1.B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC KINH T TP.H CH MINH L HU NGH Chuyn ngnh: Kinh T Ti Chnh Ngn Hng M s: 60.31.12 LUN VN THC S KINH T Ngi hng dn khoa hc: TS. NGUYN TH THY VN TP. H Ch Minh - Nm 2007

2. MC LC Trang ba ph Mc lc Danh mc cc k hiu, ch vit tt Danh mc cc bng, biu, s M U ........................................................................................................ 1 CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V TH V RI RO TRONG HOT NG KINH DOANH TH. 1.1. Tng quan v th thanh ton................................................................ 4 1.1.1. Lch s hnh thnh v qu trnh pht trin th thanh ton ............ 4 1.1.2. Khi nim...................................................................................... 6 1.1.3. M t k thut v phn loi th..................................................... 6 1.1.4. Li ch v hiu qu ca vic s dng th thanh ton.................... 9 1.2. Nghip v pht hnh, s dng v thanh ton th............................. 13 1.2.1. C s php l .............................................................................. 13 1.2.2. Cc ch th tham gia................................................................... 13 1.2.3. Quy trnh pht hnh th............................................................... 15 1.2.4. Quy trnh s dng v thanh ton th........................................... 16 1.3. Cc nhn t nh hng n hot ng kinh doanh th................... 17 1.3.1 Nhn t ch quan ......................................................................... 17 1.3.2. Nhn t khch quan..................................................................... 18 1.4. Ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th............................................. 20 1.4.1. Khi nim v ri ro ..................................................................... 20 1.4.2. Khi nim v ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th.................. 20 1.4.3. Cc loi ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th .......................... 20 1.5. Mt s vn v ri ro trn th trng th th gii......................... 25 * Bi hc kinh nghim cho Vit Nam................................................... 27 1 3. Kt lun chng 1....................................................................................... 28 CHNG 2: THC TRNG RI RO HOT NG KINH DOANH TH TI NGN HNG THNG MI VIT NAM 2.1. Tng quan v hot ng kinh doanh th ti cc ngn hng thong mi Vit Nam....................................................................................... 29 2.1.1. Khi qut tnh hnh kinh t x hi Vit Nam hin nay ............... 29 2.1.2. Qu trnh hnh thnh th trng th Vit Nam......................... 30 2.1.3. C s php l cho hot ng kinh doanh th ............................ 31 2.1.4. Thc trng hot ng kinh doanh th Vit Nam trong thi gian qua............................................................................................... 32 2.2. Thc trng ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th Vit Nam trong thi gian qua.............................................................................. 42 2.2.1. Ri ro th gi mo....................................................................... 42 2.2.2. Ri ro thng tin th b mt cp.................................................... 45 2.2.3. Ri ro th mt cp, tht lc ......................................................... 47 2.2.4. Ri ro tc nghip......................................................................... 48 2.2.5. Ri ro o c ngh nghip ca nhn vin ngn hng............... 50 2.2.6. Ri ro v k thut, cng ngh...................................................... 51 2.2.7. Ri ro tn dng ............................................................................ 51 2.2.8. Ri ro v VCNT....................................................................... 52 2.3. Nguyn nhn gy nn ri ro ............................................................... 53 2.3.1. Nguyn nhn xut pht t chnh ngn hng................................ 53 2.3.2. Do yu t cng ngh ................................................................... 54 2.3.3. Do ngi s dng........................................................................ 55 2.3.4. Do VCNT................................................................................. 56 2.3.5. Do yu t php l........................................................................ 56 2.4. Bi hc kinh nghim hn ch ri ro trong hot ng th................ 57 Kt lun chng 2....................................................................................... 57 2 4. CHNG 3: NHNG GII PHP HN CH RI RO TRONG HOT NG KINH DOANH TH TI CC NGN HNG THNG MI VIT NAM 3.1. nh hng pht trin hot ng kinh doanh th Vit Nam ....... 58 3.1.1. nh hng ca ngnh ngn hng n nm 2010....................... 58 3.1.2. nh hng ca Hi th trong xu th hi nhp quc t ............... 6 3.2. Nhng gii php hn ch ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th ti cc NHTM Vit Nam .......................................................................... 63 3.2.1. Xy dng chin lc qun tr ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th................................................................................................ 63 3.2.2. Ch trng o to v pht trin ngun nhn lc......................... 65 3.2.3. u t i mi v ng dng cng ngh trong lnh vc nghip v th................................................................................................ 68 3.2.4. Tun th quy trnh nghip v...................................................... 71 3.2.5. Nng cao hiu qu ca cng tc kim tra, kim sot trong hot ng kinh doanh th.................................................................... 73 3.2.6. La chn VCNT c uy tn........................................................ 74 3.2.7. Tng cng hp tc gia cc ngn hng trong vic ngn nga ri ro ................................................................................................. 76 3.2.8. Phi hp vi c quan hu quan phng chng ti phm th ....... 77 3.2.9. Phi hp t pha khch hng - Trang b kin thc, nng cao trnh ngi s dng th .................................................................. 77 3.3. Kin ngh vi nhng C quan hu quan........................................... 79 3.3.1. Kin ngh vi Chnh ph............................................................. 79 3.3.2. Kin ngh vi Ngn hng Nh nc ........................................... 81 3.3.3. Kin ngh vi Hi th ngn hng Vit Nam ............................... 84 Kt lun chng 3....................................................................................... 86 KT LUN.................................................................................................. 87 3 5. TI LIU THAM KHO PH LC DANH MC CC CH VIT TT ACB : Ngn hng thng mi c phn Chu AGRIBANK : Ngn hng Nng Nghip v Pht trin Nng Thn ATM : Automated Teller Machine, my giao dch t ng BIDV : Ngn hng u T v Pht Trin Vit Nam VCNT : n v chp nhn th EAB : Ngn hng thng mi c phn ng EXIMBANK : Ngn hng thng mi c phn Xut Nhp Khu ICB, Incombank : Ngn hng Cng Thng Vit Nam NH : Ngn hng NHNN : Ngn hng Nh nc NHTM : Ngn hng thng mi NHPHT : Ngn hng pht hnh th NHTTT : Ngn hng thanh ton th PIN : Personal Idetify Number, m s c nhn POS : Point Of Sale, im chp nhn thanh ton th SACOMBANK : Ngn hng thng mi c phn Si Gn Thng Tn TCTQT : T chc thanh ton th quc t TECOMBANK : Ngn hng thng mi c phn K Thng VCB, Vietcombank : Ngn hng Ngoi Thng Vit Nam VIB : Ngn hng thng mi c phn Quc T VN : Vit Nam 4 6. DANH MC CC BNG BIU S Bng 2.1: S lng th pht hnh ti Vit Nam t 2001-2006........33+37 Bng 2.2: S lng th tn dng pht hnh ti Vit Nam tnh n 31/12/2006 ................................................................................................ 34 Bng 2.3: S lng NH thanh ton th qua cc nm 1995-2006 ........... 34 Bng 2.4: Doanh s thanh ton th quc t ti Vit Nam t nm 2001-2006 ................................................................................................ 35 Bng 2.5: S lng th ghi n ni a pht hnh ti Vit Nam tnh n ngy 31/12/2006 ............................................................................. 37 Bng 2.6: S lng my ATM ti Vit Nam t nm 2004-2006........... 39 Bng 2.7: S lng my ATM ti Vit Nam tnh n 31/12/2006 ........ 39 Bng 2.8: S lng VCNT t nm 2004-2006.................................... 40 Biu 2.1: Th phn pht hnh th tn dng ti cc NHTM Vit Nam tnh n ngy 31/12/2006........................................................... 33 Biu 2.2: Doanh s thanh ton Th quc t ti Vit Nam qua cc nm35 Biu 2.3: Th phn th ti cc NHTM VN tnh n 31/12/2006........ 37 S 1.1: Quy trnh pht hnh th.......................................................... 15 S 1.2: Quy trnh s dng v thanh ton th...................................... 16 5 7. 1 M U 1. Tnh cp thit ca ti. Trong xu th ton cu ha vi nhiu thi c v thch thc an xen, c th vt qua cc ro cn, kh khn ca qu trnh hi nhp, cc ngn hng thng mi v ang khng ngng nng cao nng lc qun l iu hnh, ch ng m rng quy m hot ng, a dng ho sn phm dch v, nhm nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh cho n v. Mt trong nhng lnh vc kinh doanh va em li ngun thu nhp ng k cho ngn hng va mang li hiu qu chung cho ton x hi, chnh l dch v pht hnh v thanh ton th. Xt v phng din tng th, hot ng thanh ton th c vai tr v cng to ln i vi vic gip cho ngi dn tip cn cc phng tin thanh ton vn minh hin i ca th gii, gp phn nng cao i sng cng ng dn c, nng cao i sng x hi. Xt v phng din c th, hot ng thanh ton th khng ch gp phn quan trng trong vic to nn hiu qu hot ng kinh doanh ti mi ngn hng thng mi m cn l mt mc xch quan trng thc y cc hot ng kinh doanh khc ca ngn hng pht trin. Th l mt phng tin thanh ton vn minh hin i, gn lin vi cng ngh. N ra i trn c s ng dng khoa hc k thut v cng ngh. Hin nay, chng ta ang sng trong mt th k ca cng ngh hin i, khi nn cng ngh hin i cng pht trin th ri ro do s dng, li dng cng ngh nh cp tin t th ang l mt thch thc ln cho c n v pht hnh th v ch th. Cc ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh dch v th ngy cng a dng v phc tp. N lm suy gim hiu qu kinh doanh, nh hng uy tn v thng hiu ca n v pht hnh th. V vy, vic nghin cu tm ra cc gii php ng b, hu hiu v kh thi ngn chn, hn ch ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th v ang tr thnh vn bc xc, c v phng din l lun v thc tin. 8. 2 Xut pht t thc tin nu trn, ti chn ti Nhng gii php hn ch ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th ti cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam cho lun vn thc s kinh t ca mnh. 2. Mc ch nghin cu. Nhm gp phn thit thc trong vic hnh thnh mt sn phm khoa hc c gi tr l lun v thc tin v hn ch ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th ti cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam. H thng ho, phn tch, thng k mt cch logic thc trng ca hot ng dch v th ti ngn hng thng mi c c s xut gii php hn ch ri ro trong hot ng th ti ngn hng thng mi Vit nam. T thc tin pht sinh, a ra cc bi hc kinh nghim, xut gii php, kin ngh hn ch ti a nhng ri ro trong hot ng thanh ton th nhm gp phn nng cao uy tn v thng hiu ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam cng nh thc y hot ng dch v ti chnh ngn hng pht trin an ton v hiu qu . 3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu. Hot ng kinh doanh th a dng, phc tp, bao gm nhiu t chc pht hnh trn phm vi ton th gii, trong gii hn ti, lun vn tp trung nghin cu v gii quyt cc vn lin quan n tnh hnh pht hnh, s dng th thanh ton ti cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam trong thi gian qua. Phm vi nghin cu gm cc lnh vc c lin quan n hot ng kinh doanh th ni chung v cc hot ng kinh doanh dch v th ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam ni ring. 9. 