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Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male Robert D Oates, M.D. Boston Medical Center

Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

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Spinal cord injury wreaks havoc on the male reproductive system. I was fortunate to be one of the first clinicians in the US to be actively involved in the treatment of infertility in the spinal cord injured male and authored some of the first papers detailing the application and results of penile vibratory stimulation and rectal probe electroejaculation. My experience is second to none in New England and I love helping my SCI couples get pregnant. We start with the simplest techniques (oftentimes quite successful) and move to the most complex strategies only as we have to. Fatherhood in the SCI male is absolutely possible.

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Page 1: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Robert D Oates, M.D.Boston Medical Center

Page 2: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Fortunately, I was one of the first in the country to learn about fertility issues in the man with a spinal cord injury and wrote a number of papers early in my career advancing this field.  During my fellowship, we were just learning about how to help SCI men become fathers. 

My Experience in this Field

Page 3: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

I continue to have an incredible interest and desire to help – it is as rewarding as can be imagined to assist couples and watch them reach their goal of having children.

Being a Urologist is a crucial aspect of care – it is complete and does not just revolve around “sperm”.

My Experience in this Field

Page 4: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

General medical and surgical history Medications, allergies ?

Level of injury Complete or incomplete ? Sensation in the genital and rectal area ? Autonomic dysreflexia – does that happen ?

Voiding regimen Intermittent catheterization ? Indwelling catheter ? Condom catheter ?

Bowel regimen

What is important to knowabout my medical history ?

Page 5: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Erectile function Spontaneous, reflex, how long do they last ? Are they sufficient for sexual satisfaction for both of you ? Any medications been tried: pills, injections ?

Ejaculation Does it happen at all ? What makes it happen ? If it happens, do you have autonomic dysreflexia ?

What is important to know about my sexual history?

Page 6: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Ejaculation is a reflex Stimulation must be present to make it fire off Stimulation comes from the brain (thoughts) and the penis Usually must have both

With a spinal cord injury: Either the stimulation from the brain cannot reach the reflex center because of the spinal cord injury 

OR The stimulation from the penis cannot reach the reflex center because of the spinal cord injury

Why don’t I ejaculate?

Page 7: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Why don’t I ejaculate?

Page 8: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

3 main phases:1. Stimulation: visual, tactile, cognitive

2. Emission: contraction of the SV & VA with  flow of seminal fluid into the posterior urethra

3. Antegrade ejaculation: contraction of the periurethral musculature with forward  flow of seminal fluid

Neurophysiology of Ejaculation

SV – seminal vesicles (glands in the pelvis that make most of the fluid in the ejaculate)VA – vasal ampullae (the end of the tubes in the pelvis that delivers the sperm up from the testes in the scrotum)

Page 9: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Emission Sympathetics (spinal level T10 ‐ L2)

Bladder neck closure Sympathetics (spinal level T10 ‐ L2)

Antegrade Ejaculation Somatics (spinal level S2 ‐ S4)

Integrated Reflex Control Center Spinal level T12 ‐ L1

Neurophysiology of ejaculation

Page 10: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male
Page 11: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Emission The first phase of the ejaculatory process where 

the semen fluid flows into the urethra Sympathetics  (spinal level T10 ‐ L2)

Neurophysiology of ejaculation

Page 12: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Bladder neck closure This prevents the semen from travelling 

backwards into the bladder Sympathetics  (spinal level T10 – L2)

Neurophysiology of ejaculation

Page 13: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Antegrade Ejaculation This is the rhythmic contraction of the muscles 

around the urethra to move the semen forward out the end of the penis

Somatics (spinal level S2 ‐ S4)

Neurophysiology of ejaculation

Page 14: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Integrated Reflex Control Center This is the reflex center in the spinal cord that 

controls the whole process Spinal level T12 ‐ L1

Neurophysiology of ejaculation

Page 15: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Tx depends on level of injury If above T12 / L1 – options include Penile vibratory stimulationRectal probe electroejaculation Testis tissue extraction

If below T12 / L1 – options includeRectal probe electroejaculation Testis tissue extraction

SCI: Ejaculatory Dysfunction Treatment (Tx)

Page 16: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

A good first choice  spinal cord must be active and reflexive

Stimulation activates reflex centerNormal forward semen flowPatients can be taught to do it after the first one in the office ! ! commercially available vibrator lessens medical intervention and cost

Penile Vibratory Stimulation

Page 17: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Successful in 60% of SCI men overall The semen can be used for:

depending on the sperm count and activity home insemination – can help you get pregnant at home intrauterine insemination – sperm are put into the uterus in‐vitro fertilization – the most complex, but sometimes necessary, tx

Some men may experience autonomic dysreflexia  if  the injury level is above T6 occasionally pretreatment with a medication is necessary  why it is necessary to have the first one done in my office

important to make sure it is safe for you

Penile Vibratory Stimulation

Page 18: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Penile Vibratory Stimulation

Page 19: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Used when vibratory stimulation did not or would not work Indications: SCI men refractory to PVS RPLND (an operation for some men with testicular cancer) Multiple Sclerosis Diabetes Mellitus Transverse Myelitis

Rectal probe electroejaculation

Page 20: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Provides semen for adjunctive therapies IUI IVF ICSI

Rectal Probe Electroejaculation

} Depends uponsemen parameters

Not for home insemination

Page 21: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

In office for patient with no rectal sensation / no dysreflexia In operating room if rectal sensation / dysreflexia Technique: only FDA approved equipment Only with fully trained physician I was one of the first in the world to learn in 1988 and helped 

pioneer the use of electroejaculation in the US

Rectal Probe Electroejaculation

Page 22: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Stimulate to certain voltages and current densities Ejaculate is collected Used for appropriate indication depending upon: Sperm count Sperm activity

Typically collected and frozen for later use with IVF

Rectal Probe Electroejaculation

Page 23: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Depends upon sperm count and activityDepends upon female factors

Age, ovarian function, etc

Depends upon adjunctive treatment usedHome insemination, IUI, IVF

Pregnancy rates ‐ PVS & RPE

Page 24: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

If these non‐invasive minimally invasive techniques do not work Direct sperm harvesting

Testis Epididymis

Used in conjunction with ICSI

Much more complex of a strategy Successful as last option

SCI: Refractory to PVS and RPE

Page 25: Robert Oates, M.D. - Fertility in the Spinal Cord Injured Male

Fatherhood is certainly possible in the SCI male It is important to understand the full complexity of 

spinal cord injury Depending on the individual, important to try the simplest 

approach first Move to the more complex as the situation dictates

The goal is a happy healthy family !!!

Summary