Powerpoint Templates

• Recognise the different types of fractures

• List the signs and symptoms of a fracture

• Understand the mechanisms of injury

• Know the complications of a fracture

• Know the principles and methods of immobilization

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

• Introduction

• Definition of fractures

• Complications

• Types of fractures

• Causes of fractures

• Signs and symptoms

• Managing Fractures

• Practical

• Conclusion

SCOPESCOPE

• Bones are hard, living tissues found in the body

• A fracture is a breakage in bone continuity due to injury (trauma) to the bone

• Fractures may cause complications which have more severe effects

What is a What is a fracture?fracture?

Fractures rarely result in death, however with complications & other injuries involved, chances of fatality are proved to be higher

Can you die from a Can you die from a fracture?fracture?

• A fracture, in itself, is rarely life-threatening

• However, when combined with other injuries, it may contribute to a fatal outcome

• Efficient fracture management consists of:

– The ability to identify the injuries

– Providing prompt and suitable care

– Reducing pain and minimise aggravation (worsening) of the injury

Introducing Introducing FracturesFractures

• Damage to internal organs

• Damage to soft tissue

• Impaired circulation

• Excessive bleeding

• Swelling of tissues

• Spinal cord injury

ComplicationComplicationss

WARNING!The following slides contain (OR may contain) pictures of shocking nature

ClosedOpen

Broken bone that penetrates the skinBleeding is inevitableHigh risk of infection

Broken bone that does not penetrates skinInternal Bleeding is inevitable

Possible damage to blood vessels

Types of FracturesTypes of Fractures

UnstableUnstable

Bone is completely broken Bone ends can easily move

out of position Risk of damaging internal

organs, nerves and blood vessels

Must handle with greater care

StableStable

Broken bone ends do not move as they are incompletely broken or jammed together

May be gently handled without causing further damage

Types of Types of FractureFracture

• Direct force

Direct blow was given to the injured part where the impact causes fracture to happen, breaking the bones

• Indirect force

Twisting or wrenching could be consider as a form of indirect forces that contribute to fractures

Causes of Causes of FracturesFractures

• Deformity• Unnatural movement• Tenderness• Crepitus

(crackling sounds)• Swelling• Loss of movement• Irregularity• Pain

• Shortening of the limb• Discolouration• Guarding of the limb• Spasms• Instability• Incontinence

(accidental excretion of urine or stool )

Signs & symptoms of a Signs & symptoms of a fracturefracture

Can you identify the signs & symptoms of a Can you identify the signs & symptoms of a fracture?fracture?

Precautions:

• Do not attempt to bandage the injury if medical assistance is on its way

• Do not attempt to move an injured limb unnecessarily

• Do not allow a casualty with a suspected fracture to eat, drink or smoke

Actions:

1. Steady and support injured part

2. Protect injury with padding

3. Take or send casualty to nearest hospital

Managing Managing FracturesFractures

1. 2. 3. 4.

Wrap round head with triangular bandage, cross ends of bandage (at the back, by the crown of the head) and tie a

reef knot once they’re brought to the front.

Tuck the excess sheet beneath

the wrap.

Tuck the dressing in

neatly.

IMMOBILIZATION OF SKULLIMMOBILIZATION OF SKULL

1.

2.

3.

4.

Note: Might require 2 triangular bandages.

1/3 of triangular (narrow) bandage is to be measured from the chin to the back of

the ear. Use the remaining 2/3 of bandage (running end) to wrap round the other side

of the head (before the ear).

Criss-cross the running end of the bandage with the end that goes behind the

ear. Do make sure the bandange is tied behind the groove of the head

Following the diagram, finish off the wrapping

round the head.

IMMOBILIZATION OF IMMOBILIZATION OF JAWJAW

4.1. 2. 3. 5.

Run that end of the bandage round the back of the casualty

and tie a reef knot.

Twirl the excess end of the bandage and tuck it into the sling.

Note: Casualty’s hand has to remain visible to

the first aider.

Note: Casualty’s hand has to remain visible to

the first aider.

IMMOBILIZATION OF COLLAR IMMOBILIZATION OF COLLAR BONEBONE

Use Elevation Sling

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

8. 9.

Narrow-fold bandage.

Secure ends of bandage behind the neck and secure sling with a reef

knot.

Narrow-fold

bandage round the chest with

hand beneath.

IF THE INJURED ELBOW CAN BE BENT:

IMMOBILIZATION OF IMMOBILIZATION OF ELBOWELBOW

1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

Broad-fold bandage to

immobilize the injured arm.

Narrow-fold bandage to

immobilize the elbow.

Ends of bandage to go round the casualty’s back. Secure it with a

reef knot.

Insert soft padding, such as a

folded towel or clothing, between

arm and chest.

IF THE INJURED ELBOW CANNOT BE BENT:

IMMOBILIZATION OF IMMOBILIZATION OF ELBOWELBOW

21

Twirl the excess end of the bandage and tuck it

into the sling.

Use broad-fold bandage to immobilize the arm.

IMMOBILIZATION OF UPPER IMMOBILIZATION OF UPPER EXTREMETIES EXTREMETIES

22

Ankle injury can be

treated by the RICE

procedure: rest the affected

part, apply ice,

compress with

bandaging, and elevate.

If injured only recently, quickly raise and support the foot to reduce blood

flow to the area, which will minimize swelling.

Apply an ice pack or cold compress to the site to

reduce swelling.

IMMOBILIZATION OF ANKLEIMMOBILIZATION OF ANKLE

1

4

32

5 6

Fracture site

Place soft padding between legs

Knot bandage on uninjured side

Tie feet together with bandage in figure-of-eight

123

THIGH FRACTURES

Bandages must be added at:

1: ankles and feet

2: knees

3: above fracture site

4: below fracture site

# 4

IMMOBILIZATION OF THIGHIMMOBILIZATION OF THIGH

Bandages must be added at:

1: ankles and feet

2: knees

3: above fracture site

4: below fracture site

LOWER LEG FRACTURES

12 43

Fracture site Use folded towel or clothing as padding

Tie feet together with bandage in figure-of-eight

#

IMMOBILIZATION OF LOWER LEGSIMMOBILIZATION OF LOWER LEGS

Damage to internal organs Damage to soft tissue Impaired circulation Excessive bleeding Swelling of tissues Spinal cord injury Fat embolism

(blockage of blood vessels)

Name the complications of a fractureName the complications of a fracture

QUESTIONSQUESTIONS

Name any 3 signs and symptoms of fractures

1)1) DeformityDeformity

2)2) Unnatural movementUnnatural movement

3)3) TendernessTenderness

4)4) CrepitusCrepitus (crackling (crackling sounds)sounds)

5)5) SwellingSwelling

6)6) Loss of movementLoss of movement

7)7) IrregularityIrregularity

8)8) PainPain

9)9) Shortening of the limbShortening of the limb

10)10) DiscolorationDiscoloration

11)11) Guarding of the limbGuarding of the limb

12)12) SpasmsSpasms

13)13) InstabilityInstability

14)14) Incontinence Incontinence (accidental excretion of (accidental excretion of urine or stool )urine or stool )

QUESTIONSQUESTIONS

The fracture itself is rarely life threatening

The danger lies in the complications arising from the fracture

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION