REINO PROTOCTISTA

PROTOZOOS

ALGAS

HONGOS MUCILAGINOSOS

PROTOZOOS

ALGAS

HONGOS MUCILAGINOSOS

Figure 28-01

REINO PROTOCTISTA

REINO PROTOCTISTA

AMEBOZOOS SEUDÓPODOS LOBULADOSAMEBOZOOS SEUDÓPODOS LOBULADOS

GMNAMEBAS

ENTAMOEBAS

HONGOS MUCILAGINOSOS

GMNAMEBAS

ENTAMOEBAS

HONGOS MUCILAGINOSOS

LE 28-24

Pseudopodia

40 µm

SARCODINOS

Entamoeba histolytica

LE 28-25

4 cmPhysarum polycephalum

LE 28-26

1 mm

MEIOSISHaploid (n)

Key

Diploid (2n)

Zygote (2n)

SYNGAMY

Feedingplasmodium

Matureplasmodium(preparing to fruit)

Youngsporangium

Maturesporangium

Spores(n)

Stalk

Amoeboid cells(n)

Germinatingspore

Flagellated cells(n)

LE 28-27

600 µmMEIOSIS

Haploid (n)

Key

Diploid (2n)

Zygote (2n)

SYNGAMY

Conglomerado En vías de migración

Emergingamoeba

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

Amoebas

Spores(n)

Amebas solitariasEstadio dealimentación

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

Cuerpos fructíferos Amebas conglomeradas

200 µmCICLO DE VIDA DE Dictyostelium, un hongo mucilaginoso celular

CERCOZOOS CERCOZOOS

FORAMINIFEROS Y RADIOLARIOSFORAMINIFEROS Y RADIOLARIOS

LE 28-22

20 µm

Globigerina

FORAMINÍFEROS

ACANTILADOS DE DOVER

LE 28-23

200 µm

Axopodia

RADIOLARIOS

EUGLENOZOOS CINETOPLÁSTIDOS EUGLÉNIDOS

Trypanosoma gambiense

LE 28-7

9 µm

CICLO DE TRANSMISIÓN DEL TRYPANOSOMA GAMBIENSE

LE 28-8

5 µmEuglena (LM)

Plasma membrane

Nucleus

FLAGELO CORTO

EMANCHA OCULAR O ESTIGMA

DETECTOR DE LUZ

VACUOLA CONTRÁCTIL

Chloroplast

EUGLENAPellicle

FLAGELO LARGO

EUGLENA

ALVEOLADOS SACOS DEBAJO DE LA MEMBRANA PLASMÁTICA DINOFLAGELADOS APICOMPLEXOS CILIADOS

LE 28-2b

100 µm

Ceratium tripos, a unicellular marine dinoflagellate (LM)

LE 28-10

3 µ

m

Flagella

Pfiesteria shumwayae, dinoflagelado

CILIADOS

Paramecium

REPRODUCCIÓN SEXUAL: CONJUGACIÓN

LE 28-12a

FEEDING, WASTE REMOVAL, AND WATER BALANCE

Contractilevacuole

Oral groove

Cell mouth

Micronucleus

Macronucleus

50 µm

Thousands of cilia cover thesurface of Paramecium.

Paramecium, like other freshwater protists, constantly takes in water

by osmosis from the hypotonic environment. Bladderlike contractile

vacuoles accumulate excess water from radial canals and periodically

expel it through the plasma membrane.

Paramecium feeds mainly on bacteria. Rows of cilia along a funnel-shaped oral groove move food into the cell mouth, where the food is engulfed into food vacuoles by phagocytosis.

Food vacuoles combine with lysosomes. As the food is digested, the vacuoles follow a looping path through the cell.

The undigested contents of food vacuoles are released when the vacuoles fuse with a specialized region of the plasma membrane that functions as an anal pore.

LE 28-12

FEEDING, WASTE REMOVAL, AND WATER BALANCE

CONJUGATION AND REPRODUCTION

MEIOSIS

MICRONUCLEARFUSION

Haploidmicronucleus

Diploidmicronucleus

Diploidmicronucleus

Contractilevacuole

Oral groove

Cell mouth

Micronucleus

Macronucleus

50 µm

Thousands of cilia cover thesurface of Paramecium.

