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REVIEW ARTICLE Gupta Shivram et.al / IJIPSR / 2 (7), 2014, 1533-1554
Department of Pharmacognosy ISSN (online) 2347-2154
Available online: www.ijipsr.com July Issue 1533
SOME EVALUATED POTENTIAL THERPEUTIC AGENTS IN
HERBALISM AND THEIR PROPOSED DOSAGE FORMS
1Gupta Shivram*,
2Kharjul Mangesh,
3Bhairy Srinivas,
4Maurya Sandeep,
5Upadhyay Anand
1Department of Pharmacognosy, Shivajirao S. Jondhle College of Pharmacy, Asangaon, Thane-
421601, Maharashtra, INDIA 2,3,4,5
Department of Pharmacology, Shivajirao S. Jondhle College of Pharmacy, Asangaon,
Thane-421601, Maharashtra, INDIA
Corresponding Author:
Gupta Shivram
Department of Pharmacognosy
Shivajirao S. Jondhle College of Pharmacy
Maharashtra, INDIA
Email: [email protected]
Phone: +91-7208673842
International Journal of Innovative
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research www.ijipsr.com
Abstract
Herbal medicines are an important part of healthcare throughout the world. In the last few years there has been an
exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine and these drugs are gaining popularity both in developing and
developed countries. Worldwide it is estimated that 80% of the population uses herbs. The practice of traditional
medicine using medicinal plants is as old as the origin of man. This type of health care was described as Herbalism
or Botanical medicine. Medicinal plants play an important role in the treatment of various diseases, especially in
the developing countries due to their cost effectiveness. The beneficial uses of medicinal plants in traditional
system of medicine of many cultures are extensively documented. Several plants have been used as dietary
adjuvant and in treating the number of diseases even without any knowledge on their proper functions and
constituents. This review work deals with the key bioactive compounds and the role of medicinal plants in herbal
medicine in India and their earlier investigation. The bioactive ingredients that have the therapeutic activity in
plants used in traditional practice are mostly unidentified. Substances found in medicinal plants, containing the
healing property of plants is known as the active principle. Chemical principles from natural sources have become
much simpler and have contributed significantly to the development of new drugs from medicinal plants.
Biologically active compounds from natural sources have always been of great interest to scientists for the new
drug developments.
Keywords: Herbalism, Medicinal Plants, Phytochemicals, Proposed dosage form, Preclinical Studies.
REVIEW ARTICLE Gupta Shivram et.al / IJIPSR / 2 (7), 2014, 1533-1554
Department of Pharmacognosy ISSN (online) 2347-2154
Available online: www.ijipsr.com July Issue 1534
INTRODUCTION
HERBAL DRUGS
The main source of primary health care is herbal medicines throughout world and according to
WHO more than 70% of world population uses herbal drugs for satisfying their principal health
needs[1,2].
Being largest producer of medicinal herbs India is called as botanical garden of world and both in
developed & developing countries herbal medicines gaining popularity because of their natural
origin.[3]
In developing countries like India, 2/3 population uses medicinal herbs for primary health care
needs [4].
Officially India has record of 45,000 plant species and various estimations prove that India has
7,500 species of medicinal importance [5].
Global sales of herbal medicines are growing about 10% annually and over 25% of our medicines
contains compounds obtained from plants are proved to be effective against chronic diseases and
multidrug resistance bacteria[6].
Herbalism involves use of whole plant or parts of plants to treat injuries or illnesses. There is
continuous growth in acceptance of herbalism due to to Low/Minimum cost, potency and
efficiency, enhanced tolerance, More protection, fewer side-effects, complete accessibility
recyclable nature.[7]
PHYTOCHEMICALS IN HERBAL DRUG THERAPY
Photochemical are chemical compounds that occur naturally in plants that have protective or
disease preventive properties. Each type of fruit or vegetable may contain hundreds of
photochemical [8].
Phytochemicals identified from traditional medicinal plants present an exciting opportunity for
the development of new types of therapeutics. Phytochemicals can offer a new avenue to greatly
impact the onset and progression of chronic diseases, oxidant stress and ageing. The
phytoprotectants act as bioenhancers of several physical and biochemical processes. [9]
REVIEW ARTICLE Gupta Shivram et.al / IJIPSR / 2 (7), 2014, 1533-1554
Department of Pharmacognosy ISSN (online) 2347-2154
Available online: www.ijipsr.com July Issue 1535
Fig. 1: Human health and scope of herbal medicines
Table No 1: Pharmacognostic Details Of Medicinal Plants
Scientific
name
Common
name
Family Pharmacological actions
Anti-cancer plants
Bauhinia
variegate. [10]
Camel’s foot
tree, Orchid
tree[11],
Mountain
Ebony.[12]
Caesalpiniaceae.
