37
. ١ / / - in nouns - Modification/change reaching the end of nouns because of the change of the active element (denoting the end of the noun changes according to the position of the word in the sentence). [ ] - non-modification/change reaching the end of nouns because of the change of the active element (denoting the end of the) word assumes one eternal/unchangeable form. [ ] In respect to nouns, all are except the following: ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

Cara i'rab bhs arb

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cara mudah untuk i'rab kalimah bhs Arb..di sini sy share dgn anda

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Page 1: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

١ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

)���*��� ��-�*��� ./� �)�0��

���+�� � 1�,2� - in nouns

13 - Modification/change reaching the end of nouns because of the change of the active element (denoting the end of

the noun changes according to the position of the word in the sentence). [.$�(�� /�+� 0�1 234 �$]

5�6)�78�� � 9�:�$ ;�<&)�=8�� � >�?*$

@-� ;�-&)�A8�� � �B�C

4+3 - non-modification/change reaching the end of nouns because of the change of the active element (denoting the

end of the) word assumes one eternal/unchangeable form. [.$�(�� /�+� 0�1 23�� D �$]

E5DFG 5�6 � H:� . I E5DFG ;�<& � /?J . I

E5DFG @-� ;�-& � �6 . I

In respect to nouns, all are >�($ except the following:

5�-6�� � KG LM7�LJN �=�7�LJN =;LJN LM7G �=�7G =�7G7OLP=J �=JN QO7�LJN �=�7�LJN K;LJN QO7G �=�7G =R �G� H:��� 2�S

T���� /?*�� 2�S) .(:� .��:� T� V�(W$( T���Y� �!� 2�S) Z�[$� T#�\ Z�[$(

7��82� ��9: � ]^�B ]�_ 0`G �`G) a�4�G a�`G� a���($( ��9:;���$<$ � �`�� b%�� O�`�� c��) a��-�� a�`-��� a���($(

=��>%?@� ��9: � d$ e#Y �$ O� O$ #�A�� B� � f$ g#h ai� �_\ C�DE� ��9: � K01 jZ k$1

��',:;��+& � �l� "(+4 m\ �l� g��n�� o�l� �h��F� �l�4F� �l��%�F� �l�F�G� �l�� )>�($ VBp� 5q!�(

Page 2: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

٢ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

1�,2� H�3I,

���<E� - i.e. taking their normal form as dictated by Arabic Grammar:

�-6�� � rsr H:��� "$%� �J%>�� � rtr /?*�� "$%� 70K�� � rEr �!� "$%�

��,>�� - i.e. not taking their normal form as dictated by specific rules in Arabic Grammar:

LM;�)�0�� !NO � u�+,�� T#: /?*�� "$%� - ���+�� �� v-�H =w�p� B �P�Q � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: R/� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��:

�H�$-0�� � z�� u�+,�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ T� V�(W$ H{ TJp u�G�)�+�� gJF|� � � Z�h)B (>���'� I T� . D ox�W�� @-� y�$ e�(-�

�S�E� � @-� Z��($)}���+�� (0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ ;�#T�� �3 U$�- � "P�W�� T#: �!� "$%�- ���: m\ /G_�VW

�XYZ� � a�,+�� @-� y�$ �$ .(: ��W�� 0���~4 ����6B ���+$ 2�S .)=;J(

[\ � >���'� I T� . D oa�,+�� @-� y�$ �6 Z�h VW$,D � r� �B�C M&�)m\ (Z�?�� O$ 9�*� TJp u�G�z�� "P�W�� 0�6 "$%� B

�0-]� ��9E� � �� / �� / � � / � / �� R / �� / �: R� / �: / I B_ / �_ /�_

��_ � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: $�: � Z�[$ �G B "+��� 5��p� O$ M&� TJp B���� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��: � � T#�\ Z�[$ �6 . I x�W�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S

�#,: � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ 9��[$ .(: ����6B ���+$ 2�S .��W�� 0���~4)�J(

��: � Z�[$ �G B "+��� 5��p� O$ M&� TJp e�p� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ T� V�(W$ � � T#�\ Z�[$ �6 . I x�W�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S

Page 3: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

٣ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

��a: � ��~$ � H:� . I x�W�� @-� y�$ ���W�&� M&� b7���? � � u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ �F$ ���$Z�[$ �G B 0�1 @- c: � Z�[$ �G B 5�#�� 0�6 "$%� B �B�C T#�\ Z�[$ � � T#�\ Z�[$ �6 . I x�W�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S

LM;�0�� &de� Vf�Q�� � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: ;�VW$?�' � H{ TJp B���� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��:)�+�� �Y`|�

gCVh�? � $ .(: a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�)��P�$ H:� 2�[� T��?4D( �H � .��: H:� . I M[�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S ;��i?�' � H{ TJp 5�#�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ T� V�(W$)�+�� �Y`|� jdY � ���$ H:� . I �+,�� @-� y�$ u���\ M&� b�Dk � u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ � Z�[$ �G B 0�1 @-� ;��i?�' � H{ TJp 5�#�� 0�6 "$%� B �B�C T#�\ Z�[$)�+�� �Y`|� ;�l"

�1�Vk � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: W�+��� � TJp e�p� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��:)��n

�XV�V� � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: ;��a' � �� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��:0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[

�����+��� � TJp 5�#�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ T� V�(W$)��n jdY � ���$ H:� . I �+,�� @-� y�$ u���\ M&� �Dk � Z�[$ �G B 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ �

i+��m�� � TJp 5�#�� 0�6 "$%� B �B�C T#�\ Z�[$)��n

Page 4: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

٤ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

na'�%�� 1�,2� - The >���\ in three areas within 5�� which are not present/clear, but are therefore assumed/hypothetical. [ D}�$%(�� ��#: ��~�: o5��p� O$ bi� 9��Jp� I }�$%� ��z4]

;��$T� An M&� where the last letter is an )"$�D e�( , i.e. dW�� �?(��)�@Wl�+

] M&D�)�e�p� u��?� /�Y 5��& o"$�D e�<� 0�1 I R��*� >�($ M&� ��?~ : u��?� � o�?(��Y5�#�� : B dW��Y)�@Wl�+.u��q$ B "�-~*$ RG ��\ B o���� "#-� e�p� 0`G a�,4 D B[.

Vf�%Vo � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: p�%>�� � .��: "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$)�0�1 @-� u��~ p�DE� � "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ T� V�(W$)�0�1 @-� u��~ �1 � >���'� I T� . D o�+,�� @-� y�$ �6 Z�h

��T�� � r� �B�C M&�)> ( u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B)�0�1 @-� u��~

;�q$�� - An M&� where the last letter is a 5�� and the letter before it is ��+,$, i.e. RS�~������!� R$�

]��+,$ ��-�� u�Q�l$ 2� o"#-� B "$�D � "���� 5�#� T�*$ >�($ M&� ��~*$ M&D� . 5�r�p� 0`�:��+,$ ��-�� �$ u�Q�l$ 2� "���� 5�#� ������JD "��~*$[.

VCVh�? � y�$ w�$ .(:x�W�� @-�

r�s���� � "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��:)�0�1 @-� u��~ t��r�3� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ T� V�(W$ ���, � >���'� I T� . D oa�,+�� @-� y�$ �6 Z�h

r�N�u� � r� �B�C M&�)O� ( u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B)�0�1 @-� u��~ VZ�X�Y � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: Note the condition of the ��~*$

without the 5�� , ) 05�� L;N:K 7h– u�,J( : vS�o � "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��:)� 5�#�� @-� u��~��":B` pV��\ � >���'� I T� . D oa�,+�� @-� y�$ �6 Z�h v=�w � r� �B�C M&�)m\ ( B u�+,�� 0�6 "$%�)� 5�#�� @-� u��~��":B`

R��a �x�+g"�y;�rY � zH@�* {IF | q$��:

� � �� o�%�� B e�p� T#-� .�4 a - rs���� � � �� o�:�[$ a�,� a - V�K3 rs�o � � �� o���?*$ a�,� a - }��s�o x�h?

