Upload
bhuonlinedepartment
View
162
Download
4
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Slide 1-1
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Slide 1-2
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Define marketing and identify the diverse factors influencing marketing actions.Explain how marketing discovers and satisfies consumer needs.
Distinguish between marketing mix factors and environmental forces.LO 1-3
LO 1-2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES (LO)AFTER READING CHAPTER 1, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
LO 1-1
LO 1-4 Explain how organizations build strong customer relationships and customer value through marketing.
Slide 1-3
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
LAUNCHING A NEW BILLION-DOLLARFOOD CATEGORY—IN JUST SEVEN YEARS!
Developing Chobani’s Unique Greek Yogurt
Reaching Customers
Chobani Today
Chobani, Marketing,and You
Chobani
Slide 1-4
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Marketing is NOT Easy
WHAT IS MARKETING?
You Are a Marketing Expert Already
• Involved in 1,000s of Buying Decisions
• Involved in Some Selling Decisions
LO 1-1
Slide 1-5
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
You Too Could Start a Successful Business While in College!
WHAT IS MARKETING?
Marketing and Your Career
• Goal is to “Do Marketing!”
• Small Businesses Offer Marketing Careers
LO 1-1
Slide 1-6
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
WHAT IS MARKETING?DELIVERING BENEFITS
LO 1-1
Marketing Seeks to:
Exchange: Trade things of value between buyer and seller so each is better off
• Discover Needs and Wants of Customers
• Satisfy Them
AMA Definitionof Marketing
Slide 1-7
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
WHAT IS MARKETING?DIVERSE ELEMENTS INFLUENCE MARKETING ACTIONS
LO 1-1
The Organization Itself and Its Departments
Society
Environmental Forces
Slide 1-8
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
FIGURE 1-1 A marketing department relates to many people, organizations, and environmental forces
Slide 1-9
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
WHAT IS MARKETING?REQUIREMENTS FOR MARKETING TO OCCUR
LO 1-1
Two + Parties withUnsatisfied Needs
A Desire and Abilityto be Satisfied
A Way for the Partiesto Communicate
Somethingto Exchange
Domino’sPan Pizza
Slide 1-10
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
HOW MARKETINGDISCOVERS CONSUMER NEEDS
THE CHALLENGE: NEW PRODUCTS
LO 1-2
Consumers May Not Know or Cannot Describe What They Need or Want
Most New Products Fail
• “Focus on the Consumer Benefit”
• “Learn From Past Mistakes”
The Challenge:
Slide 1-11
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Dr. Care Vanilla-Mint Aerosol ToothpasteWhat are the “benefits” and“showstoppers?”
LO 1-2
Slide 1-12
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
StuffDOTWhat are the “benefits” and “showstoppers?”
LO 1-2
StuffDot
Slide 1-13
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Life is GoodWhat are the “benefits” and “showstoppers?”
LO 1-2
Slide 1-14
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
HOW MARKETINGDISCOVERS CONSUMER NEEDS
NEEDS VS. WANTS
LO 1-2
Need Want
Does Marketing PersuadePeople to Buy the“Wrong” Things?
