Grammar Book

By:Keeyn Holloway

Table of Contents

1. Nationalities

2. Stem-Changing Verbs (all 4 classes)

3. Para*

4. Adjectives

5. Object Pronoun Placement

6. DOP (Direct Object Pronoun)

7. IOP (Indirect Object Pronouns)

8. ser vs. estar (all in one page)

9. -ísimo(a), and g/c/z*

10. Verbs like gustar

11. Affirmative and Negative Words

12. pero vs. sino*

13. DOP/IOP/SE

14. Reflexive verbs

15. Tú commands affirmative + negative + irregulars

Nationalities Mexico: mexicanoGuatemala: guatemaltecaHonduras: hondurenoEl Salvador: salvadorenoNicaragua: nicaraguenseCosta Rica: costarricensePanama: panamenoCuba: cubanoDominican Republic: dominicanaPuerto Rico: puertorriqueñoVenezuela: venezolanoColombia: colombianEcuador: ecuadorianPeru: peruanoParaguay: paraguayoBolivia: bolivianoChile: chilenoArgentina: argentinoUruguay: uruguayo

Stem-Changing Verbs

e:ie

o:uee:i

hablo como vivo

hablas comes vives

habla come vive

hablamos comemos vivimos

habláis coméis vivís

hablan comen viven

The Boot: put the word you are stem changing in the yo, tu,usted, nosotros, vosotros, and ustedes form. Nosotros andvosotros are outside the boot so they don’t get stem changed, buteverything else does.

POR

por adelantado

por supuesto

por suerte

por todas partes

por todos lados

por último

Adjectives “s” is added to adjectives ending with “z”.

ex: grandes

“es” is added to adjectives ending in a consonant.

ex: azules

an ending “z” in a noun is replaced with “ces”.

ex: lapiz lapices

“s” is added to nouns ending in a vowel.

ex: el lago los lagos

● The nationality must match the adjective it’s referring to.

ex: las muchachas inglesas los muchachos ingleses

Direct Object Pronouns

Remember, a direct object receives the action of the verb , and the direct object can also be a person.

Also, remember that the direct object answers the question "what?" or "whom?" with regard to what the subject of the sentence is doing.

Jose kicked the can .“can" receives the action of the verb “kick”.

Quique reads the book."Book" receives the action of the verb "reads”.

Jose hit Quique.(DO=Bill)

Example:Before:Rosa el compra una olla su madre.After:Rosa Quiere comprande una olla a su madre

Indirect Object pronouns

me (me)te (you-familiar)le (him, her, you-formal)

nos (us)os (you-all-familiar)les (them, you-all-formal)

Rules:- tells us what is being verbed.- They use the same words as IOP’sexcept in the usted (lo, la) and ustedes(los, las) form.Singular:yo: me (me)tu: te (you-informal)usted: lo, la (you-formal, him,her)Plural:nosotros: nos (us)vosotros: os (you)ustedes: los, las (them)

Gorge me compra un regalo.Jo buys me a gift.Jo buys a gift for me.Gorge te compra un regalo.Jo buys you a gift.Jo buys a gift for you.

Ser vs. Estar Ser and estar can both be translated as "to be."

ser

soyeresessomossoisson

Estar

estoyestásestáestamosestáisestán

Ser: usesNationalitiesOccupationCharacteristics of peopleGeneralizationsPossessionWhat something is made of Time and dateWhere or when an event takes placeDe: used after origin, possession, and whatsomething is made of

Estar: useshealthLocationPhysical states/ conditionsEmotional stateWeather expressionsongoing actions

adjectives: es/estamalo/malaseguro/seguralisto/lista

Isimo’s

muy + adjectivesumamente + adjectiveadjective + ísimo (-a, -os, -as)

muy guapovery handsome

sumamente guapoextremely handsome

guapísimoindescribably handsome

Affirmative and Negative words

algo (something)nada (nothing)

alguien (somebody)nadie (nobody)

algún (-o, -a, -os, -as) (some, something)ningún (-o, -a, -os, -as) (no, none)

siempre (always)nunca (never) jamás (never, ever)

también (also)tampoco (neither, not either)

o . . . o (either . . . or)ni . . . ni (neither . . . nor)

Affirmative:algo: something, anythingalgulen: someonealgueno: someC- quG- guZ- c

Negative:nada: nothingnadi: no oneninguno: noniochi: neither nonunca: nevertampoco: neither

Pero vs. Sino

The most common equivalent of "but" is pero:Hacía sol, pero también frío.It was sunny, but it was cold, too.• Sino follows a negation and means something like "but on the contrary" or "but instead":

No use "pero", sino "sino".No es tonto, sino demasiado inteligente.