Page 5: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

٥ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

;� ��a [\ #�6;�)�K% - An M&� where the \>��� of the last letter is the 2�S� 5��)�M-,� , and the letter before it is ��+,$.

��,�� � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: ~'_ � "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��:)�Z�[$ �G B 0�1 @-� u��~ �n � T#�\ Z�[$ �6 . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S

�Z�%?: � *$ T� V�(W$ "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?)�Z�[$ �G B 0�1 @-� u��~ �n � T#�\ Z�[$ �6 . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S �L�3 � T#: V�(W$)a�,$ Z�� (Z�[$ �G B 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$

��I3� � u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B �B�C T#�\ Z�[$)�Z�[$ �G B 0�1 @-� u��~ �n � T#�\ Z�[$ �6 . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S

;���9E� �3 H�,$D � ()���� B ��� R/� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ ���$

��$>k � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ � � (a�Y M&�

W�& � @-� y�$ ���J w�$ .(: x�W��) ���� B a�Y� ��� /?*4 B M&D� H:�4( �1�+�� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ a�Y M&� }�*$%>3 � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ a�Y �

� (�a\ � �W\ � x�W�� @-� y�$ /?J B �#Y�4 Z�h)H:�4 B M&D� /?*4 ���� B a\ ���( /� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ �a\ M&�

��$>k � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ �a\ � � (.��W��

�PV��Q � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: �N � T� V�(W$ /?J . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S R/� � "$%� B 9�:�$ .��:0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:�

Page 6: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

٦ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

� (.��W�� /��J �P���Q � 0�1 @-� �G�z�� x�W�� 05�*� "$%� B V����-� y�$ w�$ .(:

bW�0N2� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��W�� /��J ���3 � >���'� I T� . D a�,+�� @-� y�$ �6 Z�h vi� � r� �B�C M&�)K$LO (0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B

;���9E� �3 H��$T� � (�a\ M&� �W\ � x�W�� @-� y�$ /?J B �#Y�4 Z�h)��� H:�4 B M&D� /?*4 ���� B a\( /� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ �a\ M&�

��$>k � T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ �a\ � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[��

� (a�Y � W�& � x�W�� @-� y�$ ���J w�$ .(:)��� /?*4 B M&D� H:�4 ���� B a�Y( �=�m�� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ a�Y M&� }�dad� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ a�Y �

� ()�T� V�(W �)��VD � a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:)��P�$ H:� 2�[� T��?4D( �H � .��: H:� . I M[�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S

���'�� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ T� V�(W$ � ()�T#: V�(W

�D�? � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: �1: � "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��:�)Z�[$ �G B 0�1 @-� u��~ �n � T#�\ Z�[$ �6 . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S }I�� � T#: V�(W$)a�$� Z�� (0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$

���_ � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: ;����' � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��: �'�, � : V�(W$ T#)a�,$ Z�� (Z�[$ �G B 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ ;��a' � r� �B�C T#�\ Z�[$)=�L*K� (0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B

Page 7: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

٧ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

� ()�T-6p V�(W �3 � a�,+�� @-� y�$ "#:�*��

����Q � a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:)��P�$ H:� 2�[� T��?4D( �H � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��: ���3 � >���p� I T� . D oa�,+�� @-� y�$ �6 Z�h

�x�+�� � r� �B�C M&�)LOK$ (0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B }�D$Q � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ T-6p V�(W$ ���3 � �� @-� y�$ �6 Z�h>���p� I T� . D oa�,+ ��� � r� �B�C M&�)LOK$ (0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B

� ()�T($ V�(W ��? � a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:)��P�$ H:� 2�[� T��?4D( �H � .��: H:� . I M[�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S � � Z�h)B (. D ox�W�� @-� y�$ "#(�-� >���'� I T�

Vf+u� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ T($ V�(W$ � ()� V�(W)�v-� b:�a � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ 9��[$ .(: �'3�* � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��: }7��o � B >�?*$ v-�$ V�(W$ T�?J "$%� 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� }7'�_ � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ "W�

� (V��� ~'_ � "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ ���$)�Z�[$ �G B 0�1 @-� u��~ �n � T#�\ Z�[$ �6 . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S b:�a � "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ 9��[$ .(:� H:� . I "#-(W�� "-�!� B 0�1 @-� u�G�z��

0���~4 ����6 ���+$ 2�S .��W��)�G( }�',�o � �G�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� ���?J "$%� B "��?*$ V�h

Page 8: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

٨ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

� (q##���� �N: � ���$ H:� . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?W*$ 2�S �"&: � :� "$%� B 9�:�$ � .#[W��� M&�0�i @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T( ���3 � >���p� I T� . D oa�,+�� @-� y�$ �6 Z�h � � r� �6 . I �G B x�W�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S)LOK$ (�B�C M&� }��? � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ q## 

�¡ ()��n�+ �6* � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: Im���1 � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��: bf& � H��� ��*($ �#Y�4)� �YF)>%��� (Z�[$ �G B 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B T-n$ 9�:�$ �G B �)Y � T#�\ Z�[$ �6 . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S @\ � a�,+�� @-� y�$ 5�*n�&� u��

}�'3�* � �+$r� �n)D\ (0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ �� ()����* �a � a�,+�� @-� y�$ 5��J Z�h �'+, � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B Z�[$ TJp >�?*$ ¢��*$ ./� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B �B�C T#�\ Z�[$ ����9E� �3 H��� � ()�T#�\ Z�[

bW���� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ ���$ �1�%& � Z�[$ �G B 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ � ./� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B �B�C T#�\ Z�[$ � ()��6 Z�£ ¤��+

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L��$%�� - Any M&� which follows completely the >���\ of what has just preceded it. Of this there are � types:

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�m�� � )�9�:� ��Q � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: �'3�* � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��: � � Z�h)B ( @-� y�$ e�(-�>���'� I T� . D ox�W��

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Page 12: Cara i'rab bhs arb

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C'+�� � )�9�:� V: � >���'� I T� . D ox�W�� @-� y�$ ���W�&� Z�h

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��� � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: �dY � .��: H:� . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ u���\ M&�

� �X��m�� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ V��

C'+�� � )�>�?* �#,: � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ 9��[$ .(:

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�#,: � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ 9��[$ .(: 0���~4 ����6B ���+$ 2�S .��W��)�J(

�dY � \ M&�T� V�(W$ /?J . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ u��� �X��m�� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ V��

C'+�� � ¦��B� ��a: � ��~$ � H:� . I x�W�� @-� y�$ ���W�&� M&� b�Dk � Z�[$ �G B 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ �F$ ���$ rQ: � Z�[$Z�[$ �[� �G B "+��� 5��p� O$ TJp 5�#�� 0�6 "$%� B �B�C T#�\ � � T#�\ Z�[$ �6 . I x�W�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S

� v)8�Y � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B �B�C V��

Page 13: Cara i'rab bhs arb

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� �X��m�� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B �B�C V��

���+�� � 1�,2� - in verbs.

.(W��)�RS� and �$p� .(: are both y�$. .(W��)�9��[ is >�($ unless it has )§�J'� a�J ( u�r+*�� a�J

and �#Y���� a�J then it becomes y�$ i.e. =O-=(W=�/=O-=(W=4 (from "+��� V�(:).