Market: People with desire and ability to buy an offering
- VS. -
Slide 1-15
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
FIGURE 1-2 Marketing seeks to discover consumer needs through research and then satisfy them with a marketing program
Slide 1-16
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
HOW MARKETINGSATISFIES CONSUMER NEEDS
THE FOUR Ps
LO 1-3
• Promotion
• Place
Target Market: Groups of customers targeted by marketing programs
Marketing Mix: Controllable Factors
• Product
• Price
Slide 1-17
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
HOW MARKETINGDISCOVERS CONSUMER NEEDS
ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES
LO 1-3
• Technological• Regulatory
Environmental Forces: Uncontrollable Factors
• Social• Economic
• Competitive
Customer Value Proposition: Benefits promised to customers to satisfy their needs
Slide 1-18
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
THE MARKETING PROGRAMCUSTOMER VALUE
LO 1-4
• Best Price • Best Service
Customer Value: Benefits to the buyer from the product/service
• Best Product
Value Strategies
Slide 1-19
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Customer Value Strategy for US BankLO 1-4
Slide 1-20
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
THE MARKETING PROGRAMRELATIONSHIP MARKETING
LO 1-4
• Easy to Understand
Relationship Marketing
• Hard to Do Requires a Marketing
Program Targeting Specific Market
Segments
Slide 1-21
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
3M’S STRATEGY & MARKETING PROGRAM DISCOVERING & STATISFYING STUDENT STUDY NEEDS
LO 1-4
=3M product that
will combinePost-it® Notes or
Post-it® Flags andHighlighters
3M Highlighter
3M Post-it® Notes or
Post-it® FlagsFelt-tip Markers+
Slide 1-22
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
3M’S STRATEGY & MARKETING PROGRAM DISCOVERING & STATISFYING STUDENT STUDY NEEDS
LO 1-4
Move from Ideas toa Marketable Highlighter Product
Add the Post-it®
Flag Pen Develop a Marketing
Program for thePost-it® Flag Highlighter and Pen
3M Video
Slide 1-23
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
FIGURE 1-3 Marketing programs for two new 3M Post-it® brand products targeted at college students and office workers
Slide 1-24
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
3M’S STRATEGY & MARKETING PROGRAM DISCOVERING & STATISFYING STUDENT STUDY NEEDS
LO 1-4
Developed ThirdGeneration Post-it®
Flag Highlighter
Appeared onThe Oprah Winfrey Show
Slide 1-25
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
HOW MARKETING BECAME IMPORTANTEVOLUTION OF THE MARKET ORIENTATION
Marketing Concept: Idea that organizations satisfy the customers’ needs while achieving organization’s goals
Market Orientation: Focusing efforts to collect and use information to create customer value
Slide 1-26
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
HOW MARKETING BECAME IMPORTANTEVOLUTION OF THE MARKET ORIENTATION
LO 1-5
Customer RelationshipManagement (CRM)
Customer Experience
• What Firms Think They Offer Customers
• What Customers Say They Receive
• Identify and develop offerings for buyers
Slide 1-27
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
HOW MARKETING BECAME IMPORTANTETHICS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
LO 1-5
Ethics: Not always addressed with laws
Social Responsibility: To Broader Community• Societal Marketing Concept• Meet customer needs• Provide for society’s well-being
Slide 1-28
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
HOW MARKETING BECAME IMPORTANTBREADTH AND DEPTH OF MARKETING
LO 1-5
Who Markets? Everyone!
What Is Marketed? Everything!
• Products(Goods)
• Ideas • Services
Museum Video
Slide 1-29
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
HOW MARKETING BECAME IMPORTANTBREADTH AND DEPTH OF MARKETING
LO 1-5
Who Benefits? Consumers, organizations, and society
Who Buys & Uses What Is Marketed?• Ultimate Consumers• Organizational Buyers
How Do Consumers Benefit? • Form Utility
• Place Utility
• Time Utility• Possession Utility
Slide 1-30
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
CHOBANI: MAKING GREEK YOGURTA HOUSEHOLD NAME
VIDEO CASE 1
Chobani Video Case
Slide 1-31
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
VIDEO CASE 1Chobani Greek Yogurt
1. From the information about Chobani in the case and at the start of the chapter, (a) who did Hamdi Ulukaya identify as the target for his first cups of Greek yogurt and (b) what was his initial “4Ps” marketing strategy?
Slide 1-32
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
2. (a) What marketing actions would you expect the companies selling Yoplait, Dannon, and PepsiCo yogurts to take in response to Chobani’s appearance and (b) how might Chobani respond?
VIDEO CASE 1Chobani Greek Yogurt
Slide 1-33
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
3. What are (a) the advantages and(b) the disadvantages of Chobani’s Customer Loyalty Team that handles communications with customers—from phone calls ande-mails to Facebook and Twitter messages?