[13]
Antiulcer, Hepato-Protective, Anti
Hyperlipidemic, Bronchitis, Leprosy, Tumors
[14], Immunomodulatory, Antimicrobial.[15]
Catharanthus
Roseus L. [16]
Vinca
rosea.[17]
Apocynaceae.[18] Anti Hyperglycemic, Antineoplastic,
Antidiabetic, Antifeedant, Antisterility
Anthelminthic, Antidiarrheal. [19]
Anti-diabetic plants
Gymnema
sylvestre [20]
Gurmar, Mera-
Singi,
Periploca Of
Woods, Cow
Plant,
Australian Cow
Plant.[21]
Asclepiadaceae.[22] Normoglycemic and Hypolipidemic activity,
Radio protective activity, Snake venom
neutralizing effect,[21] Antiflu, Antihistaminic,
Antipyretic, Antiviral, Hypotensive,
Immunostimulant, Mutagenic, Sedative,
Serotoninergic, [23]
Momordica
charntia[24]
Bitter Melon,
Bitter Gourd,
Karela, Balsam
Pear.[25]
Cucurbitaceae.[26] Anti-viral, Anti-malarial, Anti-helminthic, Anti-
cancerous, Abortifacient, Anti-fertility, Anti-
diabetic.[27]
Tinospora
cordifolia [28]
Tinospora,
Giloe, Gulbel,
Gurcha,
Amrita,
Guduchi.[29]
Menispermaceae.
[30]
Adaptogen, Antianemic, Antiimmunosuppressant,
Antineoplastic, Antiperiodic, Antispasmodic,
Antiviral, Aphrodisiac, Choleretic, Deobstruent,
Diuretic, Hepatoprotective, Hypoglycemic,
Lipolytic, Mitogenic. [31]
REVIEW ARTICLE Gupta Shivram et.al / IJIPSR / 2 (7), 2014, 1533-1554
Department of Pharmacognosy ISSN (online) 2347-2154
Available online: www.ijipsr.com July Issue 1536
Table No 2: Phytochemical Details of Medicinal Plants
Medicinal plants name Major Active phytochemicals
Bauhinia variegate. Cyanidin glucoside, Malvidin glucoside, Peonidin glucoside, [32] kaempferol,
ombuin, Kaempferol-3-glucoside, lupeol, β-sitosterol, rutin, quercetin,
quercitrin, apigenin, hesperidin.[33]
Catharanthus Roseus L. Vincristine, Vinblastine, [34] Loganin, Secologanin.[35]
Gymnema sylvestre Gymnemic Acids (I,II,III,IV), Gymnemagenin (I,II,III,IV,V,VI),
Gymnestrogenin,[36] Gymnemasaponin III, Gymnemasaponin IV,
Gymnemasaponin V. [21]
Momordica charntia β-momorcharin, Vicine, [38], Charantin [39], Momordicin [40], Sitosterol
glucoside , Stigmasterol glucoside, Momordicosides K and L, [41]
Charantosides ( I , II, III, IV, V, VI ), Karavilosides ( I , II , III, IV, V),
Momordicosides A&B [42]
Tinospora cordifolia Berberine[43], Tinosporin, isocolumbin, palmatine, tinocordiside,
tinocordifolioside , cordioside, [44] Columbin, Tinosporaside, Cordifolioside
A, jatrorhizine, tembeterine, cholin, [45], Tinoscorside A, Tinoscorside B,
Tinoscorside C, Tinoscorside D, Syringin. [46]
Table No 3: Phytochemical structures with their pharmacological actions
Name
of
plant
Phytochemical Structure Pharmacological activity
Ba
uh
inia
vari
egate
Cyanidin glucoside
(R1=OH, R2=H),
Malvidin glucoside
(R1=R2=OH),
Peonidin glucoside
(R1=R2=OCH3)
[43]
Anti-cancer [32]
Kaempferol
[48]
Antifungal[49],
Anti-inflammatory [50]
Ombuin
[51]
Cytotoxic activity [52]
Kaempferol-3-
glucoside
[53]
Antioxidant [54]
REVIEW ARTICLE Gupta Shivram et.al / IJIPSR / 2 (7), 2014, 1533-1554
Department of Pharmacognosy ISSN (online) 2347-2154