3 4. Phng php nghin cu. Phng php nghin cu ch yu l phng php thng k, phn tch v tng hp: Tip cn thc t, thu thp thng tin, i chiu, phn tch, nh gi, ng thi vn dng kin thc ca cc mn hc v ti chnh ngn hng v nhng kinh nghim thc tin lm vic trn lnh vc dch v th ngn hng gii quyt nhng vn t ra trong ti. 5. Kt cu lun vn. Ngoi phn m u v kt lun, lun vn c kt cu trong ba chng: Chng 1: Tng quan v th v ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th Chng 2: Thc trang ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th ti cc ngn hng thung mi Vit Nam. Chng 3: Nhng gii php hn ch ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th ti cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam. Trong qu trnh nghin cu, tc gi c gng thu thp s liu, phn tch, nhn nh v xut cc gii php nhng chc chn khng th trnh c nhng khim khuyt. Tc gi rt mong nhn c s gp ca thy c v nhng ngi quan tm. Chn thnh cm n. 10. 4 Chng 1: Tng quan v th v ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th 1.1. Tng quan v th thanh ton 1.1.1. Lch s hnh thnh v qu trnh pht trin th thanh ton Th l mt cng c thanh ton khng dng tin mt rt tin li trong nn kinh t. Lch s ra i ca th c ghi nhn sau cuc khng hong kinh t th gii 1929-1933. thc hin kch cu, khuyn khch tiu dng, gp phn khc phc nh hng ca cuc i khng hong ny, cc nc pht trin a ra m hnh ti tr tiu dng bn chu. Do vy, cn c mt loi cng c tn dng s dng linh hot c th thanh ton ti tt c cc im bn hng v y l iu kin cp thit, thc y cc t chc kinh t ti chnh vo cuc, trong phi k n ngn hng, t th thanh ton ra i. Dng u tin ca th thanh ton ra i vo nm 1945. l Charge -It ca ngn hng John Biggins (M), cho php khch hng thc hin cc giao dch ni a bng cc phiu c gi tr do ngn hng pht hnh. Sau , cc i l np li nhng phiu ny cho ngn hng Biggins, ngn hng thu tin t khch hng v thanh ton cho i l. y chnh l tin cho vic pht hnh th tn dng u tin ca ngn hng Franklin National vo nm 1951. Nm 1955, hng lot th mi xut hin M nh TripCharge, Golden Key, Gourmet Club, Esquire Club. n nm 1958, th Card Blanche, American Express ra i v thng lnh a s th trng. Phn ln cc th ny ch dnh cho gii doanh nhn v nhng ngi giu c lc by gi, nhng cc ngn hng d bo rng gii bnh dn mi l i tng s dng th ch yu trong tng lai. Nm 1960, mt ngn hng ln ca M l Bank of America pht hnh th Bank Americard. m rng qui m hot ng, ngn hng ny cp giy 11. 5 php cho cc nh ch ti chnh trong khu vc c pht hnh th Bank Americard. Nm 1966, cnh tranh vi s thnh cng ca ngn hng Bank of America, mi bn ngn hng ln ca M thnh lp Hip hi th lin hng quc t (Interbank Card Association ICA) v cho ra i th Master Charge. Vo nm 1977, th tn dng Bank Americard c i tn thnh th Visa. T chc th Visa quc t hnh thnh v pht trin nhng khng trc tip pht hnh th m giao li cho cc thnh vin pht hnh khin cho t chc th Visa nhanh chng m rng th trng. n nay, th Visa c quy m ln nht v s lng ngi s dng nhiu nht trn th gii. Nm 1979, Master Charge i tn thnh MasterCard v tr thnh t chc th quc t ln th 2 trn th gii, sau Visa, gp phn a th trng th thanh ton ngy cng pht trin trn ton cu. Sau M, cc nc chu u v tip sau l chu , c bit l Nht Bn, th thanh ton c s dng rng ri vi cht lng ngy cng cao nh vo s pht trin ca cng ngh k thut s. Ngy nay, ngoi hai loi th Visa v Master v ang c s dng rng ri v ph bin nht trn th gii, th trng th cn c mt s loi th in hnh sau: Th Diners Club: th du lch v gii tr do t chc th t pht hnh vo nm 1949 M. Th American Express (th Amex): ra i nm 1958. y l t chc th du lch v gii tr ln nht th gii, trc tip pht hnh v qun l ch th. Th JCB: th du lch v gii tr xut hin Nht t nm 1961 do ngn hng Sanwa pht hnh, v pht trin thnh t chc th quc t vo nm 1981. Nhn chung, cc th trn l nhng loi th c s dng rng ri, ph bin trn th gii. Phn ln cc loi th ny do ngn hng pht hnh; tuy 12. 6 nhin th cn c th do cc cng ty a quc gia, cc tp on du la, cc cng ty giao nhn vn ti, pht hnh v s dng nh th ngn hng. 1.1.2. Khi nim Th l mt phng tin thanh ton khng dng tin mt c pht hnh bi cc ngn hng, cc nh ch ti chnh, hoc cc cng ty v ngi s hu th c th s dng n thanh ton tin hng ha, dch v hoc rt tin mt ti cc ngn hng i l hoc ti cc my rt tin t ng. Theo quan im ca Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam, khi nim v th c quy nh ti quy ch pht hnh, thanh ton, s dng v cung cp dch v h tr hot ng th ngn hng ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 20/2007/Q-NHNN ngy 15/05/2007 nh sau: Th ngn hng l phng tin do t chc pht hnh th pht hnh thc hin giao dch th theo cc iu kin v iu khon c cc bn tha thun. 1.1.3. M t k thut v phn loi th 1.1.3.1. M t k thut c th nm bt ton din v nghip v kinh doanh th, chng ta hy tm hiu v cu to k thut ca mt tm th. Th c cu to bng nha cng (plastic) theo chun quc t: hnh ch nht kch c 96mm x 54mm x 0.76mm, gm 2 mt: Mt trc th gm nhng thng tin sau: biu tng v tn t chc pht hnh, thng hiu ca t chc th quc t (i vi th quc t), chip in t (i vi th thng minh), s th, thi gian hiu lc ca th, h v tn ch th, k t an ninh trn th, s mt m ca t pht hnh. Mt sau th gm c di bng t (lu tr cc thng tin nh: s th, ngy hiu lc, tn ch th, ngn hng pht hnh, m s PIN c nhn) v di bng ch k. 13. 7 14. 8 1.1.3.2. Phn loi th: Th l mt phng tin thanh ton vn minh hin i c s dng rng ri trn ton th gii, cc loi hnh v th rt phong ph v a dng. Xt trn nhiu gc khc nhau, chng ta c cc cch phn loi th ch yu nh sau: Xt theo cng ngh sn xut, c 3 loi: Th khc ch ni (embossed card): l loi th s khai ban u, cc thng tin c bn c khc ni trn th, loi ny nhanh chng b thay th bi tnh bo mt km v d lm gi. Th bng t (magnetic stripe): th c ph mt bng t vi 2 hoc 3 dy ghi nhng thng tin cn thit c m ha, cc thng tin ny thng l thng tin c nh v ch th v s liu kt ni. Khi trnh cng ngh pht trin cao, n bc l nhng im yu do tnh bo mt khng an ton, d b k gian li dng c thng tin v lm gi th, hoc to cc giao dch gi gy thit hi cho ch th v ngn hng. Th thng minh (smart card - th chip): th c sn xut da trn k thut vi x l nh gn mt chp in t theo nguyn tc x l nh mt my tnh nh. y l th h mi nht ca th thanh ton, n khc phc nhiu nhc im ca th t, m bo tnh an ton cao. Xt theo bn cht kinh t ca ngun thanh ton, c 3 loi: Th tn dng (credit card): l loi th cho php ch th c thc hin giao dch trong phm vi hn mc tn dng c cp theo tha thun vi t chc pht hnh th. Ch th phi thanh ton t nht mc tr n ti thiu khi n hn quy nh v s phi tr li cho s tin cn n 15. 9 theo mc li sut tha thun trc. Th tn dng c xem nh mt cng c cho vay tiu dng ca t chc pht hnh cp cho ch th. Th ghi n (debit card): l loi th cho php ch th thc hin giao dch trong phm vi s tin trn ti khon tin gi thanh ton ca ch th m ti mt t chc cung ng dch v thanh ton. Th ghi n khng c hn mc tn dng v n ph thuc s d hin hu trn ti khon ch th. Tuy nhin, to iu kin cho ch th trong giao dch, t chc pht hnh c th cho php ch th chi tiu hoc rt tin vt qu s d trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, ty thuc vo mi quan h khch hng, hnh thc ny gi l thu chi. Mt s dng khc ca th ghi n: + Th rt tin mt (ATM card): l hnh thc pht trin u tin ca th ghi n, cho php ch th tip cn trc tip ti ti khon ti ngn hng qua my rt tin t ng. Ch th c th thc hin nhiu giao dch khc nhau ti ATM nh vn tin s d, chuyn khon, rt tin, in sao k,. + Th tnh tin (charge card): L mt hnh thc ca th ghi n nhng c pht hnh ging nh phng thc ca th tn dng, tc l hng thng ch th phi hon tr y ha n thanh ton. Th ny c ni mng cng h thng vi th tn dng nhng l ph hng nm ln hn th tn dng, c bit l i vi cc loi th vng (Gold Charge Card). Loi th ny c th mang n cc li ch khc nhau nh u tin t ch, mua v hay bao gm ph bo him du lch v thng do cc t chc du lch v gii tr nh Diners Club v American Express pht hnh. Th tr trc (prepaid card): cho php ch th thc hin giao dch trong phm vi gi tr tin c np vo th, tng ng vi s tin m ch th tr trc cho t chc pht hnh th. Ch th tr trc khng nht thit phi c quan h ti khon vi ngn hng. Th tr trc gm c th tr trc nh danh v th tr trc v danh. Hn na, th tr trc c th s dng di hnh thc th qu tng, th chuyn tin, th thanh ton phc li x hi v th thanh ton du lch. 16. 10 Xt theo phm vi lnh th, c 2 loi: Th ni a: l loi th ch s dng trong phm vi mt quc gia v ng tin giao dch l ng bn t. Thng thng l th ghi n ca cc ngn hng thng mi, c pht hnh, s dng ti h thng my ATM v mng li cc VCNT trong nc. Th quc t: l loi th c th c s dng trn phm vi trong nc v quc t. pht hnh th quc t, t chc pht hnh th phi l thnh vin ca t chc th quc t, tun th cht ch cc qui nh trong vic pht hnh v thanh ton th do t chc th quc t ban hnh 1.1.4. Li ch v hiu qu ca vic s dng th thanh ton: i vi ngi s dng th: Tin ch an ton chi trc tr sau. + S tin ch trong thanh ton: Th l phng tin thanh ton hin i, khng s dng tin mt. Ch th c th s dng n thanh ton hng ha, dch v hay rt tin mt ti bt c VCNT trn ton th gii m khng cn phi mang theo tin mt hay sc du lch, khng ph thuc vo khi lng tin cn thanh ton. S tin li ny th hin rt r khi ch th i cng tc hay i du lch ra nc ngoi m t c cng c thanh ton no thay th c. + Tnh an ton trong thanh ton: vic s dng th s an ton hn nhiu so vi cc hnh thc thanh ton khc nh tin mt, sc, Khi th b mt, ngi cm th cng kh s dng c v ngn hng s bo mt cho ch th bng m s PIN, nh v ch k trn th. Trong trng hp mt th, ch th ch cn thng bo n ngn hng pht hnh hoc ngn hng i l kha th v c th c cp li th khc. + Tit kim thi gian: s dng th gip ch th tit kim c thi gian ch i khi giao dch thanh ton hng ha dch v, chng hn nh ch th s trnh c khu kim m khi mua hng ha gi tr ln m phi thanh ton bng tin mt hoc khi mun thanh ton ph dch v Internet, cc in thoi, in, 17. 11 nc, ch th khng phi mt thi gian i n cc quy giao dch v khng phi ch i th t giao dch, ch th ch cn n my ATM nhn nt thc hin giao dch ngay. + c cp hn mc tn dng tun hon: i vi th tn dng, ch th c cp hn mc tn dng ngn hng, chi tiu trc, tr tin sau. Hn th na, khi n hn thanh ton (thng chu k 1 thng), ch th ch cn thanh ton s tin ti thiu (hin qui nh 20% trn s tin s dng), s n cn li ch th c th tr sau v phi chu li theo mc li sut cho vay tiu dng i vi n v chp nhn th (VCNT): + Thu ht thm khch hng: Khi n v kinh doanh chp nhn thanh ton bng th s tng thm uy tn cho mnh, c bit VCNT l cc ca hng, nh hng, khch sn, Qua cung cp thm cho khch hng phng thc thanh ton nhanh chng hin i, kh nng thu ht khch hng s tng ln, c bit l khch du lch, cc nh u t nc ngoi lun c thi quen s dng th thanh ton. + M rng th trng v tng doanh s: Chp nhn thanh ton th gip cho cc n v nng cao kh nng cnh tranh ca mnh so vi cc n v cha chp nhn th. Vic s dng phng thc thanh ton hin i l mt yu t quan trng gip n v thu ht khch hng, m rng th trng. Nh , doanh s cung ng hng ha dch v ca n v cng tng theo. + An ton, m bo: hn ch hin tng khch hng s dng tin gi, hn ch nguy c mt cp tin, nht l i vi cc n v nh hng khch sn, cn trnh c vn mt cp tin mt ca khch hng + Rt ngn thi gian giao dch vi khch hng: Khi giao dch tin mt vi khch hng, vic m tin, ghi chp s sch rt phc tp. Khi s dng th thanh ton, qu trnh x l giao dch s c rt ngn, nhanh chng, an ton v chnh xc. 18. 