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FIELD CROPS (KHARIF)

Topic : Fibre crops (jute and sunhemp)

Roshni RLBCAU001 Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University

JUTE CROPINTRODUCTIONAll the cultivated varieties are classified into two types of varieties :Corchorus capsularis- Hardy in nature, grow well both on high and low lands, more popular, 70% of total acreage is under this species. Also known as white jute in commercial trade as fibre is whitish in colour.Corchorus olitorius- grown on well drained high lands only. Also known as Tossa jute in commercial trade .fibre is yellow to grey or even reddish in colour , finer, softer, stronger and more lustrous than C. capsularis

Corchorus olitorius

Corchorus capsularis

RAW JUTE SCENARIORaw jute is produced mainly in the state of west bengal, bihar, assam, orissa, andhra pradesh, tripura and meghalaya

PRODUCTION OF JUTE GOODSIndia is the leading jute goods producing country in the world accounting for about 70% of the estimated world production. Bulk of the jute manufactures goods are predominantly being used for packing purposes in domestic market

Domestic consumption of jute goods

Global scenarioMajor jute producing countries- nepal, bangladesh, thailand, myanmar, chinaIndian jute industryPresently, ther are 94 composite jute mills out of whichWest bengal-70 millsAndhra pradesh -10 millsUP, Bihar, Orissa 3 millsAssam, Chattisgarh- 2 millsTripura- 1 millAs on 31.08.2015, 26 mills are closed

ORIGINThe genus Corchorus contains about 40 species.Corchorus olitorius- Africa Corchorus capsularis- Indo-Burma regionBOTANICAL DESCRIPTIONGenus- CorchorusFamily- TiliaceaeHerbaceous annual , tap root system with numerous lateral branches

CLIMATE1 . Warm and humid climate2. Temperature- 24-37 0C optimum- 35oc3. Relative humidity- 55- 90%4. Well distributed total rainfall of 150 cm per year, 25 cm rainfall from march to may is the most suitable for jute cultivation.5. Alternate periods of sunshine and rainfall are beneficialSOILCan be grown on all types of soil from clay to sandy loam but the most suited is loamy alluvial soil, pH 6-7.5

FIELD PREPARATION1.Field should be ploughed and cross harrowed 5-6 times followed by planking until a fine seed bed with good tilth is obtained2. Soil moisture- 21-45%3. In case of acidic soils, liming should be done 4-6 weeks before sowing at the rate of 7-15 quintal per hectareSEED AND SOWINGSeed treatment- captan or ceresan @ 5g per kg of seedSowing time- starts from the month of February and extends to middle of June in some parts of indiaWhite jute- March- AprilTossa jute- April MayApril sowing gives the best result.

Seed rate , spacing and method of sowing- Seed rate for white jute- 6-8 kg per ha, tossa jute- 4-5 kg per haSpacing for tossa jute-20*5-7, white jute- 30*5-7Sowing of jute should be done in lines with the help of hand pushed seed drill or may also be sown behind the ploughMANURES AND FERTILISERSFYM- 5-8 tonnes per hectare incorporated one month before sowingNitrogen application 20-60 kg N per ha for olitorius, 40-80 kg per ha for capsularisUsually top dressed in one or two installments at 4 to 5 weeks crop age when requirement is highestPhosphorus and potassium application- 20-40 kg P2O5 per ha, 20-60 kg K2O per ha

WATER MANAGEMENTJute is generally grown under rainfed conditions, yields higher in irrigated conditionOne pre sowing and three post sowing irrigations before the onset of monsoon found optimum for increased fibre production of early sown juteWEED MANAGEMENTWeed infestation is maximum upto sixth weeks crop ageFirst weeding- 2-3 weeks after sowing when plants are 7-10 cm high and thin out extra seedlings to a spacing of 3-4 cm between two plantsSecond weeding- 5-6 weeks crop age when plants are 14-15 cm high and maintain plant to plant distance of 5-7 cm within a rowChemical control application of fluchloralin( Basalin) at the rate of 1 kg a.i. per ha in 1000 litres of water as pre plant is very effective.

DiseasesSeedling blightRoot rotStem rotCollar rot These all above diseases are caused by Macrophomina phaseoli.Control- Seed treatment for 10 min in a closed container with captan @ 5 g /kg of seed , apply lime and potash in areas with red and acid soils , spray bavistin @ 1 g/ litre of water at the first appearance of symptoms.

Anthracnose of Capsularis- c/o Colletotrichum corchorumAnthracnose of Olitorius- c/o- Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesControl- spray the crop twice a week with 0.2% blitox solution.Stem gall c/o Physoderma corchori ( olitorius types are more susceptible)Control- Avoid submergence conditions , grow capsularis types in such areas

Insect PestsJute Semi-LooperJute stem weevilBihar hairy caterpillar Tobacco caterpillarIndigo caterpillarYellow miteJute girdlerRed miteRoot knot nematode

HarvestingThe ideal stage of harvest is when the plants are in small pod stage that is 135-140 days after harvestingBut jute crop may be harvested for fibre purpose at any time before flowering between 120-150 DASEarly harvesting gives finer fibre of good quality whereas late harvesting gives a larger yield but a coarser fibreMethod Done by cutting plants close to the ground level with sharp sickles , the harvested plants are tied into separate bundles of 18-20 cm dia and left standing in the field for 2-3 days for shedding of leaves

