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March 21st 2017
Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuiqing Han
Black Soil Conservation and Sustainable Use in China
2017 the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon
Outline
Black Soil Conservation and Food Security Main Problems of Black Soil in China
Suggestions on Back Soil Conservation and Sustainable Use in China
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2
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Heilongjiang Province is a major agricultural province in China
黑龙江是农业大省，是国家重要的商品粮战略基地，为保障国家粮食安全作出重要贡献。
Speech of President Xi during the inspection in Heilongjiang on May 23-25
Heilongjiang province is one of the three largest black soil regions in the world. However, the black soils trend to desertification, alkalization and degradation in Heilongjiang province, due to unscientific utilization of black soil. One paper indicated that the layer of black soil decreased by 1 cm per year. The soil organic matter of black soil was decreased by 0.1% per year. Soil layer was decreased from 80-100 cm before reclamation to 20-30 in some areas now. Without scientific management, all the soil layers of black soil will vanish after 50 years. The major conservation projects of black soils in the province are implemented well. Scientific measures such as biological, engineering and horticultural measures need to be adopted and the farmer's initiatives be mobilized to protect and make use of black soils
1. Black Soil Conservation and Food Security
The cultivated area of black soil in Heilongjiang Province accounts for 74.8% of total cultivated black soil area in China (China Statistical Yearbook)中国黑土主要指的就是东北黑土区，该地区是世界上仅有的三大黑土地带之一，约占全球黑土面积的五分之一，主要分布在黑龙江和吉林两省。黑龙江省黑土耕地面积占中国黑土总耕地面积的 74.8%。
Heilongjiang has become an important commodity grain base and green food production base in China, due to abundant resources and fertile black soil, which makes a great contribution to China’s food security with 12 years of grain output increase in succession.由于黑土资源丰富，土壤肥沃，黑龙江省成为我国重要的商品粮基地和绿色食品生产基地，粮食产量实现“十二连增”，为保障国家粮食安全作出了重大贡献。
1. Black Soil Conservation and Food Security
One third of China’s commodity grain is come from Northeast.全国每三斤商品粮 ,就有一斤来自东北 .
1. Black Soil Conservation and Food Security
The continuous yield increases depended on high input of agricultural production materials, leading to desertification, alkalization and degradation. Therefore, it has become urgent to protect and manage black soils. 然而，在粮食连年丰收的背后也蕴藏着巨大的潜在危机，由于多年来对黑土资源的高强度利用，导致黑土严重退化、碱化和沙化，持续增产主要靠高肥力和生产资料高投入，以牺牲环境和资源为代价，使黑龙江由“生态功能区”逐步变成了“生态脆弱区”，加强黑土保护和治理已刻不容缓。
1. Black Soil Conservation and Food Security
N50ºN40º
S40ºS50º
Eastern Europe great plains ： 1.90 million km2
Northeast China ： 1.03 million km2The Mississippi River and tributaries
of US ： 1.20 million km2
1. Black Soil Conservation and Food Security
全世界共有三大黑土区，其中美国的黑土区位于密西西比河流域，面积约为 120万平方公里；乌克兰黑土大平原位于乌克兰境内 ,面积约为 190万平方公里；中国黑土区总面积 103万平方公里。美国和乌克兰这两大片黑土都分布在与中国东北气候条件一致的寒温带，由于植被茂盛，冬季寒冷，大量枯枝落叶难以腐化、分解，历经千百年形成了厚厚的腐殖质，肥力高、最适宜农耕，都是重要的粮食生产基地。
Corn yield of US account for 40% of the world and soybean 32%.
Ukraine is a top wheat producing country, which is lauded as “Europe's major granary”. Ukraine exports 10 million tons of grain per year.
The corn, soybean and rice production in Northeast China account for 1/3 of China’s commodity grain and 1/5 of China’s total grain.
