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Systeemisellä ymmärryksellä kestävyyttä ja liiketoimintaa yhdyskuntajätteidenkäsittelyyn Kiinassa ja Brasiliassa
16.1.2017Mika HorttanainenLappeenranta University of technology
Objectives and Implementation
• The overall objective of the MSW theme was • to increase understanding of the municipal solid waste
management systems (and nitrogen recovery from sludge),• thus increasing the value of the recovery and • facilitating sustainability • in different business environments.
• Implementation• Systems analysis in different operation environments
• South Karelia, Hangzhou, Sao Paulo• Environmental LCA as the main method• Organization of MSW management and money flows• Co-operation with business analysis
Systems analysis for MSW management of Hangzhou city in
ChinaJouni HavukainenMiia LiikanenMika HorttanainenLappeenranta University of Technology,Sustainability Science
Systems analysis for MSW management of Hangzhou city in China
Objectives• Analyzing the current MSW management system of Hangzhou city• Analyzing the possibilities to improve environmental sustainability with
WtE solutions including Finnish technology– SRF production – Avoiding coal use
Environmental impact analysis with LCA methodProducing SRF from mixed MSWGHG emissions and emissions causing acidification and eutrophicationComparing to current mixed MSW co-combustion with coal
Study region: Hangzhou city• Inhabitants: 7 million• Capital city of Zhejiang province• Stark increase in MSW generation
0,000,501,001,502,002,503,003,504,004,50
2000 2005 2010 2015
MSWPopulationGDP
MSW per person− 2003: 142 kg/inhab./a− 2013: 432 kg/inhab./a
79 % 72 % 60 % 58 % 58 % 56 % 54 % 51 % 51 % 51 % 58 %21 % 28 %40 %
42 %43 %
44 % 47 % 49 % 49 %49 %
42 %
913 952
13801584
18362139
2347 24572610
28443087
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
kt/a
Landfill Incineration Total
MSW management system: Mass flows
MIXED WASTE
SOURCE SEPARATEDFOOD WASTE
SOURCE SEPARATEDHAZARDOUS WASTE
3 086 kt/a
73 kt/a
INCINERATION PLANT Lvneng
INCINERATION PLANT Qiaosi
INCINERATION PLANT Yuhang
INCINERATION PLANT Xiaosha
PROCESSING FOR PAPER
PROCESSING FOR GLASS
PROCESSING FOR METAL
PROCESSING FOR PLASTIC
204 kt/a
411 kt/a
256 kt/a
416 kt/a
LANDFILL
LANDFILL Liugongduan
HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL
1 432 kt/a
366 kt/a
COAL? Kt/a
HOUSEHOLDS ETC. WASTE
GENERATION
HANGZHOU ENVIRONMENTAL
GROUP
INCINERATION PLANT
6 t/a
WASTE PICKERS
?
RECYCLING CENTER
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION GAS ENGINE
GAS ENGINE
TIANZILING WASTE DISPOSAL CENTER
COAL8.1 kt/a
COAL29 kt/a
MSW management: Money flows
MIXED WASTE
SOURCE SEPARATEDFOOD WASTE
SOURCE SEPARATEDHAZARDOUS WASTE
INCINERATION PLANT
LANDFILL
HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL
LANDFILL
COALCOMPANY
HOUSEHOLDS ETC. WASTE
GENERATION
COLLECTION BY:HANGZHOU
ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP
INCINERATION PLANT
50 CNY/household
RECYCLING CENTERMANUAL
SEPARATION?
GOVERNMENT
TAX
SUPPORT GATE FEE 73-140 CNY/t PRIZE 570 CNY/t
GATE FEE MIXED WASTE 82 CNY/t
MONEY
MATERIAL USER
MONEY
ELECTRICITYGRID
PRIZE 0.65 CNY/kWh
MANAGEMENT:HANGZHOU MSW
DISPOSAL SUPERVISION
CENTER
SUPPORT
GAS ENGINE
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION GAS ENGINE
GAS ENGINE
TIANZILING WASTE DISPOSAL CENTER
GATE FEE FOOD WASTE? ELECTRICITYGRID
PRIZE ?
