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Exercise 7

Phylogeny and Sytematics:

Survey of Plant and Animal Families

Adapted from:Dickey, J. 2003. Laboratory investigations for biology. 2nd edition. USA: The

Benjamin/Cummings Publishing and Co. pp. 12.1-12.17, 13.1-13.9.

Mader, S. 1998. Biology laboratory manual. 6th edition. USA: The McGraw-Hill

Companies, Inc. pp. 229-299.

Soligam-Hadsall, A. G., M. F. M. Sangalang, M. T. Joson-Villegas, N. P. Ona-Villa, and

A. A. Barrion 2007. A practical guide to introductory biodiversity: Systematic survey of

biological diversity. Laguna: UPLB Institute of Biological Sciences. pp. 69-75, 97-108.

I. Plant Classification

Objectivesa. distinguish the characteristic features of the major taxa of Kingdom Plantaeb. identify, define, and associate with the corresponding organisms, some structure

unique to Kingdom Plantae and each major taxonomic divisions

c. recognize some representative of each taxonomic division of the Kingdom andsome families of Division Magnoliophyta

d. identify common flowering plants with the aid of a dichotomous keyLaboratory Work (Field Investigation)

1. Search for a representative plant specimen for each of the given major classifications inthe plant kingdom:

a. Bryophytesb. Pterdiophytesc. Gymnospermsd. Angiosperms

i. Monocotii. Dicot

2. Observe and list down 5 morphological characteristics, 2 of which are unique to a givenspecimen.

3. Draw the habit of the chosen specimen. Supply the scientific name and the commonname.

4. Construct a dichotomous key showing all representative species based on yourobservations.

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II. Animal Classification

Objectivesa. identify and describe the characteristics of the major animal phylab. compare the features of this phylac.

classify the given animal taxa according to major groupingsd. give examples of members of the major animal phyla

e. construct a dichotomous key of the different phyla of the different animals given,according to observable morphological features

Laboratory Work

1. Obtain a representative specimen from each of the major phyla in the Animal Kingdom:a. Poriferasponge (Scypha sp.)b. Cnidariajellyfish (Aurelia sp.)c. Platyhelminthesflatworm (Schistosoma sp.)d.

Nematodaroundworm (Ascaris sp.)e. Annelidaearthworm (Lumbricus sp.)

f. Molluscasnail (Helix sp.)g. Arthropodacockroach (Periplaneta sp.)h. Echinodermatastarfishi. Chordatafrog (Bufo sp.)

2. Observe and list down five characteristics observed on the specimens morphology, twoof which are unique to a given specimen.

3. Determine the following:j.

Phylumk. Genus

l. Common Namem. Type of Coelomn. Symmetry: (a) assymetrical, (b) bilateral, (c) radial

4. Construct a dichotomous key showing all representative species based on yourobservations.

Instructor Notes:

Complement lab work with activities found online (activities included here are in pdfforms: Animal Phyla Guide and The Phylum Comparison Challenge)

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Exercise 8

Plant Form and Function

Adapted from:

Dickey, J. 2003. Laboratory investigations for biology. 2

nd

edition. USA: TheBenjamin/Cummings Publishing and Co. pp. 17.217.16.

Mader, S. 1998. Biology laboratory manual. 6th

edition. USA: The McGraw-HillCompanies, Inc. pp. 323-340, 375-390.

Soligam-Hadsall, A. G., M. F. M. Sangalang, M. T. Joson-Villegas, N. P. Ona-Villa, andC. L. M. Aurin. 2005. A practical guide to introductory biodiversity: Diversity in

structure and function of complex organisms. Laguna: UPLB Institute of Biological

Sciences. pp. 1-25.

I. The Root System

Objectivesa. enumerate the characteristics features and functions of rootsb. define, describe, and identify the external and anatomical parts of rootsc. compare and contrast monocot and dicot roots in terms of their morpho-anatomical

features

d. identify metamorphosed roots and associate each with their specialized functions

Laboratory Work

A. External Morphology of the Root

1. Obtain a grass and an assigned dicot plant. Examine the root system.2. Determine the type of root system exhibited by the grass and of the dicot plant. Observe

the structures arising from the primary root.

3. Draw the two root systems and label the primary and lateral roots.

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B. Anatomy of the Root

a) Root Longitudinal SectionExamine under the microscope a longitudinal section of the root tip. Locate the

following:

a.

Region of cell differentiationcomposed of meristematic tissue near the root capb. Region of elongationrows of newly produced cells as they begin to grow largerc. Region of maturationregion where cells are differentiated into particular cell types;

area of the root with root hairsd. Root capdead cells at the tip of the root; provides protection as the root grows

b) Dicot RootExamine a cross section of the dicot root ofRanunculus sp. Locate, draw, and label the

following:

a. epidermisthe outermost layer of tissueb. cortexlayer next to the epidermis, composed of several cell layersc.

endodermisfound next to the cortex; composed of a single cell layerd. pericycle lies next to the endodermis and consists of one to two cell layers; sitewhere the branch roots arise

e. stele (protostele)the primary vascular tissues bounded by the pericyclef. xylemg. phloem

c) Monocot Root

Examine a cross section of the monocot root ofZea mays. Locate, draw, and label the

following:a. epidermisthe outermost layer of tissueb. cortexlayer next to the epidermis, composed of several cell layersc. endodermisfound next to the cortex; composed of a single cell layerd. pericycle lies next to the endodermis and consists of one to two cell layers; site

where the branch roots arise

e. stele (protostele)the primary vascular tissues bounded by the pericyclef. xylemconducts minerals from the roots to the stemg. phloemconducts photosynthates from the leaves to other parts of the planth. pithcentrally located ground tissue that functions for storage

C. Metamorphosed Root

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II. The Shoot System: The Stem

Objectivesa. enumerate the characteristic features and functions of plant stemsb. define, describe, and identify the external and anatomical parts of the

stem, and the various types of stemsc. identify modified stems and associate each with their specialized functionsd. compare and contrast monocot and dicot stems in terms of their morpho-

anatomical featurese. compare primary and secondary growth in stems

A. External Morphology of the Stem

B. Anatomy of the Stem

a) Dicot Stem

Examine a cross section of the dicot stem. Locate, draw, and label the following:

a. epidermisouter protective layerb. cortex - layer next to the epidermisc. vascular bundleoccurs in a ring pattern; functions for transport of nutrientsd. pithstorage of organic nutrients; centrally located

b) Monocot StemExamine a cross section of the monocot stem. Locate, draw, and label the following:

a. epidermisouter protective layerb.

cortex - layer next to the epidermisc. vascular bundlescattered all throughout; functions for transport of nutrients

d. pithstorage of organic nutrients

C. Metamorphosed Stem

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III. The Shoot System: The Leaf

A. External Morphology of the Leaf

B. Anatomy of the Leaf

a) Dicot Leaf

b) Monocot Leaf

C. Metamorphosed Leaf