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University of DuhokCollege of Medicine
Disease of the Pharynx
Prepared by : Sabah S. Majeed
Supervision: Dr.Abdul Selam Dr Abdulla
Pharynx is a muscular tube that connects the nasal cavities to the larynx and oesophagus
Two types of Muscles forms the walls of the pharynx longitudinal and circular
innervated by the vagus nerve
It is common to both the GIT and RT
Nasopharynxbetween the base of the skull and the soft palate
Oropharynxthe middle part of the pharynx,between the soft palate and the superior border of the epiglottis
Laryngopharynxdistal part of the pharynx,between the superior border of the epiglottis and inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6)
Parts of the Pharynx
Arterial supply is via branches of the external carotid artery
Venous drainage is achieved by the pharyngeal venous plexus
Diseases of the Pharynx
1-Pharyngitis 2-Tonsillitis 3-Adenoids Hypertrophy 4-Cancer
Pharyngitisinflammation of the pharynx, causing a sore throat.
Causes viral and bacterial agents cause pharyngitis:
measlesadenovirus,cause of the common coldchickenpoxcroup,a barking coughwhooping cough
***fewer than 20 percent have a clear indicationfor antibiotic therapy (i.e., group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection GABHS)
What Are the Symptoms of Pharyngitis? In addition to a sore, dry, or scratchy throat it may
cause: sneezing runny nose headache cough fatigue body aches chills fever (a low-grade fever with a cold and higher-
grade fever with the flu)
How Is Pharyngitis Diagnosed?
1-C/F 2-Throat Culture
Rx1-Home Care 2-Medical Treatment
According to the Mayo Clinic, penicillin is the most commonly prescribed treatment for sore throat
Tonsillitis
What Is Tonsils?
Tonsils are the two lymph nodes located on each side of the back of your throat
Tonsils are your first line of defense against illnesand they produce white blood cells to help your body fight infection. but are vulnerable to infection from these invaders themselves.
Tonsllitis is inflammation of the tonsils due to infection
Causes of Tonsillitis
Tonsillitis can be caused by a virus, such as the common cold, or by a bacterial infection, such as strep throat
Symptoms a very sore throat difficulty swallowing or painful swallowing a scratchy-sounding voice bad breath fever chills Headaches a stiff neck jaw and neck tenderness (due to swollen lymph
nodes) tonsils that appear red and swollen tonsils that have white or yellow spots
How Tonsillitis Is Diagnosed?
based on a physical examination of the throat and may include a throat culture
Rx
Treatments for severe cases1-Antibiotic2-Tonsillectomy
Indication for tonsillectomy
upper airway obstruction, severe dysphagia, sleep anea or unresponsive to medical management
ContraindicationsPoor anesthetic risk or uncontrolled medical illnessAnemiaAcute infection
Adenoids
Adenoids are small tissues located at the back of the throat.
They are similar to the tonsils Both adenoids and tonsils are part of the
immune system, which helps to prevent and fight infection in your body
Adenoids hypertophy
s the unusual growth ("hypertrophy") of the adenoid tonsil first described by the Danish physician Wilhelm Meyer (1824-1895) in Copenhagen in 1868. He described that a long term adenoid hypertrophy will cause an obstruction of the nasal airways.
Causes
Bacterial or Viral Infection
Adenoid facies is the long, open-mouthed, dumb-looking face of children with adenoid hypertrophyis the most common cause of nasal obstruction in children.
enlarge when infected e.g EBV
Symptoms blocked, stuffy nose ear problems problems sleeping snoring sore throat difficulty swallowing swollen glands in the neck problems breathing through the nose glue ear (fluid buildup in the middle ear, which can cause
hearing problems) cracked lips and dry mouth (from breathing problems) sleep apnea (irregular breathing during sleep)
Diagnosis
C/FPhysical examination through
Endoscope
Rx Many people with enlarged adenoids have
few or no symptoms and do not need treatment. Adenoids shrink as a child grows older.
The health care provider may prescribe antibiotics or nasal steroid sprays if an infection develops.
Surgery to remove the adenoids (adenoidectomy) may be done if the symptoms are severe or persistent.
Cancers
Causes:
Throat cancer occurs when cells in your throat develop genetic mutations
Types 1-Nasopharyngeal cancer 2-Oropharyngeal cancer 3-Hypopharyngeal cancer (laryngopharyngeal
cancer) 4-Glottic cancer 5-Supraglottic cancer 6-Subglottic cancer
Risk Factor Tobacco use, including smoking and
chewing tobacco Excessive alcohol use A virus called human papillomavirus
(HPV) A diet lacking in fruits and vegetables Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Diagnosis1-Endoscope2-Tissue Biopsy3-Imaging
Rx1-Radiotherapy2-Surgery3-Chemotherapy4-Cetuximab (Erbitux)
References
1-Medscape 2-youtube 3-wikipedia 4-medline 5-healthonline 6-teachmanatomy 7-ENTassociation Photos from google