Rain Forest

Desert

Mild zone

Savanah

AFRICA HAS FOUR ZONESAFRICA HAS FOUR ZONESOF CLIMATEOF CLIMATE

CH. 7 AfricaCH. 7 Africa

2 Early Civilizations:1.Kush2.Axum

(pages 225–226)(pages 225–226)

Emerging Civilization and the Rise of Islam

• About seven or eight thousand years ago, the mastery of farming gave rise to the first farming gave rise to the first civilizations in Africa: Egypt, Kush, and civilizations in Africa: Egypt, Kush, and AxumAxum.

• A busy trade in ivory, ebony, A busy trade in ivory, ebony, frankincense, and leopard skins frankincense, and leopard skins between Egypt and between Egypt and KushKush to its south developed by 2000 B.C.

.

Early African Civilizations

Emerging Civilization and the Rise of Islam (cont.)

• The Kushites returned to their original lands.

• In 750 B.C., the the KushitesKushites conquered conquered Egypt, but the AssyriansEgypt, but the Assyrians, whose iron weapons overmatched the bronze and stone of the Kushites, drove them out of drove them out of Egypt.Egypt.

(pages 225–226)(pages 225–226)

• It provided iron, ivory, gold, iron, ivory, gold, ebony, and slaves to the Roman ebony, and slaves to the Roman EmpireEmpire, Arabia, and India in return for such luxury goods as jewelry and silver lamps.

• Kush was a major trading empire for Kush was a major trading empire for several hundred years. several hundred years.

Emerging Civilization and the Rise of Islam (cont.)

• Then a new power, Axum, caused Kush’s decline.

• Axum was founded by a colony of Arabs in what is now Ethiopia. In the fourth century A.D., King Ezana of Axum conquered Kush.

Emerging Civilization and the Rise of Islam (cont.)

(pages 225–226)(pages 225–226)

• Axum prospered because it was located on the Red Sea and the trading route between India and the Mediterranean.

Trade has always been a big Trade has always been a big part of the culture of Africapart of the culture of Africa

• About A.D. 330, King Ezana converted to King Ezana converted to ChristianityChristianity, and he made it the official religion of Axum.

• Shipwrecked Syrians had introduced Christianity to Axum.

• Within a few centuries, Islam brought important challenges to the kingdom of Axum.

• Axumite civilization’s most distinctive feature was its religion.

Emerging Civilization and the Rise of Islam (cont.)

(pages 225–226)(pages 225–226)

Next great trading Next great trading civilizations that civilizations that emerged were:emerged were:

1.1.GhanaGhana2.2.MaliMali3.3.SonghaiSonghai

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• As early as A.D. 500, Ghana–the first of the great Ghana–the first of the great West African trading statesWest African trading states– emerged in the Niger River valley grasslands between the Sahara and the tropical forest along the coast.

• The kingdom of Ghana, The kingdom of Ghana, weakened by wars, weakened by wars, collapsed during the collapsed during the 1100s. The greatest 1100s. The greatest trading state that arose trading state that arose in its place was Mali, in its place was Mali, which Sundiata Keita which Sundiata Keita established in the mid-established in the mid-thirteenth century.thirteenth century.

The Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, Songhai

The great trade empires of West Africa grew out of the various vegetation zones and the products they produced. For example, yams were better suited to one area, grazing animals to another. How would these differences account for growth in trade?

Analyzing Maps and Charts

People traded for things they desired but could not produce.

Analyzing Maps and Charts

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The author is unknown.

Wisdom, or learning, cannot be purchased with money. It requires study.

Some things or people never change.

Crocodiles were native animals of West Africa.

Summary of Africa – Land of Great DiversitySummary of Africa – Land of Great Diversity