha osh myrj,a fuks' ishZM c,hg iy jrAIdjg wOsm;s nj

ork Tjqyq ta ish,a, md,kh lrkq ,nkafkdah' Tjqyq ;Knsuz .sf;,a keue;s jrAIdfjka yd

wNHdjldYh uOq mdkfhka o f;ud yrs;s' Tjqyq wyiska uqod yrskafka jeiai yd jsY@dka;shhs'

15

jeiafika ,efnk c,h jQ l,S osjHuh jQjls' fuz whqrska iuzmQrAK iQla;hlau fudjqka

fjkqfjka fjka jS we;'

us;@ ixl,amfhys fuu oajsFjfhys n,h fl;ruzo h;a" fuys jHjia:dj ia:sr

fkd fi,afjk tlls' th wurKSh fojsjreka mjd W,a,x>kh fkdlg yelalls'

ksrka;rfhka u wdZ{dj ord isgskafkda kuz us;@ ixl,amfhys fuu oajsFjh iajrEmhhs'

tfiau tu wdZ{dj lv fkdfldg th wdorfhka /l n,d .kafkdah' ;uka jsiska wkHhkaf.a

jro oel th ms<sl,a lrk thg oKavkh mKjk th m,jd yrsk iajNdjh we;af;ah'

tfiau lsisfjl th lrf;d;a" thg tfrysj keZ.S isgskafkda fj;a' tfiau ;ukag kshus;

hd. fydau iy mqo mQcd fkdlrkakjqka yg ksis oZvqjuz oSugo Tjqyq wu;l fkdlr;s' tjka

whg f,v frda.dndO iEojSfuka ysxid mSvd is|= lr;s'

us;@ ixl,amfhys fuu oajsFj .Khkayg lrkq ,nk jkaokdj bka|= - brdk

hq. jljdkqfjys b;du;a |=rd;S;h olajd wE;g osj hhs' thg fya; jkqfha wfjia;dfjys

fuz wdldrfhkau wyqr yd us;@ ixl,amhkays oajsFj .Khkayg lrkq ,nk fuz wdldru jQ

mqo mQcd weoySuz yd wd.usl ixialdr jsOSka wka;rA.; nejsks' mYapd;a ld,Skj hqfojz

pska;khg mjd fuhska huzlsis n,mEula jQ nj is;sh yelshs' BY@dh,a cd;slhka ;< we;s

mdruzmrsl wd.usl weoys,s yd jsYajdi cks; jSu iZoyd fuhska huzlsis msgsjy,la

,efnkakg we;ehso iel flfrA' jsfYaI jYfhka lf;da,sl oyu ;< wka;rA.; m@Odk udkj

fm@arKh jQ fm@au ixl,amh yd fuu us;@ ixl,amh w;r huzlsis iuznJOhla we;aoehs jsuiSu

jgS' ohdj yd fm@auh hk jHjydrhka lf;da,sl oyu ;< fkdfhla f,iska jHjydr jS

16

;sfnz' us;@ ixl,amfhys iudf,dapkhla fyda ixfCIamhla fuz ;< .enz fkdfj;;a"

iduQyslFjh yd fmd|= nj ms<snZoj huzlsis b;du;a iqZM wdl,amuh idudkFjhla osia fjz'

fuu hq.fhys tla;rd iJOsia:dkhl oS us;@ ixl,amh oajsFj iajrEmhlg

mrsjrA;kh fjz' ta us;@ yd jreK hkqfjks' fuys oS us;@ ixl,amh jreK iuZ. iuznJO

lf,a wehsoehs jsuiSu jeo.;ah' us;@ jreKf.a iydhlhd f,i olajd ;sfnz' msysg yd

wdYsrAjdo me;Sfuz oS idudkHfhka us;@ hoskq ,nkqfha fuu jreK yd tlguh' us;@ ixl,amh

uZ.ska br yd br t<sh ksrEmKh lrhs' Tyq fuf,djg m@Ndj f.k tkafka hehs ie,fla'

us;@ ;< wka;rA.; .K iuyrla us;@ ;<u wka;rA.; fldg oelajSu fjkqjg jreK

keue;s ixl,amhla ksrAudKh fldg tuZ.ska us;@g wdfjzKsl .K iuyrla ksrEmKh lr

olajk ,oafoa bka iduQysl nj ms<snZoj mKsjqvhla ,nd oSug jsh hq;h'

flfia fj;;a" us;@ ish,a, olakd iqZM jQ o" ish,a, wjfndaO l<d jQo" ish,a,

flfrys wOsm;SFjh mj;ajkakd jQo" i;H .rel" i;HlduS idrOu! iqrCIs; lsrSu msKsi

lemjS ls@hd lrkq ,nk iduh .re lrk fi#uH iy.; fojsfhl f,i wF:! ksrEmKh lr

;sfnz' wkql@ufhka us;@ ixl,amh jreK yd iuzznJO lsrSfuz oS fuf;la tlu wdf,dalh f.k

fokakd jQ uQ,h f,i ie,lKq us;@f.a n,Yla;sh fldgia follg f.k us;@ m@Nd;df,dalh

iuZ. o jreK rd;@S wjldYh iuZ. o iuznJO lr olajk ,oS' tfiau fuz ksid us;@ yd

jreK wdhH!uka yd N. iuZ. wdos;Hfhdah' ( ysre ) ke;fyd;a wos;sf.a mq;@fhda hehs olajkq

,efnz' wdos;Hhg ysre ke;fyd;a iQhH! hehs lshkq ,efnz'

us;@ yd jreK fhoSfuka woyia lrk ,oafoa fuz iQhH!df.a n,h fldgia

follska hq;j ksrEmKh lsrSuhs' Woh ld,fhys iQhH! wdf,dalh us;@f.ka o rd;@S iQhH!

wdf,dalh wia;hg hEu jreK f.ka o olajk ,oS' us;@f.ka ksrEmKh lrk ,o ysre

jkaokdj f,dal YsIaGdpdrfhys iEu m@d.a ft;sydisl wd.usl wNspdr jsOs ish,a, ;<u jsjsO

iajrEm j,ska jsjsO kuz j,ska oel .ekSug ,efnz'

" jreK ( iy us;@ ) fojshks" fofojz Tnf.a mshlre wei jQ ysre ( /ia )

m;rjuska by< kZ.S' hfula il, f,dal i;a;ajhka jsuid n,hs o" fyf;u uefrkakjqka

w;r mrudrA: ksrSCIKh lrhs' "

fuys oS jreK yd us;@ hk fojsjrekaf.a weia f,i ysre olajd ;sfnz' weiska is|=

lrkqfha oY!k lD;Hhhs' fuys oS wei ysre f,i ksrEmKh jSu uZ.ska wdf,dalh yd wZ|=re

iajNdjfhys .enzjk odrAYksl ldrAhNdrh u;lr fmkajhs' odrAYksl ixorANh ;<

wdf,dalhg fukau wZ|=rg o jgskdula we;' idudkHfhka fjk;a jsIh oekquz moaO;Ska ;<

nska|=jg jgskdkula fkdue;sjqj o fmros. orAYkfhys nska|=fjys b;du;a jsYd,

17

jgskdlula .enzjk nj fmkajd oS ;sfnz' orAYksl ixorANh ;< nska|=j yeZoskafjkafka

Y~kHh kusks' fuys Y~kHh hkq ixLHd;aul jYfhka lsisjla fkdue;s nj fkdj fuz f,dj

we;s ;dla ish,af,ys u .Kd;aul jYfhka lsis|= yrhla fkdue;s njhs' odrAYksl mCIfhka

Y~kHfhys .enzjk jgskdlu fjk;a Bg jvd jsYd, ixLHd;aul w.hl .enz fkdfjz'

tfukau wdf,dalfhys jgskdlu f,djg fmfkafka wZ|=r ksid fyhska wdf,dalhg fukau

w.hla wZ|=rg o ,efnk nj fmkajd fohs' fjk;aa f,ilska lsjfyd;a wdf,dalh yd wZ|=r

Tjqfkdjqkag idfmaCIlh' fuu Yaf,dlfhys wrA:h mrudrA: .fjzIkh lsrSuhs' ukqIH

iajNdjhla jYfhka urKh Wreu jqjo urKfhys jsoHudk fmd|= nj" mrudrA:uh

i;a;dj .@yKh lsrSu iZoyd idudkH weiska ksrSCIKh lr ,nd .kakd f;dr;re j,g

jvd by< ksrSCIKhla fukau odrAYksl pska;khla o wjYH nj fuz ;<ska u; lrfohs'

jreK yd us;@ ixl,amhkaf.ka fmkajk us;@Fjh ( yeufoku ush hkafka kuz ush hEu

Wreu fldg we;s ish,q iFjhka jsIfhys oelajsh hq; wkqluzmdj uqiq us;@YS,S iajNdjh )

urKh keue;s fmd|= mrudrA:uh i;a;dj .fjzIKh lsrSu uZ.ska ,nd .;hq; by,u

nqoaOsM,h nj fuhska fmkajd fokq ,nhs'

