- 2412 Friendrech Mieseher)

- 2453 Albrecht Rossel

2 1. pyrimidine)

2. purine)

- 2492 Erwin Chargaff) DNA

A = T , C = G

- 2493 – 2495 (M.H.F. Wilkins)

DNA DNA (helix) polynucleotide

1

JAMES D.WATSON FRANCIS H.C. CRICK DNA

1. DNA 2.3.

(DEOXYRIBOSE) 4.5.

DNA ADENINE (A) THYMINE (TP) ( 2

CYTOSINE(C) GUANIN (G) ( 3

- 1

-UAA, UGA UAG

mRNA Terminating Codon- mRNA

Codon- tRNA

tRNA mRNA tRNAmRNA tRNA anticodon

codon GCA mRNA

Triplet Code3 Nucleotides

Codon

Amino acid

DNA replication)

semiconservative replication)

DNA

1. helicase) replication fork)

SSB (Single Strand Binding protein)

RNA RNA primer) RNA primase) DNA

deoxyribonucleotide-

DNA leading strand)

DNA leading DNA

-

origin of replication) Okazaki fragment)

lagging strand)

DNA - - exonuclease)

ligase) DNA

genetic information)RNA (single - stranded)

(copy) RNA genesRNA Synthesis

base pairs(structural gene / gene proper) DNA

** TranscriptionNon - sense strand

base RNA(Non-template strand Sense strand

1.DNA templatePromoterStructural gene(Terminator

2. RNApolymerase3.Ribonucleotides

Adenine triphosphate(ATP)Guanine triphosphate(GTP)Uridine triphosphate(UTP)Cytosine triphosphate (CTP)

**DNA Gene DNA

Promoter……gene proper....... Terminator(Coding region)

Transcription

Initiation RNA2.2.Elongation RNA3.3.Termination

Transcription 3 steps

InitiationElongation

Termination

-Initiation Transcription :** RNA polymerase promoter

promoter :* RNA polymerase DNA

-- Coding strand RNA polymeraseRNA polymerase ribonucleotide

Start point

– Elongation :** RNA polymerase ribonucleotides

RNA --ribonucelotides

RNA DNA RNA

– Termination :DNA gene

Terminatorterminator

Rho - independent termination RNA hairpin)

RNA polymerase -->2.2.Rho - dependent termination RhoRhofactor factor ) RNA polymerase

terminator

mRNA

tRNAAUG ’

tRNAmRNA

’ ’ tRNA

tRNAmRNA

UAA,UAGUGA tRNA

tRNA

DNA Replication Transcription

S phase Proteinsynthesis

DNA

T A G C U A G C

RNA primer

DNA polymerase RNApolymerase

’ 3’ 5’ 3’

Polynucleotide 2 Polynucleotide

- Friedrich Miescher

--

chromosome theory of inheritance - R. Feulgen

Fuchsin

-

“ ”

Walter S. Sutton )

-

Walter S. Sutton )

Walter Sutton)

chromosome theory of inheritance)

2 autosome sex chromosome

1.

2.

1.

1.1 XO

21

20 + XO2 10 + X

10 + O

(10 + X) X

(10 + O) autosome

1.2 XY

AA + XY 2 A+X

A+YX Y

AA + XX

A+X

1.3 ZW

XY XY

AA + ZZ

A+Z AA

+ ZW 2 A+Z

A+W

- . . 1922 autosome X

gene (genetic balance) gene 2 male tendency

gene autosome femaltendency gene X

autosome X

autosome / X chromosome = 1

1 (super

2.

diploid , 2n = 32

haploid , n = 16

meiosis

= 16 meiosis

= 16

32

2 1.

2

1.1

1 47

45 1 2

XX

XY

1) Down's syndrome)

-

----

Edward's syndrome)

-

---

- -

Cri-du-chat syndrome)

---

Cat-cry-syndrome

X Y

X

X X

XO

Turner's syndrome)

X

XXX XXXX

XXX XXXX Super

female)XXY

XXXY

XXY XXXY

Klinefelter's syndrome)

YY

Y XYY

XYYSuper men)

-----

mutation

Mutation

chromosome mutation)

gene mutation point mutation)

1. chromosome mutation)

1)

2)3)

2. gene mutation point mutation)

radiation)

Ionizing Radiation

Non-Ionizing Radiation

colchicine)

dichlovos) paraquat)

Somatic cell)

Sex cell)

Genetic Engineering)

genetic engineering)

GMOs(genetically modified organisms)

GMO

DNA

GENE) GMO

GMO

GMO

GMO GMO

Generation)

2. 1.

2.1 Agro-Bacterium

2.2 GENE GUN)

DNA DNA

,

,

2539

GMO

GMO)

--

-delay ripening)

-

- (Potato)

Bacillus thuringiensis

GMO

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

GMOs

1. GMOs

2. DNA

GMOs

3. GMOs

4. allergen)

6. 10.

11.

1. plasmid

2.

3. PCR

1.

2.

oocyte metaphase II

(recipient cell)

Wilmut1997

(dolly)

1.

2.

3.4.

5.