WASTE PICKERS
MSW management: Organizing
HANGZHOU JINJIANG GREEN ENERGY Co., Ltd
MIXED WASTE
SOURCE SEPARATEDFOOD WASTE
SOURCE SEPARATEDHAZARDOUS WASTE
INCINERATION PLANT Lvneng
INCINERATION PLANT Qiaosi
INCINERATION PLANT Yuhang
INCINERATION PLANT Xiaosha
PROCESSING FOR PAPER
PROCESSING FOR GLASS
PROCESSING FOR METAL
PROCESSING FOR PLASTIC
LANDFILL Tianziling
LANDFILL Liugongduan
HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL
LANDFILL
HOUSEHOLDS ETC. WASTE
GENERATION
COLLECTION BY:HANGZHOU
ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP Co., Ltd
INCINERATION PLANT
WASTE PICKERS
RECYCLING CENTER
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
MANAGEMENT:HANGZHOU MSW
DISPOSAL SUPERVISION
CENTER
HANGZHOU ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP Co., Ltd- TIANZILING WASTE DISPOSAL CENTER
HANGZHOU GREEN ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION POWER Co., Ltd.
HANGZHOU MUNICIPAL
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
BUREAU
EMISSION CONTROL
HAZARDOUS WASTEMANAGEMENT
Hangzhou Hazardous Solid Waste Management Center
Hangzhou Urban Management Commission
Life cycle assessment Hangzhou city MSW management system
Functional unit is the MSW mass produced in 2013, i.e. 3 100 kt.
Compared scenarios Scenario 0
• Present incineration and landfilling Scenario 1
• SRF production and incineration in existing incineration plants Scenario 2
• SRF production and incineration in new CFB plants
Scenarios 1 and 2 include sub-scenarios with different biodegradable reject treatment
1. Landfilling2. Biodrying and incineration3. Anaerobic digestion, composting of digestate4. Ethanol production, anaerobic digestion of stillage, composting of digestate
Hangzhou city MSW management LCA
MIXED MSW
INCINERATION PLANT Lvneng
INCINERATION
LANDFILL
MECHANICAL TREATMENT
HANGZHOU ENVIRONMENTAL
GROUP
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
TIANZILING LANDFILL
SOURCE SEPARATED FOOD WASTE
HOUSEHOLDS ETC. WASTE
GENERATION
BIODRYING
METAL RECYCLING
SRF
Reject
ETHANOL PRODUCTION
ANAEORBIC DIGESTION
PILE COMPOSTING
ANAEORBIC DIGESTION
PILE COMPOSTING
Options for biodegradable waste treatment Option 1Option 2Option 3Option 4
Organic reject
Results: Global warming potential (GWP)
1 810 1 798 1 694
1 412 1 4151 620
1 4731 218 1 220
-1 000
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
kt C
O2-
eq./a
Landfill emissions
Organic treatment emissions
RDF plant
Waste incineration
Metal recycling
Landfill gas motor el disp.
Organic treatment landfill gasel disp.Organic treatment gasolinedisp.Organic treatment stillage ADel disp.Organic treatment AD el disp.
Waste incineration el disp.
Total
Old plants SRF
New plants SRF
Results: Eutrophication potential (EP)
-1 500-1 200 -1 000
-1 800-1 500
-2 200 -2 100
-2 900-2 600
-5 000
-4 000
-3 000
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
t SO
2-eq
./aLandfill emissions
Organic treatment emissions
RDF plant
Waste incineration
Metal recycling
Landfill gas motor el disp.
Organic treatment landfill gas eldisp.Organic treatment gasolinedisp.Organic treatment stillage AD eldisp.