12 + Gim chi ph giao dch: Thanh ton th gip VCNT gim ng k cc chi ph kim m, bo qun tin, qun l ti chnh, nh vy cng gim c chi ph bn hng + Ngoi ra vic tham gia chp nhn th cng l iu kin cn thit VCNT nhn c cc u i ca ngn hng nh u i v tn dng, v dch v thanh ton. i vi ngn hng: + Gia tng li nhun cho ngn hng, gp phn to ngun thu n nh cho ngn hng thng qua vic thu ph v li t hot ng ny. C th nh sau: i vi th tn dng, ngn hng s thu ph pht hnh, ph thng nin, ph chuyn i ngoi t t t chc th quc t, ph rt tin mt, li vay trn s tin ch th cn n ngn hng, i vi th ghi n, th ATM, ngn hng s thu ph pht hnh, ph thng nin, ph giao dch, (cc ph ny c min gim ty thuc chnh sch ca mi ngn hng). + Gp phn gia tng ngun vn huy ng: nh dch v th, c bit l th ghi n, ngn hng thu ht c khch hng m ti khon, thu ht dng tin gi vo ngn hng, qua ngn hng s tn dng c ngun vn huy ng vi li sut thp (li sut tin gi khng k hn) phc v cho cc mc ch kinh doanh khc. + Gp phn a dng ha sn phm ngn hng: dch v th lm phong ph thm cc sn phm dch v ca ngn hng, mang n cho khch hng mt sn phm thanh ton tin ch, hin i, p ng c nhu cu ngy cng cao ca khch hng. + Gp phn hin i ha ngn hng: khi a thm mt loi hnh thanh ton mi phc v khch hng, buc ngn hng phi khng ngng hon thin: nng cao trnh , trang b thm thit b k thut cng ngh cung cp cho khch 19. 13 hng nhng iu kin tt nht trong thanh ton, m bo an ton, hiu qu trong hot ng kinh doanh. i vi nn kinh t: + Gim khi lng tin mt trong lu thng, t tit kim c chi ph sn xut, vn chuyn, bo qun v kim m tin mt. + Tng nhanh khi lng chu chuyn thanh ton trong nn kinh t: hin nay hu ht mi giao dch th trong phm vi quc gia hay ton cu u c thc hin trc tuyn (on-line), v vy tc chu chuyn thanh ton nhanh chng hn nhiu so vi cc phng tin thanh ton khc nh sc, y nhim chi, y nhim thu. + Gp phn h tr qun l v m ca nh nc: s dng th thanh ton, mi giao dch s c thc hin qua ngn hng. Nh , nng cao kh nng kim sot ca Nh nc vi nhng k thut hin i, to nn tng cho cng tc qun l v m ca Nh nc, iu hnh chnh sch tin t quc gia. + Thc hin kch cu: pht trin thanh ton th l mt trong nhng cng c kch cu do da vo yu t tm l ca ngi s dng th chi tiu trc, tr tin sau cng nh tc ng t nhng chng trnh khuyn mi ca cc t chc pht hnh th, khuyn khch ngi tiu dng chi tiu bng th ngy cng nhiu hn. + Hnh thnh mi trng thanh ton vn minh, hin i: pht trin th thanh ton gip chng ta tip cn vi cng ngh thanh ton hin i ca th gii, hi nhp vi cng ng quc t. 20. 14 1.2. Nghip v pht hnh, s dng v thanh ton th 1.2.1. C s php l Cc t chc pht hnh v thanh ton th thc hin theo cc quy nh trong hp ng k kt gia ngn hng thng mi trong nc vi cc T chc Th quc t, cc quy nh v lut l hin hnh ca Ngn hng Nh nc, cc T chc th Quc t v Lut php quc gia. 1.2.2. Cc ch th tham gia 1.2.2.1. T chc th quc t (TCTQT Card Association) L t chc cp php thnh vin cho cc ngn hng pht hnh (NHPH) v ngn hng thanh ton th (NHTT). TCTQT c nhim v chnh l cung cp mng li vin thng ton cu phc v cho quy trnh thanh ton th, a ra cc iu l, quy ch hot ng thanh ton th v l trung gian gii quyt cc tranh chp khiu ni gia cc thnh vin. Mt s biu tng ca cc t chc th quc t 1.2.2.2. Ch th (Cardholder) Ch th c th l c nhn hoc l ngi c cc cng ty y quyn, ch c ch th mi c quyn s dng th ng tn mnh thanh ton tin hng ha dch v hay rt tin mt trong gii hn quy nh. Ch th c th gm: + Ch th chnh: ngi ng tn ngh ngn hng cp th v hon ton chu trch nhim x l, thanh ton cc vn c lin quan s dng th ca mnh, k c th ph pht hnh theo th chnh. + Ch th ph: l ngi c cp th theo ngh ca ch th chnh. 21. 15 1.2.2.3. Ngn hng pht hnh th (NHPHT Bank Issuer): L ngn hng c Ngn hng Nh nc cho php thc hin nghip v pht hnh th. i vi th ni a NHPHT phi c nng lc ti chnh, khng vi phm php lut, m bo h thng trang thit b ph hp tiu chun an ton cho hot ng pht hnh v thanh ton th, c i ng cn b nng lc chuyn mn vn hnh v qun l. i vi th quc t, NHPHT phi c NHNN cp giy php hot ng ngoi hi v cho php thc hin dch v thanh ton quc t v phi l thnh vin ca t chc th quc t 1.2.2.4. Ngn hng thanh ton th (NHTTT - Acquirer): L ngn hng ch lm chc nng trung gian thanh ton gia ch th v NHPHT. NHTTT nhn thanh ton th qua mng li cc VCNT k hp ng thanh ton th. Khi tham gia thanh ton th, NHTTT thu uc cc khon ph chit khu i l, ng thi cung cp cc dch v i l cho VCNT nh dch v thu chi, x l tng kt, gii quyt khiu ni, thc mc cho cc VCNT. 1.2.2.5. n v chp nhn th (VCNT - Merchant) L nhng n v bn hng ha, dch v c k kt hp ng chp nhn thanh ton th vi NHTTT hoc vi NHPHT. VCNT c th l nh hng, khch sn, sn bay, ca hng, siu th hay cc n v ng tin mt, cc ngn hng i l. VCNT c th c trang b my cp php t ng (EDC), my c tay ha n th (imprinter) thc hin xin cp php v thanh ton th 22. 16 1.2.3. Quy trnh pht hnh th thanh ton Khch hng v pht hnh tip nhn h s Thm nh h s In th X l d liuGiao nhn PIN, th (1) (2) (3) (4)(5) (6) S 1.1: Quy trnh pht hnh th Bc 1: Khch hng n ngn hng ngh pht hnh th Bc 2: Ngn hng tip nhn h s khch hng. Bc 3: Thm nh h s khch hng. C th, xem xt t cch php nhn, s d trn ti khon, nng lc ti chnh, thu nhp thng xuyn (i vi khch hng c nhn), mi quan h tn dng trc y vi ngn hng (nu c) Bc 4: Trn c s thng tin thm nh, ngn hng tin hnh phn loi khch hng theo cc loi hng c bit (VIP), hng cao cp hoc hng ph thng cp hng mc tn dng ph hp. H s d liu khch hng c cp nht ln h thng v gi n ni x l in th. Bc 5: Bng k thut ring ca tng ngn hng pht hnh, th ghi li cc thng tin cn thit v ch th ln b mt th ng thi m ha v n nh m s c nhn (s PIN) cho ch th Bc 6: Trao th v PIN cho khch hng km theo hng dn s dng th. Ly giy xc nhn ca khch hng v vic nhn th v PIN, yu cu ch th gi b mt s PIN ca mnh. 23. 1 1.2.3. Quy trnh s dng v thanh ton th Ch th NHPHT S 1.2: Quy trnh s dng v thanh ton th (9) Bc 1: Ch th yu cu thanh ton hng ha dch v hoc rt tin mt bng th ti cc VCNT Bc 2: Chp nhn th v cung cp hng ha dch v ti VCNT. Bc 3: VCNT gi bng sao k chi tit v ha n thanh ton cho NHTTT. Bc 4: NHTTT thanh ton cho VCNT. NHTTT s ghi n tm ng thanh ton th v ghi c cho VCNT. Bc 5: NHTT tng hp giao dch v gi d liu thanh ton n TCTQT Bc 6: TCTQT x l b tr thanh ton. TCTTQT ghi n v bo n cho NHPHT; ng thi ghi c v bo c cho NHTTT. Bc 7: NHPHT chp nhn thanh ton. Sau khi nhn c thng tin v nu khng c khiu ni g, NHPHT chp nhn thanh ton cho TCTQT. Bc 8: NHPHT gi sao k thng bo cho ch th. nh k hng thng, NHPHT lp sao k giao dch gi n cho ch th yu cu thanh ton. (4) TCTQT NHTTT (3) (6) (5) (7) (6) (1) (2) VCNT (8) 1 24. 2 Bc 9: Ch th thanh ton n cho NHPHT. Sau khi nhn c sao k giao dch, nu khng thy sai st g, ch th tin hnh thanh ton n cho NHPHT. 1.3. Cc nhn t nh hng n hot ng kinh doanh th 1.3.1 Nhn t ch quan 1.3.1.1. H thng cng ngh ngn hng Th l mt sn phm gn lin vi cng ngh k thut hin i. Vic la chn h thng cng ngh ca tng ngn hng phi ph hp vi nh hng chin lc pht trin ca ngn hng . Cc ngn hng trin khai dch v th cn phi u t mt h thng cng ngh k thut theo tiu chun quc t bao gm: h thng qun l thng tin khch hng, h thng qun l hot ng s dng v thanh ton th p ng yu cu ca cc t chc th quc t. Bn cnh , cc ngn hng cng phi u t h thng trang thit b phc v cho vic pht hnh v thanh ton th nh: my in th, my c tay, my thanh ton th t ng, my giao dch t ng, my cp php thanh ton th, cc thit b khc kt ni h thng, cc thit b u cui. H thng ny phi ng b v c kh nng tch hp cao, bi v giao dch th c x l nhanh hay chm ph thuc nhiu vo tnh ng b, kh nng v tc x l ca ton h thng. 1.3.1.2. Hot ng marketing Hot ng marketing trong kinh doanh th thanh ton th c vai tr quan trng, i hi cc ngn hng phi c chin lc pht trin i vi sn phm ny. Thng qua cc hot ng marketing nh: nghin cu, phn tch th trng, thit k v khuch trng sn phm mi, cc ngn hng c th tm kim khch hng, gip h tip cn v quyt nh la chn phng thc thanh ton th, trn c s pht trin cc sn phm th ca ngn hng mnh mt cch hiu qu nht. 1.3.1.3. Hot ng qun l ri ro Cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca hot ng kinh doanh th, cc hot ng 2 25. 3 ti phm lin quan n lnh vc ny cng ngy cng gia tng v mc ngy cng tinh vi kh pht hin. Cc t chc ti phm quc t tn dng cng ngh hin i, bng mi cch thu thp cc d liu v th, ti khon ca khch hng, t thc hin cc hnh vi gi mo gy tn tht cho ngn hng v khch hng. Chnh v vy, hot ng qun l ri ro ca ngn hng trong lnh vc th rt quan trng, gp phn hn ch nhng thit hi v mt ti chnh, m bo hot ng th an ton, hiu qu, v nng cao uy tn ca ngn hng. 1.3.1.4. Trnh nhn vin kinh doanh th Hot ng pht hnh v thanh ton th, c bit l th quc t, l mt lnh vc mi v kh phc tp, i hi phi tun th nhng quy nh cht ch ca t chc th quc t. V vy trnh nhn vin kinh doanh trong lnh vc ny c bit c xem trng v quan tm ng mc. 1.3.2. Nhn t khch quan 1.3.2.1. Mi trng php l Cng ging nh bt k lnh vc kinh doanh no khc, lnh vc kinh doanh th cng c mt hnh lang php l iu chnh hot ng. Hn na, hot ng kinh doanh th quc t cn lin quan n ch th ca nhiu quc gia, do php lut iu chnh hot ng ny cn c minh bch v y . Hnh lang php l thng nht s to cho cc ngn hng s ch ng v an ton khi tham gia th trng th thanh ton quc t cng nh trong vic ra chin lc kinh doanh ca mnh, cng c nn tng vng chc cho vic pht trin th trong tng lai, c nh th mi gip lnh vc kinh doanh th pht trin bn vng. 1.3.2.2. Mi trng kinh t x hi Cc iu kin v kinh t Tin t n nh: y l iu kin c bn nhm m rng vic s dng th thanh ton i vi bt k mt quc gia no. Ngc li vic pht trin th thanh ton ny s to iu kin cho s n nh tin t, gia chng c mi quan h nhn qu vi nhau. S pht trin n nh ca nn kinh t: S pht trin ca lnh vc kinh doanh th cng nh cc lnh vc kinh t khc ph thuc ch yu vo s pht trin ca nn kinh t. Nn kinh t pht trin n nh th i sng ngi dn s c ci thin, thu nhp gia tng. Khi thu nhp cao, nhu cu mua sm. du lch, gii tr ca con ngi cng gia tng theo v th 3 26. 4 thanh ton s p ng nhu cu ny ca h. Cc iu kin v mt x hi Thi quen s dng tin mt ca cng chng: Th thanh ton rt kh c th pht trin i vi mt x hi m chi tiu bng tin mt tr thnh thi quen c hu, kh thay i. Trn th gii, ti cc nc cng nghip pht trin, ngi ta mt gn na th k cng chng c th lm quen vi th thanh ton v cc tin ch do th mang li. Ring vi Vit Nam, y thc s l mt thch thc ln m cc ngn hng phi i mt khi trin khai dch v th thanh ton ti th trng trong nc. Thi quen giao dch qua ngn hng: y l mt nhn t c bit quan trng tc ng n s pht trin th thanh ton ti mi quc gia. Th l mt sn phm dch v do ngn hng cung cp, ph thuc vo nim tin ca cng chng i vi ngn hng. Trnh dn tr: L mt phng tin thanh ton hin i, s pht trin ca th thanh ton ph thuc rt nhiu vo mc am hiu ca cng chng. Trnh dn tr y c xem nh l cc kin thc v dch v ngn hng, kh nng tip cn v s dng th thanh ton, cng nh vic nhn c nhng tin ch m th mang li. S n nh chnh tr-x hi: y l iu kin quan trng v cn thit cho nn kinh t ni chung v ngnh ti chnh ngn hng ni ring, trong c hot ng kinh doanh th. 1.4. Ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th 1.4.1. Khi nim v ri ro Ri ro c hiu l nhng s vic xy ra dn n kt qu khng nh mong i, c th gy tn tht v vt cht hoc phi vt cht. 4 27. 5 Trong thut ng ti chnh, ri ro l kh nng mt ti chnh ca ngn hng. Ri ro gn lin vi bt c hot ng ti chnh no v cng nh bn thn cc giao dch ti chnh cn c qun l mt cch ng mc. Cc ngn hng c th phi i mt vi cc tn tht ln nu khng qun l cht ch cc ri ro. 1.4.2. Khi nim v ri ro trong hot ng th Ri ro trong hot ng th l cc tn tht v vt cht hoc phi vt cht c lin quan ti hot ng kinh doanh th, bao gm hot ng pht hnh, s dng v thanh ton th. i tng chu ri ro l ngn hng, ch th, n v chp nhn th. 1.4.3. Cc loi ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th Xem xt ri ro t gc tng qut chung, c th xy ra do nhng nguyn nhn sau: Ri ro v mi trng php l: trong hot ng kinh doanh th, qu trnh thc hin giao dch i khi c lin quan n cc ch th nc ngoi; do vy c mt s vn khng nhng b iu chnh bi lut php trong nc m cn c th b iu chnh bi php lut nc ngoi, thng l quc t. Nu cc ch th tham gia thanh ton th khng nm bt c ht cc ni dung, quy phm php lut iu chnh d dn n ri ro. Ri ro v kinh t: cc c ch chnh sch v thu thu nhp, thu nhp khu, u nh hng n kh nng hon tr ca ch th, cng nh hiu qu ca vic u t, i mi trang thit b ngnh th. Ri ro v chnh tr: H thng chnh tr xy ra bin c s tc ng n nn kinh t, dn n kh nng c th xy ra ri ro; c bit trong quan h vi nc ngoi hoc cc t chc quc t, bt c mt lnh cm vn no c 5 28. 