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Herman Aguinis, University of Colorado at Denver
Reward Systems and
Legal Issues
Prof. Preeti BhaskarSymbiosis Centre for Management
Studies, NOIDA
Reward Systems: Overview
• Traditional and Contingent Pay (CP) Plans– Reasons for Introducing CP Plans– Possible Problems Associated with
CP– Selecting a CP Plan
• Putting Pay in Context• Pay Structures
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Traditional Pay
• Salary and salary increases are based on– Position– Seniority
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Contingent Pay (CP)
• Salary and salary increases are based on– Job performance
• Also called: Pay for Performance• If not added to base pay, called:
– Variable pay
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Reasons for Introducing CP
• Performance management is more effective when rewards are tied to results
• CP Plans force organizations to:– Clearly define effective performance– Determine what factors are necessary
• CP plans help to recruit and retain top performers
• CP plans project good corporate image
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CP plans help improve motivation when:
• Employees see clear link between their efforts and resulting performance (Expectancy)
• Employees see clear link between their performance level and rewards received (Instrumentality)
• Employees value the rewards available (Valence)
motivation = expectancy x instrumentality x
valencePrentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Possible Problems Associated with CP
• Poor performance management system• Rewarding counterproductive behavior• Insignificant rewards• The reward becomes the driver • Extrinsic vs. intrinsic motivation• Disproportionately large rewards for
executives
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Selecting a CP Plan: Issues to consider
A. Culture of organizationB. Strategic direction of
organization
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A. Culture of organization: Types of organizations
• Traditional– Top-down decision making– Vertical communication– Jobs that are clearly defined
• Involvement– Shared decision making– Lateral communications– Loosely defined roles
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CP systems for different organizational cultures:
• Traditional organizations– Piece rate– Sales commissions– Group incentives
• Involvement organizations– Profit sharing– Skill-based pay
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B: CP Plans to enhance Strategic Directions:
• Employee development– Skill based pay
• Customer service– Competency based
pay– Gainsharing
• Overall Profit– Executive pay– Profit or stock
sharing
• Productivity– Individual
• Piece rate• Sales commissions
– Group• Gainsharing• Group incentives
• Teamwork– Team sales
commissions– Gainsharing– Competency based
payPrentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Putting Pay in Context
A reward increases the chance that
• Specific behaviors and results will be repeated, or
• Employee will engage in new behavior and produce better results
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Rewards can include:
• Pay• Recognition
– Public– Private– Status
• Time
• Trust & Respect• Challenge• Responsibility• Freedom• Relationships
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
How to Make Rewards Work
• Define and measure performance first and then allocate rewards
• Only use rewards that are available• Make sure all employees are
eligible• Rewards should be both
– Financial– Non-financial
(continued)Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
How to Make Rewards Work (continued)
• Rewards should be:– Visible– Contingent– Timely– Reversible
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Pay Structures
• Job Evaluation• Broad-banding
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Pay structures
An organization’s pay structureClassifies jobs
Into categoriesBased on their relative worth
Is designed by job evaluation methods
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Job evaluation
• Method of data collection– Determine the worth of various jobs to– Create a pay structure
• Consideration of – KSAs required for each job– Value of job for organization– How much other organizations pay
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Types of job evaluation methods:
• Ranking• Classification• Point
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Job evaluation methods: Ranking
• Create job descriptions• Compare job descriptions • Rank jobs
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Advantages of using Ranking method• Requires little
time• Minimal effort
needed for administration
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Disadvantages of using Ranking method
• Criteria for ranking may not be clear:
• Distances between each rank may not be equal
Job evaluation methods: Classification
• A series of classes or grades are created
• Each job is placed within a job class
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Advantages of using Classification method
• Jobs can be quickly slotted into structure
• Employees accept method because it seems valid
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Disadvantages of using Classification method
• Requires extensive time and effort for administration
• Differences between classification levels may not be equal
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Job evaluation methods: Point method
• Identify compensable factors (job characteristics)
• Scale factors (e.g. on a scale of 1 – 5)• Assign a weight to each factor so the
sum of the weights for all factors = 100%
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Advantages of using Point method• Establish worth of each job
relative to all other jobs within organization
• Comprehensive measurement of relative worth of each job in organization
• Easy to rank jobs when total points are known for each job
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Disadvantages of using Point method
• Requires extensive administrative– Time– Effort
Does job evaluation method matter?
