Tim Berners-Lee, Wendy Hall, James Hendler, Nigel Shadbolt, Daniel J. Weitzner (2007), "Το πλαίσιο της επιστήμης του Web", εκδόσεις hyperconsult,
2. ... 3. Web 2007: : : A Framework for Web Science : SBN:
978-960930361-3Copyright Hyperconsult 2007. Authorized translation
of the English edition T. Berners-Lee, W. Hall,J.A. Hendler, K.
OHara, N. Shadbolt and D.J. Weitzner. This translation is published
and sold bypermission of Now Publishers, Inc., the owner of all
rights to publish and sell the same. 4. 9
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Web
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Web
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Web................................1216.1
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5. 6. 11Sir Timothy Berners-Lee OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSAO Tim
Berners-Lee 1955 . 1976 Queens College . , , M6800 . - Plessey
Telecommunications Ltd. barcode. 1978 1980 D.G NashLtd - . . (
1980) CERN European Particle PhysicsLaboratory . . Enquire , World
Wide Web. 1981 1984 Image Computer Systems Ltd JohnPoole . - real
time control firmware, - . 1984 CERN . , FASTBUS - . 1989 -,
WorldWide Web. Enquire . (server) World WideWeb (httpd) (client)
WorldWideWeb - / WYSIWYG1 NeXTStep.H 1990 WorldWideWeb - CERN .
1991. www1 What You See Is What You Get. WYSIWYG , , - , Web. 7. 12
1991 1993, Tim Web, . URIs, HTTP HTML Web. 1994 World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) (LCS)2. W3C, Web ERCIM3 - Keio . W3C4 Web , . 1999
3Com Founders chair LCS, - 5 CSAIL6. , CSAIL, (DIG)7. 2004
Southampton . 2006 - Web (WSRI)8. . 2007 Web , . , , , Sir . .1995:
Kilby ACM Prix Ars Electronica 1997: Koji Kobayashi IEEE Duddell
MCI Computerworld/Smithsonianwww2 Laboratory for Computer Science,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.3 European Research
Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics, http://www.ercim.org.4
http://www.w3c.gr.5 Artificial Intelligence Lab.6 Computer Science
and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.7 Decentralized Information
Group.8 Web Science Research Initiative, www.webscience.org. 8.
Columbus131998: Charles Babbage Mountbatten Medal Lloyd Kilgerran
PC Magazine MacArthur Eduard Rhein 100 TIME 2000: Paul Evan Peters,
Educause and CNI Electronic Freedom George R. Stibitz -2001: Sir
Frank Whittle 2002: Asturias ( Larry Roberts, Rob Kahn Vint Cerf)
Guglielmo Marconi Albert , 2004: (Sir) 2005: Common Wealth - Die
Quadriga Financial Times2006: 2007: Charles Stark Draper Lovelace
D&AD Presidents MITX (Massachusetts Innovation & Technology
Exchange) 9. 14 : Parsons School of Design, New York (D.F.A., 1995)
Southampton University (D.Sc., 1995) Essex University (D.U., 1998)
Southern Cross University (1998) Open University (D.U., 2000)
Columbia University (D.Law, 2001) Oxford University (D.Sc., 2001)
University of Port Elizabeth (DSc., 2002) Lancaster University
(D.Sc., 2004)Wendy Hall Wendy Hall - Southampton , - , . 350 , , -
Web. (ACM), - . - . - .James A. Hendler James Hendler Tetherless
World Senior Constellation - Rensselaer, - . - Web (Web Science
Research Initiative) . 200 - , Web, - . Web Fulbright 1995, - . .
DARPA, - . W3C 2002 10. Web.15 IEEE Intelligent Systems - -
(Reviewing Editors for Science). Kieron OHara Kieron OHara -
Southampton Web Science ResearchInitiative. , . : Plato and the
Internet (2002), Trust: From Socrates to Spin(2004), After Blair:
Conservatism Beyond Thatcher (2005), The Referendum
Roundabout(2006), inequality.com: Power, Poverty and the Digital
Divide (2006, DavidStevens), After Blair: David Cameron and the
Conservative Tradition (2007). , . Nigel Shadbolt Nigel Shadbolt
Southampton. . , -. 2000 - EPSRC Interdisciplinary Research
Collaboration in Advanced Knowledge Technologies(AKT). Web. 250 , .
1985, Shadbolt 30 20 . . 2001 2004 IEEE Intelligent Systems 2005 .