6 hiu lc thc hin vi nc c lin quan u nh hng v c th gy nn tn tht. Ri ro v x hi: Trnh dn tr thp d dn n ri ro trong hot ng thanh ton th. Khi nhn thc cha ht trch nhim, quyn hn, quy nh cng nh cc rng buc c th dn n nhng sai st, vi phm v tnh hay c u gy nn ri ro cho chnh bn thn mnh hoc cho cc ch th khc. Bn cnh , ng o tng lp dn c cho d khng phi l ch th cng c th gy tn tht, ri ro cho ngn hng nh lm h hng cc trang thit b giao dch t ng t ti ni cng cng. Ri ro v k thut: ri ro pht sinh khi h thng qun l th c s c lin quan n x l d liu, hoc kt ni do cc s c, trc trc v my mc, thit b, cng ngh thng tin vin thng,Trong iu kin hin nay, khi s lng th v khi lng giao dch trn ton cu ln ti con s khng l th qu trnh x l i hi s h tr v l thuc rt ln vo trang thit b, cng ngh tin hc, c bit l thit b x l t ng. Vi bt c s c, sai st no ca cc thit b trong h thng vin thng u c th dn n tn tht ln. Xem xt ri ro t gc cc ch th tham gia vo hot ng pht hnh, s dng v thanh ton th Ri ro i vi ngn hng pht hnh (NHPH): Gi mo thng tin pht hnh th (fraudulent applications): Khch hng c th cung cp thng tin gi mo v bn thn, kh nng ti chnh, mc thu nhp, cho NHPH khi yu cu pht hnh th. Nu NHPH khng thm nh thng tin khch hng, c th dn n nhng tn tht tn dng cho NHPH khi ch th khng c kh nng thanh ton cc khon 6 29. 7 tn dng th hoc ch th c tnh la o chim dng tin ca ngn hng. Th gi (counterfeit card): l loi ri ro ln nht v nguy him nht hin nay m tt c cc t chc th rt quan tm. Ti phm lm th gi da trn cc thng tin ly c qua vic nh cp cc d liu ca th tht bng cc th on khc nhau t cc chng t giao dch th hoc t th b mt cp, tht lc. Theo quy nh ca t chc th quc t, NHPH chu hon ton trch nhim vi mi giao dch mang m s ca NHPH, nn buc cc NHPH phi c nhng bin php bo mt thng tin trn th cng nh cc rng buc kim tra khi chp nhn thanh ton th. Th mt cp, tht lc (lost stolen card): Th b mt cp hoc tht lc v b s dng trc khi ch th kp thi thng bo cho NHPH c cc bin php chm dt s dng hoc thu hi th. Th b mt cp, tht lc cng c th b bn ti phm s dng lm th gi (nh dp ni, m ha li bng t bng cc thng tin gi mo). Cn cnh gic vi nhng trng hp ch th c tnh gian ln, bo mt th v sau s dng th. Ri ro do s dng vt hn mc (s dng nhiu ln di mc cp php): ri ro xy ra cho NHPH khi ch th li dng quy nh v hn mc cp php. Ch th c tnh s dng nhiu ln cc giao dch di hn mc phi xin cp php, v dn n tng s s dng vt tri rt nhiu so vi hn mc c cp. NHPH ch pht hin khi tng kt cc ha n quay v ngn hng hoc khi in sao k thanh ton. Ri ro hon ton xy ra khi ch th khng kh nng thanh ton. Ri ro do li dng tnh cht thanh ton v quy nh s dng th la gt ngn hng: ch th thng ng vi ngi khc, giao th v m s PIN cho ngi mang i s dng nc ngoi bng ch k gi mo ca ch th; sau t chi thanh ton khi b NHPH i tin v ch th 7 30. 8 a ra bng chng hp l ti thi im ch th khng c mt ti ni xy ra giao dch. Ch th khng nhn c th do NHPH gi (Never Received Issue): Th b nh cp hoc b li dng thc hin giao dch trong qu trnh chuyn t NHPH n ch th. Th b s dng trong khi ch th ch thc khng hay bit g v vic th gi cho mnh. NHPH chu mi ri ro i vi cc giao dch b li dng . Ti khon ca ch th b li dng (Account Takeover): Ri ro ny pht sinh khi NHPH nhn c nhng thay i thng tin ca ch th c bit l thay i a ch ca ch th. Do khng xc minh k, nn NHPH gi th v a ch theo nh yu cu, m khng n tay ch th thc. Ti khon ca ch th thc b ngi khc li dng s dng. Sao chp thng tin to bng t gi (Skimming): Trng hp ny xy ra khi VCNT cu kt vi cc t chc ti phm ly cp thng tin trn bng t ca th tht s dng ti c s ca mnh bng cc thit b chuyn dng to ra th gi s dng. y l mt hnh thc li dng rt tinh vi, v cng kh pht hin, gy tn tht tng i ln cho NHPH. VCNT thng ng vi ch th: VCNT c xc nh l a im xy ra vic nh cp d liu th s dng vo mc ch to cc th gi hoc giao dch gi mo. Hoc VCNT thng ng vi ch th chp nhn thanh ton th gi. Ri ro tn dng: Ch th s dng th nhng khng thc hin thanh ton hoc khng kh nng thanh ton. Cn lu trong khu thm nh thng tin v kh nng thanh ton ca khch hng. Ri ro i vi ngn hng thanh ton (NHTT): 8 31. 9 VCNT gi mo: VCNT c tnh ng k cc thng tin khng chnh xc vi NHTT. NHTT s chu tn tht khi khng thu c nhng khon tm ng cho nhng VCNT trong trng hp nhng VCNT ny thng ng vi ch th hoc c tnh to ra cc ho n hoc giao dch gi mo. Nhn vin VCNT in nhiu ho n thanh ton ca mt th hoc sa i thng tin trn cc ho n th: Khi thc hin giao dch, nhn vin ca VCNT c tnh in ra nhiu b ho n thanh ton th, nhng ch giao mt b ha n cho ch th k hon thnh giao dch. Sau , nhn vin ca VCNT gi mo ch k ca ch th np cc ho n thanh ton cn li cho NHTT ly tin tm ng ca NHTT. NHTT khng cung cp kp thi danh sch en cho VCNT dn n VCNT thanh ton th cm lu hnh. NHTT c sai st trong vic cp php chun chi vi gi tr thanh ton ln hn gi tr cp php. Ri ro i vi VCNT: Cc giao dch gi mo thc hin thanh ton qua th, in thoi, Internet: Cc VCNT cung cp hng ha, dch v theo yu cu bng th, in thoi, fax ca ch th, da trn cc thng tin gi mo nh loi th, s th, tn ch th, ngy hiu lc. c bit, khi cng ngh Internet pht trin, thng mi in t tr thnh ph bin th ri ro ny rt d xy ra. VCNT cng nh NHTT c th chu tn tht trong trng hp ch th thc khng phi l khch t mua hng ca VCNT v giao dch b t chi thanh ton. VCNT thanh ton vt hn mc giao dch khng xin cp php, b NHTT t chi ton b gi tr giao dch. Mt s VCNT quan nim sai 9 32. 10 cho rng mnh ch chu trch nhim phn vt hn mc nn thanh ton nhiu giao dch vt hn mc vi t l nh. Thc t NHTT s t chi ton b giao dch ch khng phi ch t chi phn vt m thi. VCNT v tnh hay c chp nhn th gi mo, th ht hiu lc, mt cp, tht lc hoc cc trng hp skimming, VCNT c tnh tch thng v giao dch ln thnh nhiu giao dch nh trn trnh vic xin cp php. Trng hp ny do VCNT li dng quy nh v hn mc phi xin cp php, nu NHTT pht hin ra s t chi thanh ton v VCNT gnh chu ri ro. VCNT sa cha ha n: theo qui nh, khi thc hin giao dch, ch th s gi li 1 lin lm c s i chiu sau ny. Trong trng hp v tnh hay c m VCNT sa cha, ty xa ha n xut trnh thanh ton, NHTT c th cn c vo t chi thanh ton cho VCNT. Ri ro i vi ch th: Th b mt cp hay tht lc c s dng trc khi ch th kp thng bo cho NHPH c bin php hn ch s dng hoc thu hi. L m s b mt c nhn (PIN): m s PIN c giao cho ch th v ch th c quyn thay i. PIN c s dng khi thc hin cc giao dch t ng vi cc thit b t ng, c bit l th ATM. Do vy, khi l PIN trong trng hp th b mt cp m ch th cha kp bo cho ngn hng pht hnh kha th hoc trng hp th b ly cp tm thi rt tin mt hoc chuyn khon s gy ra thit hi ri ro cho ch th. 1.5. Mt s vn v ri ro trn th trng th th gii Trn th gii, hot ng kinh doanh th khng ngng pht trin, th tr thnh cng c thanh ton ngy cng ph bin. Tuy nhin, tnh hnh s 10 33. 11 dng th gi mo, gian ln, trm thng tin th cng gia tng theo, gy tn tht to ln cho cc ngn hng, cc t chc th v ch th. Doanh s th thanh ton b li dng gian ln trn th gii ri vo tnh trng bo ng. Theo bo co ca t chc th Visa, doanh s thanh ton th Visa gi mo trn th gii gy thit hi 193 triu USD/nm 2005, v tng ln 216 triu USD/nm 2006. K thut an cp thng tin ti khon th sn xut th gi li dng chi tiu ngy cng tinh vi hn. Bn ti phm gn thit b c vo nut th trn my ATM nhm n cp thng tin ti khon ca khch hng, t d dng sn xut nhiu th t gi. Chng cn gn mt camera b xu cho php quay cn cnh bn phm trn ATM n cp s pin truy cp ti khon ca ch th. Nn n cp ti khon kiu trn c nhc ti t lu M, ph bin Malaysia t 3 nm trc, v gn y lan sang Thi Lan. Bn cnh li dng n cp thng tin khch hng lm th ATM gi, bn ti phm ch yu nhm vo i tng th tn dng quc t. in hnh trn th gii c nhng t chc ti phm thng cu kt vi nhn vin ti cc VCNT ly thng tin trn th ca khch hng khi thanh ton. Bn chng dng mt thit b c kh nng c v ghi thng tin cha trn di t ca th, nht l th ca cc du khch nc ngoi. Sau khi ly c d liu, nhng thng s n cp c truyn sang di t ca chic th gi v em i rt tin ch khc. Do , khi s dng, nhng chi tit ca th tht vn s hin th qua h thng ca ngn hng v chp nhn trong khi ch th khng h bit cc giao dch pht sinh. Trn th gii c loi ti phm t ATM gi n cp d liu. Vi ngn hng, vic lp thm my ATM l rt phc tp, nhng vi bn ti phm ch n gin t mt ATM c b ngoi ging ht my ca ngn hng, bn 11 34. 12 trong khng c khoang ng tin m ch c thit b c d liu trn bng t ca th. Mc khc, ngy nay cng vi s pht trin rt nhanh ca cng ngh tin hc, cc ti phm tin hc (hacker) cng ngy cng tng. Chng c th xm nhp vo v lm tt nghn ng truyn d liu, nh cp thng tin ti khon ch th,gy tn tht to ln cho cc i tng c lin quan. Theo tin www.vnexpress.net ngy 21/06/2005, cng ty Cardsystem Solution cng ty chuyn lm dch v th cho nhiu ngn hng, thng bo c hn 40 triu ti khon th trn th gii (c c khch hng Vit Nam) b k xu truy nhp vo h thng ly cp cc thng tin th tn dng. Trong c 25 triu th Visacard, 13,9 triu th Mastercard v mt vi loi th khc. mt s quc gia, cng vi s pht trin qu nhanh ca hot ng kinh doanh th cng tim n nhng ri ro khng nh khi nn kinh t gp phi suy thoi trong mt thi k nht nh. Trong nm 2006 va qua, nhiu ngn hng Hng Kng cng b nhng khon l ln do nhng khon n th tn dng khng c kh nng thu hi. Dn u danh sch l Bank of East Asia vi tng n phi xo ln ti 355 triu dollar Hongkong (45,5 triu USD), con s ny tng ng vi vic 19% ch th ca ngn hng ny khng tr c n. Nhng tn tht trn th trng th Hng Kng l do chnh ph th lng th trng th ngn hng, to iu kin cho cc ngn hng pht trin dch v th v ra nhng chnh sch cnh tranh thu ht khch hng. Tuy nhin, do thiu vng s iu tit ca nh nc nn cc ngn hng c th lo chy theo li nhun, m rng tn dng qu mc, lm tng ri ro trong hot ng ca h thng ngn hng v l mt yu t bt n kinh t tim n. Bi hc kinh nghim cho Vit Nam: 12 35. 13 S ra i v pht trin ca th trng th phi xut pht t nhu cu thc tin v kh nng p ng ca cng ngh ngn hng. Th thanh ton c mi quan h cht ch vi s pht trin h thng cng ngh thng tin. Ngy nay khi cng ngh tin hc cng pht trin th ti phm trm thng tin ti khon, lm th gi cng tinh vi hn. Do , cc NHTM Vit Nam sm chun b c s h tng cng ngh v u t h thng qun l th cng nh cc thit b chp nhn th p ng theo chun quc t nhm hn ch ri ro v hot ng kinh doanh th. Trong chin dch phng chng ti phm, khng ch cc ngn hng phi hp vi nhau m nn c s gip ca cc c quan chc nng cng nh thc ca cng ng. Cn thit phi c mt mi trng php l hon thin, cng nh c nh hng v h tr u t ca Chnh ph v vai tr ch o trc tip ca Ngn hng Nh nc trong vic h tr cc NHTM trong vic hnh thnh v pht trin th trng th. Kt lun chng 1: Trong chng 1, lun vn trnh by nhng vn c bn v th thanh ton, a ra cc khi nim c bn v th thanh ton, m t c im th, phn loi th, nhng li ch khi s dng th, cc ch th tham gia hot ng thanh ton th, v tm tt quy trnh pht hnh, s dng v thanh ton th. Bn cnh , chng 1 cng cp n khi nim v ri ro v cc loi ri ro pht sinh trong hot ng kinh doanh th trn phng din l thuyt; cng vi vic nghin cu mt s ri ro trn th trng th quc t. T rt ra nhng bi hc kinh nghim cho Vit Nam nhm hn ch ri ro trong hot ng thanh ton th. 13 36. 14 Nh vy, thng qua chng 1, lun vn trnh by c s l lun qua chng 2 chng ta tip tc tm hiu v thc trng hot ng kinh doanh th Vit Nam trong v nhng ri ro thc t xy ra cc ngn hng thong mi Vit Nam trong nhng nm va qua. 14 37. 15 CHNG 2: THC TRNG RI RO TRONG HOT NG KINH DOANH TH TI CC NGN HNG 2.1. Tng quan v hot ng kinh doanh th ti cc ngn hng thong mi Vit Nam 2.1.1. Khi qut tnh hnh kinh t x hi Vit Nam hin nay Kinh t Vit Nam trong nhng nm qua t nhiu thnh tu ng khch l, GDP tng trng n nh, tc tng trng GDP nm 2006 l 8.17%. Trong s hn 84 triu dn Vit Nam, c khong 63% nm trong tui lao ng. Dn s tr, thu nhp ca mi tng lp dn c c nng cao s l mt c s ht sc thun li khai thc th trng, pht trin dch v th ti Vit Nam. Theo s liu Ngn hng Th gii (WB) ghi nhn, Vit Nam c khong 8% dn s s dng cc dch v ngn hng, 70% lng tin nhn ri vn nm dn c, 50% doanh thu ca cc ngn hng c c t cc thnh ph ln Bn cnh , c khong 4 triu kiu bo ang sinh sng, lm vic nc ngoi, 3 triu hc sinh, sinh vin du hc v 80.000 cng nhn i hp tc lao ng cc nc, tt c h u c nhu cu gi tin, rt tin v chuyn tin. Qua s liu trn cho thy cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam c tim nng rt ln pht trin hot ng kinh doanh th. Tuy nhin, do thi quen dng tin mt trong i sng ngi dn Vit Nam hnh thnh v bm r rt su. Thi quen a thch s dng tin mt khng ch do ngi s dng th m cn do cc VCNT. Ti nhiu n v bn l hng ho, mc d l c s chp nhn th ca ngn hng nhng vn ch chp nhn th l phng tin thanh ton cui cng khi khch hng khng c tin mt. Bn cnh , ngi dn Vit Nam vn cn xa l vi vic giao dch ngn hng v cc dch v do ngn hng cung cp, trong c dch v th. Cc kin 38. 