Available online: www.ijipsr.com July Issue 1537
Lupeol
[55]
Anti-Urolithiatic Activity,
Hyperoxaluria, Anti-
Arthritic,Cardioprotective
Activity[56], Anti Tumour[57],
Antihepatotoxicity,
Antihyperglycemic
Hypotensive, Antiedemic [58]
Apoptosis Inducing activity [59]
β-sitosterol
[60]
Immune Modulation, Rheumatoid
Arthritis, Anti-HIV/FIV
Infection, Anti-Cancer, Anti
Pulmonary Tuberculosis [61]
Stimulatory Activity., Anti-
Inflammatory [62]
Rutin
[63]
Antioxidant [64], Thrombolytic
Agent [65] Hypoglycemic And
Antidiabetic Activity[66]
Antidepressant [67]
Quercetin
[68]
Antifungal [49] anti-tumor [69]
antiviral [70] Hypoglycemic &
Antidiabetic[66] Cardiotonic
[71] Gastroprotective[72]
Allergy, Asthma.[73]
Quercitrin
[74]
Antibacterial [75] Diuretic [76]
Antidiarrhoeal [77]
Apigenin
[68]
Apoptosis Inducing activity
[59] Cardiotonic [71]
Antitumour [78]
Hesperidin
[79]
Blood Vessel Disorders,
Antiinflammatory [79]
REVIEW ARTICLE Gupta Shivram et.al / IJIPSR / 2 (7), 2014, 1533-1554
Department of Pharmacognosy ISSN (online) 2347-2154
Available online: www.ijipsr.com July Issue 1538
Cath
ara
nth
us
Ro
seu
s L
.
Vincristine
[35]
Anticancer [35]
Vinblastine
[35]
Anticancer [35]
Loganin
[35]
Antiviral (Hepatitis C) [80], Anti
Amnesic Hepatprotective &
Anticholestatic [81] Alleviates
Diabetes-Induced Memory
Impairments. [82]
Secologanin
[35]
Muscle Relaxant [83]
Gym
nem
a s
ylve
stre
Gymnemic acid I
(R1=Tigoyl, R2=Ac)
Gymnemic acid II
(R1=2-
Methylbutyroyl,
R2=Ac)
Gymnemic acid III
(R1=2-
Methylbutyroyl,
R2=H)
Gymnemic acid IV
(R1=Tigoyl, R2=H)
[37]
Antidiabetic [37]
Gymnemagenin I
(R=H, R1=H)
Gymnemagenin III
(R=Ac, R1=Ac )
Gymnemagenin IV
(R=R1=Bz)
Gymnemagenin V
(R=H, R1=C(Ph)3)
[23]
Antidiabetic[23]
REVIEW ARTICLE Gupta Shivram et.al / IJIPSR / 2 (7), 2014, 1533-1554
Department of Pharmacognosy ISSN (online) 2347-2154
Available online: www.ijipsr.com July Issue 1539
Gymnemagenin II
(R=H )
Gymnemagenin VI
(R=Ac)
[23]
Antidiabetic [23]
Gymnestrogenin
[37]
Antidiabetic [37]
Gymnemasaponin III
(R1=β-glc, R2= β-
glc0- β-glc, R3=H),
Gymnemasaponin IV
(R1= β-glc0- β-glc,
R2= β-glc, R3=H)
Gymnemasaponin V
(R1= β-glc0-β-glc,
R2=β-glc0-β-glu,
R3=H)
[21]
Antihyperglycemic effect [84],
Leishmanicidal activity[85]
Mo
mor
dic
a c
ha
rnti
a
β-momorcharin
[86]
Antidiabetic [86]
Vicine
[87]
Antidiabetic [87]
Charantin
[42]
Antidiabetic [42]
Momordicin
[40]
Antidiabetic [40]
REVIEW ARTICLE Gupta Shivram et.al / IJIPSR / 2 (7), 2014, 1533-1554
Department of Pharmacognosy ISSN (online) 2347-2154
Available online: www.ijipsr.com July Issue 1540
Sitosterol glucoside
[41]
Antidabetic [41]
Stigmasterol
glucoside
[41]
Antidabetic [41]
Momordicoside K
(R=Me)
Momordicoside L
(R=H) [41]
Hypoglycaemic /
Antihyperglycaemic [88,89]
Charantoside I
[42]
Antidiabetic [90]
Charantoside II
[42]
Antidiabetic [90]
Charantosides III
R=β-D-
glucopyranosyl
[42]
Antidiabetic [90]
Charantosides IV
R=β-D-allopyranosyl
[42]
Antidiabetic [90]