US
Ukraine
China
1. Black Soil Conservation and Food Security
美国的玉米占全世界玉米总量的 40%，大豆占世界总产的 32%；乌克兰和哈萨克斯坦大平原盛产小麦，被称为欧洲大粮仓 ,每年出口粮食 1000万吨；中国东北玉米、大豆、水稻商品率占国家商品粮的 1/3,粮食总产的 1/5。
The black soil, caused by over farming, has a serious environment problem which has destroyed vegetation and soil erosion. In US, the level of agriculture modernization is high now, and can provide a precious experience for Conservation and utilization of black soil to China. 然而，由于曾经过度开垦利用、破坏地表植被，水土流失严重，黑土区保护都有过惨痛的教训。美国 1934年的“黑风暴”卷走 3亿立方米黑土，当年小麦减产 51亿公斤。为了保护黑土地，美国、乌克兰投入了大量人力、物力和财力，围绕合理规划土地和建立科学耕作制度等开展研究，大举营造农田防护林，采取保土轮作、套种、少耕、免耕等办法，充分发挥耕作措施与林业措施相结合的群体防护作用，历经 40年的综合治理，已收到明显成效。目前，美国黑土区农业发展现代化水平很高，已经实现了规模化、机械化、标准化、集约化和信息化作业，为我国黑土保护、治理、研究和利用提供了宝贵经验，值得我们学习借鉴。
1. Black Soil Conservation and Food Security
We suggest improving black soil quality by scientific technology and grain potential improvement to ensure national food security. 2015年中央“一号文件”明确要求，继续加强农业生态治理；《农业部财务司、财政部农业司关于做好东北黑土地保护利用试点工作的通知》明确， 2015年中央财政出资 5亿，在东北 17 个县市开展黑土保护试点工作，表明中央对东北黑土资源保护、开发、研究和利用的重视。鉴于中国黑土的重要性和其在保障国家粮食安全和农业可持续发展中的战略地位，迫切需要采取有效措施，进行黑土资源保护与可持续利用技术研究，全面提升黑土质量，实施藏粮于地、藏粮于技、藏粮于草战略，提高粮食增产的潜力；建立防、控黑土退化的综合技术体系，构建东北粮食增产的长效机制，确保国家粮食安全。
1. Black Soil Conservation and Food Security
2. Main Problems of Black Soil in China
Soil erosion getting worse
The content of soil organic carbon (SOM) decreasing
Plough layer of black soil getting thinner
The structure of black soil getting worse and fertility level decreased
Lower soil nutrient capacity in black soil
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2345
Soil type map in Northeast China黑土是不可再生的珍贵国土资源。由于大规模、高强度、超负荷的利用，导致黑土资源越来越脆弱。近年来，黑土退化的趋势不断加剧，黑土资源保护面临的压力越来越大。黑土层逐渐变薄，水土流失、沙化、酸化、次生盐渍化日趋严重，土壤物理性能逆向发展，旱时板结僵硬，涝时粘朽，蓄水保墒能力显著下降，对生态安全、农业可持续发展构成严重威胁。主要表现为：
1) Soil Erosion Becomes More Serious
Soil erosion becomes more serious after reclamation, causing seasonal freezing-melting and topographic conditions. According to soil erosion communiqué in 2013, the soil erosion area in Northeast China was 0.25 million square kilometers, accounting for 25.13% of land area. The main soil erosion type is water erosion. The main soil erosion area is in hilly area.黑土区由于季节性冻融作用和漫川漫岗的地形地貌特点，开垦后导致水土流失加剧。据 2013年水土普查公报，中国黑土区水土流失总面积为 25.88万 km2，占总土地面积的 25.13%。东北黑土区水土流失类型以水蚀为主，面积为 16.48万 km2，风蚀占 8.81万 km2，冻融面积占 7.01万 km2。
Soil erosion statue in China
2) The Content of Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Decreasing
1.1-133.86̅x34.3
4.1-99.8 6x43.2
1.4-287.0 6x25.2
7.3-49.9 6x17.5
The SOM content of black soil is the highest in all soil type in China’s crop land. The SOM content was 8-10% before reclamation. The results of research indicated that SOM content was decreased by 1/3 after 20 year’s cultivation. The SOM content was decreased by 2/3 after four decade cultivation. Now, The SOM content is slow decreasing for 0.6-1.4g/kg per year.