(ECCAI). (UK EPSRC Strategic Advisory Team). 11. 16 Daniel J.
Weitzner Daniel Weitzner W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) -- . Web .
. - . - (Reno v. ACLU, 1997). 1994 email (Electronic Communications
Privacy Act). Weitzner , . .. . , - . 12. 13. 19 9 Tim Berners-Lee
o 1992 Web . , Tim Web - . - . ... World Wide Web Consortium 1993
Tim Berners-Lee. , , . , - Tim Berners-Lee Web, ( ) Web Science
Web. , , , . 1993 Web .www9 . MIT, , . , . , , . , . . ESPRIT 1993
, 1998 Essential Technologies and Infrastructures in Europe. , .
14. 20 , , ! /, Web , - , , , - , . . - . , Web - (privacy), , .
Web , - , -. ( ) Web, , , , - . , peer to peer (P2P) Web, , - , - ,
. ( ) . , Web , , . , ( ) Web ( ) ( ). Web ! 15. 21 Web . Web , , .
, 10.10.2007 16. 22 10 , o , ,, , , , - , . , , , , Web. , Web : .
- ( o) , , , . , ( ) , . , , Web, , . , Web, Web, , . , www10 . ,
Master of Science in Electrical & ComputerEngineering / / &
. . (2003-2006), & (1997-2003), & (1997-1998 2000),
(2003-2006) (1997 2005) . 60 . 150 , . (2000-2002) (2002-2004),
(2000-2004). (2004-2007) 1 6 . (European University Association
EUA), 7 . 17. 23 . , . Web. Web, , , , , , - . , , , , , . , - Web
- . , 15.10.2007 . 18. 24 . , . , , , , , Web. , . - , Web. , Web -
, , . . Web , , , - . , , . , , , , Web. - . - . Web, , . Web, Tim
Berners-Lee !, 16.10.2007 19. 20. 27 , , Web. - . , Web. . , Web. -
. Web . , , -11. , Web, Web . , Web Science Web . (folksonomies)
(webmetrics). SW Web (Semantic Web)., , [] . [ , ]. , [2, 144] 2
144. (, , ) Web. www11 (Internet) , -. , , Web (WWW World Wide Web)
- . 21. 28 , , [email protected], www.webscience.gr. ! 22. 23. 31 ()
Web . Web , Web. Web, . Web, , Web, , , Web. Web, Web, Web P2P., ,
Web, . , Web , . 24. 1. 25. 33 World Wide Web (WWW Web) , , . . , ,
, , , , [142, 143]. . Web . 12 wikis13 , . , Web , - , , . 14, , ,
15 16 [34]. Web . . , Web . , , . , Web . Web : () () . Web www12
Weblog blog.13 .14 e-science. e-science ( eScience) , .15
e-government. .. , , .16 e-commerce. (, Web). 26. 1. E34 ( Web) , ,
- [34]. , , - , . Web [34]. Web Science . , - , , , - . Web , -
Web, - . , Web , . , , Web, ( , -). , Web - . - Web Web. , Web - ,
. 2005 Web17. , : Web Web , , 18 Webwww17 Web Science Workshop,
http://www.cs.umd.edu/~hendler/2005/WebScienceWorkshop.html. .18
Ubiquitous computing ( ubicomp) . 27. Web 35 Web. Web , . , , , , .
Web , Web . (hardware) . Web , , . Web . Web . , 40419 , URI20 -
(.. DNS21) . , W3C22 . - . Web. Web , , . , , . Web (.. 23). www19
.20 Uniform Resource Identifier. . (.. ) Web, (1- 143).21 Domain
Name System. . (2- 144).22 World Wide Web Consortium. Web. W3C -,
Web, .23 Grids. . 28. 1. E36 Web, Web (SW)24. Web , . , - 25 (NLP).
SW, - Web, . , , . SW, Web. , ., (.. URI) - (.. 26), Web. - , ,
Web. 4 Web . , Web - , , - . Web. , Web . , . 5. , , , (reasoning
methods), - Web.www24 Semantic Web.25 Natural language processing.
.26 . 29. Web Web 37 - . , SW - , , , - . 6. 7 , Web . 30. 2. Web
31. 39 , Web Science science ofthe Web. , , Web . 2.1 Web, . , 2.2
- Web.2.1 WebH Web , , , . Web , , , , . - Web27. Web 28 Uniform
Resource Identifiers (URIs) [33], 29 30 . Web . , - , , . , - , . /
. - , . , Web Web www27 [155].28 Resources. . - , . .29 Agents. .30
Formats. . 32. 2. Web 40 ., . . URIs . , , 31 . URIs URI 32, . URIs
33 , ( ) URI . URIs . URI , URI , . URIs Web 34 , . , HTTP, FTP
mailto, 35. . HTTP, , HTTP URIs - , . , HTTP URI - , - 36. Web , 37
. URI URI. -, . , , . www31 Bookmarking. . - , .32 , .33 3.1.2.34
Off-line. , .35 IANA http://www.iana.org/assignments/urischemes.36
5.4.6.37 . 33. Web -41. , , . , London A-Z. , DNS URIs, 38
foo.cs.bar.edu Bar ... , . , URI. London A-Z , Bar . , Web. URI . -
39, URI . Web , - , . . , . URIs . , mailto: (..
mailto:[email protected] mailbox), ., URI email mailbox emails
.www38 Server. client-server , clients server, .39 . 34. 2. Web 42
Web , HTML. Web. Web (, /), . . , , . . Web . URI, . Web. , , Web -
URIs. Web -, Web - . , - . - Web , . Web: , . , , , 40 Web, . , , (
) . , , ., - Web. terabytes41, www40 Modular. , , .41 1 terabyte =
1012 bytes. 35. Web , -43, . - 42, - . , 43 , - . Web , . , , , .
W3C. Web , , , URIs , -, Web . - W3C44. , Web W3C.2.2 Web Web , .
Web ; Web , . , , , , , Web. , , , , Web. , . . , , . , - Web 42
URI .43 www .44 Technical Architecture Group [154]. 36. 2. Web 44 .
, Web45. 46; - , . , , ; Web; ; , Web 47, . Web , Web - . - - ,
[188]. , 48 - . Web . , ; - . , IP49 [219]., Web, - . 50 27% .de ,
3% Web. - , - URLs51, , IP . Web . , ,www45 4.1.46 , , [80].47
Direct sampling. .48 Randomness. , .49 Internet Protocol. .50
[99].51 Uniform Resource Locator. (1, 143). 37. Web Web, 45 ..; ;
Web52 ( );, [138]; , 53 [191]; Web , . , [218]. , -54 , [253]. , ,
- . : 20% - 11 , 50% - . , 25% - 12 , [43]. -, 150 HTML , -, 11 , -
(.. .gr, .com) . , .com .edu .gov, , , . - , Webcrawlers55 [99].
Web . online56 , , 57, , - , Web.52 [167]; www53 (noise) .54 Web.55
Web crawler ( Web spider Web robot) Web .56 .57 Heuristic. . !. 38.
2. Web 46 Web , Web. , Web. . , , Web, , , 58, - , [51]. , P2P59 -
. Web. , . Web , -., Web , -. , Web, - .www58 Cognitive systems.59
Peer-to-Peer . . P2P . , . . 39. 48 3. Web 40. 49 Web Web 60 - 61.
Web. 3.1 Web (SemanticWeb). SW, ( 3.2). 3.3 , Web, P2P .3.1 WebTo
Web , , . , [146]. , Web . , , . , , . , SW [35, 17]62 Web. Web
63., , Web. , . www60 P2P.61 phishing. , (, ..) ( , , ..), .62 .63
Annotated text. . Web. 41. 3. Web50 , 64. - - , 2 , . , SW , . -
.3.1.1 WebTo Web . , . Web, , . , - , . Web . . Web , , . SW Web, .
SW . , SW Web . , , Web - - [34]. , - SW: , . Web , , , . Web , , ,
[135]. SW Google.www64 . 42. Web , 51 65 66 . , , . , . - . . , ,
Web . , . . , ()67 , -68, 69 , , . Web, , . , ( Web) . SW , , ,
[278]. , SW , RDF70, XML71 [195]. www65 Information retrieval
(IR).66 Data retrieval.67 Artificial Intelligence - AI. , .68
Knowledge base KB, kb . . , .69 Expert systems. . . , , .70
Resource Description Framework. , . ( ) .71 eXtensible Markup
Language. HTML - . XML . O- HTML XHTML, RDF SW. 43. 3. Web52 , . -
, . , , . SW HTML72 Web, . Web , . - CS AKTive Space, [251]. SW 73
n- [62]. RDF. . 74. RDF, [28]., , , . () , , , , , ... , . , RDF .
