Introduction to Te Tiriti o Waitangi history-

Te Wakaminenga 1808 & He Wakaputanga 1835

Karakia Timatanga

He hōnore he korōria ki te AtuaHe maungārongo ki te whenuaHe whakaaro pai ki nga tāngata katoaHanga e te Atua he ngākau houKi roto ki tēnā ki tēnā o mātouWhakatōngia tōu Wairua TapuHei āwhina hei tohutohu i a mātouAke ake akeAmine

Learning Outcomes

• To identify historical contexts regarding DOI- He Whakaputanga Declaration of Independence

• To examine historical contexts leading up to Te Tiriti o Waitangi

• To evaluate learnings

Quote:

“The Treaty of Waitangi is the Founding Document of New Zealand”

Discussion

• What is your understanding of Nations?

Sovereignty, Nations &Self Determination

• All nations have sovereign houses• All sovereign nations have become states

Hapū & Iwi Sovereign Nations

• All hapū have sovereign houses• All hapū are independent and

interdependent states

Māori Laws

• All hapū had their own laws• All hapū had rangatira (leaders) that made

laws• All hapū obeyed their tikanga - laws

Breach of Sovereignty law

• 1772 French explorer Marion Du Fresne was told not to fish in the Manawaroa Bay as there was a rahui due to a drowning. Du Fresne ignored the rahui given by the rangatira and hapū. Du Fresne and 26 of his crew were executed for breaching rahui. (Healy et al, 2012, p. 59).

Discussion

• What is your understanding of New Zealand History pre the He Whakaputanga Declaration of Independence 1835- What was its catalyst?

Visit to Sydney 1805

• In 1805 Te Pahi visited Governor King (NSW) in Sydney who promised to take action over lawless westerners, breaching tikanga and (Black birding) or kidnapping Māori and Polynesians across the Pacific and selling them into slavery in Australia

• Governor King promised to deal with it• However nothing was done

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQv4uQ6VxNA

Black Birding

Discussion

• What are underlying themes behind the video?

Te Whakaminenga 1808

• Due to non action of Govenor King, Te Pahi & others established Te Whakaminenga to form diplomatic relations with the Europeans

Collaborative Enterprise

• Te Wakaminenga consisted of a collaboration of interdependent Hapū

• Ngāpuhi-nui-tonu• Waikato (Waikato & Ngāpuhi division)• Hauraki• East Coast Ngāti Kauhungngu, Ngāti Porou• Ngāti Tūwharetoa• Ngai Tāhu

Te Whakaminenga 1808• Was conducted during

communal gardening between different tribes beginning in Whangaroa, spreading to Pewhairangi and then across to Hokianga.

• This was done so that Northern tribes shared hosting obligations

(Ngapuhi Speaks, 2012, p.g 40)

King George & Hongi Hika - 1820

• Hongi Hika visited London in 1820 with another chief named Waikato, and missionary Thomas Kendall. They helped with the compilation of a Māori alphabet and grammar. Hongi met with King George IV.

Waikato, Hongi Hika and Thomas Kendall 1820

Discussion

• What have been underlying themes behind Māori positioning in history so far?

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1832

Sir George Murray

Sister Flags

He Whakaputanga 1835

Original Copy of He Whakaputanga Declaration of Independence 1835

He Whakaputanga 18351) We the hereditary chiefs and heads of the tribes of the northern parts of New Zealand, being assembled at

Waitangi, in the Bay of Islands on this 28th day of October, 1835, declare the independence of our country, which is hereby constituted and declared to be an independent State, under the designation of The United Tribes of New Zealand.

2) All sovereign power and authority within the territories of the United Tribes of New Zealand is hereby declared to reside entirely and exclusively in the hereditary chiefs and heads of tribes in their collective capacity, who also declare that they will not permit any legislative authority separate from themselves in their collective capacity to exist, nor any function of government be exercised within the said territories, unless by persons appointed by them, and acting under the authority of laws regularly enacted by them in congress assembled.

3) The hereditary chiefs and heads of tribes agree to meet in congress at Waitangi in the autumn of each year, for the purpose of framing each laws for the dispensation of justice, the preservation of peace and good order, and the regulation of trade; and they cordially invite the southern tribes to lay aside their private animosities and to consult the safety and welfare of our common country, by joining the Confederation of the United Tribes.

4) They also agree to send a copy of this Declaration to his Majesty, the King of England, to thank him for his acknowledgement of their flag, and in return for the friendship and protection they have shown, are prepared to show, to such of his subjects have settled in their country, or resorted to it’s shores

English witnesses: Henry Williams, Missionary, George Clarke; CMS, James Clendon; Merchant, Gilbert Mair; Merchant

Signed: James Busby; British Resident at New Zealand

Te Whakaminenga 1808

• By 1840, Over 1000 Ngapuhi were sent over seas to 69 different countries.