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'a�: � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ 9��[$ .(:

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Page 14: Cara i'rab bhs arb

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1�,2� ;�rs� fT>�3

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.��: H:� . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S "���!� B�B B � M[�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: �L�ª-=(N: MG

+$ 2�S .��W�� B og#J<��� "$%� 5���� B 0���~4 ����6 ���)RG( � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: L;N-=(N: RG

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.��: H:� . I �+,�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S 5���� B � a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: K;-=(N: K;J

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3E�

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.��: H:� . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S "���!� B�B B � M[�� @-� y�$ �$ .(: �L�ª-=(:K� M�J

5�� B)�. I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S "�¥�¬ .��: H:� � �+,�� @-� y�$ �$ .(: LRK-=(:K� K;J

u�+*�� a�J B)§�J'� a�J (.��: H:� . I x�W�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S � a�,+�� @-� y�$ �$ .(: =O-=(:K� Q«J

;�U��6

u�+*�� a�J B)§�J'� a�J (.��: H:� . I x�W�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S � a�,+�� @-� y�$ 9��[$ .(: =O-=(W=� QOG

+*�� a�J B u�)§�J'� a�J (.��: H:� . I x�W�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S � a�,+�� @-� y�$ 9��[$ .(: =O-=(W=4 Q«J

1�,2� H�3I,

���<E� - For .(:)�9��[ there are �; taking their normal form as dictated by Arabic Grammar:

�-6�� � rsr H:��� "$%� �J%>�� � rtr /?*�� "$%� W$K0�� � r r �q!� "$%�

��,>�� - i.e. not taking their normal form as dictated by specific rules in Arabic Grammar:

Page 15: Cara i'rab bhs arb

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�0-]� C�DE� V: � >���'� I T� . D ox�W�� @-� y�$ ���W�&� Z�h

VW�'a�y � (:� "$%� B 9�:�$ 9��[$ .(:"+��� V�(:p� O$ TJp "�[�� O� "��#J a�*�� }��� T .��: H:� . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S "���!� B�B

jdY � T� V�(W$ /?J . I u�+,�� @-� y�$ u���\ M&� �X�%bK�� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ V��

: � D ox�W�� @-� y�$ ���W�&� Z�h>���'� I T� .

VW�'a�y � "+��� V�(:p� O$ TJp "�[�� O� "��#J a�*�� }��� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ 9��[$ .(: .��: H:� . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S "���!� B�B

gWV: � a�,+�� @-� y�$ /?J B ���?$ Z�h � �$+Ydy � r� >�?*$ 9��[$ .(:)aN (�� Z`h T�?J "$%� B"+��� V�(:p� O$ TJp "P�W�� O� "��#J 0�1 O$ a�*

.��: H:� . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S "���!� B�B V: � >���'� I T� . D ox�W�� @-� y�$ ���W�&� Z�h �)V� � a�,+�� @-� y�$ �q6 B RWJ Z�h

�$+Ydy � r� �BqC 9��[$ .(:)LMN� (a�*�� Z`h T$q6 "$%� B "+��� V�(:p� O$ TJp a�,+�� O� "��#J 0�1 O$ .��: H:� . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S "���!� B�B

�a � a�,+�� @-� y�$ 5��J Z�h � 1Im�� � 5��*�� @-� /?J . I M[�� @-� y�$ M-� ��W$ ¢��*$

�o���� f>��

�)V� � a�,+�� @-� y�$ �q6 B RWJ Z�h �U'a � r� �BqC 9��[$ .(:)LMN� ( "-(�� Z�h Z`h T$q6 "$%� B)B���� (a�,+�� O� "��#J 0�1 O$

�i� .�($ TJp)�B���� ���*�� ( 0���~4 ����6 ���+$ 2�S .��W�� B)�G(

na'�%�� 1�,2� - The >���\ here is not present/clear, but is therefore assumed/hypothetical.

�'�y $Y � ���$ H:� . I x�W�� @-� y�$ .?W*$ 2�S

p�� � 9��[$ .(:)���*�� ( "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$)�0�1 @-� u��~ 0���~4 ����6 ���+$ 2�S .��W��)�G (� H:� . I "#-(W�� "-�!� B

Page 16: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

١٦ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

��V� � RWJ B /��J Z�h) .(W�� /?*�)�9��[ (a�,+�� @-� y�$ :p0N � 9��[$ .(:) ���*��)�k(�� ­��W (r� >�?*$)LON� ( "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B)�0�1 @-� u��~

�)V� � a�,+�� @-� y�$ �q6 B RWJ Z�h ���*V: � 9��[$ .(:))�e([ (r� �BqC)LMN� ( a�,+�� T$q6 "$%� B)�0�1 @-� u��~

f,�D X5�N - 9�:�$ M&� following V��C .(: in w�$/9��[$ formats in substitute of the .��:.

f>��;�U��6 f>��;�rs�

C$�� =$�3 C$�� =$�3

7/=�,7� 7/7�,=� =/K�ªY =/=�NY

It is being

written

He is writing It was written He wrote

C$�� =$�3 U$N

���78� =/K�ªY =8���� ®�� =/=�NY S�3

.��: /��J .(: V�(W$T�

.��: .(:

78���� 7/=�,7� =8���� ®�� 7/7�,=� U��63

C$�� =$�3 U$N

=} .K7& )�78�� =� NVN<=& S�3

.��: /��J .(: .��W�� V�(W$T�

.(:

)���+$( N<L+74ªV )�78�� =� ªVN<L+7� U��63

In V��C, the .��: is always dropped and the Tr� V�r(W$ takes it’s place and becomes .r��: /r��J with necessary harakah changes.

=�L�=#�� =xK�ª: - =��#�� is >�?*$ despite the transformation of =x=�N: to =xK�ª:. This is because =��#�� is T#: V�(W$.

If the Tr� V�r(W$ is a 2�rS, apply same (harakah changes) rules as above, and simply change the 2�rS, to it’s equivalent .r��:, i.e. =]N�N<=&� <=;-K7&

Page 17: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

١٧ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

f>��;�U��6 f>��;�rs�

f,�>�� X5�N C$�� =$�3 f,�>�� X5�N $��C =$�3

���+$ 2�S ªVN<L+7� T�<+�)�78�� ���+$ 2�S N.K7& T�<&)�78��

B���� ªVN<L+7���Na M°<+�)�78�� B���� ª.K7&��� M°<&)�78��

���+$ 2�S ªVN<L+74 >p� �°<+� ���+$ 2�S L;N-K7& >p� �°<&

a�*�� VN<L+7�VW >p� O°<+� a�*�� .K7&VW >p� O°<&

���+$ 2�S ªVN<L+74 =]�<+�)�78�� 5���� .K7&�H =]�<&)�78��

B���� ªVN<L+74��Na M��<&)�78�� ± .K7&�)�y M��<&)�78��

5�#�� VN<L+74.�nNa >p� K]�<+� 5���� .K7&�H >p� K]�<&

a�*�� VN<L+=4VW >p� O,�<+� O4 .K7&���y � O,�<&>p

���+$ 2�S ªVN<L&N y�<+�)�78�� 5���� .K7&�H y�<&)�78��

���+$ 2�S ªVN<L+7J �*�<+�)�78�� �J .K7&��N �*�<&)�78��

�X�%b& � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� 05�*� "$%� B V����-� y�$ w�$ .(: ���'�� � G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��W�� /��J0�1 @-� u�

�X�%gK�a � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ V����-� 9��[$ .(: ���'�� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��W�� /��J

Vf���? � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� 05�*� "$%� B V����-� y�$ w�$ .(: �H � D a�,+�� @-� y�$ g#J<��� 5����>���'� I T� .