Charantosides V
R=β-D-
glucopyranosyl [42]
Antidiabetic [90]
REVIEW ARTICLE Gupta Shivram et.al / IJIPSR / 2 (7), 2014, 1533-1554
Department of Pharmacognosy ISSN (online) 2347-2154
Available online: www.ijipsr.com July Issue 1541
Charantosides VI
R=β-D-allopyranosyl
[42]
Antidiabetic [90]
Karaviloside I
R1=Me, R2= β-D-
glucopyranosyl
[42]
Antidiabetic [90]
Karaviloside II
R1=Me, R2= β-D-
allopyranosyl [42]
Antidiabetic [90]
Karaviloside III
R1=H, R2= β-D-
allopyranosyl
[42]
Antidiabetic [90]
Karaviloside IV
R1= β-D-
allopyranosyl R2=H
[42]
Antidiabetic [90]
Karaviloside V R1=
β-D-allopyranosyl
R2= β-D-
allopyranosyl
[42]
Antidiabetic [90]
Momordicoside A
(R=β gentiobiosyl)
Momordicoside B
(R= Glu-pyr-glu-pyr-
xyl-pyr.) [42]
Inhibit Tumor Growth [38]
Tin
osp
ora
co
rdif
olia
Berberine
[91]
Antidiabetic [91]
REVIEW ARTICLE Gupta Shivram et.al / IJIPSR / 2 (7), 2014, 1533-1554
Department of Pharmacognosy ISSN (online) 2347-2154
Available online: www.ijipsr.com July Issue 1542
Tinosporin
[92]
Antidiabetic [92]
Isocolumbin
[91]
Antidiabetic [91]
Palmatine
[91]
Antidiabetic [91]
Tinocordiside
[92]
Antidiabetic [92]
Tinocordifolioside
[91]
Antidiabetic [91]
Cordioside
[91]
Antidiabetic [91]
Columbin
[45]
Antidiarrhoeal [29] Schizonticidal
[91]
Tinosporaside
[45]
Antihyperglycemic [93]
Immunomodulatory [91]
REVIEW ARTICLE Gupta Shivram et.al / IJIPSR / 2 (7), 2014, 1533-1554
Department of Pharmacognosy ISSN (online) 2347-2154
Available online: www.ijipsr.com July Issue 1543
Cordifolioside A
[45]
Antidiarrhoeal [29]
Immunomodulatory [91]
Jatrorhizine
[91]
Antimicrobial, Antimalarial [91],
Antioxidant [94]
Tembeterine
[91]
Antinociceptive [91]
cholin
[92]
Antidiarrhoeal, Antimicrobial,
Antihelmithic [29]
Tinoscorside A
(R=Formyl)
Tinoscorside B
(R=Acetyl )
[46]
Antidiarrhoeal [29]
Tinoscorside C
(R1=H, R2=S,
R3=OH )
[46]
Antidiarrhoeal [29]
Tinoscorside D
[46]
Antidiarrhoeal [29]
Syringin
[91]
Antidiarrhoeal [29],
Immunomodulatory,
Hypotensive,
Anti-Inflammatory [91]
REVIEW ARTICLE Gupta Shivram et.al / IJIPSR / 2 (7), 2014, 1533-1554
Department of Pharmacognosy ISSN (online) 2347-2154
Available online: www.ijipsr.com July Issue 1544
Table No 4: Pharmacological mechanism of action of some phytochemical
Name Of
Plant
Active Phytochemicals Mechanism Of Action
Bauhinia
variegata
Cyanidin glucoside,
Malvidin glucoside,
Peonidin glucoside,
Kaempferol galactoside
The bark extract shows , there is decrease in rate of tumor
incidence, number of papillomas along with the decrease tumour
yield and burden. Other effects observed are depleted level of
glutathione was restored.[33]
Catharanthus
Roseus L.
Vincristine and
Vinblastine
Antimitotic phytochemicals (Vinblastine and vincristine) bind
with tubilin and prevents formation of microtubules which help in
the formation of mitotic spindle and also blocks mitosis & causes
metaphase arrest.[34]
Gymnema
sylvestre
Gymnemic acids
(I,II,III,IV),
Gymnemagenin
(I,II,III,IV,V,VI)
Gymnestrogenin.