• As each traveller returned, wānanga (seminars) were held to share their information regarding how things worked at an international level overseas. (Ngapuhi Speaks, 2012, p.g 39).

http://www.google.co.nz/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=Maori+trading&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=gI6rxcG_ojRJwM&tbnid=78Ld8DSHXiJZlM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori-pakeha-relations&ei=AExRUcyKMYyYkgWUr4CgBQ&bvm=bv.44158598,d.dGI&psig=AFQjCNGy0av_vl6zAfGIjIhZ7vvrDgLIEA&ust=1364368750180622

Why Te Tiriti was signed• Colenso (1840) conveyed that Hobson spoke English while Henry Williams

interpreted into Māori.• Her Majesty Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, wishing to do good

to the chiefs and people of New Zealand and for the welfare of her subjects living amongst you, has sent me to this place as governor. But, as the law of England gives no civil powers to Her Majesty out of her dominions, her efforts to do you good will be futile unless you consent Her Majesty has commanded me to explain these things to you, that you may understand them. The people of Great Britain are, thank God! free; and, as long as they do not transgress the laws they can go where they please, and their sovereign has no power to restrain them. You have sold them lands here and encouraged them to come here. Her Majesty, always ready to protect her subjects, is also ready to restrain them. Her Majesty the Queen asks you to sign this treaty, and give her that power which shall enable her to restrain them (Colenso, 1840, as cited in Healy et al, 2012, p.184).

•  

Waitangi Tribunal Findings

• Britain’s representative William Hobson and his agents explained the treaty as granting Britain “the power to control British subjects” and thereby to protect Māori”

(Bennett & Quilliam, 2014)

Waitangi Tribunal Findings

• http://m.nzherald.co.nz/northland-age/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503402&objectid=11360308

Discussion

• What impact could the Waitangi Tribunal findings have on the future of New Zealand?

Discussion

• What are underlying themes behind this video?

Discussion

• How has this informed your understanding of the Declaration & Te Tiriti o Waitangi?

The New Zealand Company• Wakefield developed his theories

of colonisation while serving a term at Newgate Prison for abducting and marrying a teenage heiress.

• In the 1830s he set up the New Zealand Company, a major commercial enterprise designed to organise settlement in New Zealand (and to turn a profit for investors). For the Company, his brother William, in late 1839, made large and dubious land purchases covering most of central New Zealand, just a head of the settlers. It sent out to colonise Port Nicholson (Wellington).

Edward Gibbon Wakefield

Ministry for Culture and Heritage, 2014

1852 NZ Constitution Act• Saw the hand over of imperial power and rights held

by the British Crown to the New Zealand Company.• The New Zealand Company became the New

Zealand Settler Government with the right to establish a government.

• No consideration was given to the United Confederation of Chiefs who were the signatory partners with the British Crown.

• The Māori right to Self Government was still recognised under section 71 of the 1852

Section 71 of the Constitution Act 1852

• Section 71 of the Constitution Act 1852 allowed for the provision of self-governing Māori districts – as envisaged in the 1846 constitution. Māori saw it as implementation of the tino rangatiratanga (sovereignty) guaranteed to them under the Treaty of Waitangi. The Māori King movement sought such autonomy in Waikato before and after the New Zealand wars, as did the Kotahitanga (Māori parliament movement), which formed a Māori parliament in the 1890s.

1986 NZ Constitution Act

• This act replaced the1852 Constitutional Act.

• Repealed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947 - Removed ability of the UK to pass laws for New Zealand

• Repealed section 71 Māori right to govern themselves

Impact of 1986 NZ Constitution Act

• New Zealand Government are not signatories to Te Tiriti o Waitangi 1840 but third party interlopers

• Waitangi Tribunal findings in November 14 2014 state Māori sovereignty was never ceded.

• New Zealand no longer has a crown head of state and or authority to govern

Her Majesty the Queen in Right of New Zealand• New Zealand creates

a corporation masquerading as the NZ Crown

• The NZ Crown is a US Corporation functioning as the New Zealand Government

• http://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=0000216105&owner=exclude&count=40

Discussion

• What are some of the learnings that have stood out for you in todays lesson?

Karakia Whakamutunga

Kia tau ki a tatou katoa, te atawhai o to tatou Ariki, o Ihu Karaiti, me te Aroha o te Atua, me te whiwhinga tahitanga ki te wairua tapu, ake ake ake Amine.

Reference• Healy S., Huygens, I., Murphy, T & Parata, H.(2012). Ngapuhi Speaks: He Whakaputanga and Te

Tiriti o Waitangi independant report on Ngapuhi Nui Tonu Claim. Kaitaia: New Zealand. Kawariki & Network Waitangi Whangarei

• New Zealand in History.(2008). The New Zealand Company. Retrieved March 20 2013 from: http://history-nz.org/colonisation1.html

• Moon,P.(2013). Exploding popular myths about the Treaty of Waitangi.[News paper article]. Retrieved March 18 2013 from: http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10861947

• Nauman, R., Harrision, L., & Winiata, T.(2000).Te mana o Te Tiriti: the living treaty. Auckland: New Zealand. New House Publishers Ltd

• Orange, C.(2002). The Treaty Story. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books

• Taonui, R. (2010). Mana Tamariki; cultural alienation. Alter Native, An international Journal for Indigenous people, 6 (3), 187-202.

• Waitangi Tribunal. (1986). Wai 11 Te Reo Māori report. Wellington.