" us;@ iy jreK fofokdKks" ta ieoeyej;a mQclhd ( uu ) Tn fofokdg

|=rska wefik iaf;da;@ .S;sld tjhs' nqoaOsu;ka fofokdfKks" ta Tyqf.a hd;sld wi;ajd! huz

nqoaOshlska fuka Tjqkaf.a cSjs;fha wjika iuh mqrjkq uekjs' "

wksjdrAfhkau fuu iaf;da;@ .dhkd lrkq ,nkafka wd.usl mQcljrfhls'

ke;fyd;a lskuz fyda mqoa.,fhla fuz iaf;daia;@ .dhkd lsrSfuka fy;u taldka; jYfhka ta

fya;fldg f.ku mQcljrh ,nhs' fuys iaf;daia;@ mGkh hkq fu;a;d ixl,amfhys .K

.dhkd lsrSuhs' fu;a;d kuz us;renjhs' us;@Fjh m;rejk ,nkakd fyj;a us;@Fjfhys .K

.dhkd lrkq ,nkakd taldka;fhkau mQcljrfhls' ke;fyd;a ta fya;j ksidu mQcljrh

,enQfjls' fuys mQcljr ,enSfuz fya;j f,i oelajkqfha us;renj me;srjSuh' ish,q iFjhka

fj; us;re nj m;rejkakd is|=rkqfha ish,q iFjhkag cSjs; odkh ,nd oSuh' ta fy;fjka

fy;u urKhg m@;sjsreoaO Yla;sfhys n,fjz.h fjz' us;renj m;rejk mQcljrhd

urKh Wreu fldg isgskakd jQ f,dj jeis iFjhkayg wNh fokafkla fjz' cSjh fokafkla

fjz' Tyqg us;re nfjys wOsm;s jQ jreK yd us;@ hk fojsjreka i; osjHuh n,h

wdrdamKh fldg we; tfukau jreK yd us;@ fojsjrekaf.a ksrka;r msysgg yd ie,ls,a,g

nZ|=ka jkakd jQ w;sYhska ldreKsl mqoa.,fhla o jkafkah'

" us;@ iy jreK fofojshks" ;Hd.YS,SkS" ( Tn ) jHdma; jQ mD:sjsfhka ih

Wi jQ" Wodr jQ wyiska" msh fkd fyZME weiska ( n,d ) wdrCId lrk Ydlhkays;a" ( usksia )

ksjykys;a fjk fjk u ryia T;a;lrejka uekjska fhdokafkdah' "

18

us;@ yd jreK hk ixfla; folska wdf,dalfhys me;srSu yd wia;h hk fol

ksrEmKh fjz' tfukau us;@Fjfhys WKqiquz nj fukau iqug nj o fmkajhs' us;@f.a

fojshdf.a iajrEmfhka us;@Fjfhys WKqiqu oyj, ysre f,i o" jreK foajshdf.a

iajrEmfhka us;@Fjfhys iqug nj rd;@sfhys ysre wia;hg hdu fya;fjka yg .efkk isis,a

nj f,i o ksrEms;h' fuh iuia; ffcj f,dalfhys werUquhs' usksid we;ZM iuia; cSjSkau

wdYajdi m@dYajdi lrk jdhqfhys wka;rA.; wuz,lr ( Tlaiscka ) iajNdjh yg .efkkqfha

osjd l, us;@f.a fijfkys we;s Ydl uZ.sks' tfukau rd;@sfhys oS jreKf.a wkqn,fhka tu

Ydlu m@;s – wuz,lr ( ldnkavfhdlaihsvz ) ksmojkq ,nhs' fuu iQrAhdf,dalh flaJ|@

lrf.k Ydl m;@ ;< wka;rA.; yrs;m@o Wmfhda.Sfldg m@Ndixiaf,aIK l@shdj<sh ksid

yg .efkk funZ|= wuz,lr yd m@;s – wuz,lr iajNdjh us;@ yd jreK oajs l@shdldrSFjh

ksid we;sjk tla ffcj ridhk ixisoaOshla muKs' idudkHfhka funZ|= ffcj ridhk

ixisoaOSka b;d jsYd, m@udKhla wdf,dalfhys yd wkaOldrfhys moku jQ iQrAhhd

fya;fldg f.k yg.kS' jsoHd;aul pska;kh jrAOs; jrA;udkfhys fuka ta iEu

ixisoaOshlau ijsia;r f,i fN#;sl jsoHd yd YoaO jsoHd kHdkqidrSj mejiSug yels fkdjQ

|=rd;S;fhys oS tnZ|= jsoHd;aul ixisoaOSka ryia yd fkdjsiZosh yels .egZM f,i ie,lsKs'

|=rd;S;fhys mej;s oekqu wkqj tnZ|= oekquz moaO;Ska wkdjrKh lr .ekSu uy;a jsYd,

fohla f,i fmksks' ryia f;dr;re .fjzIKh iZoyd m@OdkSka fhdojk ,o ta ioZyd mqre|=

mqyqKq l, jsfYaIs; mqoa.,hka ryia T;a;lrejka yd pr mqreIhka f,i yeZoskajsKs' jreK

yd us;@hk fojsjre m@OdkSka f,i ie,lKq fyhska Tjqka iajNdj Ou!hdf.a ryia iajNdjh

wkdjrKh fldg tuZ.ska ck;djg Wojz Wmldr lsrSu WmudrEml yd w,xldrj;a f,i

idys;Huh iajrEmhlska hqla;j mejiSug h;ak ord we;s wdldrh fuz Yaf,dalh uZ.ska b;d

losug ksrEmKh fjz'

" ( uu ) us;@f.a;a" jreKf.a;a wKil jrAKkd lrus' ( Tjqkaf.a ) n,h" uyd

jsl@ufhka fodf,dj ( wyi iy fmdf<dj ) fjka lrhs' hd. fkd lrkakjqkaf.a udi ( ld,h

) mq;kaf.ka f;dr j .; jS fhajd! hd.h flfrys ;u is; ia:djr l< ;eke;af;a ( ish )

mrmqr jrAOkh flfrAjd! " 43

fuys uu hkqfjka jrAKs;j we;af;a funZ|= hd. ldrAhhka iZoyd ks, jYfhkau

kuz flrS isgskakd jQ mQclhska jsh hq;h' us;@@ yd jreK fojshkaf.a wKil jrAKkd

lrkafka tu wKil os.ska os.gu mj;ajd f.k hEfuz ldrAhNdrh tu mQcl fmf<ka;sh

w;ska bgq jQ hq;lula jQ fyhsks' tu hq;lu bgq lsrSu hkq iudcfhys wdlD;sluh iajrEmh

ta jQ wdldrfhkau ixjsOs;j mj;ajd .ekSug W;aiy .ekSuhs' fuys wka;rA.; wKil hk

jofkys wK hkq jsOdkd;aul iajrEmhhs' tfia fyhska wKil hkak mqZM,a jYfhka

wF:!l:kh l< jsg tys ffk;sl isoaOdka; ish,a,u .enzjS we;' tfukau fuys wka;rA.;

n,h ms<snZo ioyk kQ;k orAYkfhys yd iudc jsoHdfjys n,h ( Power ) ms<snZo

19

b.ekajSuz iuZ. tla;rd wdldrhl iudk njla Wiq,kq ,nhs' kQ;k jsIhhka j,oS n,h

ms<snZo fokq ,enQ wrA:l:kj,ska n,h hym;a f,i fhdojkafka flfiao hk meyeos,s lsrSuz

iuZ. fuzjd jvd;a jevs iudkFjhla olajhs' ta wkqj us;@ yd jreK ixl,am uZ.ska fmkajkq