VIDEO CASE 1Chobani Greek Yogurt
Slide 1-34
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
4. As Chobani seeks to build its brand, it opened a unique retail store in New York City: Chobani SoHo. Why did Chobani do this?
VIDEO CASE 1Chobani Greek Yogurt
Slide 1-35
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
5. (a) What criteria might Chobani use when it seeks markets in new countries and (b) what three or four countries meet these criteria?
VIDEO CASE 1Chobani Greek Yogurt
Slide 1-36
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
DESIGNING A CANDY BAR
IN-CLASS ACTIVITY 1-1
Slide 1-37
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
ICA 1-1Design a Candy Bar
TV Ad Ghirardelli Web site
Example:
Designing a candy bar for Ghirardelli
Slide 1-38
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Slide 1-39
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
WHAT MAKES A BETTER MOUSETRAP?
IN-CLASS ACTIVITY 1-2
Slide 1-40
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
ICA 1-2A Victorious Mouse
If a man (woman) makes a better mousetrap,
the world willbeat a path to
his (her) door.”~ Ralph Waldo Emerson
Slide 1-41
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
ICA 1-2What Makes a Better Mousetrap?
VideoLive Catch
Website
Metal BaitPedal
Website
Example:Victor® Metal Bait Pedal
AndLive Catch Mousetraps
Slide 1-42
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Slide 1-43
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Slide 1-44
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Marketing
Marketing is the activity for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that benefit its customers, the organization, its stakeholders, and society.
Slide 1-45
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Exchange
Exchange is the trade of thingsof value between a buyer and a seller so that each is better off.
Slide 1-46
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Market
A market consists of people with both the desire and the ability to buy a specific offering.
Slide 1-47
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Target Market
A target market consists ofone or more specific groups of potential consumers towardwhich an organization directs its marketing program.
Slide 1-48
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Marketing Mix
The marketing mix consists of the marketing manager’s controllable factors—product, price, promotion, and place—that can be used to solve a marketing problem.
Slide 1-49
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Customer Value Proposition
Customer value proposition is the cluster of benefits that an organization promises customers to satisfy their needs.
Slide 1-50
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Environmental Forces
Environmental forces consist of the uncontrollable forces of social, economic, technological, competitive, and regulatory forces that affect the results of a marketing decision.
Slide 1-51
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Customer Value
Customer value is the unique combination of benefits received by buyers, including quality, convenience, on-time delivery, and before- and after-sale service at aspecific price.
Slide 1-52
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Relationship Marketing
Relationship marketing linksthe organization to its individual customers, employees, suppliers, and other partners for theirmutual long-term benefit.
Slide 1-53
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Marketing Program
A marketing program is a plan that integrates the marketing mix to provide a good, service, or idea to prospective buyers.
Slide 1-54
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Market Segments
Market segments are the relatively homogeneous groupsof prospective buyers that(1) have common needs and(2) will respond similarly to a marketing action.
Slide 1-55
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Marketing Concept
A marketing concept is theidea that an organization should (1) strive to satisfy the needs of consumers (2) while also trying to achieve the organization’s goals.
Slide 1-56
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Market Orientation
A market orientation occurs when an organization focuses its efforts to collect and use information about customers’ needs to create customer value.
Slide 1-57
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Societal Marketing Concept
Societal marketing concept is the view that organizations should satisfy the needs of consumers in a way that also provides for society’s well-being.
Slide 1-58
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Product
A product is a good, service, or idea consisting of a bundle of tangible and intangible attributes that satisfies consumers’ needs and is received in exchange for money or something else of value.
Slide 1-59
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Ultimate Consumers
Ultimate consumers consist of the people who use the productsand services purchased for a household. (Also called consumers, buyers, or customers.)
Slide 1-60
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Organizational Buyers
Organizational buyers aremanufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and government agencies that buy products and services for their own use or for resale.
Slide 1-61
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Utility
Utility consists of the benefits or customer value received by users of the product.