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Biotechnological Approach to treat and prevent the creation of SUPERBUGS in future

BY : NITIN SINGH KULDEEP CHAUDHARY MODH FAIZANB.TECH (BIOTECH) 2nd year I.E.T B.U JHANSI

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CONTENTS• What is superbug??• Origin of superbug• Antibiotic• History• The Discovery and Consequent Development of Antibiotic Resistance • The current situation• What will Happen in the Future? • Possible Solutions• Nanotechnology-Based Solutions against Superbugs • Prevention• Difficulties • Conclusions and future perspectives • References

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What is superbug???Superbug is the resistance of microorganism against a drug’s action, which allows them to survive in drugged environment

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Origin of superbug(Antibiotic Resistance)

The widespread

use of antibiotics both inside and outside of medicine is playing a significant role in the emergence of resistant

bacteria (Super bug)

In India antibiotics that are sold most

often without

prescription

include Tetracycli

ne, Amoxycilli

n, Ofloxacin

and Ciprofloxa

cin

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AntibioticAn antibiotic is a compound or substance that kills or slows down the growth of bacteria by different mechanisms such as

• Inhibiting the cell wall synthesis• Blocking DNA/RNA expression• Stopping the folic acid synthesis• Disrupting cell membrane permeability and

arresting the central dogma of bacteria (DNA, RNA and protein synthesis), • Inhibiting the protein synthesis

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History

In 2010 NDM1 was discovered in Britain, America and India

In1992 CA-MRSA was discovered in Britain

In1961 MRSA was discovered in Britain

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The Discovery and Consequent Development of Antibiotic Resistance

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Contd…people now die of certain bacterial infections that previously could have been easily treated with existing antibiotics such infections include

staphylococcus pneumoniae causing meningitis

enterobacter sp., causing pneumonia enterococcus

enterococcus sp., causing endocarditis,

mycobacterium tuberculosis causing tuberculosis

Now NDM1 is world spread

and has caused many deaths

There are about 80,000

Chinese people dying for

misusing of antibiotics

The superbugs problem is

severe all over the world

Scientists are still searching for the

treatment

The current situation

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What will Happen in the Future?

If no effective treatment will be invented

1.The world’s population will drop

2.Hospital will become a more dangerous place

Possible Solutions

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Biotherapy

Study and search for the microbe that can wipe out superbug

This kind of microbe should be not harmful to our body and compatible with our own immune system

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Since the superbugs have a special character-they can “sew” other bacteria to their own DNA suppressant can

be invented to stop the process

Suppressant

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Nanotechnology-Based Solutions againstSuperbugs

Nanotechnology-based approaches are advantageous to improve various preventive measures such as coatings and filtration. Similarly, diagnosis using efficient nanosensors or probes can speed up the treatment process at an early stage of disease

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Nano-based drug carriers for existing antibiotics enhance their bioavailability and make them more target-specific. In addition, the combination of nanoparticles (NPs) along with antibiotics makes them more lethal for microorganisms

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Nanoparticles have the ability to anchor to the bacterial cell wall and subsequently cause structural changes in the cell membrane permeability leading to cell death. Large surface area of nanoparticles enables better contact with microorganisms and enhances interaction with bacterial cell membrane

The affinity of metal nanoparticles to bind with sulfur- or phosphoruscontaining biomaterials such as DNA, proteins, and enzymes; the tendency to produce free radicals; generation of reactive oxygen species because of disruption of respiratory chain and inhibition of signal transduction are other pathways by which nanoparticles cause bacterial cell death

Contd…

Prevention

Avoid the misuse of antibiotic-overuse and abuse of antibiotic

When treat ordinary maladies, no need to prescribe antibiotics 16

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DifficultiesThe main difficulty is the possibility of achieving the breakthroughs. It may take decades, during which many patients who are infected by superbugs will die hopelessly

The uncertainty of the achievement seems to be costly. But I think we need to have a try. Before we discover the effective treatments, we need to keep on developing new antibiotics to help the poor patients

The financial aid is essential. It must call for a large number of money. So the researches should gain support from governments, companies and NGOs

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Conclusions and future perspectives...•Antibiotics solely can never be a solution

•Nanotechnology-based multi-pronged approaches can be an effective alternative

•translating this technology to clinical use

elucidate the entire mechanism of action of nano particles

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REFERENCES• Antimicrobial Resistance: Global Report on Surveillance (2014). World Health Organization (WHO), Switzerland. Available at: http://apps. who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112642/1/9789241564748_eng.pdf (accessed on January 9, 2015) • Hawkey, P. M. (1998). The origins and molecular basis of antibiotic resistance. BMJ, 317(7159), 657–660• Gould, I. M. (2009). Antibiotic resistance: The perfect storm. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 34, S2–S5.• Tin, S., Sakharkar, K. R., Lim, C. S., et al. (2009). Activity of chitosans in combination with antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int. J. Bio. Sci., 5(2), 153–160.• Hetrick, E. M., Shin, J. H., Stasko, N. A., et al. (2008). Bactericidal

efficacy of nitric oxide-releasing silica nanoparticles. ACS Nano, 2(2), 235–246.

• Ristic, B. Z., Milenkovic, M. M., Dakic, I. R., et al. (2014). Photodynamic

antibacterial effect of graphene quantum dots. Biomaterials, 35(15), 4428–4435.

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THANK YOU