,nk us;@Fjh ms,snZo wdl,amh n,h flfia l@shdfjz fhosh hq; oehs hk m@Yakhg ms<s;rla

f,i bosrsm;a jS ;sfnz' fuys hd.h hkqfjka jsia;r js ;sfnkqfha ffu;@sh oelajSuhs' ta wkqj

il,jsO ffc m@cdj flfrysu ffu;@sfhka hqla;j jdih lsrSu jsYd,u hd.hhs' tfia jdih

fkdlrkakd jQ mqoa.,hdf.a mrmqr mj;ajd f.k hEfuys Yla;sh wju jk nj fuys fmkajd

fokq ,nhs' mq;ka jsrys;j l,ayerSug is|=jk nj fmkajd oS ;sfnkqfha fuz ksidh' tf,i

iuia; ffcj m@cdj jsIfhysu ffu;@sh me;srjSug yels mqoa.,hka flfrys ish mrmqr

mj;ajd f.k hEfuys Yla;sh fkduZoj msysgk nj fuhska fmkajd fokq ,nhs' fuhska

jHx.fhka lsh fjkafka ffu;@S n,fhka iuia; ffcj m@cdj tlai;a jk nj;a tfia fkdjQ

l, yeu jsg hqouh jYfhka yd W;am;a;suh jYfhka Tjqka jskdYhg meusfKk njhs'

" nqoaOsu;a n,j;ka fofoKdKks" huz ;ekl wreuhla fkd fmfkk"

wnsryila fkd jk ( fkd fmfkk ) fuz ish,a, ( m@Yxid ) Tn fofokdghs' ( Tnf.a ) ryia

T;a;lrejda usksiqkaf.a us:Hdjka ,qyq neZo fh;a' Tn fofokd fkd oek is|= jk ryia oek

.kakg ke;' "

jsYajh i; usksia nqoaOshlska oek .ekSug wiSre tfy;a il,jsO f,dal

iajNdjh wkdjrKh lsrSug tlu udrA.h jkqfha us;@ yd jreK ixl,am folska fmkajk

mrsos ffu;@sh jevSuhs' iuia; ffcj m@cdfjys iuzNjh meje;au yd jrAOkh ms<snZoj tlu

ryi jkafka o thhs' usksiqka jsIfhys ta ryi wkdjrKh lr .ekSu msKsi Tn

foofkdf.a ryia T;a; lrejka jQ us;@ yd jreK fojsjreka i; wiydh ffcj wdnJOkSh

,CIKh tkuz fu;a;d ixl,amh jsjsO iajrEm j,ska fmkS isgS' tu ixl,amh usksiqka w;r

me;sr we;s jsjsO jQ uk%l,ams; ms<s.ekSuz w;rg tkafka tu ms<s.ekSuzj, ksrEmKh jkakd

jQ jsjsO iajrEmj,ska hqla;jh' ohdj" fm@auh" ifydorFjh" lreKdj" fifkyi"

ud;DFjh yd us;renj tjka ijrEmhkaf.ka iuyrls' usksiqkaf.a ms,s.ekSuzj,g wkqj

Tjqkaf.a jsjsO is;sjs,sj,g wkqrEmj us;@Fjh fl;ruz jsYd, yeZ.Suz m@udKhlg

mrsjrA;kYS,S jqjo ta yeu yeZ.Sulu moku us;@Fjhhs' fuz ksid us;@Fjh ta ms<snZoj

fkdoek luk yeZ.Sulaj;a fyda is;sjs,a,laj;a cSjS is;lg we;s fkdfjz' us;@Fjfhys ryia

wkdjrKh lr.ekSfuz yelshdj t;ruzu wisrsu;ah' ffcj f,dj ;< yg .kakd iEu

is;sjs,a,lau oek .kakd iqZM iajNdjhla us;@Fjfhys .enzjk nejska us;@ yd jreK uZ.ska

ksrEmKh jk fu;a;d ixl,amh i; fkdjkakd jQ ryia wkdjrKh fkdjkakd jQ

l@ufjzohla we;af;a ke;' o; hq; jQ ryiH jQ ish,af,au wkdjrKlhd kuz us;@ yd jreK

hk fofokdh' fuhska lshfjkafka fu;a;d ixl,amh ;< .enz fkdjkakd jQ fohla fkdue;s

nj yd iEu fohlau fu;a;d ixl,amh uZ.ska ksrEmKh jk njh'

20

" ( uu ) oeka kuialdr iys; j hd.h Tn fofokdg lem lrus' ( uu ) us;@ yd

jreK jQ Tn fofokdg Woafhda.fhka yZv kZ.d lshus' ( fuz ) kj ixl,amkd Tn fofokdg

m@Yxikh msKsi hs' fuz msrskuk ,o hd;sldfjda Tn fofokd i;gq lr;ajd' "

fu;a;d ixl,amh isf;ys jrAOkh lr .ekSu msKsi jer jvkakd jQ mqoa.,fhl

jsiska fuz wdldrfhka l,amkd l< hq; nj by; Yaf,dalfhys fmkajd oS ;sfnz' fndfydfia

f.#rjfhka hqla;j us;@Fjh jrAOkh lsrSug leu;s jkafkus' th tfiau nj us;@ yd

jreK foaj ixl,amfhka uqrA;su;a jkakd jQ us;@Fjh kuska oevs wdya,dofhka hqla;j ta

us;@Fjh fjkqfjkau lemfjus' th yZv kZ.d wduka;@Kh lsrSu hkqfjka wF:!j;a jkqfha

thhs' kshudrA:hka iZ.jd lshk ,oafoys ienE wF:!hka fy,s lrjSu Tn fofokdg wkq.@y

msKsihs' wik fndfyda fokdo fu;a;d ixl,amfhys .K yeZosk ta uZ.g fhduq jk nejska

fuz ms<snZo oek .ekSu ish,q fokdf.au i;gg fya;jla o fjz' tu .K kshudldrfhka oek

yeZoska myka is;ska hqla;j iqprs;fhys yeisr fu;a;d ixl,amkdj fmrgq fldg f.k ia;~;s

m@Yxid msrskuk is;ska hqla;j l,a yerSu us;@ yd jreK ixfla;fhka uQrA;su;a flfrk

fu;a;d ixl,amfhys ienE .K iqjZo iamrAY lsrSula o fjz' fu;a;d ixl,amh ksrka;r

isf;ys i;g ckkh lrkq ,nkakla f,i o fuz ;<ska fmkakquz flfrA'