16 thc cn thit v vic s dng, thanh ton v bo mt th cn mi m i vi khch hng. Nhiu ngi dn khng tip nhn c nhng kin thc ny mt cch chnh thc m qua nhng ngun tin khng chnh xc, cha hiu bit v cc loi cng c thanh ton mi ny, thm ch cn hoang mang khng dm s dng. iu ny cho thy vic tuyn truyn, trang b kin thc cho cc ch th tham gia hot ng kinh doanh th l mt trong nhng gii php quan trng nhm gim thiu ri ro, gp phn thc y th trng th ngn hng pht trin. 2.1.2. Qu trnh hnh thnh th trng th thanh ton Vit Nam Sau khi Vit Nam thc hin chnh sch i mi, m ca hi nhp quc t, s lng du khch du lch, cng tc n Vit Nam cng nh Vit kiu v thm qu hng v ngi Vit Nam ra nc ngoi cng tc, du lch, du hc ngy cng gia tng. Trong qu trnh giao lu thng thng , nhu cu s dng th thanh ton l tt yu. Nm 1990, hp ng i l chi tr th Visa gia ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam vi ngn hng Php BFCE m u qu trnh hnh thnh th trng thanh ton th Vit Nam. n nm 1991, Vietcombank tip tc k hp ng i l thanh ton th Mastercard vi cng ty th MBF Malaysia. Cng trong nm 1991, th JCB ca Nht cng c chp nhn thanh ton Vit Nam theo hp ng i l k kt gia Vietcombank v cng ty JCB International Co Ltd ca Nht. Mc tiu pht hnh th l nh hng c t ra ca ngnh ngn hng Vit Nam. Chnh v vy, nm 1993, Vietcombank tin phong th im pht hnh th ni a Vietcombank Card. Ngay sau khi M bi b cm vn i vi Vit Nam nm 1994, Vietcombank k hp ng i l thanh ton th Amex vi t chc th American Express ca M. Cng trong nm ny, ngn hng lin doanh Indovina bt u chp nhn thanh ton th Diners Club. 39. 17 Nm 1995, cng vi Vietcombank, cc ngn hng khc nh ACB, Eximbank v First Vina Bank tr thnh thnh vin chnh thc ca t chc th Mastercard. Nm 1996, Vietcombank chnh thc l thnh vin ca t chc th quc t Visa International. Tip theo sau, ngn hng Chu, ngn hng Cng thng cng ln lt l thnh vin ca t chc th Visa. Cng t nm 1996, th trng th Vit Nam tr nn si ng v c nhiu thay i ng k vi s tham gia ca nhiu chi nhnh ngn hng nc ngoi nh: UOB, ANZ, Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Nm 2002, vi vic trin khai thnh cng h thng core-banking, cc ngn hng Vit Nam bt u pht hnh th ni a v pht trin mng li giao dch t ng ATM. Cho n nay th trng th Vit Nam pht trin ln tm cao mi. S lng cc ngn hng tham gia th trng th ngy cng nhiu vi cc sn phm th ngy cng a dng, phc v cho nhiu nhu cu khc nhau ca mi tng lp dn c. 2.1.3. C s php l cho hot ng kinh doanh th Hin nay, vn bn php l quy nh y nht cho hot ng kinh doanh th l Quyt nh s 20/2007/Q-NHNN ngy 15/5/2007 ca Thng c Ngn hng Nh nc v vic ban hnh Quy ch pht hnh, thanh ton, s dng v cung cp dch v h tr hot ng th ngn hng thay th Quyt nh s 371/1999/Q-NHNN1 ngy 19/10/1999 ca Thng c Ngn hng Nh nc v vic ban hnh Quy ch pht hnh, s dng v thanh ton th ngn hng. y l vn bn quan trng, l c s php l chuyn mn cao nht v th ngn hng. Quy ch ny c phm vi iu chnh l nghip v pht hnh, thanh ton, s dng v cung cp dch v h tr hot ng th ngn hng v i tng p dng l cc t chc, c nhn c lin quan. Quy ch cng quy nh quyn v trch nhim ca cc ch th tham gia hot ng thanh ton th, v vic cung cp cc dch v h tr lin quan n hot ng kinh doanh th ngn hng. Ngoi cc quy nh v lut l hin hnh ca Ngn hng Nh nc, cc ngn hng kinh doanh th cng phi chu s chi phi bi hp ng k kt 40. 18 ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam v cc T chc Th quc t, nhng quy nh ca cc T chc th Quc t v Lut php ca nc Cng Ha X Hi Ch Ngha Vit Nam. 2.1.4. Thc trng hot ng kinh doanh th Vit Nam trong thi gian qua 2.1.4.1. Hot ng pht hnh th tn dng Ti Vit Nam, cc ngn hng thng mi bt u pht hnh th quc t vo nm 1996. Tuy nhin, do iu kin tr thnh ngn hng pht hnh tng i kh khn v phi l thnh vin ca cc t chc th quc t (nh Visa, Master...) nn s lng cc ngn hng pht hnh th tn dng quc t Vit Nam cn hn ch, ch gm nhng ngn hng sau: VCB, ACB, ICB, NHTMCP Quc t, Eximbank, ng ,... v chi nhnh ngn hng nc ngoi ANZ. Trong , ch c VCB l ngn hng c quyn pht hnh v thanh ton th Amex; cn cc ngn hng khc ch pht hnh th Visa v Master Tnh n 31/12/2006, trong tng s 230.331 th tn dng c pht hnh, ACB dn u vi s lng pht hnh 134.526 th chim t l 58,4% th phn th tn dng, tip n l VCB vi s lng th pht hnh l 72.500 th chim t l 31,5% th phn, cn li l cc ngn hng khc nh: Incombank 3.895 th, Eximbank 16.710 th,... Nhn tng quan nm 2006, ACB ang l ngn hng pht hnh th tn dng ln nht trong nm vi nhiu sn phm a dng. Tuy nhin, hn phn na s lng th tn dng do ngn hng ACB pht hnh l th tn dng ni a, y l nhng sn phm ACB kt hp vi mt s cng ty ln nh Saigon tourist, Lin hip hp tc x thng mi TP.HCM, Taxi Mai Linh,... Khch hng s dng loi th ny s c gim gi c bit ti mt s im chp nhn th ca cng ty i tc. Do , nu ch xt s lng th tn dng quc t pht hnh th VCB s l ngn hng dn u. Bng 2.1: S lng th pht hnh ti Vit Nam t 2001-2006 Nm 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 S lng th pht 45 430 760 1.900 2.700 4.450 41. 19 hnh (vt:1.000th) (Ngun: Bo co hot ng 10 nm ca Hi Th NH Vit Nam) Bng 2.2: S lng th tn dng pht hnh ti Vit Nam tnh n 31/12/2006 VCB ACB Exim bank Sacom bank ICB VIP Tng S lng th tn dng pht hnh (vt: 1 th) 72.500 134.526 16.710 600 3.895 2.100 230.331 T l (%) 31,5 58,4 7,30 0,26 1,70 0,91 100 (Ngun: Bo co hot ng 10 nm ca Hi Th NH Vit Nam) 7,30%2,80% 31,50% 58,40% NH Khc Eximbank ACB VCB Biu 2.1: Th phn pht hnh th tn dng ti cc NHTM Vit Nam tnh n ngy 31/12/2006 Nn kinh t Vit Nam trong thi gian qua tng trng rt n nh, i sng ngi dn ngy cng c ci thin, hng ha dch v trn th trng ngy cng phong ph v a dng,.... Dn s Vit Nam khong 84 triu ngi, trong c khong 3 triu hc sinh, sinh vin ang du hc, cng nh s lng du khch Vit Nam ra nc ngoi i du lch, cng tc, khm cha bnh,... gia tng ng k. l nhng yu t thun li 42. 20 khuyn khch hot ng pht hnh th ngn hng ni chung, th tn dng ni ring tip tc pht trin nhanh chng trong thi gian ti, 2.1.4.2. Hot ng thanh ton th tn dng Th ngn hng tht s du nhp vo Vit Nam t nhng nm 90 vi vic cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam lm i l thanh ton th quc t do cc t chc th nc ngoi pht hnh. S lng cc ngn hng tham gia thanh ton th khng ngng tng ln qua cc nm. n nm 2006, c 20 ngn hng tham gia thanh ton th, trong c khong 10 ngn hng l thnh vin chnh thc ca cc t chc th quc t. Bng 2.3: S lng ngn hng thanh ton th t nm 1995-2006 Nm 1995 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 2006 S lngNH 1 5 7 8 9 9 9 10 11 15 17 20 (Ngun: Bo co hot ng 10 nm ca Hi Th NH Vit Nam) Ti Vit Nam hin nay c 5 loi th quc t c chp nhn thanh ton gm: Visa, MasterCard, American Express, JCB v Diners Club. Tuy nhin ch c VCB l ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam duy nht chp nhn thanh ton 5 loi th quc t ny; trong khi hu ht cc ngn hng thng mi khc ch thanh ton 2 loi th quc t l Visa v Mastercard. S pht trin ca th trng th Vit Nam khng ch th hin s ngn hng tham gia vo th trng ny m cn doanh s thanh ton th tng ln nhanh chng. T nhng nm 90 n nay, doanh s thanh ton th tn dng Vit Nam, ch yu l th quc t, tng lin tc qua cc nm. Bng 2.4: Doanh s thanh ton th quc t ti Vit Nam t 2001-2006 Nm 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Doanh s thanh ton 190 230 283 470 600 750 43. 21 th (triu USD) (Ngun: Bo co hot ng 10 nm ca Hi Th NH Vit Nam) 750 600 470 230 190 283 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Biu 2.2: Doanh s thanh ton th quc t ti Vit Nam t 2001-2006 Nu nh trc nm 1996, doanh s thanh ton th ca ch th nc ngoi cha vt qua s 100 triu USD th t nm 1996-2000 tng doanh s thanh ton th quc t dao ng khong 170 triu USD. Nm 2001, doanh s thanh ton th quc t l 190 triu USD, nm 2002 nhch ln 230 triu USD, t nm 2003 n 2005 tc tng trng kh nhanh ln ti 600 triu USD, n ht nm 2006 doanh s thanh ton th quc t t 750 triu USD. Tc tng trng vt tri nh vy l do vo nhng nm 2001-2002, nhiu cuc hi tho quc t lin tip c t chc, nhng lun n, nhng cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc v th ngn hng c trin khai. S lng cc ngn hng tham gia thanh ton th khng ngng tng ln qua cc nm. Nh vy, cc ngn hng ci tin cht lng dch v th, m rng mng li cc VCNT, gp phn khuyn khch hnh thc thanh ton hng ha dch v bng th. Bn cnh , cn phi k thm mt s iu kin khch quan thun li khc nh nn kinh t Vit Nam tng trng rt n nh, thu nhp ngi dn cng tng ln, s tng trng mnh ca ngnh du lch cng nh hot ng 44. 22 u t nc ngoi vo Vit Nam lun pht trin,... gp phn gia tng s lng khch hng s dng th tn dng. 2.1.4.3. Hot ng pht hnh v thanh ton th ghi n Do iu kin pht hnh n gin, ph hp vi th trng Vit Nam nn hot ng pht hnh th ghi n ni a pht trin mnh trong thi gian qua. Vietcombank dn u vi vic pht hnh th Connect 24 v trin khai h thng VCBATM. Ngay lp tc cc ngn hng khc cng a ra nhng sn phm th u tin ca mnh nh Cash Card, ATM Gold Card, ATM SCard ca Incombank; th Vn dm ca BIDV; th a nng ca NH ng ; th Fast Access ca Techcombank; th Saigon Bank Card ca NHTMCP Si Gn Cng Thng; th ACB e-Card ca ACB; VIB Values Card ca NHTMCP Quc t; ATM Lucky ca NH Phng ng; T chc nng ban u ca th ATM ch cho php rt tin t ti khon tin ng, chuyn khon, xem s d, in sao k, n nay th c trang b thm nhng tin ch nh rt tin t ti khon USD, thanh ton hng ha v dch v ti nhng VCNT, thanh ton tin in thoi, tin nc, ph bo him, ph internet, np tin vo ti khon t my ATM,... Qua bng tng hp s liu hot ng kinh doanh th ti cc NHTM Vit Nam n 31/12/2006 di y, tng s lng th ghi n pht hnh trn th trng l 4.431.400 th, tng hn so vi nm 2005 l 1.895.00 th, tng 43%. Trong , VCB dn u vi s lng th ghi n ni a l 1.550.000 th chim t l 35%, ng th 2 l Agribank vi s lng 625.900 th chim 14,1% th phn, tip n l ngn hng ng pht hnh c 600.000 th chim t l 13,50%, sau l BIDV vi 580.000 th, t l 13,1% v ngn hng Cng Thng vi 487.575 th, t l 11,0%. C th ni VCB v Agribank l 2 ngn hng dn u trong vic pht hnh th ghi n ni a, c th vi 2 sn phm th c cng chng bit n nhiu nht, th VCB-Connect 24 v th Success. Bng 2.1: S lng th pht hnh ti Vit Nam t 2001-2006 Nm 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 S lng th pht hnh (vt:1.000th) 45 430 760 1.900 2.700 4.450 (Ngun: Bo co hot ng 10 nm ca Hi Th NH Vit Nam) 45. 23 Bng 2.5: S lng th ghi n ni a pht hnh ti Vit Nam tnh n ngy 31/12/2006 VCB ICB Agri- bank BIDV EAB NH khc TNG S lng th ghi n pht hnh (vt:1th) 1.550.000 487.600 625.900 580.000 600.000 587.900 4.431.400 T l (%) 35,00 11,00 14,10 13,10 13,50 13,30 100 (Ngun: Bo co hot ng 10 nm ca Hi Th NH Vit Nam) VCB:35% ICB:11% AGRIBANK:14.1 0% BIDV:13.10% EAB:13.50% NH Khc:13.30% Biu 2.3: Th phn pht hnh th ghi n ni a ti cc NHTM Vit Nam tnh n 31/12/2006 Nhn vo biu , VCB l ngn hng dn u v s lng th ATM pht hnh. L do c bn l VCB pht trin c thng hiu mnh trn th trng th v pht trin mng li ATM ln nht ti Vit Nam vi s lng ATM l 740 my trn ton quc v s lng VCNT t hn 5.000 (tnh n ngy 31/12/2006). Th ghi n ca VCB s dng 24/24h v thc hin min ph thanh ton hng ha dch v ti cc VCNT cng nh cc giao dch ti my ATM, c th l rt tin mt, chuyn khon hay thanh ton cc dch v khc nh tr tin in thoi, ADSL, truyn hnh cp,.... Ngoi ra, ngn hng ng ang ni ln trong vic cung cp nhiu tnh nng, tin ch mi ca th nh gi tin qua ATM, v ang hng n ATM nh l mt ngn hng t ng, thng xuyn c nhiu chng trnh khuyn mi. 46. 