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~ 文章論述 ~R1:Social Structuration of the Field of Entrepreneurship: A Case Study (Richard Dery & Jean-Marie Toulouse )創業領域社會結構化 :個案研究

R2:BARRIERS TO THE ADVANCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL SCIENCE: PARADIGM DEVELOPMENT AS A DEPENDENT VARIABLE(Jeffrey Preffery)組織科學發展進程的阻礙 : 作為因變數的模式化發展

R3:What theory is not (Sutton&Staw)什麼不是理論

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What Theory Is Not, Theorizing Is.理論是什麼，理論是 ~

(Karl E. Weick, 密西根大學 )

長榮大學經營管理研究所博士班高等管理理論研討課程 任課教授 :李元德 學 生 :蔡雯雅

2010 年 11 月 3 日

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What Theory Is Not, Theorizing Is.理論是什麼，理論是

Sutton and Staw (1995) 曾經說 : 有些理論跟沒理論的分別是很清楚地，參考 (文獻 )、數據、變數、圖表與假設，任一單獨個別都不是理論 , 但是理論可能包含有此五種元素的部分或全部。

References文獻

Data數據

Lists變數

Diagrams圖表

Hypotheses假設Sutton and Staw

非理論

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What Theory Is Not, Theorizing Is.理論是什麼，理論是

(Merton,1967) general orientations in which broad frameworks

specify types of variables people should take into account, without any specification of relationships among these variables

analysis of concepts in which concepts are specified, clarified, and defined but not interrelated

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What Theory Is Not, Theorizing Is.理論是什麼，理論是

post-factum interpretation in which ad hoc hypotheses are derived from a single observation, with no effort to explore alternative explanations or new observations

empirical generalization in which an isolated proposition( 命題 ) summarizes the relationship between two variables, but further interrelations are not attempted

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What Theory Is Not, Theorizing Is.理論是什麼，理論是

引用 (文獻 )不是理論

數據不是理論 best medical doctors treat symptoms directly without

relying on diagnosis to determine treatments

best theorists may make prescriptions based on data alone without introducing theory between data and prescriptions.

Ex.Mann Gulch disaster

we need more precise descriptions of what is being extracted from references

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What Theory Is Not, Theorizing Is.理論是什麼，理論是

變數不是理論 Lists also convey the tacit message that causation is

assumed to be simultaneous rather than sequential, that history is less crucial than contemporary structure, that relations among items are additive, and that items toward the top of the list are more important than items toward the bottom.

圖表不是理論 if compare diagrams to lists, it should be clear that diagram

s are more explicit than lists about sequence, about more and less determinate relationships, and about pathways of influence.

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What Theory Is Not, Theorizing Is.理論是什麼，理論是

假設不是理論 Nevertheless, isolated hypotheses are close to theor

ies and lack only connections with propositions and concepts to make them into such (Bacharach, 1989: 498--499). Such connecting may necessitate little more than raising the level of abstraction of key terms in the hypotheses.

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SUMMARIZE

ASQ: "If manuscripts contain no theory, their value is suspect."

The next two sentences, which they left out, speak of tradeoffs: "Ungrounded theory, however, is no more helpful than are a theoretical data. We are receptive to multiple forms of grounding. but not to a complete avoidance of grounding."

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THE END

Thank your listening