" us;@ iy jreK fofojshks" hd.hkays oS fuz mQcl fiajdj Tng bgq lerefKah'

wm ish,q |=la lror Tiafia ( bka Tnzng ) f.k uekjs' Tn wm iZoyg u fi;a Ydka;sfhka

hqla; j wdrCId lr;ajd' " 44

wjidkfhys fu;a;d ixl,amfhys Wmfhda.S;djh ms<snZoj wkHhka oekqj;a lrkq

,nk mQcljrhd ms<snZoj wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nhs' us;@ yd jreK hk fojsjreka

ukqIHhka w;rg f.k hkq ,nk md,u f,i l@shdlrkafka fulS mQclhka nejska fuu

fu;a;d ixl,amh m@cdj ;< jrAOkh lrjSu ms<snZoj m@udKSlD; ldrAhNdrhla Tjqka

w;ska bgq fjz' fojshkag iDcqju usksiqka w;rg hd fkdyels nejska usksiqka w;rg f.dia

fojsshkaf.ka ,;a odhdoh jk us;@Fjh usksiqka w;r jHdma; lr yrskakd jQ mQcljreka

fojsjre jsiska o iuzudks; nejz fuz uZ.ska fmkajd fokq ,nhs' usksiqkaf.a ish,qu |=la lror

|=re lrkakd jQ tu |=la lror j,ska Tnzng Tjqka leZojd f.k hkq ,nkakd jQ mqoa.,hd kuz

mQcljrhdh' ta iZoyd mQcljrhdg us;@ ixl,amfhys;a fkduZo iyh ,efnz' us;@

ixl,amfhka ,efnk fkduZo iyh msgsjy,a fldgf.k ish,a,kaf.au ish,qu |=la luzlfgdZM

bj;g m<jd yrskq ,nhs' fu;a;d ixla,mh isf;ys jrAOkh lrjSu fya;fldg f.k is;g

we;sjk mgs> is;sjs,s yd .efgk iajNdjh bj;a lr is; m@uqos;j i;gska ;efnhs' by;

ish,q |=la luzlfgdZM m<jd yrsk nejz iZoyka jSu uZ.ska fmkakquz lrkqfha fuhhs' is;g

wjYH m@udKhg ffu;@sh jrAOkh lr.;a ;eke;a;dg wjYH ;ruz ld,hla wjYH ;ruz

21

m@udKhlska is;g m@S;sh we;,;a fldg f.k iqrCIs;j jdih l< yelsh' nsh" wkdrCIs;

yeZ.Su" ielh" BrAIHdj" |=la uqiq is;sjs,s fu;a;d ixl,amh fkdue;s nfjys ,CIK jk

w;r fuu yeZ.Suz is;ska bj;a jSug kuz fu;a;d ixl,amh wjYH m@udKhg isf;ys jrAOkh

l< hq;h'

mYapd;a ld,Skj ffjosl ckhd jsiska iQrAh fojshka yeZoskajSu iZoyd m@Odk kuz ;kla

Ndjs;d lr we;' tajdkuz ‘us;@’jsIaKq yd mQIka hk kuz ;khs' thska ‘us;@’ hk kduh bka|=-

BrdKSh hq.fha mgka jsldYh fjuska mej; wd jpkhhs. uq,oS ffjoslfhda us;@ jsIaKq yd

mQIka hk kuz ;k iQrAhhdg jsfYaIK kdu f,i jHjydr l<y.miqj th ta ta f.da;@hg

wh;a iQrAhh foaj;d iuQyhlg jHjydr jkakdjQ kdu f,i jsldYhg m;ajsh' 45

iEu YsIaGdpdrhl u m@d.a ft;sydisl wd.usl wNspdr jsOs ish,a, ;<u fu f,i ysre

msoSu usksia udkisl l@shdldrSFjh wkqj b;du;a iajNdjsl ixisoaOshls' fuh .@Sl wd.usl

wNspdr jsOs ;< wksjdrAh wx.hla f,i oela fjz' maf,afgda jsiska rps; Republic (

iuQydKavqj )46 kuz .@J:fhys iQhH!hdg lrkq ,nk fuu mQcdjka mrudorAY njg m;alrkq

,ensks' Tyqg wkqj iQhH!hd hkq idOqFjfhys ixfla;hls' mrAishdfjz o fuu iQhH! mqcdj oel

.ekSug ,efnz' f,dalfha ish,q wdf,dalfha yd cSjfha l;D jQ iQhH!hdg mjrd fok ,o W;a;rs

udkqIsl n,hka we;' ia:djr yd cx.u ish,af,ys u cSjh jkafka o Tyqh' ish,a, olakd jQ

ish,a, fufyhjkq ,nkakd jQ f,dalfhys wOsm;shd Tyqh' Tyq usksiqka Tjqkaf.a ldhH!hka bgq

lsrSug mqnq|=jhs' wZ|=r |=r ,hs' t,sh fohs' ia:djr cx.u ish,af,a u wdrCIlhd jQ iQhH!d

usksiqka foi my; n,uska usksiqka w;r yrs jeros wjf,dalkh lruska WNh f,dalhka

;rKh lrkq iZoyd Wodfjhs' fuz wkqj iQhH!hd f,dalfhys uejquzlre yd tys woajS;Sh

md,lhd njg ksrdhdifhka u m;a fjhs' us;@ ixl,amh uZ.ska ksrEmKh lr olajkq

,nkafka fuu iQhH!hd i; n,hhs' fuz wkqj us;@ ixl,amh uZ.ska uqZM uy;a udkj

YsIaGdpdrfhys u .enzjk w;sYhska m@d.a ft;sydisl wd.usl jsYajdihla ksrEmKh fldg

olajhs' 47

us;@ weoys,a,g ;j;a ksoiqkla kuz mqrdK mrAishdkqjka yd bkaoshdkqjkaf.a ysre

fojshdhs' fuu ysre fojshd ms<snZo weoys,a, l@s' mQ' 67 jk Y; jrAIfha oS frdauh wdl@uKh

l< fY@aIaG wef,laiekavrA wOsrdchdf.a wOsrdcHfhka Tnzng mjd jHdma; jQ wd.usl

ixialdr jsOshls' th mqZM,aj ( 180 – 92 ) jHdma;j mej;sfha rdclShhka w;r mej;s

ufyaYdlH weoys,a,la f,ihs' 48

jd.a jsoHdZ{hska jsiska jd.a jsoHd;aul mrAfhaIKhka wkqj fmkS hk lreKla

kuz bka|= wdhH!hka kuska yZ|=kajkq ,nk ckfldgzGdYfhao" BrdKShjrekaf.ao"

hjkhkaf.ao" ia,djz ,s;afjzkshka iy crAuka cd;slhkaf.ao" b;d,s cd;slhkaf.ao" hkdoS

wdldrfhka wdishd;sl yd ngysr f,i jrA;udkfhys m@p,s;j we;a;djQ cklKavdhuzj,

22

wdoSu uq;ka us;a;ka w;r fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZoj jHdma;j mej;s tlu iajrEmfha

wd.usl weoys,s yd jsYajdi wdosfhys mej;s mq|=u M<jk iq,q iudkjh ksid Tjqka |=rd;S;fha

NdIdj yd isrs;a jsrs;a w;ska wfkHdakH iuznJOluz olajuska tlu jsYd, m@foaYhl iuQy

jYfhka cSj;a jQ msrsila njhs' ;jo |=rd;S;fhys lsishuz osfkl tlu msrsila f,i jsiQ

ngysr foaYjdiS ck iuQyhkaf.ka fjkaj wd Ndr;foaYSh jeisfhdao" BrdKSh cd;slfhdao"

tfia fjkaj wd kuq;a tlg fjfiuska bka|=- BrdKSh ck iuQyh kuska jsfYaIfhka yZ|=kajkq

,enQy' fuz ld,fhaoS fudjqka w;r mej;s fu;a;d ixl,amh jv jvd;a ixjrAOkh jkakg

jsh' miqj BrdKShjrekaf.ka o fjkajQ m@dpSk wdhH!hka tkuz Ndr; foaYjdiS wdhH!hka ta