, , . , , , . , , [28]. SW . , SW - Web , . Web www72 HyperText
Markup Language. HTML . , . HTML .73 Relational data. , Ted Codd
1970. .74 , . 44. Web, 53 - . , . SW. , RDF , RDF . , - SW , . RDF,
, . , , - -SW . -, . , SW. SW Web75 [198], ( RDF Schema RDF-S
[44]). RDF OWL TrustProof LogicframeworkEncryprionSignature Rules
Ontology RDF Schema RDF M&SXML NamespacesURIUnicode 3.1 Web
www75 Ontology Web Language OWL. 45. 3. Web54 . 76 RDF, . SPARQL
[232]. SW SW ( 3.1). , SW , RDF OWL . RDF XML, User Interface &
applications TrustProofUnifying Logicontology:Rules: Query:OWL
RIFSPARQLRDF-S CryptoData interchange: RDFXMLURI Unicode 3.2 Web
(2006) URI. URI SW. , . OWL , . , Rule Interchange Format (RIF)77
[112] OWL RDF-S. SPARQL. SW, www76 Query language. , , .77
,http://www.w3.org/2005/rules/wg.html. 46. Web 78 55 3.2.3.1.2
URIs: ; ; RDF URIs, [195]. , XML XLink79, , . , RDF
http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#personhttp://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type
http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#mehttp://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#fullNameEric
millerhttp://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#mailboxmailto:[email protected]://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#personalTitleDr.
3.3 RDF URIs URIs . RDF ( 3.3) URIs . URI RDF . URI , [172]. RDF
3.3.: www78 Interface. , (.. , , , .) .79 XML . 47. 3. Web56Eric
MillerDr., URIs Web [33]. (,) , 80 , Web. URIs . URI , [155]. URIs
URIs. 81, SW, , URI. (.. ) URI, . RDF-S OWL , - . URIs SW. URIs , .
, SW . , Web , , URIs. SW, Web, - [278]., URIs. , www80 Network
effect. . .81 Machine-readability. ( /) . 48. Web . , 57 . , . , ,
. Web, (URI -) . , ( URN, 1- 143), - ( URL). , URIs URNs URLs ( ,
URCs82). HTTP, , URL. URI . URIs , . , HTTP URI, HTTP URI () HTTP
URI URL. - , . , , ( , 5.4.6). , ., /, . , . . -, . , - . DNS ,
www82 Uniform Resource Citations. . URIs . , , . 49. 3. Web58 , - .
DNS , - [26]. , , . (offline) - - . , John Stuart Mill Dartmouth
Dart . . WWW .
http://pegasus.cs.example.edu/disk1/students/-romeo/cool/latest/readthis.html
[26]. URI. pegasus, cs, students .. Romeo . cool83 latest84 . http
readthis URI . , . , . , DNS, . , - - (, , 85, ), . Web , , URI .
Web online . /www83 .84 , . .85 ceteris paribus. , . 50. Web URIs
86. SW 59 , . , , (.. ), (.. ) (.. ). Tim Berners-Lee [31] - HTTP.
, , . , . , . Web.3.1.3 3.2 ( 54) RDF RDF-S -. [123], - , - , , ,
-, , . . - , , Web. - . , . , , , Web . , , - . [96].www86 Formal
systems. : . , . 51. 3. Web60 , , Web . . - Web, [113]. , -, ,
[88]. OWL DAML+OIL [65], , , 87 [42]. OWL , RDF. , , ,, Web. OWL .
OWL Web SW, [134]. . . ( ) ( - [34]). , , , 88, (TL)89 90. [258] .
. Web, online , TL. TL [149]. . Bayes, , www87 Description Logic.88
Causal logic.89 Temporal logic.90 Probabilistic logic. 52. Web.
*Bayes -61 91 [117]. , , Bayes Web [19]. Bayes , Bayes [118]. Bayes
[162]. , , , . Web , . - Web, , , , ... [104]. SW, Fry , SW , - , .
, , . , , - . , , . [113] 92 ( ) . , , SW , - [158].* , Bayes ( ) -
( ) ( ).www91 spam. .92 Conceptualization. 53. 3. Web62 , SW , . ,
SW, () () , , - . , SW , . , , , . SW , Web . - . SW ( ).3.1.4 93 .