24 Va qua, cc ngn hng ang cnh tranh ln nhau li ko khch hng dng th ATM thng qua nhiu chng trnh khuyn mi nh min gim ph pht hnh v thanh ton qua th, gim gi mua hng ha khi thanh ton bng th,. C th, EAB a ra chng trnh khuyn mi "365 ngy vng cng th ng ", theo , mi ngy s c mt khch hng s dng cc dch v ca EAB c trng thng vi tt c cc dch v nh gi tin, rt tin, mua th tr trc qua ATM, thanh ton t ng, thanh ton hng ha, chuyn khon qua ngn hng in t, hoc thanh ton online; Incombank a ra chng trnh "Mng xun hi nhp cng th E-Partner"; VIB a ra chng trnh "Th VIB bank Values! c m du lch trong tm tay"; Ngn hng Phng ng (OCB) vi chng trnh pht hnh th ATM Lucky Oricombank cho tt c khch hng. Vi nhng chng trnh khuyn mi ny, th trng th Vit Nam ha hn s tip tc pht trin mnh vi s lng th pht hnh tng nhanh. 47. 15 2.1.4.4. Tnh hnh pht trin mng li giao dch t ng ATM v VCNT T nm 2000 tr v trc, trn th trng Vit Nam ch c hai chi nhnh ngn hng nc ngoi c trin khai h thng giao dch t ng qui m nh l ANZ (3 my) v HSBC (3 my). n nm 2001, cc ngn hng quc doanh bt u tham gia th trng giao dch t phc v. Qua bng s liu di y cho thy cc NHTM Vit Nam rt n lc lp t cc my ATM trn c nc. S lng my ATM tng ng k qua cc nm. Nm 2004, c nc ch c 882 my, nhng qua nm 2005 s lng tng vt ln 1.200 my, tng 36% so vi nm 2004 v tip tc tng vt ln 2.720 my vo nm 2006, tng 127% so vi nm 2005 Bng 2.6: S lng my ATM ti Vit Nam t nm 2004-2006 Nm 2004 2005 2006 S lng my ATM (vt:1my) 882 1.200 2.720 (Ngun: Bo co hot ng 10 nm ca Hi Th NH Vit Nam) Bng 2.7: S lng my ATM ti Vit Nam tnh n 31/12/2006 (Ngun: Bo co hot ng 10 nm ca Hi Th NH Vit Nam) VCB ICB Agri- bank BIDV EAB NH khc Tng cng S lng ATM (vt:1my) 740 400 600 400 250 330 2.720 T l (%) 27,21 14,71 22,06 14,71 9,19 12,13 100 48. 16 Theo s liu bo co bng 2.6, VCB dn u vi 740 ATM, chim t l 27,21% tng s ATM c nc. H thng VCB-ATM c lp t ti 28 tnh, thnh ph ln trn ton quc, ng thi l ngn hng duy nht thc hin t my ti o Ph Quc. BIDV vi 400 my ATM c lp t trn 26 tnh, thnh ph. Agribank c xem l ngn hng c li th hn c v mng li trn ton quc nn ngoi vic lp t my ATM ti cc khu th Agribank cn a my ATM phc v c cc tnh lu nay cha h bit n ATM nh Bn Tre, Sc Trng. Hin Agribank c 600 my ATM ang hot ng, c lp t ti tt c cc tnh, thnh ph trn c nc. S bng n ca mng li h thng ATM trong nhng nm qua gp phn tc ng n tc tng trng bnh qun s lng th pht hnh ca cc ngn hng khong 300%/nm. y l du hiu ng mng i vi ngnh ngn hng v chng t dch v th n gn hn vi ngi dn, v bc u to cho h thi quen s dng th. Ngoi vic m rng lp t my ATM th vic m rng mng li VCNT cng c cc NHTM Vit Nam ht sc quan tm v coi l chin lc quan trng trong vic chim lnh th phn thanh ton th. Bng s liu di y cho thy mng li cc VCNT khng ngng c m rng qua cc nm. Nm 2004, s lng VCNT ca c nc ch t 9.300 n v th sang nm 2005, con s ny nng ln 12.000, tng 29% so vi nm 2004. Sang nm 2006, mng li VCNT tng vt ln 22.000, tng 83% so vi nm 2005. Bng 2.8: S lng VCNT t nm 2004-2006 Nm 2004 2005 2006 S lng VCNT 9.300 12.000 22.000 (Ngun: Bo co hot ng 10 nm ca Hi Th NH Vit Nam) 49. 17 i vi th ni a, thit b chp nhn th (POS) ca ngn hng no ch chp nhn thanh ton th ca ngn hng . iu ny dn ti tnh trng l mt n v chp nhn th c th t rt nhiu POS ca cc ngn hng khc nhau; nh vy gy khng t kh khn cho VCNT, ch th v ngn hng. Vi s liu minh ha trn cho thy, mc d mng li cc VCNT khng ngng m rng nhng s lng vn cn rt t so vi nhu cu v tim nng ca th trng th Vit Nam. Cc VCNT hin nay ch yu phc v cho khch hng nc ngoi, cha to iu kin thun li cho cc ch th trong nc thanh ton bng th. Bn cnh , trnh nghip v v thc ngh nghip ca nhn vin ti cc VCNT cn hn ch, Ti nhiu VCNT, chp nhn th l phng tin thanh ton cui cng khi khch hng khng c tin mt, thm ch c nhng VCNT cn thu thm ph ph t ch th, gy kh khn lm ch th ngi s dng th. Trong thi gian sp ti, cc ngn hng nn y mnh vic pht trin h thng VCNT pht trin dch v thanh ton ng thi to c s cho hot ng pht hnh th tn dng v th ghi n. S cnh tranh c c VCNT s ngy cng gay gt c v lng dch v v gi c. Vi xu th , cc ngn hng phi c chnh sch pht trin mng li VCNT nng ng, a dng, c dch v khch hng tt, h tr kp thi v mt k thut v phi c k hoch o to chuyn mn cho nhn vin ti VCNT. Vi nhng phn tch v mi trng php l, thc trng hot ng kinh doanh th ti cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam trong giai on va qua, chng ta c th khng nh rng hot ng kinh doanh th trn th trng Vit Nam hin nay cha ng nhiu yu t mi, nhu cu tim nng ln. Tuy nhin, hot ng kinh doanh th pht trin an ton, hiu qu i hi cc ngn hng phi u t v k thut, cht xm, v c bit ch trng n cng tc qu tr ri ro trong lnh vc dch v ny. 50. 15 2.2. Thc trng ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th Vit Nam trong thi gian qua Nh trnh by phn trn, hot ng kinh doanh th cn tng i mi m Vit Nam nhng cho thy tim nng pht trin rt ln. Tuy nhin, vn ri ro trong lnh vc ny cng pht sinh v gy nhiu tn tht ln, khin cho cc ngn hng kinh doanh th phi quan tm v trin khai cc bin php qun l ri ro hiu qu. Trong hot ng kinh doanh th hin nay, vi vai tr l NHPH v NHTT th, cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam phi i ph vi nhng ri ro c cp sau y. 2.2.1. Ri ro th gi mo Th gi lun l vn au u nht i vi cc ngn hng kinh doanh th hin nay. Tnh hnh s dng th gi mo rt ph bin trn ton th gii. c th to ra nhng chic th gi, ti phm th vo mng Internet mua th nha trng v mt my ghi th, sau tn cng vo c s d liu ca mt s cng ty bn hng qua mng trn th gii hoc to cc website gi ca cc nh cung cp dch v thanh ton qua mng thm ch l c cc website ca cc ngn hng pht hnh th la gt ch th cung cp cc thng tin c nhn lin quan. Khi c c nhng thng tin trn, bn ti phm tin hnh in th gi v s dng s PIN m khch hng cung cp li dng chi tiu. Cc th ny tuy l cc th gi xong li mang cc thng tin v s PIN ca th tht, v vy hon ton tng thch khi thc hin cc giao dch Ri ro v th gi mo khng ch xy ra vi cc ch th nc ngoi, do ngn hng nc ngoi pht hnh m cn xy ra vi cc th do cc ngn hng Vit Nam pht hnh. Rt nhiu khch hng dng th tn dng quc t (Visa, MasterCard,...) do cc NHTM Vit Nam pht hnh chi tiu ti nc ngoi v b nh cp thng tin lm th gi v b mt cp tin. Cc NHTM Vit Nam nh VCB, ACB, ANZ,... phi i li th cho khch hng sau khi thanh ton ti nc ngoi. Trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng thi gian 51. 16 gn y cng nhc nh nhng du khch Vit Nam i Malaysia phi cn thn khi s dng thanh ton th v pht hin nhiu th tn dng do cc ngn hng Vit Nam pht hnh b lm gi v b li dng chi tiu. minh ha cho vn ny, chng ta xem qua s liu bo co tnh hnh th gi mo ca Ngn hng Vietcombank. Nm 2006, trong tng s th Visa do VCB pht hnh, c 11 th b lm gi chi tiu ti mt s nc ti cc chu lc khc nhau nh M, Php, Ba Lan, Anh, H Lan, c, Trung Quc, Thi Lan v Malaysia vi tng cng s tin giao dch tng ng 261.7 triu ng v c 2 th MasterCard do VCB pht hnh b lm gi v b chi tiu ti M v Thi Lan vi tng cng s tin giao dch tng ng 78 triu ng. Bn cnh vn th do cc ngn hng Vit Nam pht hnh b lm gi, tnh hnh th gi mo c s dng qua h thng thanh ton th ca cc ngn hng kinh doanh th Vit Nam nhng nm qua cng din bin rt phc tp, gy nhiu kh khn cng nh thit hi v uy tn. Tuy cc ngn hng khng b mt tin vi t cch l NHTT nhng do t l gi mo cao nn NHTM Vit Nam cng b cc T chc th quc t nhc nh nhiu. Hin tng ti phm th gi mo ni bt Vit Nam trong thi gian gn y l mt s i tng ngi Vit Nam tr tui c trnh tin hc nht nh t chc tm mua thng tin v th tn dng t lm gi th do cc NH nc ngoi pht hnh v s dng ti Vit nam qua cc hnh thc nh mua hng trc tip ti cc VCNT, rt tin mt ti h thng ATM, mua hng qua mng Chng ta cng xem xt mt s trng hp c th di y c lin quan n ri ro th gi mo v c cng b thng xuyn trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng Trung hp th nht, ngy 25/4/2006, Cc Cnh st iu tra ti phm v trt t qun l kinh t tin hnh khi t b can, bt giam Trn Nguyn Trung Trc (sinh nm 1983, sinh vin Trung tm tin hc cng ngh thng tin TP.HCM) v Nguyn nh Cng v ti t chc lm th tn dng gi, sau 52. 17 nhiu ln rt tin cc my ATM (ln rt nhiu nht l 7.000 USD), vi tng s tin trn 500 triu ng. Gn y, ngy 16/03/2007, vin Kim st Nhn dn ti cao va ra co trng truy t mi b can phn ln l cc sinh vin cng ngh thng tin trong ng dy lm gi th rt trm tin qua h thng my tr tin t ng ATM. Cc loi th b nh cp thng tin gm Visacard, Mastercard v American Express. Theo , cc b can Nguyn Anh Tun, Nguyn Minh Cng, Nguyn nh Cng, Trn Nguyn Trung Trc, Nguyn Mnh Linh, Nguyn Thnh Cng, Trn Ngc Quang, o Khnh Hip, Trnh H Lam v T Phc Hu b truy t v ti trm cp ti sn. Nhng ngi ny chim ot tng s hn 1.6 t ng tiu xi c nhn. Theo co trng, u nm 2005, Nguyn Anh Tun (sinh nm 1986, tr ti TPHCM) v ng phm li dng vic am hiu v cng ngh thng tin, tn cng vo mt s website bn hng trc tuyn nhm n cp a ch th in t ca khch hng v cc d liu th tn dng c nhn. Sau khi n cp c thng tin th tn dng, cc i tng a vo u c d liu in th t lm th tn dng gi, rt tin ca cc ch th qua h thng ATM ti TPHCM v H Ni. Qua mt s minh ha in hnh trn cho thy ri ro th gi mo gy ra thit hi rt ln v nghim trng. c bit vi s pht trin mnh m ca ngnh cng ngh thng tin hin nay, vic lm th gi v s dng th gi ngy cng pht trin v tinh vi hn. Chnh v vy, hn ch v kim sot c ri ro do th gi mo gy ra, cc ngn hng kinh doanh th Vit Nam phi lun c bit quan tm, khng ngng tm ra nhng bin php hn ch ngn nga mt cch hiu qu nht. Mc d th c th b lm gi, nhng dng th vn an ton hn rt nhiu so vi dng tin mt. Khng phi ngu nhin m cc nc pht trin, ngi dn vn tiu dng chnh bng th. i vi cc trng hp s dng th gi mo, thng thng tn tht ti chnh s do ngn hng pht hnh v T chc th quc t gnh chu nu nh ch th chng minh c giao dch thanh ton gi mo khng phi do chnh h thc hin. 53. 18 2.2.2. Ri ro thng tin th b mt cp Cuc thm d kin c t chc th Visa t chc ti 11 th trng thuc khu vc chu Thi Bnh Dng t 20/4 n 26/5/2006, vi s tham gia ca 279 im bn hng, nhng ngi c kho st u nm gi v tr quan trng b phn thanh ton in t ca doanh nghip, m nhim cc cng vic c lin quan n m bo an ton d liu, hay qun l ri ro cp cao trong n v kinh doanh. Kt qu, 78% cc im bn hng tham gia cuc thm d cho rng bo mt thng tin ch th l vn quan tm hng u ca h. Gian ln th thanh ton v ti phm ly cp thng tin c nhn ln lt l u tin th hai v th ba, tng ng vi 63% v 61%. Nhng thng s ny cng trng vi kt qu mt cuc thm d khc dnh cho ngi tiu dng c Tp on Visa International cng b hi thng 1 nm nay. Cuc kho st cho thy vic b mt trm hay tht lc thng tin ti chnh ang l quan tm s mt i vi ngi tiu dng trn ton th gii, vt qua nhng nguy c v khng b, bnh dch hay thm ha thin nhin. Vic ly cp d liu trn th lm th gi rt a dng di nhiu hnh thc. Ti phm th c th s dng kin thc tin hc, tn cng vo mt s trang web, h thng bn hng trn mng trm cp thng tin th tn dng, hoc mua li thng tin th tn dng ca cc tin tc khc. Thm ch d liu cn c th b nh cp trn ng truyn t VCNT v ngn hng hoc c trn tng i in thoi ni ngn hng phi thu ng truyn. Mt trong nhng cch ph bin khc l chng gn camera trn cc my rt tin v nhn trm cc s PIN ca ngi rt tin, sau mc ti th ca ngi s dng v dng s PIN ghi c rt tin. Th on khc l chng ng nhn m PIN qua vai ngi rt tin v sau n cp th. Cc ngn hng cho bit, hnh thc n gin ny cng khng mi l g Vit Nam. Vit Nam, ti phm trm thng tin th, nht l th tn dng ngy cng gia tng v mc phm 54. 