ngysr m@foaYj,ska bkaoshdjg ( Ndr; foaYhg ) bka|=lIa lZ|=jegsh yryd m@fjzYjkakg

we;ehs ie,fla' fudjqka uZ.ska iuia; Ndr;h mqrdu fu;a;d ixl,amh jHdma; jkakg

we;'49

us;@ ixl,amh ia;@SFjh yd ud;DFjh uQrA;su;a lsrSu msKsi Ndjs;d jS we;s

wdldrh ffjosl idys;Hh wOHhkh lrkafklg oel .; yelsh' iQrAhhdf.a jsjsO ,CIK

ms<snZoj wjOdkhg ,lal< ffjoslfhda tajd W;amdol Yla;sh m@dKj;a lsrSfuz n,h

os,sfik iajNdjh jYfhka jrA.SlrKhg ,lafldg tu jsjsO ,CIK iZoyd jsjsOdlr

mhH!dh kduhka wdfoaYl<y.Bg wkq.;j iQrAhhdf.a <ysre /iaj,ska kefZ.k m@Nd;h

fldau< iajrEmhla .kakdnj ie,l~ ffjoslfhda tys wka;rA.; ,d,s;Hh ksid we,au we;s

lrjk .Kh hk wrA:fhka thg‘us;@’hk kduh jHjydr l<y.fuz wkqj ffjoslhka

‘us;@’Ynsofhka uq|=njo ia;@SFjfha iyc .;s iajNdjhka jQ ,d,s;Hh o fldau, iqkaor

ugis,sgs pu;aldr ckl iajNdjho ta ksid is;a i;kays ,d W;alrAIj;a jk we,auo

ksrAjpkh fldg ;sfnz.fuz woyia jrAOkh jSfuka miq l,l ‘us;@’Ynzoh fj; iuia; ia;@S

iajNdjh yd ia;@SFjh wdfrdamKh fldg ;sfnz.ia;@SFjh ksrEmKh lrjkakdjQ fohla f,i

‘us;@’Ynzoh Ndjs;d lsrSu ksid iduQyslFjh neZoSu j.lSu udkj ys;jdoSnj jeks .`K

wka;rA.; ia;@SFjfhys iyc ,CIKhla jQ ud;DFjfha iuzmrAlh fuhg ,efnkakg jsh.50

jsfYaIfhka iqrAhhd i; jQ W;amdol Yla;sh flrys ffjosl ckhdf.a wjOdkh

fhduq jS mej;sks' uqZM uy;a jsYajfhau W;amdolhd iQrAhh Yla;sh uZ.ska m@Njh jkakd jQ

fohla hk yeZ.Su fujlg ffjoslhka ;< uq,a nei.kakd ,o yeZ.Suls' b;sydiZ[hka yd

udkj jsoHdZ{hska fmkajd fokafka fulS wdl,amh ffjoslhka i;j muKla fkdj m@d.a

udkj ish,qqu YsIaGdpdrhkays meje;s m@druzNl wNspdruh ixl,amhla njhs' udkj

m@cdjf.a iuzNjh is|=jkqfha ia;@Sh i; cSj W;amdol iY@SlFjh ksid fyhska iQrAhhd i; jQ

fuhg iudk jQ W;amdol Yla;sh ia;@shf.a tlS ksirA. Yla;shg iudk lr oelajSu ksid

us;@ iuia; ffcj m@cdjf.a wdruzNl Yla;s m@Njh f,iska yd ish,q pu;aldr ckl jQ oE

tlg wdnJOkSh lrjkakdla f,iska ffjoslhka w;r ms<s.ekSug md;@ jsks' us;@ ixl,amhg

pu;aldr ckl iajrEmhla tla jSug yd tu iajrEmh ia;@shlf.a Ndjuh ,S,djg .,md

23

.ekSug ffjoslhka fm<USug fya;j us;@ i;j we;s wdnJOkSh iajNdjh ksid il,jsO

ffcj m@cdj w;r ifydaorFjh fyda us;@Fjh jeks Tjqka tluq; lrkakd jQ lsishuz neZoSula

yg .ks;ehs Tjqka jsYajdi lrkakg jSuhs'51

fmroS ud;DFjh we;ZM fiiq ia;@SFjfhys iychka wdfrdamKh lr ;snqfka

iajNdj OrAuhd fj;hs.t;l|= jqj;a ixl,am mrsjrA;kh;a iuZ.u iajNdj OrAuhd fj;

wdfrdamKh fldgoS ;snQ fuz foajFjh miqld,Skj udkj iajrEmfhka oelajSfuz wjYH;djh

u; jsh. fuu udkj iajrEmfhka oelajSfuz wjYH;djh u; jSu;a iuZ.u mdfya ndysr

|@jHhka uZ.ska Tjqkaf.a wNka;r ps;a; ixl,am bosrsm;a lsrSfuz l,d;aul pska;khg uQ,sl

moku fuhska jegsks' mYapd;a ld,Sk hq.j, oS nsys jQ jsjsO l,d ksrAudKhka iZoyd wjYH

lrk ksrAudKYS,S wdl,am o fuz wd.usl woyia Tiafia jsldYhg m;ajsh'52

us;@ ixl,amfhys b;sydih .fjzIKh lr ,nk mrAfhaIlfhlyg tuZ.ska

ffjosl ixialD;sh fmdaIKh jQ wdldrh oel.; yelsh' fuz jsIh fCIa;@h ms<snZoj

mrAfhaIKh l< tuz' jskagksgzia ( M.Winternitz ) kue;s mZvsjrhd Tyqf.a ‘bkaoshdkq

idys;H b;sydih’ ( Histoty of Indian Literature ) kuz lD;sh ;,ska by; olajk ,o

us;@ ixl,amfhys jsldYhg iuznJO lreKq fmkajd oS ;sfnz.tys‘us;@’ fojshd foaj iuQyhlg

wh;a jkafkl nj olajd we;.fuu foajiuQyhg wh;ajk fojsjre jkafka bka|@ jreK us;@

wos;s jsIaKq mQIka ure;a re|@ mc!kH wYajska hk fojsjrehs. uq<oS fuu fojsjreka

fhdod.;akd ,oafoa iajNdjsl jia;~kag foajFjhla wdrfrdamKh fldg jK!kd lsrSfuz oS

fhdod .kakd ,o jsfYaIK mo f,ih.miqj fuu kduhka ta iajNdjsl jia;~kays

Wm,CIKdrA: jsfYaIKfhka tajd yZ|=kajdoSu msKi jHjydr jsks. wk;rej ta kduhka tu

iajNdjsl jia;~ka yeZoskajSu msKsi Ndjs;dlrkakd jQ mrAhdh kdu njg fmr<S wjidkfha oS

iajNdjsl jia;~kaf.ka fjkia jQ iajdOSk fojsjreka f,i jHjydr jkakg jsh.53

‘us;@’fojshd ms<snZo woyio uq<oS ‘us;@’kue;s ixl,amh weiqrefldg by; olajk

,o wdldrfhka jsldYhjQ tlls.fuz ksid ‘us;@’fojshd ksremkh lsrSfuzoS tys uq,a ‘us;@’

ixl,amfha oelafjk wdldrhg uD|=nj yd ,d,s;Hh fmkajk whqrska ksrEms; jsh.fuz

‘us;@’ixl,amh fnfyjska m@p,s;j meje;sfha yd uq,aneif.k ;snQfha bka|= ksuzk ixialD;sh

;,h.ta ksidu bka|+ksuzk jdiSka fnfyjska idulduS yd b;doshqKq iNHFjhlg ysusluz lS

msrsilaj isgshy' fnfyjska iuDoaOsu;a osjsfmfj;la .;l< lDIs lrAudka;h iFjmd,kh

yd fjk;a Ys,am lrAudka; wxYhkaf.ka oshqKq YsIaG iuzmkak cSjs;hla .; l<y.54

wdrAhhka kuska ;ukaj yZ|=kajd .;a ffjoslckhd ;u ixialD;sl wdOsm;Hh

wfkl;a ixialD;Ska flfrys me;srjSu;a iuZZ. bka|=ksuzk ixialD;sh ffjosl ixialD;sfhka

24

hgm;ajsh.ta iuZ.u bka|= ksuzk ixl,amh hgm;a lrf.k ffjosl iuh ixl,amh

wOsm;SFjh orkakg jsh.bka|=ksuzk jdiSka w;r m@p,s;j mej;s‘us;@’ixl,amfhys wdNdIh

ffjosl ixialD;shg ,enqk;a ffjosl ixialD;sh ;< ‘us;@’ixl,amh bka|=ksuzk ixialD;sfha

;ruz jHdma;j fkd mej;sfhah' thg jsjsO ldrKd fya;jsh' tajd my; oelafjk mrsos

oelajSug yel.

1' ‘us;@’ixl,amh ffjosl ixialD;shg wd.ka;l ixialD;shlska meusKs fohla jSu ksid tu

wd.ka;l ixialD;sh i; jQ foa flfrys we;s |=rjfndaOh" fkdie,ls,a, yd ms<sfkd.kakd

iqM Ndjh jeks m@;sfYaOkd;aul lreKqj, n,mEu.