�G���~4 ����6B ���+$ 2�S .��W��)K;J(

bCVh�0�y � u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ V����-� 9��[$ .(: 0���~4 ����6B ���+$ 2�S .��W�� /��J)=;J(

;���D C$> � �:�� �[� @�+� B TJ�,$ B a�$� a�#�� .(W�� �(� �Y`� >�?*$ M&� . V�(W$ .YT#: V�(W$ Z�� .Y f#� B Z�� T#:.

gf�<�� � a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:)��P�$ H:� 2�[� T��?4D( �H � .��: H:� . I M[�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S �=$a � T#: V�(W$)a�$� Z�� (Z�[$ �G B 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$

.��FI"�� � "$%� B �B�C T#�\ Z�[$ 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6

Page 18: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

١٨ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

��V��_ � a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:)��P�$ H:� 2�[� T��?4D( �H � .��: H:� . I M[�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S �'�, � T#: V�(W$)a�,$ Z�� (Z�[$ �G B 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ ;��a' � r� �B�C T#�\ Z�[$)=�L*K� (0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B

���+3 #�A�� B� � ���3: �p�%�3 � T#: V�(W$ /?J . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ a�$� Z�� ����Q � a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: )��P�$ /?J 2�[� T��?4D( � �H � .��: H:� . I x�W�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S

���aV: � @-� y�$ a�,$ Z�� T#: V�(W$ /?J . I x�W��

� �X�Ygd�y � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ 9��[$ .(:

gf�<�� � a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:)��P�$ H:� 2�[� T��?4D( �H � .��: H:� . I M[�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S ���3V: � T#: V�(W$ /?J . I �+,�� @-� y�$ a�$� Z��

�3 � a�,+�� @-� y�$ "#:�*��

�1��8 � a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:)��P�$ H:� 2�[� T��?4D( �H � .��: H:� . I M[�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S

�-]� � >�?*$ T� V�(W$ 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B ��Vo � T#: V�(W$ /?J . I M[�� @-� y�$ a�$� Z��

�������_ � a�,+�� @-� y�$ �$ .(:

0���~4 ����6B ���+$ 2�S .��W��)=;J( ����Y � T#: V�(W$ /?J . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ a�,$ Z�� g��_ � a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:)��P�$ H:� 2�[� T��?4D( �H � .��: H:� . I M[�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S VW�� � � y�$ a�$� Z��T#: V�(W$ /?J . I x�W�� @-

Page 19: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

١٩ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

�����_�� � a�,+�� @-� y�$ �$ .(: 0���~4 ����6B ���+$ 2�S .��W��)=;J(

b!�* � T#: V�(W$ /?J . I M[�� @-� y�$ a�,$ Z�� g��8 � a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:)��P�$ /?J 2�[� T��?4D( �H � � . I x�W�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S.��: H:

#A�� �, X5���� � �9� ��, 1$��D #A�� #d� � )�����#�q6 B a�$q�� "#-Y @-� V� �� Z�z�� m\ Z�[: �r���3 � a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:)��P�$ H:� 2�[� T��?4D( �H � .��: H:� . I M[�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S �L���� � �� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ T#: V�(W$Z�[$ H:� . I Z�z�� O� >�J �G B 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W ���,��? � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B �B�C T#�\ Z�[$

L�z�JK� 7} =e?J j"��& .YN 7} =e?J je#��

.(: .��: Z�[$ T#�\ Z�[$ .(: .��: Z�[$ T#�\ Z�[$ �G B T#: V�(W$

z�� O� /��JZ� T� V�(W$

�>T�� ��V��_ � a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:)��P�$ H:� 2�[� T��?4D( �H � .��: H:� . I M[�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S

}Ia$� � )%��¥ ���B � (T*� >�J Z�z-� "W� �G B 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ T#: V�(W$

7��82� )?�

g��_ � a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:)��P�$ H:� 2�[� T��?4D( �H � .��: H:� . I M[�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S �dY � T#: V�(W$ /?J . I Z�z�� O� /��J a�,+�� @-� y�$ u���\ M&�

�U$+?E� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ V��

gf�<�� � �,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: a)��P�$ H:� 2�[� T��?4D( �H � .��: H:� . I M[�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S �dY � T#: V�(W$ /?J . I Z�z�� O� /��J a�,+�� @-� y�$ u���\ M&� �=$��� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ V��

Page 20: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

٢٠ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

�nV:�� � a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:)P�$ H:� 2�[� T��?4D��( �H � .��: H:� . I M[�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S �dY � T� V�(W$ /?J . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ u���\ M&�

Vf_�� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ V�� ��_ � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: �dY � .��: H:� . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ u���\ M&�

bf_�� � $ V��0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�

�'��

g!VK�3 � a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:)��P�$ H:� 2�[� T��?4D( �H � .��: H:� . I M[�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S | � >���p� I T� . D oa�,+�� @-� y�$ �6 Z�h

���' � � r� �B�C M&�)I (G�z�� "P�W�� 0�6 "$%� B M&� TJp 0�1 @-� u�)Z�?�� O$ 9�*�( V���: � Z�[$ H:� . I Z�z�� O� /��J ��� v=�a: � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B �B�C T#�\ Z�[$

)?�;�W�3��� � W�K - Expresses the place/time the action of the verb is committed.

M&�)�a�,/a�,$ @-� "�D�-� o.(W�� O$ `F� a�$q��/§��� a�$� : f-6)�8�� �'�, ) oa�,$ Z��8�-!� a�,$ � ()� ��� /� �:�& }I�� )�W+�� O$� � oa�$� Z��(

a�B @-� �f�g>�3 �( ���*�� .(W�� � ¢=�L�=$)¢=�=6/¢A�L�=�(

�( .(W��)���$��[$ B k(�� ­��W$ 9��[ � -=$ ®/=()=/K(N�/7/=(-=�( ®/=�,=$ o)=/=�NY/7/7�,=�(

a�B @-� �f�g>�3 �( I k(�� ��+,$ �i� x#P?�� .(W��)�9��[ � ®fK-L�=$)=fN-=6/7fK-L�=�( �( .(:)��i� x#P?�� V�n � ®eN�=�7$)=eN�=B/7eK~=�( ®HKSL�=$ o)=H=S=B/7H=[=�( �( � ���[$ .(W�� 5�6 ��u�+,��� ².K(W=$ @-� }��-Y k(� � ®¤A�Ll=$)=¤=�=�/7¤A�Ll=�( � ®>A�L3=$)=>=�N�t/7>A��( � 7�A�L+=$)=�=�=&/7�7�L+=�( The plural form is )7�A6�=+=$ (bf�,�V>�3 �( vP-4 ��)%=(W=$/%K(W=$ (g#J<��� 5�G � =$ o²"=�=�,=$ o²"=�N,LP=$ o²"=&=�L�=$²"N�AqL*

Page 21: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

٢١ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

���_ � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: ;����' � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��: �'�, � T#: V�(W$)a�,$ Z�� (Z�[$ �G B 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ ;��a' � r� �B�C T#�\ Z�[$)=�L*K� (0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B

�D�? � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(: �1: � "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��:)�Z�[$ �G B 0�1 @-� u��~ �n � T#�\ Z�[$ �6 . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S }I�� � T#: V�(W$)a�$� Z�� (0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$

���� )?� - describes the instrument with which the action of the verb is carried out.