19 ti ngy cng nghim trng. Di y c th thng k mt s trng hp in hnh lin quan n vn thng tin th b mt cp. Trng hp u tin, Cc Cnh st iu tra ti phm v trt t qun l kinh t v chc v (C15) B Cng an pht hin hai k chuyn nh cp thng tin th tn dng bn cho ti phm nc ngoi. Trong 2 nm 2005 v 2006, Nguyn Ngc Lm (tr ti phng Phan nh Phng, TP Thi Nguyn) thu li khong 72.000 USD t vic trm cp thng tin th tn dng ca ngi nc ngoi, bn cho bn ti phm ngi Anh, thng qua mt s din n trn mng Internet. Vi mi thng tin th tn dng, Lm thu trung bnh khong 4 USD. Tnh s s, Lm nh cp v bn c thng tin ca 18.000 ti khon. Tng t, Nguyn Ngc Thnh ( ng 3/2, phng 14, qun 10, TP HCM) bn c thng tin ca khong 76.000 th tn dng, gi trung bnh 2,5 USD/ti khon. Tng s tin Thnh thu li bt chnh khong 190.000 USD. Va qua, ngy 17/5/2007, phng Cnh st iu tra ti phm v trt t qun l kinh t v chc v Cng an TP.HCM pht hin ti phm trm thng tin th tn dng l Trn Quang Duy (21 tui, ng Bnh Chnh). Li dng phng thc bn v my bay in t v thanh ton in t bng th Visa Card hoc Master Card ca hng hng khng Tiger Airways, Duy s dng ti khon nhng th tn dng ca cc c nhn nc ngoi t mua 6 v my bay kh hi cng bn b i du lch Singapore. Sau , Duy ln k hoch t mua v my bay ca hng Tiger Airways ri bn li cho cc i l v my bay ti TP.HCM v tnh B Ra - Vng Tu vi gi thp hn gi ca hng thu li bt chnh. Tnh t thng 1011/2006, Duy t mua 97 v my bay ca hng Tiger Airways tr gi hn 10.207 USD. Qua nhng v d minh ha trn, cho thy ri ro v thng tin th b mt cp s gy thit hi ht sc to ln cho c ch th v ngn hng. Do , vn an ninh th, bo mt thng tin th phi c cc ch th tham gia hot ng kinh doanh th c bit quan tm. 2.2.3. Ri ro th mt cp, tht lc. 55. 20 Xem xt hot ng kinh doanh th Vit Nam trong thi gian qua, ri ro th b nh cp khi NHPH gi th v m s PIN cho ch th bng ng bu in him khi xy ra. L do chnh l cc NHPH th Vit Nam rt cn thn, thng thng cc ngn hng thng yu cu ch th trc tip n nhn th ti quy giao dch ngn hng. Tuy nhin cc trung hp ch th lm mt th, l m s PIN hoc b tht lc th tm thi thng xuyn xy ra, cc ch th thng khiu ni ngn hng v thit hi mt tin trong ti khon. Cc v tranh chp v mt tin trong ti khon gia khch hng v ngn hng ngy cng gia tng. C hai bn u c lp lun dn chng cho rng mnh ng. D bn no ng, bn no sai u cng gy thit hi, nh hng n ton b th trng. Ch th chu thit hi v thi gian, tin bc. V pha ngn hng, ngoi kh nng thit hi v vt cht cn nhng thit hi v hnh khc nh uy tn, lng tin ca khch hng vo ngn hng. y l nhng thit hi rt ln, mt khi mt i th kh c th ly li c. Vn l m s PIN v tht lc th tm thi, ch yu l th ATM, xy ra ph bin Vit Nam. Cc ch th thung giao th v m s PIN cho ngi khc rt tin. Thng k cho thy 20% trong tng s giao dch Saigonbank l ch th nh ngi khc rt tin ti my ATM. Do vy cc v khiu ni, tranh chp v vic mt tin trong ti khon pht sinh thung xuyn. Di y l mt s trng hp in hnh c lin quan n vn l m s PIN v tht lc th, ch yu l th ATM, ngi khc s dng rt tin. Trng hp th nht, ch Vn, mt gio vin qun Tn Ph i cng tc th ATM nh. Khi v, ch pht hin ti khon b tr 2 triu ng. Ch Vn phn bua vi ngn hng rng ch i cng tc tnh lm sao rt tin thnh ph c. Ngn hng cho ch xem on phim ghi li thi im ti khon b rt. Ngi cm th rt tin l con trai ch. Trng hp th hai, c cng nhn tn Thi cng n khiu ni ti khon b tr khi mnh khng thc hin giao dch. on phim quay cho thy ngi s dng th l bn trai ca c. 56. 21 Trng hp th ba ca khch hng tn Nguyn Ngc Quang (ng ti TP.HCM) khiu ni b mt 2.5triu ng. VCB cho bit theo thng tin ghi li ca h thng th c hai giao dch rt tin t th ca anh Quang siu th An Ph. Anh Quang yu cu VCB cung cp bng ghi hnh ghi li giao dch nhng VCB ch c bo co sao k t my tnh. Tuy nhin, theo qui nh v s dng th th cc bo co t h thng giao dch l c s chng minh giao dch hp l v thnh cng. Trng hp th t l, vic ngn hng ng cng tng b mt cn b ngn hng khiu ni v mt tin trn th. Sau khi kim tra li bng ghi hnh, ha ra ngi rt tin l nhn vin ca v cn b ny, anh c giao th v cung cp m s PIN i rt tin. Trc y nhng thng tin v trng hp mt tin t th lun b cc ngn hng giu kn. L do ch yu vic giu thng tin l do c th gy hoang mang cho ngi dng. Th nhng, d c giu kn cc vic trm tin t th ATM vn ngy cng tr nn ph bin hn. iu c bit l cc khch hng th khng bit g, cng khng c cnh bo g. V th, nhng thng tin nh th ny c cng b ngi dng c th bit v phng trnh. Vic lm ny va gim nguy c cho khch hng, va bo v uy tn ca ngn hng. 2.2.4. Ri ro tc nghip Ri ro ny pht sinh trong vic x l giao dch, thc hin quy trnh nghip v hng ngy ca nhn vin ngn hng. Trong nhng nm qua, khi hot ng kinh doanh th pht trin, khi lng giao dch tng cao th cc trng hp ri ro do li tc nghip ca nhn vin ngn hng xy ra kh ph bin. Nhng s c v nghip v pht sinh pht sinh trn tt c cc khu ca dch v th nh tip nhn, x l thng tin khch hng, ci t chng trnh, hch ton, thu n sao k, tip qu, tra sot, bi hon,. Trong s nhng trng hp ri ro v nghip v, mt s c khc phc sm, thu hi c tin, khng gy tn tht v vt cht nhng nhn chung a s u gy tn tht, 57. 22 nh hng rt ln n uy tn v nim tin ca khch hng i vi ngn hng. Mt s trng hp thng k sau minh ha cho cc v vic lin quan n ri ro do li tc nghip ca nhn vin ngn hng. Trng hp c th u tin, ngy 24-28/1/2005, vic rt tin ti my ATM ca ngn hng Techcombank t ti sn bay Ni Bi xy ra s c. Nhiu khch hng t lnh rt 50.000 nhng c nhn t 100.000 ng. Ch Trn Th Thanh Thy (nhn vin X nghip thng mi mt t Ni Bi, Tng cng ty hng khng Vit Nam) cng lm th 10 giao dch kiu ny, c tr tha 500.000 ng. Techcombank sau gii thch nguyn nhn l do nhn vin th qu np nhm tin 100.000 vo khay loi 50.000 ng. Trng hp th hai xy ra vi sinh vin Nguyn Vit Dng, khoa Ton -Tin, Trng HBK H Ni. Ngy 30/10/2006 va ri khi Dng ra my ATM ca Ngn hng Ngoi thng ti H Ni nhn tin ca gia nh gi ra t TP Vinh, Ngh An. Dng rt c 6 triu ng v pht hin thy s d trong ti khon ln ti con s khng l 48,5 t ng. Thy s tin qu nhiu, Dng gi in v hi gia nh, ng Hng (b ca Dng) ngc nhin v ng ch gi c 4 triu, trong ti khon trc s d ch cn 56.000 ng. ng Hng bo con n my ATM khc th li xem c phi my trc trc khng v khi n my khc Dng vn tip tc rt thm c 1 triu ng na. Chiu hm , c hai nhn vin Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vinh n ki-t bn hng ca ng Hng ch Vinh (Ngh An) xin li 3 triu ng v cho rng nhp ln s tin vo my. ng Hng ng a 3 triu ng cho 2 ngi ny. Trng hp th ba, ngy 24/12/2006, mt s khch hng s dng th ATM do ngn hng Quc t (VIB Bank) pht hnh thc hin rt tin vt qu s d cho php. C khong vi chc khch hng rt vt qu s tin trong ti khon, rt nhiu ngi rt hn mi triu ng d trong ti khon ch c gn mt triu ng, thm ch ti khon ht tin. V s c ny, VIB Bank sau cho bit l xut pht t li ca cn b pht trin ngn hng khi tham s v ci t sn phm thu chi nhm cho mt s khch hng s dng 58. 23 th. VIB Bank cha trin khai dch v thu chi ti khon nhng nhn vin ca ngn hng thao tc nhm dch v ny cho mt s khch hng nn xy ra s c. 2.2.5. Ri ro o c ngh nghip ca nhn vin ngn hng iu m cc ngn hng lo ngi khng ch nhng ri ro bn ngoi nh th gi mo, trm thng tin ti khon th, m cn nhng ri ro n t bn trong h thng ngn hng. Ri ro t o c ca mt s nhn vin ngn hng v cng nguy him. Ti mt s nc trn th gii, vic ti phm bn ngoi cu kt vi nhn vin ngn gn trm my ghi hnh v my c ly d liu trn di bng t ca th, sau lm gi th v dng mt m c c t ghi hnh trm rt tin tng xy ra. Trong nm 2006 va qua, trng hp nhn vin Eximbank la o m th tn dng gy xn xao d lun. Khi cn l cn b ngn hng Eximbank chi nhnh H Ni, Nguyn L Vit tip th, lm th tn dng hng lot cho gn 60 bc s ca Vin Qun y 103 (th x H ng, H Ty), ri m lun s th m khng giao cho khch. C trong tay th cng vi nhng d liu c nhn ca ch th, Vit cng v rt tin tiu xi, li khon n hn 5 t ng cho cc bc s ca Vin 103. Sau , chi nhnh Eximbank H Ni gii trnh Vit c tnh lm sai, li dng lng tin ca cc bc s, vn l ch quen bit la o. S vic ny cng khin cc ngn hng Vit Nam phi xem xt li quy trnh qun l ri ro ca chnh mnh, tht ri ro khi y quyn cho mt ngi thc hin trn gi t khu tip th, thm nh thng tin n vic giao th cho khch hng. 2.2.6. Ri ro v k thut, cng ngh Vit Nam, my ATM ng my khng s dng c do nghn mch, hng hc k thut cng din ra thng xuyn. Trong nhng tnh hung ny, khch hng ch c cch ch my hot ng li thc hin giao dch. V 59. 24 c bit, vic mt in cng khin giao dch gp trc trc, khch hng nhiu phn nn vi ngn hng khi ang thc hin giao dch trn my ATM th b mt in. Gn y, cc ngn hng gp kh nhiu s c v ng truyn gy ra tnh trng cha rt c tin b khu tr trong ti khon, hay rt ri li c cng thm tin,... Trong iu kin hin nay, khi khi lng giao dch rt ln nn vic x l nghip v cng nh lu tr d liu l thuc nhiu vo h thng trang thit b cng ngh t ng. Do vy, ri ro do cc s c v ng truyn, thit b vin thng c kh nng gy ra thit hi v cng nghim trng. 2.2.7. Ri ro tn dng Khi ch th s dng th, ch yu l tn dng tn chp, v khng thanh ton hoc mt kh nng thanh ton nn ngn hng khng th i c n dn n ri ro tn dng. Ri ro ny thng xy ra khi ch th s dng v gp phi tai nn bt ng, hoc ch th b ph sn, mt vic lm, khng c thu nhp hon tr n cho ngn hng. i vi ri ro ny, thit hi i vi NHPT th Vit Nam trong thi gian qua tng i thp do hn mc tn dng m cc ngn hng cp cho khch hng cn thp v ch yu da vo ti sn cm c th chp. Theo kho st ca cng ty ACNielson v hot ng kinh doanh th th trng Vit Nam, nu ly tiu ch l mc thu nhp bnh qun mi thng 200-250 USD th Vit Nam c 1,5 triu ngi iu kin cp th tn dng, trong khi n cui nm 2006 s th c cp ti Vit Nam mi t 250.000 th. Nghin cu ch ra rng vic chi tiu bng th ang c xu hng tng rt mnh, tim nng pht trin trong lnh vc ny rt ln. Tuy nhin, pht hnh th tn dng quc t em li gnh nng ri ro cng ln cho ngn hng. V vy, cc ngn hng Vit Nam rt thn trng v cn thn khi pht hnh th tn dng, pht hnh ch yu da trn c s th chp, cm c. V cn thn, nn mng pht hnh th tn dng ca VCB pht trin chm chp, 10 nm tri qua m s lng th tn dng pht hnh cha qu 100.000 th. Trong , hn 60% th l 60. 25 th chp, phn tn chp ch dnh cho cc doanh nghip ln, cc c nhn c uy tn, c v tr cng tc. 2.2.8. Ri ro v VCNT Theo quy nh, ch nhng doanh nghip v c nhn c a im kinh doanh v ng k kinh doanh hp php trong lnh vc cung ng hng ho v dch v ti Vit Nam mi c php lm VCNT. Trong h s xin lm i l cng phi c giy ng k kinh doanh, giy t tu thn ca ch doanh nghip. Trc khi k hp ng, ngn hng phi c ngi n lm vic trc tip xc minh thng tin. V khi i l i vo hot ng, ngn hng cng phi nh k kim tra, va h tr VCNT ng thi nu pht hin sai phm hay c du hiu bt thng, s hy hp ng ngay. Tuy nhin, m rng i l, nhiu ngn hng thanh ton d dng trong khu xt duyt, i khi c k hp ng m khng thm nh k xem h c thc s l n v kinh doanh hay khng, thm ch ch cn xem qua giy ng k kinh doanh l cho m lun, iu cha ng ri ro rt ln. Ti Vit Nam, trong nhng nm va qua, xut hin mt s hin tng cc i tng ti phm lp cc VCNT s dng th gi nhm rt tin chia nhau. Bn cnh c trng hp nhn vin thu tin ca VCNT thng ng vi ti phm ci thm thit b ly cp d liu th vo my chp nhn th ca ngn hng sao chp li d liu th ca khch hng tr tin. Ngay c khi loi tr nguy c i l c tnh gian ln, cc ngn hng cng cha thc s an tm bi hu ht cc VCNT vn cn l m v nghip v cng nh cc tiu chun bo v thng tin th. Mt nghin cu mi y ca t chc th Visa chu Thi Bnh Dng cho thy cc ngn hng s phi dnh nhiu thi gian hn na nng cao hiu bit cho cc im bn hng v vic bo mt thng tin ch th. Cc VCNT c t l ri ro cao l cc VCNT kinh doanh hng ha, dch v c gi tr ln, c tnh cht d chuyn i sang tin mt, ni m cc t 61. 26 chc ti phm thng s dng th gi mo. Cc VCNT thuc loi hnh c t l ri ro cao bao gm: im ng tin mt Cc hng ho dch v c bit nh tin mt (sng bc, x s) Kinh doanh vng bc, qu, trang sc, ng h cao cp, phng tranh Kinh doanh in thoi di ng, thit b vin thng Kinh doanh my tnh, thit b in t, tin hc Kinh doanh hng ho, dch v qua mng, in thoi, th tn 2.3. Nguyn nhn gy nn cc ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th 2.3.1. Nguyn nhn xut pht t chnh ngn hng Nh nghin cu trn, ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th c th pht sinh t nhiu pha. Di gc ngn hng, ri ro xy ra t mt s nguyn nhn sau: Th nht, vic m rng th trng th thi gian qua cn nhiu im bt cp, cc ngn hng ch lo pht trin th phn m thiu quan tm n cht lng dch v. Hu ht cc ngn hng cha quan tm ng mc n vic cnh bo khch hng v ri ro th. Ti cc im giao dch cng nh trn cc trang web ca ngn hng, hu nh khng c cc hng dn an ton khi s dng th m ch c hng dn v cch s dng th. Th hai, trnh ca cn b th mt s ngn hng cn hn ch, cn non nt nghip v, thiu thn trng trong x l nghip v. Mt s ngn hng cha ch trng cng tc o to cn b v pht trin ngun nhn lc th. Nhiu ngn hng cha c chng trnh o to bi bn cho nhn vin, cha to mi trng lm vic thn thin, chnh sch dng ngi hiu qu.. Cc cn b th ch yu t o to bng cch t nghin cu ti liu, ngi lm trc hng dn ngi lm sau. H khng c o to chuyn nghip cng nh 62. 