RettingRetting is a process by which the fibres in the bark get loosened and separated from the woody stalkIt is a microbial process affected by various aerobic and anaerobic micro-floraProcedureIt is best done in a shallow canal with slow running clear water or tanks with a depth of about 2 m are quite suitableThe harvested bundles should be kept standing in 30-60 cm deep water for 3-4 days before the entire bundle is steepedThen jute bundles should be placed side by side usually in 2-3 layers and tied together, covered with aquatic weeds

The float is then weighed down with seasoned logs or concrete blocks or are kept submerged at least 10 cm below the surface of water At the end of the 8th day , the stems are to be examined , if fibre slips out easily from the wood on pressure from the thumb and fingers, retting is consider complete. Over retting results in dazed weak fibre.Retting is best done at 34oC.

ExtractionFibre should be extracted from the retted stalks gently , keeping the stalks in waterExtraction should be done from each stem separately . It gives cleaner jute fibre The extracted fibre should be dried in mild sun over a bamboo frame or clear surface of any sub-stratum for 2-3 days

YieldAverage yield- 13 Q of fibre / ha and can go upto 20-25 Q of fibre yield / ha from mproved practises and varietiesIn case seed is produced , 4-5 Q/ha in case of capsularis and 2.5-3 Q /ha in case of olitorius jute

Sann-hemp ( Crotolaria juncea L.)

IntroductionAlso called as Bombay hemp or Banars hemp, one of the important fibre crops of india.Important role in national economy both as raw material for indigenous industry and also as a foreign exchange earner through exportIt is also raised as a green manure crop. It adds about 40-60 kg of nitrogen per ha in the soil after decomposition

OriginIndigenous to indiaAREA AND DISTRIBUTIONImportant sannhemp growing countries- Russia, Romania, India, China, Hungary, Poland , Turkey, Brazil, BangladeshDistribution in India-UP, MP, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and OrissaUP has the largest area followed by MP

Botanical descriptionFamily- LeguminoseaeErect annual with its lateral braches growing to a height of 1.2 to 3 mStems are straight and thin and has a very thin outer skin which contains the long bast fibresThe plant is deep rooted with well developed lateral roots all covered with numerous nodules Leaves are sessile ,small and narrow and shining and covered with short silky hairs and their arrangement is alternateThe inflorescens is a raceme with 12 to 20 bright yellow flowers typically papillionaceous in structure.Flowers are self sterile and are cross fertilised

The pods are small, cylindrical and about 5 cm in length, the seeds are kidney shaped CLIMATEWarm season crop , grows best in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.In northern india, it is grown in the kharif season while in southern part , raised in rabi also.Requires a minimum of 40 cm of well distributed rainfall during the growing season

SoilWell drained loamy soils best for sann-hemp cultivationWhen grown for fibre purpose, it is not sown on heavy or waterlogged soils but for green manuring purposes , it can be grown on heavy soils too.VARIETIESK-12, K-12 Yellow, Nalanda Sanni, M-19, M-35, D-IX, ST-55, ST-42, ST-95, ST-112, T-6, SS-11

Field preparationThe soil should be made friable and weed free for sowing of sann-hempOne ploughing followed by 2-3 cross harrowings are sufficient. After harrowing , the field should be levelled by giving a gentle slope to ease drainageSEED AND SOWINGSeed rate- 20-25 kg/ha and when sown for green manuring, 55-60 kg /ha as the seeds are broadcastedSann-hemp seed loses its viability quickly , not older than 1 year seed is used for sowing purposesSpacing- 30* 7-10 cmSeed should not be sown 3-4 cm below the soil surface

Manures and FertilisersBeing a leguminous crop , fulfills its nitrogen requirement through the process of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in nodules on rootsRequires about 50 kg P205/ha , Ca is also required in some of the soils, traces of boron and molybdenum are required only after soil testingNo response to the application of potash has been observed.

Water ManagementDoes not require any irrgation during kharif season but one to two irrigations must be given in drought conditions if rains stop for a long spellCannot tolerate waterlogging, proper drainage systemWEED CONTROLNot much weed problem because seedlings grow very fast and smoother all weedsIn problem areas one weeding in the early stages of the crop growth is sufficientSometimes , there is a problem of Ipomoea that grow with the crop plants and flower and fruit at the same time as sann- hemp so, should be removed manually before flowering

DiseasesWilt - C/O- Fusarium vasinfectumsAnthracnose- C/O- Colletotrichum curvatumRust- C/O- Uromyces decoratus

INSECT PESTSSann-hemp Moth , Stem Borer, Green Bug

HarvestingBest done at the pod forming stage for good quality fibre. Such fibres have a good colour and lustureCrop grown for the purpose of green manures becomes reaady for incorporation in the soil within 2-3 months of sowing. At this time , the stalks will be tender with very little fibre formation and will take less time for decomposition in the soil.METHOD- Harvesting is done by cutting the plants close to the ground with a sickle

Steeping, Retting and ExtractionThe entire procedure of steeping , retting and extraction is same as that of jute cropYIELDThe crop has a fibre content of 2-4 % on the basis of the weight of green stem or 8-12% in terms of dry weightAverage yield- 8-10 quintals of fibre per hectare