DOP/IOP/SE

me me me

te te you (familiar)

lo, la le him, her, it, you (formal)

nos nos us

os os you-all (familiar)

los, las les them, you-all (formal

Verbs like gustar

gustarfaltarmolestarparecerdisgustar

Aburrirto ;bore

Fascinarto; be fascinating to

Bastarto; be sufficient

Importarto; be important to

Rules:- still singular with infinitives- mi + noun = my (noun)Verbs

Reflexive verbs lavar

yo lavotú lavasél, ella, usted lavanosotros/as lavamosvosotros/as laváisellos, ellas, ustedes lavan

Rules:- Reflects the verb back to the subject.- DO NOT use possessive adjectives withreflexives.

Affirmative and Negative commands

Informal (tú) Commands (Imperative)

Affirmative: Use the present indicative Ud. formNegative: Use the present subjunctive tú form

(hablar - ar + a = habla)(comer - er + e = come)(escribir - ir + e = escribe)

Los abverdidos

Adverbs are used to describe the expresión used in Spanish by showing descriptions

sí, también, cierto, claro, exacto, obvio

Deber

yo debo debí debía debería deberé

tú debes debiste debías deberías deberás

él/ella/Ud. debe debió debía debería deberá

nosotros debemos debimos debíamos deberíamos

deberemos

vosotros debéis debisteis debíais deberíais deberéis

ellos/ellas/Uds. deben debieron debían deberían deberán

Past tense of adjectives

componer - compuestodescribir - descritodevolver - devuelto

hablar - ar + ado = hablado

comer - er + ido = comido

vivir - ir + ido = vivido

pretierte

éasteóamosasteisaron

hablé comí viví

hablaste comiste viviste

habló comió vivió

hablamos comimos vivimos

hablasteis comisteis vivisteis

hablaron comieron vivieron

Progressive tense

“Estar + ando/- iendo/- vendo

The present progressive is only used to describe an action an action that is in the process of taking place. It is not used for future actions

Table of Contents21. Preterite and trigger words

22. Car/gar/zar

23. Spock

24. Cucaracha

25. Snake/snakey

26. Superlatives

27. Numbers

28. Hace + time expressions

29. Future

30. Conditional

31. Demonstrative adjectives

32. Demonstrative pronouns

33. Ordinal numbers

34. Directional terms/prepositions

35. Imperfect tense

36. Possessive Adjectives and pronouns

37. Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs

Preterite•A definite time in the past

•Has a beginning and/or ending

•Las expressiones para el uso (trigger words)

•Ayer, anoche, el ano pasado, la semana pasada,

ante ayer

-e -amos

-aste -asteis

-o -aron

-I -imos

-iste -isteis

-io -ieron

-I -imos

-iste -isteis

-io -ieron

Trigger Words

El dia anterior

The day before

Ayer Yesterday

La semana pasada

Last week

El fin de semana pasada

Last weekend

El mes pasado

Last month

El otro dia The other day

Anoche Last night

-Car -Gar -Zar

•Preterite of verbs ending in –car, -gar, and –zar

•Spelling change in the yo form to keep the sound of the verb

yo -car -que

yo -gar -gue

yo -zar -ce

Sacar C-qu Yo saque Yo saque la basura.

Pagar G-gu Yo pague Yo pague dos dolares.

Empezar

Z-c Yo empece

Yo empece un trabajo nuevo.