Paramecium, like other freshwater protists, constantly takes in water

by osmosis from the hypotonic environment. Bladderlike

contractile vacuoles accumulate excess water from radial canals

and periodically expel it through the plasma membrane.

Paramecium feeds mainly on bacteria. Rows of cilia along a funnel-shaped oral groove move food into the cell mouth, where the food is engulfed into food vacuoles by phagocytosis.

Food vacuoles combine with lysosomes. As the food is digested, the vacuoles follow a looping path through the cell.

The undigested contents of food vacuoles are released when the vacuoles fuse with a specialized region of the plasma membrane that functions as an anal pore.

Compatiblemates

Two cells of compatible mating strains align side by side and partially fuse.

Macronucleus

Meiosis of micronuclei produces four haploid micronuclei in each cell.

Three micronuclei in each cell disintegrate. The remaining micro-nucleus in each cell divides by mitosis.

The cells swap one micronucleus.

The cells separate.

Key Micronuclei fuse, forming a diploid micronucleus. Conjugation

Reproduction

Two rounds of cytokinesis partition one maccronucleus and one macronucleus into each of four daughter cells.

The original macronucleus disintegrates. Four micronuclei become macronuclei, while the other four remain micronuclei.

Three rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis produce eight micronuclei.

LE 28-12b

CONJUGATION AND REPRODUCTION

MEIOSIS

MICRONUCLEARFUSION

Haploidmicronucleus

Diploidmicronucleus

Compatiblemates

Two cells of compatible mating strains align side by side and partially fuse.

Macronucleus

Meiosis of micronuclei produces four haploid micronuclei in each cell.

Three micronuclei in each cell disintegrate. The remaining micro-nucleus in each cell divides by mitosis.

The cells swap one micronucleus.

The cells separate.

Key Micronuclei fuse, forming a diploid micronucleus. Conjugation

Reproduction

Two rounds of cytokinesis partition one macronucleus and one macronucleus into each of four daughter cells.

The original macronucleus disintegrates. Four micronuclei become macronuclei, while the other four remain micronuclei.

Three rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis produce eight micronuclei.

Diploidmicronucleus

Stentor

LE 28-2a

Stentor,

100 µm Stentor

Vorticella

Plasmodium malariae

LE 28-11

esporozoitos(n)

Inside mosquito

Oooquiste

Cigoto(2n)

MEIOSISMerozoito(n)

hepatocito

HIGADO

FERTILIZATION

Gametes

Gametocytes(n)

Glóbulos rojos

Inside human

Merozoito

Apex

Red bloodcell

0.5 µm

Haploid (n)

Key

Diploid (2n)

ESPOROZOOS

Estramenópilos flagelos pilosos y lisos Ovomicetos (mohos de agua y especies cercanas) Diatomeas Algas doradas Algas pardas

LE 28-13

Smoothflagellum

Hairyflagellum

5 µm Synura petersenii

LE 28-14_3

Egg nucleus (n)

MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

Haploid (n)

Key

Diploid (2n)

Oogonium

Antheridial hyphawith sperm nuclei (n)

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

Zygote germination Zygotes

(2n)Zoosporangium (2n)

Zoospore (2n)

Cyst

Germ tube

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

LE 28-16

50 µmALGAS UNICELULARES DIATOMEAS

ALGAS

LE 28-15

3 µ

m

LE 28-17

25 µmDynobrion alga dorada formadora de colonias en agua dulce

LE 28-18

ESTÍPITE

ANCLAJE

LÁMINA

PALMERA DE MAR Postelsia

Figure 28-19

Selva de kelp. Macrocystis

LE 28-21

Esporofito en vías De desarrollo

Zygote(2n)

FERTILIZATIONGametofito femeninomaduro(n)

Egg

oosfera

MEIOSIS

Haploid (n)

Key

Diploid (2n)