27 khng c cp nht ti liu y . Nhiu ngn hng cha c cn b chuyn trch v nghip v th m ch yu l cn b kim nhim. Th ba, mt s NHTT ti Vit Nam cha ch trng n vic hng dn cc VCNT thc hin theo quy trnh chp nhn thanh ton th, c bit l cc trng hp kim tra, pht hin s dng th gi mo khi giao dch. Th t, cc chng trnh pht trin th ca cc ngn hng hin cha ch trng cng tc qun tr ri ro. C th nh cha xc nh c th nhng ri ro c th gy thit hi cho ngn hng, khng c lng c mc thit hi cho php, cha xut c th cc bin php gim st v phng chng ri ro hiu qu. Th nm, mt s ngn hng cha thnh lp qu d phng ri ro cho dch v th v cng cha c s hp tc cht ch gia cc ngn hng phng chng ri ro, chng gian ln th. 2.3.2. Do yu t cng ngh Ngy nay, trnh cng ngh lun thay i, i hi cc ngn hng phi c ngun nhn lc am hiu v cng ngh thng tin lin quan n th v phi c vn u t ln cho h thng mng ATM, cng nh h thng k thut ni cc my POS. Thc t cho thy ri ro do yu t cng ngh pht sinh t nhng nguyn nhn sau: Th nht, mt bng cng ngh, c s h tng, trang thit b phc v cho dch v th ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam cha cao, cha p ng c tc pht trin ca hot ng kinh doanh th. Nhng sai st do li h thng cng thng xuyn xy ra nh mng b treo, h thng x l khng chnh xc cc giao dch, nh hng rt ln n cht lng dch v th v uy tn ca ngn hng. Th hai, h thng qun l pht hnh v thanh ton th ca cc ngn hng cha thng nht dn n s khng tng thc, gy kh khn v tn km cho vic kt ni ng b thnh mt h thng sau ny. 63. 28 Th ba, hu ht cc ngn hng Vit Nam hin nay ch pht hnh th t, vn rt d b lm gi nu k gian nm trong tay d liu v ti khon ca khch hng. Hn na, vi s tin b ca cng ngh tin hc, cc t chc ti phm ngy cng s dng nhiu th on tinh vi k thut cao sao chp d liu, ly cp thng tin th tht lm th gi li dng chi tiu. Th t, i vi ri ro my ATM chi ln tin, mt trong nhng nguyn nhn l do cc my ATM khng c kh nng phn bit tin theo mnh gi. Cc my ATM trn th gii u c thit k vi vic xc nh mnh gi tin a ra khi chi tr cho khch hng qua cc trang thit b cm ng v dy, chiu rng... ca t tin trnh trng hp tr nhm. Tuy nhin, cc mnh gi tin ca Vit Nam hin nay c thit k v sn xut kh tng ng nhau v kch c, dy nn cc chc nng trn hin cha pht huy c hiu qu ti Vit Nam nu trng hp xp nhm mnh gi vo hp tin xy ra. 2.3.3. Do ngi s dng Ri ro do ch th gy ra, pht sinh do mt s nguyn nhn sau: Th nht, ch th mt kh nng hon tr n cho ngn hng do ch th gp tai nn, t vong, ph sn, mt vic lm, Th hai, nhiu ch th cha c thi quen m bo an ton cho th ca mnh, thng hay a cho ngi khc cm s dng thay mnh. Ngi Vit Nam quen ly s pin trng vi ngy sinh, s xe hay s in thoi nn khi mt v, trong c th ATM km lun cc giy t tu thn, rt d b k gian li dng chi tiu. Do , ch th nn xem th l tin, gi th v s PIN cn thn khng ch bo v ti tin m cn trnh rc ri cho cc mi quan h gn gi Th ba, phn ln cc ch th thng khng c k cc hp ng dch v s dng th, ha n thanh ton, xem s ri k dn n nhm ln mt tin hay khiu ni tranh chp bi hon. 2.3.4. Do VCNT Thi gian qua, ri ro xy ra xut pht t VCNT c th c kt t mt s nguyn nhn sau: 64. 29 Mt l, ri ro tc nghip ca nhn vin ti VCNT: mt s VCNT khng thc hin cn thn cc qui nh trong qui trnh chp nhn thanh ton th to iu kin cho cc c nhn, t chc ti phm li dng s dng th gi rt tin hoc thanh ton mua hng ha dch v. Theo thng k kho st ca T chc th Visa, ch 46% VCNT hiu bit v nhng tiu chun quc t trong bo mt thanh ton v ch c 26% s im bn hng thc s p dng nhng tiu chun . Hai l, mt s VCNT cu kt vi cc t chc ti phm ly cp thng tin th tht to ra th gi hoc c tnh gian ln thc hin nhiu giao dch th cha c s ng ca ch th nh: sa li s tin gc, c nhiu ha n,. 2.3.5. Do yu t php l Hot ng kinh doanh th Vit Nam ngy cng pht trin phong ph a dng c v cht lng ln s lng, nhng dng nh cc qui inh, lut l v vn bn hng dn lin quan khng bt kp s pht trin . T pha c quan qun l nh nc, cc quy nh ca lut php v phng chng ri ro th cha c th, cha c c s php l ring iu chnh cc tranh chp trong lnh vc th, thiu cc ch ti nghim ngt bo v ngi tiu dng, trng pht k xu li dng c ch trc li. Trong B lut Hnh s, ti phm th cng c quy vo ti la o chim ot ti sn. Nh vy, vic hon thin khung php l cho hot ng th vn cha c quan tm ng mc. 65. 15 2.4. Bi hc kinh nghim hn ch ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th. T thc trng hot ng kinh doanh th v cc ri ro xy ra, chng ta c th rt ra cc bi hc kinh nghim hn ch ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th nh sau: Mt l, phi c mt chin lc qun tr ri ro th c th. Hai l, phi c mt i ng cn b qun l v tc nghip am hiu, tinh thng nghip v th t vn, hng dn khch hng v x l tt cc khu ca mt quy trnh nghip v. Ba l, phi c mt h thng cng ngh hin i, ph hp. Bn l, phi quan tm n cng tc kim tra, kim sot tt c cc khu. Nm l, phi c s lin kt hp tc gia cc n v pht hnh v thanh tan th v c s hp tc vi cc c quan hu quan trong phng chng ti phm th. Kt lun chng 2: Chng 2 phn tch thc trang hot ng thanh ton th ti cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam trong nhng nm va qua. Qua cho thy hot ng thanh ton th nc ta ngy cng pht trin mnh m v t nhiu thnh cng ng khch l. Tuy nhin, cc s liu v dn chng minh ha thc t cho thy ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh th Vit Nam pht sinh v gy nhiu tn tht nghim trng nn cn phi quan tm ng mc. Bn cnh , lun vn cng xc nh nhng nguyn nhn dn n ri ro trong hot ng thanh ton th, nguyn nhn ch quan t pha cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam cng nh cc nguyn nhn khch quan t bn 15 66. 16 ngoi. T , chng 3 tip sau s a ra nhng gii php, kin ngh nhm hn ch ti a ri ro gp phn thc y hot ng thanh ton th Vit Nam pht trin nhanh, an ton v hiu qu. 16 67. 32 CHNG 3: NHNG GII PHP HN CH RI RO TRONG HOT NG KINH DOANH TH TI CC NGN HNG THNG MI VIT NAM 3.1. nh hng pht trin hot ng kinh doanh th Vit Nam. 3.1.1. nh hng pht trin hot ng kinh doanh th ca ngnh ngn hng n nm 2010. Qun trit ch o ca B Chnh tr v Chnh ph v vic xy dng chin lc pht trin n nm 2010. Thng c Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam ra Chin lc pht trin ngnh ngn hng Vit Nam n nm 2010 v nh hng 2020. Chin lc ny c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt theo quyt nh s 112/2006/Q-TTg ngy 24/05/2006, trong , nh hng pht trin cng ngh v h thng thanh ton ngn hng n nm 2010 c xc nh nh sau: Mt l, pht trin h tng cng ngh ngn hng hin i ngang tm vi cc nc trong khu vc, da trn c s ng dng c hiu qu cng ngh thng tin, in t tin tin v cc chun mc thng l quc t ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam. Hin i ha ton din, ng b cng ngh ngn hng ca Ngn hng Nh nc v cc t chc tn dng trn cc mt nghip v, qun l v phng tin k thut. Tip cn nhanh, vn hnh c hiu qu v lm ch c cc ng dng cng ngh ngn hng tin tin. Hai l, phn u xy dng h thng thanh ton ngn hng an ton, hiu qu v hin i ngang tm trnh pht trin ca cc nc trong khu vc (v c s h tng k thut, khun kh th ch v dch v thanh ton). Pht trin h thng thanh ton in t trong ton quc, hin i ha h thng in t lin ngn hng, thanh ton b tr v h thng thanh ton ni b ca cc NHTM theo hng t ng ha vi cu trc m v c kh 32 68. 33 nng tch hp h thng cao vi cc ng dng. Kt ni h thng thanh ton ca cc NHTM vi h thng in t lin ngn hng. Tng cng vai tr qun l nh nc v lm dch v thanh ton b tr, lin ngn hng ca Ngn hng Nh nc. Pht trin cng ngh, phng tin thanh ton, cc hnh thc v dch v thanh ton khng dng tin mt tin tin, an ton, hiu qu. tip tc to tin cho qu trnh ch ng hi nhp quc t v khu vc, ngy 29/12/2006, Th tng Chnh ph k Quyt nh s 291/2006/Q-TTg ph duyt n thanh ton khng dng tin mt giai on 20062010 v nh hng n nm 2020. n ln bao gm 15 n thnh phn thuc 6 nhm n ln. C th l: 1. n hon thin khun kh php l cho hot ng thanh ton ca nn kinh t. 2. Nhm n thanh ton khng dng tin mt trong khu vc cng, bao gm cc n thnh phn: a) Qun l chi tiu trong khu vc Chnh ph bng phng tin thanh ton khng dng tin mt. b) Tr lng qua ti khon. c) Chi tr tr cp u i x hi v tr cp x hi qua ti khon. 3. n thanh ton khng dng tin mt trong khu vc doanh nghip. 4. Nhm n thanh ton khng dng tin mt trong khu vc dn c, bao gm cc n thnh phn: a) Pht trin cc phng tin, dch v thanh ton khng dng tin mt p ng nhu cu ca dn c v ph hp vi tin trnh hi nhp. b) Pht trin mng li chp nhn cc phng tin thanh ton khng dng tin mt. 33 69. 34 5. Nhm n pht trin cc h thng thanh ton, bao gm cc n thnh phn: a) Hon thin v pht trin h thng thanh ton lin ngn hng; b) Xy dng trung tm thanh ton b tr t ng phc v cho cc giao dch bn l; c) Xy dng trung tm chuyn mch th thng nht; d) Kt ni h thng thanh ton b tr v quyt ton chng khon vi h thng thanh ton lin ngn hng quc gia. 6. n h tr thanh ton khng dng tin mt, bao gm cc n thnh phn: a) Thng tin, tuyn truyn v ph bin kin thc v thanh ton khng dng tin mt b) Thc y thanh ton khng dng tin mt bng cc chnh sch thu, ph trong lnh vc thanh ton; gi thu t, thu mt bng cho cc t chc cung ng dch v thanh ton c) Khuyn khch thanh ton khng dng tin mt bng chnh sch thu gi tr gia tng d) Xy dng c ch tnh ph dch v thanh ton hp l c th t c nhng hiu qu thit thc trong thc tin, n xc nh nhng mc tiu c bn m Vit Nam cn phn u n nm 2010 nh sau: Tt c cc b, c quan ngang b, cc cp chnh quyn tnh, thnh ph u thc hin chi tiu bng phng tin thanh ton khng dng tin mt. Pht hnh 15 triu th, 70% cc trung tm thng mi, siu th, nh hng, khch snc thit b chp nhn th thanh ton Lng tin mt trn tng phng tin thanh ton gim cn 17% 34 70. 35 t 20 triu ti khon c nhn, 70% cn b hng lng ngn sch v 50% cng nhn lao ng trong cc khu vc doanh nghip c tr lng qua ti khon; Khong 80% cc khon thanh ton gia doanh nghip vi nhau c thc hin qua ti khon ti cc ngn hng. 60% cc khon chi tiu t ngn sch, 70% khon thanh ton dch v cng cng thc hin qua ti khon. 3.1.2. nh hng pht trin hot ng kinh doanh th ca Hi th trong xu th hi nhp quc t hin nay. Cng vi tin trnh hi nhp l s cnh tranh ngy cng khc lit trn th trng ngn hng ni chung cng nh th trng th ni ring. c bit vi s tham gia ca cc ngn hng nc ngoi vi th mnh v vn, cng ngh v kinh nghim trong lnh vc kinh doanh th, i hi mi ngn hng trong nc phi c n lc rt ln, chun b hnh trang mi c th gi vng c mng th trng hin c v tip tc pht trin trong tng lai. Mt khc, hot ng ca Hi th ngy cng hiu qu, thc y vai tr hp tc gia cc ngn hng thnh vin, Hi th Vit Nam ra phng phng hnh ng thi gian ti l : 1. Pht huy tch cc vai tr lin kt, hp tc gia cc NH thnh vin cng pht trin - Lin kt cc NH thnh vin y nhanh tin kt ni h thng thanh ton th - u mi thc y lin kt pht trin cc sn phm, dch v mi - Pht trin mng li n v chp nhn th - Qun l v phng nga ri ro 35 71. 36 2. H tr v mt o to, bi dng nghip v cho cc NH thnh vin Hi th Tip tc tng cng t chc cc kho o to, gm cc ni dung: Qun l ri ro, phng nga gi mo; K nng x l tra sot, khiu ni. Gii thiu cc sn phm v dch v th mi ca cc nc... Kt hp vi nhng cuc hi tho chuyn mi cc chuyn gia th ca nc ngoi v trong nc c kinh nghim. Hi th cng ch trng n cc kin ngh ca ngn hng t chc cc on thc tp di ngy ti cc NH nc ngoi cho cc cn b ca cc NH thnh vin. 3. Tng cng cng tc thng tin, tuyn truyn qung b hot ng th. Tng cng cng tc thng tin, tuyn truyn qung b hot ng th n vi mi tng lp dn c trong x hi tng bc x hi ha dch v Th, ng thi nng cao s hiu bit ca cng chng v qun l, bo mt th, s dng th an ton. Hi th s kt hp vi cc chng trnh s kin ln ca t nc hoc cc ngy l ln thc hin cc chng trnh tuyn truyn qung b hnh nh th, thc y thanh ton th trn cc c quan thng tn, bo ch hoc truyn hnh. Bn cnh nng cao cht lng, ci tin hnh thc n phm Th trng th Vit Nam ca Hi th, xng ng l knh thng tin hp php, chnh thc th hin qu trnh pht trin Th trng th Vit Nam. 4. Nng cao tin ch v s an ton, bo mt khi s dng th Thc hin ng b n s dng th chip in t thay th th t gim thiu n mc thp nht cc hnh vi gian ln th cng nh hn ch ti a hin tng lm gi th. ng thi nng cao hn na cc