Old plants SRF
New plants SRF
Results: Acidification potential (AP)
-1531 31
-69-40
-95 -99
-200-170
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
t PO
4--e
q./a
Landfill emissions
Organic treatment emissions
RDF plant
Incineration
Metal recycling
Landfill gas motor el disp.
Organic treatment landfillgas el disp.Organic treatment gasolinedisp.Organic treatment stillageAD el disp.Organic treatment AD eldisp.Waste incineration el disp.
Old plants SRF
New plants SRF
Conclusions Main problem: lack of source separation
• High food waste share High moisture content low LHV – Mechanical separation of recyclables difficult
• Educating citizens is necessary
The environmental performance would be improved a lot if the incineration plants could recover also heat
• Placing near the industry which uses steam
SRF production could improve significantly the environmental performance of Chinese energy recovery of MSW Recovery of the reject from SRF production is important
Steps towards sustainable municipal solid waste management
in São Paulo, BrazilMiia LiikanenJouni HavukainenMika HorttanainenLappeenranta University of TechnologySustainability Science
15
MSW management in São Paulo
• Brazil is the fourth largest MSW producer in the world• São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil• No proper source separation of MSW• Landfilling is predominant treatment method for MSW • 2 sanitary landfills, 3 waste transfer stations and 2
mechanical sorting plants in the city• MSW management is contracted out to two companies,
Ecourbis and Loga• 20-year contracts
• São Paulo plans to develop MSW management system ─ Need to diminish the volume of MSW landfilled─ Separate collection for organic waste in future─ Incineration opposed
16
17
• CTL landfill operated by Ecourbis• 7.5 kt of MSW is landfilled per day
• Essencis landfill operated by Loga
• 8-9 kt of MSW is landfilled per day
LCA of MSW management in São Paulo
• Functional unit: the treatment of domestic MSW generated in the city in 2015, i.e. 3.8 million tonnes
• Impact categories: global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP) and eutrophication potential (EP)
18
MSW generation
Organic wasteComposting
plant
AD plant
Landfill
MBT plant
Mixed MSW
Organic waste
Organic reject
Inert reject
LFG
Home-composting
Nutrient substitution
(N, P, K)
Metal substitution
RDF
CH4
LFG combustion plant
Biogas combustion plant
Waste incineration plant
Electricity substitution
Al & steel
Al & steel
BiowasteN, P, K
N, P, K
Assessed treatment methods for MSW
Results
• Scenario 2.2 (i.e. home-composting + separate collection of organic waste (AD)) had the lowest environmental impact in all impact categories
• MBT and incineration of mixed MSW did not decrease the environmental impacts of MSW management• In AP and EP impact categories, they even increased the emissions notably• However, it should be noticed that MBT and incineration decreases significantly the volume of
MSW landfilled, i.e. they have other environmental benefits
19
LCA of MSW management in São PauloConclusions
• Home-composting and Separate collection of organic waste beneficial from these impact categories point of view
• Electricity substitution is very important factor• Most of the electricity in Brazil produced with Hydropower• LFG collected and utilized for electricity production Electricity generation from incineration not effective for
environmental impact reduction (if average grid mix substituted)
• Waste to energy could be used for other purpose• Cement kiln fuel• Replacing coal
Electricity production in Brazil
Conclusions from different operation environments
• General MSW management situation important• Incineration increase + coal co-incineration in China• No proper source separation in most of the developing countries
• Political decisions important• Almost categorical incineration ban in Brazil• SRF/RDF proposed for emission reduction in Chinese standardization
Scenario selection for the local needs
• Energy infrastructure important• Substituted energy• Possibility to recover heat (integration with process industry)
Scenarios can be re-formulated after first results and conclusions
Selling arguments for a MSW technology or service can be very different Correct system knowledge and sustainability knowledge is valuable
Thank you for attention!Contacts:Mika Horttanainen ([email protected]) Jouni Havukainen ([email protected])Miia Liikanen ([email protected] )Ivan Deviatkin ([email protected])
Lappeenranta University of TechnologySustainability Science