Spock Irreg Preterite Verbs

Hacer

Hice

Hiciste

Hiso

Hicimos

hicieron

Dar Ver

d/v I

d/v Iste

d/v Io

d/v Imos

d/v ieron

Ir Ser

FuiFuisteFueFumimos

Cucaracha Andar- anduv

Estar- estuv

Poder- pud

Poner- pus

Querer- quis

Saber- sub

Tener- tuv

Venir- vin

Conducir- conduj

Producir- produj

Traducir- traduj

Decir- dij

Traer- traj

Endings for all -e

-iste-o

-imos-isteis-ieron

J verbs DROP ‘I

Snake/Snakey•To write the third person preterite form of –er and –ir verbs with stems that end in vowel, change the I to y

•All of these preterite forms require an accent EXCEPT the ustedes/ellos/ellas forms

Snake Snakey

• Only changes in 3rd

• E>I : pedir, prederir, competir, repetir, seruir, sentir, venir

• O>U: dormir and morir

• Only changes in 3rd

• i>y: oir• E>y: leer, creer

Oir: to hear

oí oímos

Oíste

oyó oyeron

Superlatives More Less

El más El menos

Los más Los menos

La más La menos

Las más Las menos

• To use a noun with the

superlative form, put it after the

article

• Be sure the adjective matches

the noun in both gender and

number

Numberscero uno dostrescuarto cinco seisochonueve diezonce docetrece

catorce quincedieciseisdiecisietedieciochodiecinueveveine veintiunoveintidosveintitresveinticuatroveinticincoveintiseis

veintiochoveintinuevetreintacuarentacincuentasesentasetentaochentanoventaciendoscientostrescientoscuatrocientos

quinientos seiscientossetecientosochocientsnovecientosmil

Click to see more

Hace+ time expressions● Hace+ time+que+ present tense for of the verb

○ Hace dos años que estudio espanol. ■ I have been studying spanish for two years.

Present Tense

-o -amos

-as -ais

-a -an

Future Tense Infinitive + ending

Estudiaré en el parque I will study in the park.

comeré comeremos

comerás comeréis

comerá comerán

Conditional• used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, and is

usually translated as would, could, must have or probably.

-ía

-ías

-ía

-íamos

-íais

-ían

Demonstrative Adjectives

Masculine

Este- this one

Estos- these

Ese- that one

Esos- those

Aquel- that one over there

Aquellos-

these over there

Feminine

Esta- this one

Estas- these

Esa- that one

Esas- those

Aquella-

that one over there

Aquellas-

these over there

Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns are used to point out specific things. Demonstrative adjectives describe the location of the noun in relation to a person.

Demonstrative Pronouns

Masculine

Este- this one

Estos- these

Ese- that one

Esos- those

Aquel- that one over there

Aquellos-

these over there

Feminine

Esta- this one

Estas- these

Esa- that one

Esas- those

Aquella-

that one over there

Aquellas-

these over there

Demonstrative pronouns are used in place of the adjective and noun. They are the same as the demonstrative adjectives, but however, have an accent.

Accents are placed on the “e”

Ordinal Numbersprimero first

segundo second

tercero-a third

cuarto-a fourth

quinto-a fifth

sexto-a sixth

septimo-a seventh

octavo-a eigth

noveno-a ninth

decimo-a tenth

ultimo-a last

Click to see more

Directional Terms and Prepositions

a la izquierda (de)

left

a la derecha (de) right

al lado (de) side

entre between

cerca (de) near

lejos (de) far

delante (de) forward

detras (de) behind

abajo down

arriba up

debajo de underneath

dentro de inside

encima de on top of

fuera de outside of

Imperfect tenseused to● speak about background events in a story● talk about something you used to do as a matter of habit● speak about how old someone was● say what time it was

-ar

-aba -abamos

-abas -abais

-aba -aban

-er

-ía -íamos

-ías -íais

-ía -ían

-ir

-ía -íamos

-ías -íais

-ía -ían

Possessive adjectives and

pronouns● possessive adjectives show personal relationships or possession ● all possessive adjectives including mi(s), tu(s), su(s),

nuestro(a/os/as), and vuestro(a/o/as)-agree in gender and number with the nouns they describe

● possessive adjectives also have a longform. It is more expressive

mio(a) nuestro(a)

tuyo(a) vuestro(a)

suyo(a) suyo(a)

mios(as) nuestros(as)

tuyos(as)

vuestros(as)

suyos(as)

suyos(as)

Possessiveslongform-singular

Possessiveslongform-plural

Reflexive pronouns and verbs

● Reflexive verbs take a special pronoun called a reflexive pronoun.● While the usual direct object is different from the subject, a reflexive

pronoun is the same person,place, or thing as the subject. ● The subject and direct object are the same person;you call this

object reflexive

me escondo

nos escondemos

te escondes

os escondeis

se esconde se esconden