4.1-99.8 6x43.2
Inner Mongolia
Agricultural reclamation
Heilongjiang
Liaoning Jilin
Now The second land survey, 1980s
26.738.7
SOM content of Northeast China （ g/kg ）Distribution of SOM content in Northeast China
黑土是我国农田土壤中有机质含量最高的土壤，开垦前，黑土有机质含量高达 8% － 10%。据研究数据表明，开垦 20年的黑土地有机质含量下降 1/3；开垦 40年的黑土有机质下降 1/2 左右；开垦 70 － 80年的有机质下降 2/3 左右，下降趋势显著。目前，土壤有机质缓慢下降，为每 10年下降 0.06-0.1%。《东北黑土区耕地质量主要性状数据集》东北土壤有机质为平均为 3.5%。黑龙江省平均值为 3.5%，黑龙江垦区平均值为 4.3%。吉林省平均为 2.5%；辽宁省平均 1.7%；内蒙东四蒙平均 3.4%。
3) Plough layer of black soil getting thinner
10.0-31.0̅=x22
10.0-27.0̅=x25
14.0-42̅=x25.2
13.0-26.0̅=x23.5
15.0-50.0̅=x25.4
Plough layer of black soil has decreased due to cultivation
and erosion. Soil layer of black soil was 80-100cm[11]
before reclamation. Then the soil layer of black soil
decreased by 20-30 cm after 70-80 years of cultivation.
Now, the plough layer of black soil is 10-25 cm, the
average is 18.7 cm.由于多年耕种和侵蚀，黑土层已渐浅薄。初垦时黑土层在 80 ～ 100cm，开垦 70 至 80
年只剩下 20 ～ 30cm。《东北黑土区耕地质量主要性状数据集》中国黑土耕层厚度平均 22.1cm。
Inner Mongolia Heilongjiang
Agricultural reclamation
Liaoning Jilin
Distribution of Plough layer in Northeast China
4) The structure of black soil getting worse and fertility level decreasing
Distribution of high-middle-low yielding land in black soil region of Northeast China
Classification figure of black structure in black soil region of Northeast China
黑土土壤物理性能逆向发展，旱时板结僵硬，涝时朽粘，蓄渗水和供肥能力大大下降。黑龙江省西部地区，北部和中部地区出现耕地次生盐碱化现象；西北部地区出现了沙化现象；东部地区出现了严重的土壤酸化现象。东北大部分是三、四、五等地，占 66.84%,一、二等地面积仅占 17.8%。
5) Lower soil nutrient capacity in black soil
N分 级 (m g /k g)<7575-100100 -125125 -150150 -175>175
N
P 分 级 (m g /k g)<1010-1515-2020-2525-30>30
N
K分 级 (m g /k g )<10 0100 -1 20120 -1 40140 -1 60160 -1 80>18 0
N
100% of black soil is under nitrogen
deficit condition.
57.7% of black soil is under
phosphorus deficit condition.
42% of black soil is under potassium
deficit condition.松嫩平原和三江平原土壤养分丰缺状况 尽管无机肥料的投入已经达到了 20kg/ 亩，但由于黑土的保肥、保水性能变差，肥料的利用率偏低，从而造成黑土不同养分库容偏低的局面。黑土养分限制因子是氮、磷、钾三种元素，潜在限制因子为硫和锌。
Black Soil Conservation Is
Urgently Needed!