2' fuzjk jsg ffjosl ixialD;sh uq,a;ek f.k ;snQ ksid;a bka|=ksuzk jdiSka Tjqka jsiska

hgm;a lrf.k ;snQ ksid;a ;udf.a ixialD;sh bka|=kuzk ixialD;shg jvd Wiiah hk

udkisl wdl,amhl ffjoslhka miqjSu.

3' ;ukag jvd my< ixialD;shl fjfikakkaf.a iuh ixl,amhka nqoaOs f.dapr fkdfj;ehs

fjoslhka ;, ;snQ miq.duS m@;s ffjosl wdl,amh.

4' ;uka jsiska hgm;a lr.kakd,o ixialD;shl jQ ixialD;sl ,CIK yd wkHkH;d

,CIK ke;slr .ekSug fm<USu TzkEu wdl@uKsl ck;djlf.a ,CIKhlajSu.

5' ta hgm;a lrk,o ixialD;sfhys jQ iuh ixl,amhka flfrys iDcqju jsreoaO jSu

fjkqjg Wmydid;aul f,i yd wjZ{d iy.; f,i ta foi ne,Sug ckhd fhduqlrjSu

ksid ksrdhdifhkau iuh ixl,amhka hgm;ajSu.

6' bka|=ksuzk jeishkaf.a ‘us;@’ixl,amh ;ukaf.a iuh ixl,amhkg wEZod.kq ,enqfjz mQrAK

wjfndaOhlska fyda ioaNdjhlska fkdjSu.

7' bka|=ksuzk jeishkaf.a iuh ixl,amhka ;uka jsiskao ms<s.kq ,enSu ;,ska ffjoslhka

Wml@uYS,S f,i ;u iuh fj; wdlrAYKh lr.ekSfuz Wml@usl fpz;kdj u; l@shd

lsrSu.

8' bka|= ksuzk YsIaGdpdrh ffjoslhka jsiska w;am;a lr.kq ,enQfjz hqouh jYfhka

ffjoslhka ,nd ;snQ w;aoelSuz flaJ|@ fldgf.k usi bka|= ksuzk jdiSkag muK ixialD;sl

jYfhka oshqKq iNHFjhlg ysusluz lS msrsila fkdjSu'

9' fj<odu yd wdl@uKYS,SFjh uZ.ska w;am;a lr.;a oshqKq YsIaGdpdrhl iNH;ajh

wjfndaO lr.kakg ;ruz jsfjzl nqoaOshla fyda Wjukdjla ffjoslhkayg fkd;snSu'

10' ;uka jsiska hgm;a fldg isgs ;ukaf.a ffjosl YsIaGdpdrhg jvd oshqKq YsIaGdpdrhla

jQ bka|= ksuzk YsIaGdpdrh i; ixialD;sl wkHkH;djh ms<snZoj ffjoslhka i; w,am

ud;@ oekqu ksid;a ta oshqKq YsIaGdpdrh i; oshqKq iNH;ajh yd uqiq jSug ffjoslhkag

fkdyels jSu'

11' ksrka;rfhka ;u YsIaGdpdrfhys Wiianj ms<snZoj is;~ bka|= ksuzk jdiSka ;ukag jvd

fkdoshqKq ixialD;sl ,CIK ;snQ fjosl YsIaGdpdrh iuZ. ksrka;rfhkau u; jdoSj yd

odrAYkslj .efguska ffjoslhka yg ;ukaf.a Wiia ixialD;sl ,CIK yd wkHkH;djh

ms<snZoj m@cd;ka;@jdoSj lreKq wjfndaO lrjkakg W;aiyhkaj, ksr;jSu ksid

25

Ndr;h mqrdu odrAYksl jsma,jhka werUSu'

12' fu;a;d ixl,amh flaJ|@ lr .kakd ,o Ndr;Sh odrAYksl jsma,jfhys uQ,sl moku

f,i ilia jS ;snqfka wjsysxidjdoS b.ekajSuz yd ysxidjdoS b.ekajSuz mdol fldgf.k

ksid tlS uqZm uy;a odrAYksl jsma,jh m@lg jQfha jsjsO Ydia;Djrekaf.a jsjsO wd.usl

b.ekajSuz w;rjk idrOrAu jsma,jhla f,ihs'

by; olajk lreKq ;,ska fmfkkafka ‘us;@’ ixl,amh ffjosl ckhd ;< t;ruz

jHdma;j os.l,la fkdmej;kq njhs. miql,l oS n@dyauK iuzm@odh nsysjkafka ffjosl

ixialD;sh miqnsuzfldg f.kh.55 b;d os. l,la ffjosl ixialD;sfhka negluska hgm;aj

tfy;a iuzmQrAKfhkau fkdkeiS mejf;uska wd bka|= ksuzk ixialD;sh miqnsuz fldg f.k

miql,l oS Y@uK iuzm@odh nsys fjz'56 Y@uK iuzm@odh nsys jSu iZoyd uQ,slju mokuz

jkqfha bkaoSh YsIaGdpdrfhys wdrAhd.ukh ksid hgm;aj .sh wkdrAh YsIaGdpdrh i; m@d.a

ft;sydisl ixialD;sl ,CIK nejska Y@uK iuzm@odfhys uQ,sl b.ekajSuz ilia jkqfha

wdrAhh YsIaGdpdrh mokuz fldg nsys jQ n@dyauK b.ekajSuzys idrOu! jsfrdaOS iudch fj;

n,y;aldrfhka mgjk ,o oroZvq wdlD;sluh ,CIKhkag jsreoaOj hk wdldrfhks'57

fuz fya;j ksid n@dyauK b.ekajSuzys wka;rA.; whqla;s iy.; ysxidjdoS yd

idrOu! jsfrdaOS ,CIKhka foi jspdr mQjlj l,amkd lr ne,Sug tod idudkH ck;djg

wjia:djla ie,isks' ysxidj" ffjrh yd rgj,a wdl@uKh uZ.ska tod wdrAhhka n@dyauK

b.ekajSuz uqZM uy;a Ndr;h mqrdu jHdma; lsrSug W;aiql jQ w;r tjeks l@shd uZ.ska oevs

f,i mSvdjg m;a jQ idudkH ck;djg o tjeks foa j,g jsreoaOj l@shd lsrSfuz uy;a

wjYH;djhla o ygf.k ;snsKs' ulaksid o h;a wdrAhhka fuka ysxidjdoS l@shdj, ksr;

jSfuka fkdj wkHhka w;r us;@Fjh iyfhda.S;djh yd ifydaorFjh jrAOkh lsrSu uZ.ska

;Dma;su;a jkakg iajNdjfhka u bka|= ksuzk jdiSka yqre mqre|=luz ,enQ YsIaGdpdrhla jQ

fyhsks'58

us;@ ixl,amfhys iuzmrAlh Igz Ydia;Djrekaf.a jsjsO b.ekajSuz jsIfhys

Wmhqla; jQ wdldrh ms<snZoj lreKq wOHhkh lsrSu uZ.ska nq|=iuh my< jSug wdikak ld,

jljdkqj ;< tu ixl,amfhys jsldYh .ek ukd wjfndaOhla ,ensh yels fjz' by; olajk

,o jsia;r wkqj us;@ ixl,amh nsysjQfha;a th mqZM,aj yeoS jevS fmdaIK jQfha;a Y@uK

iuzm@odh nsysjSug miqnsuzjQ bka|= ksuzk ixialD;sh ;, nejz ;yjqre jsKs.fuz wkqj us;@

ixl,amh Y@uK iuzm@odh i; wkH;djh m@lg lsrSfuz ,CIKhla f,io yZ|=kd.;

yelsh.miq ld,hloS n@dyauK iuzm@odh wnsnjd .shdjQ mQrK liaim" ulaL,S f.daid," wcs;

flai luzn," llO lpzpdhk" ixch fn,a,gzGs mq;@ yd ks.KaG kd: mq;a; hk Igz

Ydia;Djreka wh;ajQfhao Y@uK iuzm@odhghs.Igz Ydia;Djreka my<jSu tod ld,Sk iudc

wjYH;djhla jQfhao n@dyauK iuzm@odh i; wd.usl ixl,am ;< nyd md,l mx;sh fj;

26

ms<s.kajk ,o" uqZM uy;a iudch mSvkhg m;a lrjk" oroZvq iudc md,k Wml@u

wka;rA.; b.ekajSuz j,ska Ndr;Sh iudch fyuzn;aj mej;s nejsks'59

Igz Ydia;Djreka ishZMfokdf.au wd.usl b.ekajSuz taldka; jYfhkau n@dyauK

iuzm@odfha uqZM uy;a iudch mSvkhg m;a lrjk" oroZvq iudc md,k Wml@u wka;rA.;

b.ekajSuzj,g jsreoaOj bosrsm;a jQfha iudch oevs jevjiuz mx;s.; ffjrfhka yd

ysxikfhka uqojd .ekSu ta Ydia;Djre ishZM fokdf.au wNsm@dh jQ ksidhs.fuz ksid Y@uK

iuzm@odh ks;ru Wkka|= jQfha yqfola jspdr mQrAjl f,i fyda uqZM ukskau wOdk.@dyS f,i

fyda iudch Wia my;a jYfhka jrA.SlrKh flaJ|@ lr.kakd,o b.ekajSuz j,g iDcq f,i

tfrysj hkakd jQ b.ekajSuz ;u iuh ixl,am f,i yZ|=kajd fokakghs' tys uQ,slu woyi

jkqfha iudcuh ysxikhg tfrysj hdu muKla jk nejska fydZo krl lu! jsmdl folu

m@;sfCIam lrk ,o b.ekajSuz wdpdr jsoHdjg fkd.e,mqk;a tys wNsm@dh jQfha nuqKka jsiska

fmkajd fokq ,enQ m@dK>d;l hd.h tkuz li,.duS m@;smodjla f,i yZ|=kajd fokq ,enQ foa

idjoH jQjla nj ck;djg fmkajd oSu jk nejska uQ,sl jYfhka hym;a fpz;kdjla Tiafia

Y@uK iuzm@odh ;u wd.usl b.ekajSuz bosrsm;a l< nejz ms<s.ekSug is|= fjz' fuz hgf;a

iDcqju us;@ fyda fu;a;d hkqfjka kduslj jHjydr fkdjqk;a iuzmQrAK jYfhka idrA:l

fyda ffck iufhys fuka wO! jYfhka idrA:l jHdhduhla fkdjqk;a" fu;a;d hkafkys

woyi .enzjk b.ekajSuz Y@uK iuzm@odh ;< b;d nyq, jYfhka bosrsm;a lrkakg huzlsis

wjxl mrsY@uhla ord we;s nj fmfka. fu;a;d ixl,amfhka flfrkafka o ish,q wdldrfha

ysxihkahg jsreoaO jSu nejsks' kuq;a wjdikdjlg ffck iuh yer fiiq Y@uK

iuzm@odhhka uZ.ska bosrsm;a lrk ,o b.ekajSuz ksid iuia; Ndr;Sh iudch wdpdr

jsoHd;aul mCIfhka oevs f,i mrsydksh lrd .uka l< nj;a tlS wvqmdvqj ksidu tu

wvqmdvqluz |=re lsrSu msKsi nq|=iuh my< jQ nj;a fmfkkag ;sfnz'

Igz Ydia;Djreka w;rska wka; fN#;sl jdoS u;hla ork wcs; flai luzn, f.a

b.ekajSuz wkqj fmfkkafka ish,qu wdldrfha l@shdjkaf.a m@;sM, fudyq jsiska m@;sfCIam lrk

,o njhs'60 tfukau ish oyfuz uQ,sl ixl,amh f,i wlsrshjdoh bosrsm;a lrk mQrK

liaim ta b.ekajSuz uZ.ska fydZo krl jYfhka l@shdjka jsksYaph lsrSu m@;sfCIam lrk ,o

nj fmfka'61 ;u uQ,sl b.ekajSu f,i ima;ldh jdoh bosrsm;a lrk ,o mlO lpzpdhk

ish b.ekajSuz uZ.ska fmkajd fokqfha Tyq lu!h yd lu! M,h fkdms<s.;a njhs'62 oevs

ixYhjdoS odrAYksl ia:djrhla weiqre lsrSu ;u uQ,sl oyu f,i olajk ,o ixch

fn,a,gzGs mq;a; ish b.ekajSuz uZ.ska ksYaps; li, m@;smodjla yZ|=kajd fkd|=ka nj fmfka'63

ksh; ix.;sjdoh ish uQ,sl oyu f,i fmkajd fokq ,enQ ulaL,S f.daid, jsiska

wlsrshjdoh" wfya;ljdoh yd ixidr YoaOsjdoh jeks wfya;l wm@;Hjdohka ;yjqre l<d

jskd fya;M, jdoS wd.usl b.ekajSula bosrsm;a fkdl< nj Tyqf.a b.ekajSuz wkqj fmfka'64

27

fuu b.ekajSuz foi ne,sh hq; jkafka yqfola wdpdr jsoHd;aul oDIags fldaKhg

jvd ;;a hq.fhys m@p,s;j mej;s iduzm@odhsl wOsldrSjdoS wd.usl b.ekajSuz wrNhd fuu

b.ekajSuz ljr wdldrhl n,mEula t,a, l<do ke;fyd;a fuu b.ekajSuz wcs; flai

luzn," mQrK liaim" mlO lpzpdhk" ixch fn,a,gzGs mq;a; yd ulaL,S f.daid, hk

Ydia;Djreka miafokd jsiska bosrsm;a lrkakg fh|=fka lula fyhskao hk m@ia;;h flaJ|@

fldgf.khs' ful, n@dyauK b.ekajsuz b;du;a ;on, f,i iudch fj,d me;sr mej;s

hq.hla jS ;snsKs' b;d oevs wka;jdoS wd.usl ia:djrhla orK ,o nuqqKka jsiska wd.usl

b.ekajSuz f,i iudchg bosrsm;a lrk ,oafoa iudch ;j ;j;a mSvdjg m;a lrk ,o

ffjrh jmqrjk" ysxidj Wodlrjk" l,fNaoh ;yjqre lrk" mx;sfNaoh we;s lrk"

iudch oevs oroZvq wdlD;s.; ;;ajhlg yd wdjD; iajNdjhlg /f.k hkakd jQ

lreKqh' Tjqka jsiska ish wd.usl b.ekajSuz iajrEmfhka wd.usl b.ekajSuz ;< nyd"

wd.usl b.ekajSuzj, iZM ms<s yZojd bosrsm;a lrk ,oafoa usksiqkaf.a jsuqla;sh Wod lrfok

wkaofuz pska;khla fkdj jspdr mQrAjl pska;khlska hq;j n,kakg usksiqka yqre mqre|=

fjuska mej;s tu ld,jljdkqfjz ke;sjS hk ish n@dyauK wdOsm;Hh kej;;a iudch ;<

;yjqre lr.ekSug wjYH lrk lreKq muKs'65

tu ksid tjka iudc wdrA:sl wd.usl foaYmd,k jd;djrKhla yuqfjz ld,Sk

iudcuh wjYH;djhla jS ;snqfKao yels Wmrsu whqrska tu wka;jdoS ysxidjdoS n@dyauK

b.ekajSuz j,g tfrysj l@shdlrkakd jQ b.ekajSula bosrsm;a lsrSu usi tuZ.ska iudcfhys

wdpdr jsoHd;aul moku nsZo jefgk nj is; is;d l,auruska isgSu fkdfjz' fuz ksid iFj

>d;kh wdoS fkdfhl;a ysxil l@shd wkq.ukfhka mj;ajkq ,enQ hd.fhys yd hZ{fhys

udrA.fhka jsuqla;sh Wodfj;ehs i,lkakg lshd|=ka nuqKq oyu ijoH jQjla nj;a" tys

fydZo krl li, wli, mska mjz f,i fmkajd oS ;snQ lrKq idjoH nj ;rAldkqidrSj

fmkajd oSu;a hq.fhys ld,Sk iudc wjYH;djh fia ie,lsks'66

ta uZ.ska wysxil ck;dj fj;" n@dyauK b.ekajSuz uZ.ska we;s lrkq ,enqjd jQ"