, , , . ( ) . , wiki , , . Wikipedia94, online , , , - . - , (tag).
, , . , - . www93 folksonomies (folk+taxonomies). .94
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki. 54. Web , . 63 Flickr95
del.icio.us96. . (BBC) [61]. , , , .. . , , 97 98, , . , Web
(spammers), . , , . [84]. . , , , - . 99 - , , , [268]. , , , - 2 .
[2].www95 http://www.flickr.com. .96 http://del.icio.us. .97 ..
science fiction, sci-fi and SF.98 .. SF = science fiction San
Francisco.99 Semiotics. . 55. 3. Web64 3.1.5 ; , [259]. , , , . , ,
. , . , . , , [61]. , . . Web [128]. . , , . . . . - . (.. ) ;. , .
56. Web , 100 65 . , [257]. , [201]. . , , , - [163]. , , . , - , ,
, Friend-of-a-Friend (FOAF [45]) Flink [200]., SW , -- Web, [101].
. , , . , . , ., SW , . - , - 101 102 . , , . . , - , www100
Zero-sum game. .101 Sunk cost.102 Marginal cost. . 57. 3. Web66
[29]. , , [212, 256, 10], ()(). , , , [158]. , CYC [183]. , , - .
SW , , , [259]. , , SW. SW . / . , ( - ) . - . . , . . SW . SW . -
. 3.1.6 Web SW. , . , , 58. Web . 67, , , , , , , , ... 103 - ., (
), (.. ), [58] ( , Web ). , , , , . , . , Dublin Core104 Text
Encoding Initiative105 (TEI). RDF . , . , ; , - ; ; ; - , . - . ,
.. , Flickr. , - , , . , . , , 2006 , www103 Multimedia. , , , , ,
, .104 http://dublincore.org.105 http://www.tei-c.org. 59. 3. Web68
11 2001. , . , , , . , , XML . , () ( ) . , . , , , , [173]. , ,
[107]. . . Open Archival Information System (OAIS) 106, , (log) , ,
[57]. Digital Archives (Cedars) , ( , ), ( ), ( , ) [58]. , . , ,
-www106 Consultative Committee on Space Data Systems. 60. Web 69,
107 [122]. . , . . - : 108, (, , ) [159, 160], [110, 115], 109
[248] [148]. - ., creative commons, , Web . , , , [187]. - , 6.2. .
- Web [170]. , - Web. , , Web 110 [283].www107 , , .108 Subjective
logic.109 Fuzzy logic.110 Deep Web. Web ( ) . 61. 3. Web70 3.2 SW
URIs , , Web . Web . , . 3.2.1 : ; , . , .. - Jane Doe, Janey Doe,
Jane A. Doe, Doe, J.A. ... , , , . Jane Doe Jnae Doe .. , . , . . .
SW, Web , Reiter [240]. , URIs Web , URI. , morning star evening
star http://ex.org/planets.owl#venus, . , URIs . , ( , ), . URIs ,
, . - online, 62. Web. , , Jane Doe Doe, J.A. 71 University of
Loamshire (UoL), UoL, , , [11]., , Web , - -. . Web Web.3.2.2 ; .
-, , , . 111 . , (.. ), , . Levenshtein [38]. , . , , , . . Web
[76];www111 , . 63. 3. Web72 - . 112 113[48]. 114 . , 115 . -
[227].3.3 Web Web , , . . Web - . , . - , , Web . , PageRank Web.
Google , , . . , , , . Web (, , P2P).www112 - .113 - .114
Citations.115 . 64. Web3.3.1 Web11673 Web . Web , . - . , Web, . ,
. Web . . ; Web. , WS-Net Petri117 Web , - . , , [296]. 118 , , .
Petri, ( , ). , Ferrara [98] - BPEL4WS119. BPEL4WS , BPEL4WS - . ,
www116 Web services.117 Petri . - Petri 4.2.5.118 Process algebras.
4.2.5.119 Business Process Execution Language for Web Services. XML
- . 65. 3. Web74 [75, 105, 208]. BPEL4WS Business Process Execution
Language (BPEL) Web . BPEL , . P2P. ( ) CDL120 [164], XML P2P . P2P
CDL, , . BPEL , CDL , , ... . 3.3.2 : , P2P Web , , . -, , , P2P .
. . , /, - [20, 193]. , , , [222]. Web. , P2P , . , , , www120 Web
Services Choreography Description Language (WS-CDL). 66. Web . - 75
, . , , [244, 176]. , . . , , - - [179]. - . Web , . 2 , [220] Web.