Sporangia

Zoospores

Femenino

Gametophytes(n)

masculino

Esporofito2n

esporangio

zoosporas

anterozoide

CI

CLO

DE

VI

DA

DE

LAMI

NARI

A

Algas verdes y rojasAlgas verdes y rojas

LE 28-2d

500 µm

Spirogyra, a filamentous freshwater green alga (insert LM)

LE 28-2c

4 cm

Delesseria sanguinea, a multicellular marine red alga

LE 28-20

El alga de mar se cultiva sobre redes en aguas costeras poco profundas. Porphyra ( alga roja )

un operario esparce las algas de mar recolectadas sobre pantallas de bambú para que se sequen

lasláminas satinadas de nori, delgadas como un papel, constituyen una envoltura rica en minerales para el arroz, mariscos y vegetales que forman el sushi

LE 28-28

Bonnemaisonia hamifera, afilamentous red alga.

Dulse (Palmaria palmata). This edible species has a “leafy” form.

A coralline alga. The cells walls of corralline algae are hardened by calcium carbonate. Some coralline algae are members of the biological communities called coral reefs.

Palmaria palmata

Figure 28-29

Chamydomonas nivalis

LE 28-30

Calperpa, an inter-tidal chlorophyte. The branched filaments lack cross-walls and thus are multinucleate. In effect, the thallus is one huge “supercell.”

50 µmVolox, a colonial freshwater chlorophyte. The colony is a hollow ball whose wall is composed of hundreds or thousands of biflagellated cells (see inset LM) embedded in a gelatinous matrix. The cells are usually connected by strands of cytoplasm; if isolated, these cells cannot reproduce. The large colonies seen here will eventually release the small “daughter” colonies within them (LM).

Ulva, or sea lettuce. This edible seaweed has a multicellular thallus differentiated into leaflike blades and a rootlike holdfast that anchors the alga against turbulent waves and tides.

20 µm

LE 28-31

MEIOSIS

Haploid (n)

Key

Diploid (2n)

SYNGAMY

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

Zoospores

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

Mature cell(n)

Zygote(2n)

Regionsof singlechloroplast

Nucleus

Flagella

Cell wall

1 µm

LE 28-3

Cyanobacterium

Primaryendosymbiosis

Secondaryendosymbiosis

Secondaryendosymbiosis

Secondaryendosymbiosis

Heterotrophiceukaryote

Red algae

Green algae

Dinoflagellates

Plastid

Apicomplexans

Stramenopiles

Plastid

Euglenids

Chlorarachniophytes

LE 28-4

AlveolataDip

lom

on

adid

a

Par

abas

ala

Eu

gle

no

zoa

Ancestral eukaryote

Stramenopila Amoebozoa (Opisthokonta) (Viridiplantae)Cer

cozo

a

Rad

iola

ria

Fu

ng

i

An

imal

ia

Rh

od

op

hyt

a

Ch

loro

ph

yta

Pla

nta

eP

lan

ts

Ch

loro

ph

ytes

Ch

aro

ph

ycea

ns

Red

alg

ae

Met

azo

ans

Fu

ng

i

Ch

oan

ofl

agel

late

s

Cel

lula

r sl

ime

mo

lds

Pla

smo

dia

l sl

ime

mo

lds

Gym

nam

oeb

as

En

tam

oeb

as

Rad

iola

rian

s

Ch

lora

rach

nio

ph

ytes

Fo

ram

inif

eran

s

Bro

wn

alg

ae

Go

lden

alg

ae

Oo

myc

etes

Dia

tom

s

Cil

iate

s

Ap

ico

mp

lexa

ns

Eu

gle

nid

s

Din

ofl

agel

late

s

Kin

eto

pla

stid

s

Dip

lom

on

ads

Par

abas

alid

s

LE 28-5a

Giardia intestinalis, a diplomonad (colorized SEM)5 µm

LE 28-5b

Flagella

Trichomonas vaginalis, a parabasalid (colorized SEM)

Undulating membrane 5 µm

LE 28-6

Flagella

0.2 µm

Crystalline rod

Ring of microtubules

Euglenozoo

LE 28-9

0.2 µmAlveoliFlagellum

Table 28-1