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Lars Occhionero, University of Aarhus Lars Occhionero, University of Aarhus [email protected] [email protected] - At forstå stjerner gennem deres farver - At forstå stjerner gennem deres farver Myrthuegaard, d. 12. November 2013

Like a rainbow in the dark

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On astronomical spectroscopy, what it is, how it works, how a spectrograph is made and what it has taught us. Lecture given at Myrthuegaard, 12 - 11 - 2013

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Lars Occhionero, University of AarhusLars Occhionero, University of [email protected]@occhionero.dk

- At forstå stjerner gennem deres farver- At forstå stjerner gennem deres farver

Myrthuegaard, d. 12. November 2013

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Stjerner

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Hvad vi skal snakke om i aften

Om spektroskopiens historieHvordan virker det?Hvad kan man bruge det til?PAUSELidt mere om planeter og seismologiHvordan bygger man en spektrograf?Lidt til filosofien, og hvad vi bl.a. har lært

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Lidt om mig...

Født i Italien i 1986 Flyttet til Danmark i 1996 Bachelor i Fysik 2009 Skriver speciale i astonomi

Har været interesseret i astronomi, stort set ALTID

about.me/larsocchionero [email protected]

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Lidt om mig... - Altid interesseret

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Lidt om mig... - Astromyr

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Lidt om mig... Århus Universitet

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Lidt om mig... - Steno Museet

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Tilbage til astronomien...

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Antikkens astronomi

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Antikkens astronomi

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Men så kom kikkerten (start 1600)

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Før

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Efter

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Endda solen

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Men stjerner...

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Om astronomi

“Of all objects, the planets are those which appear to us under the least varied aspect. We see how we may determine their forms, their distances, their bulk, and their motions, but we can never known anything of their chemical or mineralogical structure; and, much less, that of organized beings living on their surface ...”

Auguste Comte, The Positive Philosophy(1842)

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Om astronomi

“We can never learn their [Heavenly bodies'] internal constitution, nor, in regard to some of them, how heat is absorbed by their atmosphere. We may therefore define Astronomy as the science by which we discover the laws of the geometrical and mechanical phenomena presented by the heavenly bodies.”

Auguste Comte, Book II: Astronomy (1853)

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Den gode “nyhed”

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Newton - 1670

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Newton og prismer

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Chromatisk abberation

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Refractor

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Joseph Von Fraunhofer - 1814

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Fraunhofer linier

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Bunsen & Kirchoff

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Absorption og Emission

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Atomernes fingeraftryk

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Kemisk analyse af stjerner (!)

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Men hvorfor opstår linierne?

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Niels Bohr – 1913 (100 års jubilæum)

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Atommodel

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Absorbtion og Emission

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… Og så bliver det kompliceret

Brint Natrium

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Hvad kan man så bruge det til?

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Kemisk analyse af stjerner

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Metallicitet – Stjerners “generation”

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Temperatur

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Temperatur

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Spektraltype

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OBAFGKM(RNS)

Annie Jump Cannon

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OBAFGKM(RNS)

Oh Be A Fine Girl Kiss Me Right Now Sweatheart

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Ejner Hertzprung & Henry Russel - 1910

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HR – Diagram – Stjernernes Udvikling

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Radiale hastighed – Doppler Effekten

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Lys – Også en bølge

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Edwin Hubble

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Big Bang Model

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Spektre over tid

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Stjerner og Planeter

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Mere om det efter pausen...

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[email protected] - http://about.me/larsocchionero

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Tilbage til stjernerne...

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Exoplaneter

Transit Radial Hastighed

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Første Exoplanet - 1995

Mayor & Queloz

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1040

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Exoplanet Spektroscopi

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Exoplanet Spektroscopi

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Exoplanetet Spektrum

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Exoplanet Spektrum - Jorden

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Men vi skal jo kende til stjernen først...

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Asteroseismologi

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Asteroseismologi – at se med lyd

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Asteroseismologi – at se med lyd

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Asteroseismologi – at se med lyd

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Asteroseismologi – at se med lyd

Ernst Chladni

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Asteroseismologi – at se med lyd

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Asteroseismologi – Joseph Fourier

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Asteroseismologi

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Asteroseismologi

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Lidt Musik

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Asteroseismologi

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Stjernestruktur

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Stjernestruktur

Masse Temperatur

• Også i kernen Stofsammensætning Tæthed Energitransport Meget mere....

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Meget svære målinger

Størrelsesorden cm/s Linieflytning kun få

brøkdele pixel• Omkr. 20 Si atomer

Højopløsning spektroskopi nødvændig!

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Spektrograf DIY

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Echelle Spectrograf

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HIRES Spektrograf

HARPS UVES

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Th-Ar Spectrograf

Th-Ar lampe til kalibrering

Nemt at observere Kræver vakuum

• Fylder meget

• Meget dyr i drift

• Konstant vedligeholdelse

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Iod-celle Spektrograf

Lyset løber samme vej ingen timing →problemer

Mange flere absorptionslinier

Større kalibreringsarbejde

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Iod-celle Spektrograf

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SONG

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Formål

To study the internal structure and evolution of stars at a level of detail similar to that achieved for the Sun under similar observing conditions, using asteroseismology (and look at the Sun during the day)

To search for and characterize planets with masses comparable to the Earth in orbit around other stars.

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SONG

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SONG

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SONG

<----------------- 1200 mm------------><

----- ------ - 900 m

m - ------ -->

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Hvor langt er vi?

http://nightskycam.tn.telescope.org/view/index.shtml

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Stjerner... Hvorfor?

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Stjerner... Hvorfor?

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Grundstoffabrikkerne

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Derfor!

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Hubble Deep Field

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4.000.000.000.000

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[email protected] - http://about.me/larsocchionero

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The window problem

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The window problem

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Photometry vs. Spectroscopy

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The SONG crew

Jørgen Christensen—Dalsgaard (PI), IFA, Aarhus

Per Kjærgaard Rasmussen (PM), NBI, Copenhagen

Frank Grundahl (PS), IFA, Aarhus

Hans Kjeldsen, IFA, Aarhus

Uffe Gråe Jørgensen, NBI, Copenhagen

Torben Arentoft, IFA, Aarhus

Søren Frandsen, IFA, Aarhus

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On Planets

➔ Transit➔ Radial Velocity➔ Microlensing

➔ Lucky Imaging

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On planets

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Same mass, different age