�C��g>�3 ®­�=�WK$)=x=�N:( ²a�=qL#K$)Na=�=B( � ³ bf���,�V>�3 7OL�A��=�=$ o7xL#K4�NW=$ ��V��g>�3 ²"=+=*,K$)=f=*NY( ²"=h=BL�K$)=­�=�( � ³ bf�,�V>�3 ��N~=$ o7�A��=�=$ o7fAJ�N,=$)7�K��N~=$( �f�g>�3 ®�=�L�K$)=�=�=�( �N~K$)Q�N�( � ³ bf�,�V>�3 ��N~=$ o7�A��=�=$ o7fAJ�N,=$)7�K��N~=$(

X0��� -

formed by adding � to a noun. Denotes that a person/thing governed is related/connected with the original

noun. If a noun has u ending, this must be dropped before adding �.

7>=�=�� ®�LB7� RA�=�=�� ®�L�7�=� RK$LB7�� ²"�,=$ �K�L�7�=�� ²"=*L�K�=$ Rµ,=$� RAJ=�=$

�=#LJ7�� @=*L(=$ �A�=#LJ7�� ®>N �A�=*L(=$� ®¶N �A�=�N– �A�=N RA�=J� =�=J�A�

If a noun ends in ¢/� , this is changed to B before ending.

}�� O$ RG)f#� ( @�+4 B ��� /?*4 B M&D� H:��: o"#�D� "-�!� @-� .�4)"������ �$( �a����� �3 �

} �$ �`G ���l� { u���q�� 5����� �G� a��~� �� B}a�-�(4 ��� ¹.:�3� �� �$ B{

"������ �$ M&� �$ � �3 � oa�,+�� @-� y�$ "������) }�� O$)f#� (��� /?*� B M&D� H:��( �dY � �$ M&� H:� . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ u���\ M&� }��� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ �$ �

Page 22: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

٢٢ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

� � Z�h)B (� . D ox�W�� @-� y�$ e�(-�>���'� I T �3 � oa�,+�� @-� y�$ "������) }�� O$)f#� (��� /?*� B M&D� H:��( R/� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ �$ M&� �1 � >���'� I T� . D ou�+,�� @-� y�$ �6 Z�h vfD�k � r� �B�C M&�)A> ($%� B >�?*$ �$ � /?J . I �G B0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J " ��-�, � )LO=� ( º>���'� I T� . D a�,+�� @-� y�$ �6 Z�h)�=$ ()��B�C M&� �6 . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ "����

W$�-y � "-�)�>���'� I T� . D V���

�3\ - either/or. Four conditions of usage. Note, the second �$\ of the pair is always preceded by B: �:�+$ �$\ B »��$ �$\ �$�h � ��K��� �3\

�'3�* � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ ���$ ��3\ � O$ "W�F$)aA\ ( B)�$ ( aA\ o��#: "���$� �$ o���6 ¼�� Z�h� �° .�� D u����

�Ba3 � � "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ �0�1 @-� u�G�z� � � Z�h)B (>���'� I T� . D ox�W�� @-� y�$ e�(-� ��3\ � O$ "W�F$)aA\ ( B)�$ ( aA\ o��#: "���$� �$ o���6 ¼�� Z�h� �° .�� D u����

�D�03 � "-{ º0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ �)�:�+$ �$\ B (Z��($

>�($ �$\ M&D� y�$ �$\ B � ����T>%�� �3\ )?@� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ ���$ ��3\ � O$ "W�F$)aA\ ( B)�$ ( aA\ o��#: "���$� �$ o���6 ¼�� Z�h� �° .�� D u����

13 � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ � � � Z�h)B (�� @-� y�$ e�(-�>���'� I T� . D ox�W ��3\ � O$ "W�F$)aA\ ( B)�$ ( aA\ o��#: "���$� �$ o���6 ¼�� Z�h� �° .�� D u���� 4+3 � "-{ º0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ �)y�$ �$\ B (Z��($

"���p� �$\ B "#��(�� �$\ M-(4 � ��*��2� �3\

)�y � ��[$ .(:0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ 9 0���~4 ����6B ���+$ 2�S .��W��)=;J(

��3\ � O$ "W�F$)aA\ ( B)�$ ( aA\ o��#: "���$� �$ o���6 ¼�� Z�h� �° .�� D u���� ����� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ T� V�(W$

� � Z�h)B ( y�$ e�(-�>���'� I T� . D ox�W�� @-� ��3\ � O$ "W�F$)aA\ ( B)�$ ( aA\ o��#: "���$� �$ o���6 ¼�� Z�h� �° .�� D u����

�a��E� � "-{ º0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ T� V�(W$)"���p� �$\ B (Z��($

Page 23: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

٢٣ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

��B� �$\ B ��Bq4 �$\ � �a�� %�� �3\

��3\ � O$ "W�F$)aA\ ( B)�$ ( aA\ o��#: "���$� �$ o���6 ¼�� Z�h� �° .�� D u���� ����y � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ 9��[$ .(:

0���~4 ����6B ���+$ 2�S .��W��)=;J( �W � >���'� I T� . D �+,�� @-� y�$ "������ a�J �n � � y�$ .?�$ 2�ST� V�(W$ /?J . I a�,+�� @- � � Z�h)B (@-� y�$ e�(-� >���'� I T� . D ox�W�� ��3\ � O$ "W�F$)aA\ ( B)�$ ( aA\ o��#: "���$� �$ o���6 ¼�� Z�h� �° .�� D u���� ����� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ 9��[$ .(:

����6B ���+$ 2�S .��W�� 0���~4)�J( � � "-{ ºT� V�(W$ /?J . I x�W�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S)��B� �$\ B (Z��($

�D;� - definition indicating a precise noun – ª.6��� 78��)� 7>��,�� ª"($�!� �`G ®�� ;J �-6�� � )y�$ (� ;��Y O$ 5���� �G ;J �J a���,� O$ B����

7��82� )?� � )y�$ (� 5DFG ]-4 0`G ]�_ �`G )?@�;�C$<$ � )y�$ (� b%�� c�� O�`�� �`�� 7K���;���'���� 7�$T� � )y�$ (� 7½#� �� ª.6� ��

2� u�,*�� �$)� @��p� V�~Y u�,*: 5��*��� u��?~� º�%6� ��)��4 D ":�( 5��*��� �°�h 23� 7��� �� )��� � )>�($ (� 7�*°� ª",$ 7�� t� � p�)C�( � )>�($ (� ª.6��� 7>��,�� ;��D3 [\ #�6 � )>�($ (� >��Y .#-� .�� ":�3�� O$ ³� �`�� >��Y �`G 7>��Y j�$�h 7>��Y T���Y)�8��

�$)� u�,*: u�,J m\ Z�[– 7>��Y¹8��$ 7;#� ¹/��¥

7K��� - in-definition indicates an indefinite noun - ².6� ®>��Y ²"($�6

� �D�s2� ®>��Y �`G E�� 7>��Y �`G ":�S'� �*� O��*��� Z`¾

¿a��*��� O� j�$�h �=�L*A� O� a�J Z`¾)�":�S'� �*� �n

k�*� ;�� j�$�h LR=�L*A� ;�� a�J Z`¾)�":�S'� �*� �n

5�6)�Na�&�� KT~W�� �&��$ 5�6 H�!� a�J Z`¾)�+�� �Y`|� ":�S'� �*�

O� g£)�=k&�� KT~W�� R&��$ O� g£ H�!� a�J Z`¾)�+�� �Y`|� ":�S'� �*�

Page 24: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

٢٤ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

�n:� � a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:)��P�$ H:� 2�[� T��?4D( �H � �$ 2�S.��: H:� . I M[�� @-� y�$ .? �r�%���� � �n$ TJp a�*�� Z`h T(:� "$%� B Z�[$ �G B �n$ TJp 5�#�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ T� V�(W$ �'3�* � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B T#�\ Z�[$