– Fairness– Evaluators
•Impartial•Objective
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Compensation surveys
• Information on– Base pay– All other types of compensation
• Conducted in-house or by consultants, such as:www.salary.com or www.haypaynet.com
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Broad-banding:
Pay structure collapses job classes into fewer categories
Advantages:• Provides flexibility in rewarding people• Reflects changes in organization structure• Provides better base for rewarding growth in
competence• Gives more responsibility for pay decisions to
managers• Provides better basis for rewarding career
progression
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Reward Systems: Summary
• Traditional and Contingent Pay (CP) Plans– Reasons for Introducing CP Plans– Possible Problems Associated with
CP– Selecting a CP Plan
• Putting Pay in Context• Pay Structures
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Legal Issues: Overview
• Performance Management and the Law
• Some Legal Principles Affecting PM
• Laws Affecting PM
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Performance Management and the Law
• Performance management systems are legally sound, if they are fair:– Procedures are standardized– Same procedures are used with all
employees
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Some Legal Principles Affecting PM:Overview
• Employment-at-will• Negligence• Defamation• Misrepresentation• Adverse Impact• Illegal
Discrimination
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Employment-at-will
• Employment relationship can be ended at any time by– Employer– Employee
• Exceptions– Implied contract– Possible violation of legal rights
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Negligence
• If organization documents describe a system
and• It is Not implemented as
described,• Employee can challenge
evaluation, charging negligence
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Defamation
• Disclosure of performance information that is– Untrue and– Unfavorable
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Misrepresentation
• Disclosure of performance information that is– Untrue and– Favorable
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Adverse Impact / Unintentional Discrimination
• PM system has unintentional impact on a protected class
• Organization must demonstrate:– Specific KSA is a business requirement for the
job– All affected employees are evaluated in the
same way
• Organization should review ongoing performance score data by protected class to implement corrective action as necessary
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Illegal Discrimination or Disparate Treatment
• Raters assign different scores to employees based on factors that are NOT related to performance
• Employees receive different treatment as result of such ratings
• Employees can claim they were intentionally and illegally treated differently due to their status
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Employee claim of illegal discrimination:
• Direct evidence of discrimination, or
• Evidence regarding the following:– Membership in protected class– Adverse employment decision– Performance level deserved
reward/different treatment– How others were treated (not in
protected class)
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Employer response to claim of illegal discrimination
• Legitimate and non-discriminatory reason for action
• Related to performance
• Note: Good performance management system and subsequent performance-related decision, used consistently with all employees, provides defense
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Laws Affecting PM:
During past few decades, several countries have passed laws prohibiting discrimination based on:•Race or Ethnicity•Sex•Religion•National Origin•Age•Disability status•Sexual orientation
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Laws in the United Kingdom:
• Equal Pay Act of 1970• Race Relations Act of 1976• Sex Discrimination Act of 1975• Disability Discrimination Act of 1995• Employment Equality (Sexual
Orientation) Regulations 2003• Employment Equality (Religion or Belief)
Regulations 2003
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Laws in the United States of America
• Equal Pay Act of 1963• Civil Rights Act of 1964• Age Discrimination in Employment
Act of 1967 (as amended in 1986)• Americans with Disabilities Act of
1990
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Characteristics of Legally Sound PM Systems
• Organization:– The system is formally explained and
communicated to all employees – The system includes a formal appeals process – Procedures are standardized and uniform for
all employees within a job group – The system includes procedures to detect
potentially discriminatory effects or biases and abuses in the system
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Characteristics of Legally Sound PM Systems
• Management– Supervisors are provided with formal
training and information on how to manage the performance of their employees
– Performance information is gathered from multiple, diverse, and unbiased raters
– The system includes thorough and consistent documentation including specific examples of performance based on first-hand knowledge
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Characteristics of Legally Sound PM Systems
• Employees– Performance dimensions and standards are:
• Clearly defined and explained to the employee, • Job-related, and • Within the control of the employee
– Employees are given • Timely information on performance deficiencies
and • Opportunities to correct them
– Employees are given a voice in the review process and treated with courtesy and civility throughout the process
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006
Legal Issues: Summary
• Performance Management and the Law
• Some Legal Principles Affecting PM
• Laws Affecting PM
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2006