The gymnemic acid is acts as antidiabetic, which exhibits the
pharmacological actions like regeneration of islet cells, increased
insulin secretion, inhibition of glucose absorption from intestine,
increases utilization of glucose by increasing the activities of
enzymes in insulin dependent pathways, an increase in
phosphorylase activity, decrease in gluconeogenic enzymes and
sorbitol dehydrogenase. gymnemic acid corrects the metabolic
derangements in the liver, kidney, and muscles.[37,95]
Momordica
charntia
β-momorcharin,
Vicine,
polypeptide-p , Charantin
,
Momordicin ,
Sitosterol glucoside ,
Stigmasterol glucoside
The extract shows antidiabetic effects such as increase glucose
utilization by the liver, decrease gluconeogenesis by inhibiting
glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, improve
glucose oxidation through the shunt pathway by activating
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, increased cellular uptake of
glucose, promotes insulin release, regeneration and or repair of
beta cells in pancreas.[96]
Tinospora
cordifolia
Berberine ,
Tinosporin, isocolumbin,
Palmatine,
Tinocordiside ,
Tinocordifolioside ,
Cordioside,
β-Sitosterol
dichloromethane extract shows 100% inhibition of α-glucosidase
activity and other effects such as regeneration of b-cells of islets
of Langerhans. Thedistinct effect observed was inhibitory effect
on adrenaline-induced hyperglycemia.[97,98]
REVIEW ARTICLE Gupta Shivram et.al / IJIPSR / 2 (7), 2014, 1533-1554
Department of Pharmacognosy ISSN (online) 2347-2154
Available online: www.ijipsr.com July Issue 1545
Table No 5: Preclinical studies
Name of
medicinal
plant
Animal
model
used
Experimental design &
pharmacological effect
Conclusion Proposed
Pharmaceutic
al dosage form
Mode
of
adminis
tration
Bauhinia
variegate
Mice[99] In vitro cytotoxic studies in rat
liver tumour and human cancer
cell lines was carried by
evaluating various biochemical
parameters like serum
glutamate oxaloacetate
transaminase (SGOT),
serum glutamate pyruvate
transaminase (SGPT),
alkalinephosphatase (ALP),
total bilirubin for
chemopreventive activity
[99]
Administration of
EBV significantly
decreased the level of
SGPT, SGOT, ALP,
total bilirubin, which
indicates the
carcinogenic
inhibitory activity.
[99]
Flower given
with cow milk,
leaves
decoction.
[100]
Paste [101]
Orally,
Topical
( for
skin
infectio
ns)
[101]
Catharant
hus
Roseus
female
mice
[102]
Intraperitonial administration
of ethanolic extract of leaves
was found active on
CA0ehrlich ascites in female
mice[102]
Out of total (130) indole
alkaloids , 25 are in
dimeric nature. They
found effective on
leukp1534. [102]
Ethanolic %
chloroform leaf
extract.[102]
Intraperi
toneally,
Orally.
[102]
Gymnema
sylvestre
alloxaniz
ed rabbits
[103]
Inhibition of gluconeogenic
enzymes and recovery of
hepatic damages during
hypoglycemic phase. [103]
Dried leaf powder of
Gymnema sylvestre
demonstrated
hypoglycemic effects in
alloxanized rabbits.
[103]
Powder [103] Oral
[103]
Momordic
a charntia
adult
male
albino
rats [104]
Effects of bitter melon was
evaluated by estimating Hb
A1c%, concentration and
quantity of insulin release
from pancreas of diabetic rats
as compared to control. [104]
bitter melon extract has
hypoglycaemic effects
by reducing serum
glucose concentration ,
increasing serum insulin
level and inducing
peripheral glucose
uptake and inhibiting
intestinal glucose
absorption. [104]
M. charantia is
dried,
powdered, and
placed into
capsules to
make pills.
[105]
Oral
Tinospora
cordifolia
Female
albino
rats [106]
Hypoglycemic potential of
Tinospora cordifolia was
evaluated by measuring
activities of hepatic glycogen
synthase and glycogen
phosphorylase activity. [106]
Antidiabetic affects of
Tinospora cordifolia
may be due to increased
hepatic glycogen
synthase and decreased
glycogen phosphorylase
activity without altering
serum insulin
levels.[106]
Infusion,
tincture,
powder [31]
Oral
REVIEW ARTICLE Gupta Shivram et.al / IJIPSR / 2 (7), 2014, 1533-1554
Department of Pharmacognosy ISSN (online) 2347-2154
Available online: www.ijipsr.com July Issue 1546
CONCLUSION
This study reveals the role of active phytochemical in various diseases as in recent years, there
has been renewed interest in the treatment against different diseases using herbal drugs as they are
generally non-toxic and World Health Organization has also recommended the evaluation of the
effectiveness of plants in condition where we lack safe modern drugs. The interest in Nature as a
source of potential chemotherapeutic agents continues. Natural products and their derivatives
represent more than 50% of all the drugs in clinical use in the world. The information furnished
in this review work will contributes to the botanical medicine for various disease conditions.
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