��_ � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:

0���~4 ����6 ���+$ 2�S .��W��)=�7G( �$�?~��'�3 � H{ TJp B���� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��:)�+�� �Y`|� ":�SÀ� a�*�� ;:`h B ���>�� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B T#�\ Z�[$

] AOL#N-6��� 7;-+�) LRN-L6A� +=� = ( QRN-L6A�[

�%�&/I& - both (of), the two - ²u���6 �©��-Y ®���6 �©%Y � �n$ �©�*($ o��W$ ���zW� a���

¿��� O� �£I& =vLl=$K� I � vP-$ TJp "�[�� O� "��#J e�p� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ ���$)� �G B �nZ�[$

¿a�4���!� a�������� O� �£�%�& �*�)�u��� �©� T#�\ Z�[$ �6 . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S ;�� )�L#=&��¿AO M(J . ;���-���& � vP-$ TJp "P�W�� O� "��#J 5�#�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ T� V�(W$)��n

¿;zWh k4��+�� Q� ;zWh�-��%�& �©� T#�\ Z�[$ �6 . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S

¤N�y/¤N�Z - That is. Used for �n$ only �>3 LD�� XT���/��� �_ �J �G/�_ Ga�_ �© � �_ =;J �G

®>��Y �`G a����Y a�`G k���Y O�`G �_ �G �G a�4 �© �G �_ K;J �G ²u��#& 0`G a�4��#& a�4�G k4��#& k4�G �_ RG �G 5DB MG �G a�_ ���J �G ®M-� ]�_ a��-� ]J�_ k�-� ]*�_ 5DB ÅOG �G a�4 ���J �G

²"&��$ ]-4 a��&��$ ]J�4 ��$ ]*#4k�& �_ �J �G� < �`J<G� here I am ! �_ �G �G� there he is !

��9@� ��-u� - starts with an M&� - constituted by � B ���$. �1�%K�� �'�>3 �W\ �X%K�� �'�>3

���$ � �a\ M&� �a\ � �a< )?� � ®���C �J ²"&��$ 0`G ®��W� s�� C�O3 �'T3 � } M,� 2 ��$�?4 a B> {� } ��$�?4 a { 0���~4)M,$�#�(

f>��� �+�3 #* � } M#h� ®��W� t�� �a\ {� Z�hp�)� RG .(W��� "��l)�a\ (���� B(

Page 25: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

٢٥ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

���>�� ��-u� - starts with a .(: - constituted by .��: /��J/.��:. =/=GN_ 7����� =�L�N=x 7����� ��#Y_ .(: .��: .(: x�� M&� �

x�� =�y fD )M#-&/x#P�( � 7f�l�� EL;=(N-N¥

�o�N fD ).$�Y 2�( � ������ �!� a�Y) RG "?��*�� V�(:p�)a�Y (���� B(

f,�>�� )?@� - derived noun indicating action of verb or it’s behaviour - .(W�� .(: �$ "�D�-� È�?$ M&� ².K��N: a�B @-� ��C R�%n�� .(: O$� ®/K4�NY [(he is) writing] – =/=�NY O$� 7/7�,=�

C$>;� )?@� - derived noun indicating element undergoing action of verb -

.(W�� O$ �?$ M&�)�.(W�� T#-� H�B �$ @-� "�D�-� V����-� y�

.(: O$ ²VL�7(W=$ a�B @-� ��C R�%n��� ®>L�7�,=$ [written] - =/K�ªY O$� 7/=�,7�

;��]� � :'%+ � )a���:�$ ()� u���W�� T� M�4 �`�� g���� �G ��� B oT*� §�P�J �`�� M&D� �G ���� ².L#K�=6 7�=�N~��

ÉW-: o��~�� O� §�P�J a ���J "-�!� 0`G RW:)��~�� (o���$ ÉW-: o.#{ TJ\ V�~J a ���J B).#{ (� � ( U�$N:;�:'%+ � �a< )?� � ®>%¥ O� ®9�*� �*G 78�-!� ²u�#W$ ªu5��~�� �*�� s��

� C�O3 �'T3 � } M,� 2 ��$�?4 a } { ¢�~�-� >�� �W(4 a{

� ( �ay;�j�K�y � :'%+ � I .�p�)���"#4i� "-n$p� I ��Y ":�($ a�,� a �:

�� V�&� ®�� 3 o a�r,� ��B ou%?�� K"*!� 7­��W$ oE�� 7>��Y a1�~�� o®��l$ E�� =2� ��(� �`�� o®��+$ �`G o®8��$ �J)� �r����*$ ¼B�l� u�,J:

( "-{ T�� ��� a�,� a))� "-�!� T�l� ���� B ��!� B Z�z��¦�B�� ( @-� ��~�� a B)����

� ²u��#& �J�*� � )²u��#& ( Z�z�� B ���$)=�*� (�

� ®¶ Ê � )®¶N ( B ��!� B ���$¦� �B�)Ê (� > ( a�,� a)� ���W�&� M&� ���)}��,J ���W�&D� 5�� B(

� ¿ ]� �$ � ���W�&� M&�)�$ ( B ��!� B ���$¦� �B�)]� (�

� ®»��$ O$ � ���W�&� M&�)O$ ( B ���$)»��$ (�

� A.?W�� I �����¥ LMNY - ���W�&� M&�)MY ( B ���$).?W�� I (�

� ( X�yy;��]� � :'%+ � ��~�� a .�p�)���� @-� ��� :®8��$ =;J . T+,� ��Ë B� ¿ =;J ®8��$

��~�� a /Ë B)�� M&� a�Y �_\ ������W�& � ¿ »��$ O$ ¿ ]� �$

���W�&� M&� a�Y �_\ ��� ��~�� a /Ë B � ¿ ]��h e#Y ¿ ]�� �$

Page 26: Cara i'rab bhs arb

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٢٦ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

� ( #d*;�:'%+ – Z`h ���#: ���-� ��� a�Y �_\)���� .]�� O� .��+-� V�~4 :�$�h .� :�$�h R�� � (�]� U�$N:

� �>3)��M ��� n:( � )� ªu1�K$ O$F)�AO$F

� ��-u� �Q � )�¿ T�� �$ ��� � "#�D� "-�!�)T�� �$ (H:� . I RG B �

� M,~- �� B � "#-(: "-�!�)M,~- (H:� . I RG B �

��-u� �+8 �Q � }��$p� ���� ;¾ "*!� � Z�z��);¾ (H:� . I >�?*$ �G B �

� � ���� � B ��!�¦� �B�)� (H:� . I �G B �

� :'%+-�� ����m3 � ��� v����)�I ���:

� H�!� B "#*n4 B ���:'� � )�a��h��W$ 0�4`:�J B a�~-3$ .?W�� ���� a�+��6 >%��� B e��B 78��

� g#J<��� B 2Y`��� I � ��6�4 �©�*�� B "�#�¥ T�6B� B ®8�*�$ �$�ha��&��$ �©��*� B a

C�$ *:;�:' % + ;�:'%+ ¥'�y X+?/�Qhy ®��W� s�� ":�($ ��~$ .�p� �G 7T$%NY ®/#�� ":�($ �F$ q��6 �`G

²u��#& �=�*� u�,J �F$ a�,�)�"-{ T�� ��� B u�,J ��� ¿ ®]� E�� I u�,J �F$ a�,�)���� B u�,J ���"-{ T��

¿ ®/��� LO$ u�,J ��~$ a�,�)����W�&� M&� ��� ¿ =;J LO$ ":�($ �F$ ���W�&� M&� ��� a�,�

M,� 2 ��$�?4 a *":�($ ��~$ .�p� �G *)LMª,7$�#� 0���~4 ap(

+   �� C�$ *: �]� �,$N��>3/��M �+8 ��M ®�L+7� 7O���� ��W$ )��� =�*� 78)�A��� "-{ T��)Z��(

I 7>%���)�A/(- "-{ T��) B ��!�¦��B�( 7/-~�� ��- ª"#*�� "#�� "-{

��-�� a�Y �$ Ç/7�=� �%&'� "#-(: "-{

Page 27: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

٢٧ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

If you have � ":�($ in a u�#W$ "-{, then the �st is a ���$ and the �nd is a �. If positions change then the >���\ changes: ���$ �)�VBp� ��� R R~��� R~��� R ®�$�h � 0 ®/#�¥ ���$ � ���$ � )�VBp� ��� )���n�� ��� �)���n�� ��� Z�[$ T#�\ Z�[$

�'3�* � � "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ ���$0�1 @-� u�G�z� �XYZ � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:

0���~4 ����6 ���+$ 2�S .��W��)�G(H:� . I � "#-(W�� "-�!� B º

�'3�* � )�0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ VBp� ��� $Q: � )�$ �G B "+��� 5�� O$ TJp B���� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ ��n�� ���Z�[ �j � T#�\ Z�[$ �6 . I M[�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S

�X�+� � �)� "-{ B ºfG�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ ��n�� ���)/#�¥ 0� ( �)� VBp� ���H:� . I

�Z\ - if, whether, when, whenever. Z�� embodying a condition. Used mostly with w�$ .(:, transforming in meaning to the future.

ªa�[$� t5�6 �_\ K"*!� 7>��� L;=PK�ª: ¼�l�� ¼�l�� >��6

Also used with 9��[$ .(:. It is permissible for the answer to the condition (¼�l�� >��6) to be 9��[$ .(:.

A8B���� I 7���Í �_\ 7x�*4 %��� 7x�*�7> NaB���Ë �_\ ¼�l�� ¼�l�� >��6 ¼�l�� >��6 ¼�l��

¼�l�� >��6 must be prefixed by )"#���!� 5�W�� o>��!� 5�: oÎ���� 5�:( in the following situations:

� (��9� ��M ¦��� 1�$_ W$Ka W: � }/��� �Ï: y� ����� ]�<& �_\ B{ � (ID ¦��� 1�$_ W$Ka W:X�m�� U�$N: �3 � §��+�� � 3E� � A�W+�� K���$ O� T�N<L&�N: ���$�h =;�� �_\

� ��Y���� @ � =}�6B �_\)�7TzK�LF74 %: �����J =»��

� =��>%?@� � ¿ T� V�� �_��: �$�h 5�6 �_\ � (}�'3�_ ID W$Ka W: (defective) � ))Q*$ f#-: �*Ql� O$�(( �( � W%�a W:)�'Vo( � }���#z� ����: =��: L�N~: T��&� B �� AHK�7� O$ B{ � ( � W%�a W:)��3 (��D���� � 7>K Y ��: 7ZB�z�� LO,4 ���$ � ( � W%�a W:)��V�( � }u�i� I 7T=+=�-� LO-: �#J��� I ����� f�� O${

Page 28: Cara i'rab bhs arb

���������� ��� ���� ��������� ����� ������������� ���� �� ���� ����� !��"�� ���� # �$%&'�� .)�*�� '+,

٢٨ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

� ( � W%�a W:)i?( � L�:�+74 a\7�KW=&ª<=+: � ( � W%�a W:)�#�$�?( � }5�� a\ T-[: O$ �� M,#*37� =Z�+: �"N-L#=� LM7�WK a\{ � ( � W%�a W:)��-�NVhV&( � }�(#{ 8�*�� .�� ��<,: w�p� I j��+: B ofWJ 23� �+WJ .�� O$ TJ{

The ¼�l�� >��6 will not be �BqC if preceded by 5�W��. However, the >���\ for it will be �q6 . I.

�Z\ � a�,+�� @-� y�$ ���6 2� ¼�� Z�h ��_ � ¼�l�� .(: �G B x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:

bW�63� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��: ���%bD � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� 05�*� "$%� B V����-� y�$ w�$ .(: �H � a�,+�� @-� y�$ g#J<4 Z�h

�1�$�: � Z�[$ �G B 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ .��: /��J ���u� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B T#�\ Z�[$

"#-(W�� "-�!�)"*!� >��� ;P�: (>���'� I �° . D ¼�l�� >��6 �Z\ � y�$ ���6 2� ¼�� Z�ha�,+�� @-�

�'�%¨ � ¼�l�� .(: �G B 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ 9��[$ .(: 0���~4 ����6B ���+$ 2�S .��W��)=;J(

| � >���'� I T� . D oa�,+�� @-� y�$ �6 Z�h ����'�� � r� �B�C M&�)I (0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B ����y � .(: 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ 9��[$

"#-(W�� "-�!�)x�*4 (>���'� I �° . D ¼�l�� >��6 0���~4 ����6B ���+$ 2�S .��W��)=;J(

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\ j_ �$© H�_ �Z))& (_ #ª

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�1�%K�� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ T� V�(W$

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v1�%& � r� �B�C M&�)LOK$ (0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B �'�, � Z�[$ H:� . I x�W�� @-� y�$ a�,$ Z�� � � r� �6 . I x�W�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S)=�L*K� ( "-{ B T#�\ Z�[$)��*� (� H:� . I

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«r�, � 5��*�� @-� /?J . I M[�� @-� y�$ M-� ��W$ ¢��*$

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�)V� � a�,+�� @-� y�$ �q6 B RWJ Z�h not; .Y<� LMN� - he did not eat; he has not eaten

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��-V� � a�,+�� @-� y�$ �q6 B RWJ Z�h when, at the time when, as – �=$=�L*K� �B�a � r� �BqC 9��[$ .(:)�Q�N� ( "-(�� Z�h Z`h T$q6 "$%� B)5�#�� ( .�($ TJp a�,+�� O� "��#J 0�1 O$

�i� 0���~4 ����6B ���+$ 2�S .��W��)=;J(

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)�Q�'����gf (�$p� �D 0`G . .(W�� @-� .�4)��$p� �#W4 B T$qÍ B 9��[ . B /��3�� .(: @-� .�4)� ¹/��¥ .Y LfK-L�=#K� M-,��*G LfK-L�=*K� TJ�,$ I .�Ó B o5�W�� B oB���� �(� O�,+4 B u��+,$ �$p� �D

�C � �+,�� @-� y�$ Z�h �$p� �D

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٣١ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

)�X�%gK�y @ ("#G�*�� D 0`G . .(W�� @-� .�4)� B /��3�� 9��[)� T$qÍ B /¥�¬� .?W�� O$ MY7�h L³�Ñ D ºL/�,4 D �� ��

@ � a�,+�� @-� y�$ RÔ Z�h no! don’t! .Y<4 D - don’t eat!

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H�B �_\)��q6 /-�-� ����6 9��[ . /-��� 9��J O$ B� "#G�*�� D B �$p�

����: � :a�,+�� @-� y�$ �$ .(

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7��u� ¬* � om\ "�ÕÐ �6 Z�h)m\ oa m\ (� until, till, up to, as far as, to

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0�1 @-�

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٣٢ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

5��J Z�h ZB` .(: T#-� H�W�$ ��'��� - calling to one who is mourned or to a cause of pain �=B ( . . . ) L0�=�Q�=P7$ ;����, L�>% - one who is mourned, stricken to death.