保护黑土，迫在眉睫！
3. Suggestion on Black Soil Conservation and Sustainable Use in China
Protection of Black Soil Resources
Construction of the Infrastructure
Improvement of Farmland Quality
Adjustment and Optimization of the Structure
Technological Innovation Service System
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2345
坚持“保护、建设、提升、调整、创新”十字方针，重点开展五个方面的工作，提升黑土保护利用水平，引领现代农业可持续生产。
1) Black soil resources Conservation
Establish sustainable mechanism for black soil conservation
Build black soil Conservation project
Make a red line for black soil Conservation
Creat a fund for black soil farmland Conservation
2) Building the infrastructure
Strengthen high-standard farmland construction
Build organic fertilizer facilities
Build efficient fertilization and water-saving irrigation facilities
Strengthen the control of soil and water conservation 加强高标准农田建设。开展土地平整，建设田间灌排沟渠及节水灌溉、小型集雨蓄水等基础设施，修建农田道路、农田防护林、输配电设施，建设有机肥积造设施。加强渠道防渗、喷灌滴灌微灌、施肥一体化等高效节水灌溉设施建设。强化水土保持治理。
3) Improve the farmland quality
Strengthen the control and improvement of
low fertility soils
Cultivate healthy soil
Control slope farmland and degraded soil
实施退化耕地综合治理。采取深耕深松、保护性耕作等方式改良土壤，增加耕层厚度。加强酸化、盐渍化耕地治理改良。培育土壤微生物群落，构建养分健康循环通道，促进农业废弃物和环境有机物分解。对于坡耕地，开展心土层熟化和快速培肥，加速土壤熟化过程。实施土壤肥力保护提升。推广秸秆还田、增施有机肥等培肥方式，增加土壤有机质，提升土壤肥力。普及和深化测土配方施肥，改进施肥方式，大力推广配方肥，减少不合理化肥投入。开展占用耕地耕作层土壤剥离利用试点。同时，严格控制工矿企业排放和城市垃圾、污水等农业外源性污染，采取综合措施防控耕地污染。
4) Adjustment and optimization of the structure
Adjust cropping system Optimize agricultural industrial
structure Change agricultural producing methods
调整种植结构。在黑龙江和吉林，适度压缩籽粒玉米种植规模，推广玉米－大豆轮作和粮改饲、粮改草，发展青贮玉米、饲料油菜、紫花苜蓿等优质饲草料种植，实现种养结合。发展优质强筋春小麦，建立硬红春小麦生产基地。优化产业结构。积极推广农牧结合、粮草轮作、生态循环的种养模式，开展种养结合型循环农业试点，鼓励发展种植业和饲养业相结合的混合农场，推进畜禽粪便集中收集和无害化处理，增加有机肥资源，培肥改良土壤。大力发展奶牛、肉牛、肉羊等草食畜牧业，推进秸秆“过腹还田”。转变经营方式。加快土地承包经营权确权登记颁证，赋予农民长期而稳定的土地承包经营权。促进土地流转，发展多种形式的适度规模经营，扶持种粮大户、农机专业合作社等新型经营主体，大力发展社会化服务组织。
5) Technological innovation of service system
Establish cooperative mechanism with United States, Ukraine and other countries
Establish international institute for black soil research
Establish service platform for monitoring and big data
鉴于中国黑土保护的极其重要性，建议以黑龙江省农科院（国家重点领域黑土创新团队）等研究机构专家为主体，联合美国、乌克兰等国际上从事黑土研究的专家学者及中国科学院、中国农业科学院黑土研究领域的专家，组成国际研究团队，成立国际黑土联合研究中心，启动“世界三大黑土资源保护与可持续利用发展战略研究”重大课题：建立与美国、乌克兰等国家黑土科学家联网研究的合作机制；研究黑土质量演变规律，建立世界黑土质量评价体系和黑土退化的预警系统；明确黑土退化成因、障碍因素和综合治理技术及模式；提出世界不同区域黑土资源保护及可持续的对策及建议，为黑土资源保护利用提供科学依据。
Thank you Thank you
for your attention!for your attention!