nuqKq wdOsm;Hfhka ksoyia lr .ekSfuz hym;a fpz;kdj fmrgq lrf.k ;;a hq.fhys

ish,qu Y@uK iuzm@odhhkays b.ekajSuz bosrsm;a jsks' fuz wkqj fN#;sljdoh" wlsrshjdoh"

ixYhjdoh jeks b.ekajSuz bosrsm;a jQfha o fulS wdl,amh fmroers lrf.kh' we;euzyq

fuu b.ekajSuzj, wdpdr jsoHd;aul wufkdaZZ{njla fmkajd fokq ,nkafka tajd bosrsm;a

lrk ,o uQ,sl wruqK ksis f,i ixcdkkh lsrSfuka f;drj idudkH ck;dj fujeks

b.ekajSuz idjoH wdldrhg .@yKh lr.ekSu ksid iudcfhys we;s jkakd jQ wdpdr

jsoHd;aul nsZo jegSu muKla ie,ls,a,g f.kh'67 fuz w;r nq|=iuh yqfola n@dyauK

b.ekajSuz j,g jsreoaO jSfuka muKla fkdkej;S wkq.ukh lsrSu iZoyd iq|=iq irAj

iuzmQrAK jsuqla;sh Wod lr.ekSfuz wdpdr jsoHd;aul yd Z{dk uSudxil l@ufjzohla yZ|=kajd

fokq ,enQ w;r fiiq Igz Ydia;Djreka w;rska wcs; flai luzn," mlO lpzpdhk" mQrK

28

liaim" ulaL,S f.daid," ixch fn,a,gzGs mq;a; hk Ydia;Djreka mia fokdf.a b.ekajSuz

yqfola n@dyauK b.ekajSuz j,g jsreoaO jSu muKlau ish b.ekajSuzj, wruqK lr.;a nj

meyeos,sj fmfkkakg ;sfnz' 68

fu;a;d ixl,amh n,mEu ffck Ou!h jsIfhys we;sl< n,mEu ms<snZoj

wOHhkh lsrSu tys mYapd;a ld,Sk jsldYh luk mokula u; ilia jsKs oehs f;areuz

.ekSug jsYd, msgsjy,la fjz' Igz Ydia;Djre w;rska ks.KaG kd: mq;a; jsiska bosrsm;a

lrk ,o b.ekajSuz ffck oyu nsys jSug WmldrS jsh'69 ffck oyfuz moku f,i ie,lsh

yels mru wjsysxidjdoh uZ.ska o us;@ ixl,amhg ,efnkafka ukd msgsjy,ls' fuu

wjsysxidj jkdyS cSjh iys; iEu fohlska u wE;a jsh hq; hehs mjik YsCIK udrA.hhs'

kuq;a nq|=iuhdkql~,j fuu YsCIK l@uh ksrjoH hehs mejish fkd yelafla b;du;a

wka;.duS f,i w;a;ls,u:dkqfhda.hg .shd jQ l@ufjzohla fudjqka jsiska wkq.ukh l<

nejsks'

lsishuz cSjSka fldgilg ydks is|=fj;ehs hk nsfhka iuyr ffckfhda .uka

lrk uZ. msioeuSu o" wdYajdi lrk jsg im@dKsl laIq|@ cSjSka weoS t;ehs hk nsh ksid

.uka lrk jsg ysi yd uqyqKq wdjrKh fldg .ekSu o" c,h fmrd mdkh lsrSu o" uS

meKs mjd m@;sfCIam lsrSu o lr;s' fudjqka jsiska wkq.ukh l< wjsysxidj wka;hgu .sh

fohla nejska idudkHfhka wkq.ukh lsrSu b;du;a |=Ialrh'70 fuz |=IalrFjh

uydNdr;fhys fufia olajd ;sfnz' weiska olskq ,ensh fkdyels jQ;a" ;rAlfhka wkqudk

lrkq ,ensh fkdyels jQ;a" m@dKSkaf.ka f,dj msrS we;' wm weia msydgq fid,jk jsg Wkaf.a

w;a md levS jefgz' hkqhs'71 Nd.j; mqrdKh olajkafka o fujeks woyils' tkuz m@dKh

m@dKfhys m@dKh hehs olajhs'72 fuz iqZM i;Hh wu;l lr oeuQ jsg cSj;a jSu wmyiq jk

;ruzh' fld;kl fyda fjfik lsishuzu m@dKsfhlyg ;uka w;ska b;du;a iqZM ysxidjla

fyda is|=fj;ehs hk nsfhka ;ukaf.a wOHd;auhg mKjd .kakd ,o wd;au jOfhka yd wd;au

ysxikfhka hqla;j l,ayerSug fujsg is|= fjz' wd;au ysxikh yd wd;au jOh .enzjk

b.ekajSuz i,ld ne,Q l, ffck iuh mQrAK wjsxidjdoS b.ekajSulehs mejish fkdyelsh'

ffck iuh ;< jsia;r jk fulS wd;au jO yd wd;au ysxik l@ufjzohka

w;a;ls,u:dkqfhda.S m@;smodjka f,i nq|=iufhys fmkajd oS we;s w;r wkHhka jsIfhys

wysxidjdoS jqj;a ;uka jsIfhys w;a;ls,u:dkqfhda.h f,i wd;au jOh yd ysxikh

wkq.ukh l, hq; jQ wd.usl m@;smodj f,i fmkajd oS we;s nejska ffck iuh ;< we;af;a

wfkla wdpdr jsoHd;aul wd.usl b.ekajSuzz ish,af,ysu wka;rA.; jkakdla fuka wO!

wysxidjdohla nj iuh iudc jsoHdj wkqj o fmkajd osh yelsh'

fu;a;d ixl,amfhys iudcuh yd fm#oa.,sl Ndjs;dfjz Wmrsuh ms<sUsnq

jkafka mQrAK wjsysxidjdoS mokul nejska tnZZ|= mokul isg ish wd.usl b.ekajSuz bosrsm;a

29

lrkakd jQ ;@smsgld.; b.ekajSuz ;< muKla tu ixl,amfhys WmrSu Wmfhda.s;duh

,CIK jsoHudk jk nj fmkajd osh yelsh' fuz wkqj iuhdka;r miqnsu ;< nq+|=iufhys

oelafjk b.ekajSuz ;< fu;a;d ixl,amfhys WmrSu ixjrAOkd;aul wjia:djka lrd <Z.d

jsh yels ffcj idrOrAu ugzguz l@shd;aul jk nj meyeos,s fjz' idrOu!hkays WmrSu ;,h

yeujsgu fmd|= uy;a jsYajjSh tald;ausl nj yd ffcj iqrCIs;;djh mokuz lrf.k

we;sjQjla jk fyhska fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdOHd;ausl yd iudcuh Wmfhda.S;djh jvd;a

m@n, f,i nq|=iuh jsiska fuysoS jvd;a oevs f,i wjOdrKh lrkq ,nhs' fuz wkqj

;@smsgld.; iEu b.ekajSulskau mdfya iuia; ffcj m@cdj fj; f.k tk mKsjqvh jkqfha

o fu;a;d ixl,amfhka m@uqos; ffcj ys;jdoS njuhs' isjzjkla msrsi w;rska .sys mejsos

fomsrsigu fu;a;d ixl,amfhys .enzjk ffcj ys;jdoS ,CIK nq|=iufhka fmkajd oS we;s

w;r mejsos Ndjfhys uQ,sl moku ilia jS we;af;ao fu;a;d ixl,amh fmroers lrf.k

nejska nq|=iuh fiiq iuhjdohka blaujd .sh irAj iuzmQrAK wjsysxidjdoS b.ekajSula

bosrsm;a lrkakd jQ oyula jQ nj fmkajd osh yelsh'