>�*�.(W�� O� )>�J( >�?*$ ¢��*$ =x=�N: - to distress, afflict, pain, agonise, torment, make suffer

5��J Z�h ZB` .(: T*$ H6��$ ;���3 L_$% - the cause of pain, the place where disease and �=B ( . . . ) L0�=&=� suffering are located. =x=6=B – pain, ache, suffering, agony, anguish

.(W�� O� >�*� )>�J( >�?*$ ¢��*$

j01 oK01� �(Р.(: M&�)H6�4 (� 0���~4 ����6B ���+$ 2�S T-��: B �+,�� @-� y�$)�J(

]=���Y �A�N� show me your book �=��:� K0A�N� show him your notebook ­��V: - to show, present, bring out.

L�=�N 7} =� 70 .(: .��: T� V�(W$� � T� V�(W$� �

��V: � 5�#�� RG B "-(�� Z�h Z`h @-� y�$ �$ .(:

0���~4 ����6B ���+$ 2�S .��W��)=;J( }�'-w � )�0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ VBp� T� V�(W �1�%& � )�(WZ�[$ �G B 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ ��n�� T� V� � � T#�\ Z�[$ �6 . I x�W�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S

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T*$ �$p� B� A�N) .`G �A�R-� �� � .a��\ �� �`G RAJLB7�N .�$ �� �`G RA*L�A�N .}�� �� �`G RA*=*L�A�N(

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��V: � 5�#�� RG B "-� Z�h Z`h @-� y�$ �$ .(: �W � "����-� ;(�B a�*�� �n � 2�S /?J . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ .?�$)�VBp� T� V�(W �dY � /?J . I a�,+�� @-� y�$ u���\ M&�)���n�� T� V�(W ��a � a�,+�� @-� y�$ 5��J Z�h

�r���, � 5��*�� @-� /?J . I M[�� @-� y�$ M-� ��W$ ¢��*$

W�& - It is permissable to a�J Z`h for the following �BqC 9��[$ conjugations, so long as it is not followed by sukoon ( ): LOª,=�� LOª,=4 7]=�� LOªYN 7]=4� LOª,=J 7�N� 7]=J

)0��� ��� � �!� ZB�h O$

�� � >���'� I T� . D ox�W�� @-� y�$ �!� B M+� Z�h ./� � r� �B�C M&�)B (0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B �3 � a�,+�� @-� y�$ "#:�*�� �n:� � a�,+�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:)��P�$ H:� 2�[� T��?4D( �H � .��: H:� . I M[�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S �j � T� V�(W$ /?J . I M[�� @-� y�$ .?�$ 2�S

�f�V� � perhaps, maybe O$ º×a\ }��

r_%�� � º 2Ø a�,� a �6� � o2Ø T-(���_�� � to hope (for), wish, to look forward to

®�>82� � º �[��$ a�,� a @l � o»��$ T-(��®�V>�8�\ � fear, fright, worry, anxiety, concern, care

�f�V� � x�W�� @-� y�$ /?J B R6�4 Z�h �j � $ 2�S M&� /?J . I M[�� @-� y�$ .?�)×.(�( �1 � >���'� I T� . D o�+,�� @-� y�$ �6 Z�h v�Q � � H:� . I 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B 5����� �B�C M&�)×.(�(

��a � 5��*�� Z�h . M-(�� O$ �%�� B e�p� Z`¾)� 5��*�� �*� �Ù a��~� 7O+��� < E�� 7��� º7O+h �=�� <E�� =��� �=�

��a � a�,+�� @-� y�$ 5��J Z�h �X*�< � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B Z�[$ TJp >�?*$ ¢��*$ �W�&'�� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� u�+,�� 0�6 "$%� B �B�C T#�\ Z�[$

Page 34: Cara i'rab bhs arb

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٣٤ ����� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������� � ����/��/ �� � !�� "#$%&'� "($�)�"���*�� "*�� � )�"���(+�� "#��(�� ",-�

)­��Qb: }�V��"�3V: �)bK��V��\ (� �*G)M,#�\ ( M&�.(:) .]#�\ ( 0�*($)¨ 7(

)� vC�O? ���3 gf�Y (– "-�!� 0`G .�)¿ ��*� V�F& O$ .G .( �*G)LOK$ ( @-� ;-� u����)����

)�C�O? �n�'V� (� )��� ( �(Рa�,$ Z��)=�L*K� .( e� 234 ��Y 2�[�� H$ 5�� TW� 234)m\ ( B)@-� .(Q�=�N� o=]L�=�N� oKTL�=�N�

), x�Q� p�;�a' (� /�,$ ;-� �(Ð)�T#: �G B ���

) x�<�;�V��a' (� B) [\ x�<�;����a' (x#P� �©%Y

)������N Vf��V� ( B)���0�3 � ��+�< (� O�q!� x�: @-� y�$

�d& bf>a �P�>V� / �d& f>a Vf��_ / �d& f>a Vd�QV:ª.�(4 "�%n�� ªV�(:p� 0`G T-(W� =9=�=� � o N.=�=�)a�Y ( a /Ë �G� a D\®9��[$ ��ª-(: �"#-(: ²"-{ a�,�

)f+o �3 (– ���)f+o ( B)'� (�($ D �zW� ":�S'� O� H�� �_\ M[�� @-� . m�(4 V�� } �(� O$ B .�� O$ �$p� �{

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� ®»L�A�=$ �G B 7xL�Ç?�� 7TNY=�L�N L�N }�6a3 �'�3��* ���+�<V: )���+�<V: ( }�� O$)Na�NY( x�� � x�� M&� w�$ .(:

�(Ð b<4 �� B)=��=� (m�(4 T��� I ��Y :} ��J�=�LA\ KTK�=�L(A*A� LM7�LP=�L�N<N: LMª,A�L�ª-ª� =OL#=� =e��N<N: {) "�i� oa���� V1 u��&�¡�(

)�¤�8��V: :(=>7�N� . V�(: O$)� "���~)=��NY o=>=�NY( }�� O$ RG B º)a�Y(a /Ë B o O$ �J�,$ �G� a�,�)aN (�� o.(W�� B: R�=�L*=� aN 78���� =]=�LBN . ��*$ .�(�+� B)��� o�[� 9��[ :MG�%� m\ ��(6�� aN 7>%��� 7]=�L�7�.

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w�$ .(: ]�B M&� ���?$ Z�h 9��[$ .(: )� ��?)� VBF� ]�B �

�¤�8��V: � x�W�� @-� y�$ w�$ .(:)��� /?*4 B M&D� H:�4 oa�Y }�� O$( ���'�� � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ ]�B M&� gW: � a�,+�� @-� y�$ /?J B ���?$ Z�h

�r���%���a � r� >�?*$ 9��[$ .(:)aN (0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B )� ��?)� VBF)R��*� a (]�B � /?J . I

�¤�8�$�a �1Im�� gWV: $_a [\ )Y�I�

w�$ .(: ]�B M&� ���?$ Z�h 9��[$ .(: �6 Z�h �B�C M&� )� ��?)� VBF� ]�B �

�¤�8�$�a � 0�1 @-� u�G�z�� "P�W�� T�?J "$%� B >�?*$ 9��[$ .(:) /?*4 B M&D� H:�4 oa�Y }�� O$

���( �1Im�� � "�[�� T(:� "$%� B 9�:�$ ]�B M&� 0�1 @-� u�G�z��

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