Molecular Mass of Sugar

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Chem review• 96% living matter: CHON

– C-based life forms– H20– N – DNA

• Subatomic particles: p+, n0, e-• Atomic number• Atomic mass• Isotopes• Energy levels• Electron configuration & chem props• e- orbitals• Bonding: covalent, ionic, H, van der Waals• Chem rxns make & break bonds

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Organic Chemistry

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I. Organic Chemistry

• Chemistry of cmpds containing C• Major elements of life: CHONSP• Vitalism = belief only living orgs could prod

org cmpds• Mechanism = org cmpds could be

synthesized– Wholer – urea 1828– Kolbe – acetic acid– Miller – 1953 – demo’d org cmpds could have

been produced under chem’l conditions of primordial Earth

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II. Carbon• can form 4 bonds• forms covalent bonds• makes lg cmplx mols possible• may form single, double, triple, or quadruple bonds

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(a) Methane

(b) Ethane

(c) Ethene (ethylene)

Molecular Formula

Structural Formula

Ball-and-Stick Model

Space-Filling Model

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H H

HH

C

C C

C C

CH4

C2H

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C2H4

Name and Comments

Figure 4.3 A-C

A. Hydrocarbons

• Mols consisting of only H & C• Hydrophobic• Hydrocarbon regions in some cmpds (EX: fats)• Other HC EX: fossil fuels

6(a) A fat molecule (b) Mammalian adipose cells100 µm

Fat droplets (stained red)

Figure 4.6 A, B

2. Isomers• Cmpds w/= #s of atoms of same elements but diff

structs & diff props• Three types of isomers are– Structural = diff in cov arrangement of atoms–May also diff in loc of double bonds– 3 pentanes, 16 diff C8H18, & 366,319 of C20H42

– Geometric = same cov partnerships but differ in spatial cov partnerships

– Enantiomers = mols are mirror images–One is usually active while other is inactive– Impt in pharmaceuticals

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Isomers

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• Enantiomers are important in the pharmaceutical industry

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L-Dopa

(effective against Parkinson’s disease)

D-Dopa

(biologically inactive)Figure 4.8

III. Functional Groups

• Alcohols• Polar• Hydrophilic• EX: ethanol

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1. Hydroxyl (-OH)

2. Carbonyl (-CO)

• Ketones if w/in C skel EX: acteone• Aldehydes if @ end of C skel EX: propanol• Props vary

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3. Carboxyl (-COOH)

• Carboxylic acids or organic acids• Acidic• Polar bonds (dissociate reversibly)• EX: acetic acid

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4. Amino Group (-NH2)

• Amines• Act as base• If cmpd has amine & carboxylic acid – AA• E: glycine

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5. Sulfhydryl Group (-SH)

• Thiols• 2 SH groups can interact to stabilize protein

struct (disulfide bridges)• EX: ethanethiol

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6. Phosphate Group (-PO4)

• Organic phosphates• Glycerol phosphates• Can transfer nrg btwn org mols

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Sources• http://www.cafepress.com• http://www.biologyjunction.com/ap_powerpoints_7th

.htm• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/

fa/Hydroxyl-group.png• http://www.chemistry-drills.com/icons/6.JPG• http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/vchemlib/mol/glossary/

carboxyl.gif• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/

9/9c/Amino-group-primary-2D-flat.png• http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/

BiologyPages/P/Phosphate.gif

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