( , Napster, , Skype , SETI@home) - : , , ... P2P Web. Web - Web, .
P2P, - , online ( ) ( ) . Web P2P [249, 189], , . 67. 3. Web76 ,
P2P, Web - Web. , , P2P - . P2P - ( -) DNS. P2P , [102] , , . - ,
P2P. , P2P, - , - . , . SW, - (Semantic Grid), ( SW RDF), [72]. - ,
Large Hadron Collider CERN121 gigabyte/sec. , . . , [23]. , Web ,
[207]., - , ( , ). -www121 , Web Sir TimBerners-Lee. Large Hadron
Collider . 68. Web 77 Web.3.3.3 [81] [281]. -, , , Web . , , ,
[90]. 122 [6]. , ( , , online), ( ) . , , , , - . Web , . Web -,
SW, . , , [120], [74, 165], P2P [126], [74, 157, 223]. , [136, 53,
194] [54]. www122 Recommender systems. 69. 3. Web78 , [213, 211]
wrappers123 [250].3.3.4 Web , Web. -124 , . [174, 263]. [190], .
[60]. , , [147] [8]. , [224]. , . . , Web - [127]. , ( ), Web, . ,
- [264]. Google, , . , ( - , ). . [224], -www123 wrapper mediators
( ) . , on-line wrapper, .124 Metareasoning. . 70. Web 79 [7]., ,
-, [293]. , , .. , , Madonna (still life). , [121]. , [229]. (i)
RDF MPEG-7125 , (ii) MPEG-7 (iii) , , [260]. SW RDF, - EXIF JPEGS
Flickr [279]. [156,206], - ( 3.1.4 3.1.5)., . , .3.3.5 , (NLP), , (
) . NLP www125 MPEG-7 ISO/IEC MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group),
MPEG-1 (1992), MPEG-2 (1994) MPEG-4 (Version 1 1998 version 2
1999). , - . 71. 3. Web80 Web . , Web (corpus) NLP. Web , 71% ,
6.8% , 5.1% . , 100 Web, , 126. Web , [167]. , , ; , Web, NLP 127,
., NLP , , Web. NLP SW Web Web . -, NLP [153]; , , , . 128 NLP,
[125, 289]. WordNet, , , , . , , WordNet , . NLP .www126 British
National Corpus.127 Document Understanding Conference
http://duc.nist.gov/ [69].128 Thesauri. , . 72. Web Web, 81 Web
NLP. NLP SW; , . Web. , , ( Web, [196]), NLP , [290]. SW , URIs .
NLP , SW , . , 129 ( 5.1). , SW , URIs. , NLP SW URIs, , . - ,
.www129 Meaning is use. 73. 82 4. H Web 74. 83 Web , Web . Web .4.1
Web4.1.1 Web . . Web, , . - . O(n)130 O(nlogn)131, Web logn [191].
, , Web., Web. , , , , - online - . Web . , . , . Web (.. Internet
Explorer) (back) www130 .131 - . 75. 4. Web84 . , , , , . Web -.
Web . ; , Web; online , , , , , [5]. , Slashdot132, -. , , -
Slashdot Web, [166]. Web - , [.. 87]. , . Web . Web Web, - - W3C -
online. , Web . Web [171] , . , . . (authorities). , www132 O , - -
online Slashdot. 76. Web 85 (hubs). , . Kleinberg, Brin Page Web ,
. Web . , Kleinberg , - [171]. . , ( ) - . (de facto) , - . - Web
[137].4.1.2 Web 133. Web () () . , -. Web 134 , Kumar , - [175]. ,
- . - , [137].www133 . Euler 18 . (.. ), , , - ..134
Cybercommunities. -. 77. 4. Web86 135 Web , , . . , (crawl) 200 90%
Web -, , , 56 [49] [80]. Web , (bowtie), 4.1. 4.1 Web [78] (SCC)
Web, . SCC : SCC, , , ( ) SCC (OUT). , SCC, IN OUT . . PageRank
[18], ., -. Dill Web ,, , Web - 136. , www135 Connectivity. .136
Fractal. , , . 78. Web Web [78]. Web -87 , - , ( TUCs), , . TUC SCC
U SCC. SCC , , TUCs. , Web . [29]. - , . , . Web , . Web , Web, ,
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