LESSON 2THE HUMAN BODY

SKELETON:206 BONESTHE PURPOSE OF THE SKELETON• Give shapes and firmness(坚固）• Provides levers for muscle to work• Protect the important organs• Produce blood• Storage mineral and others.

The major bones of the bodyThe skull• 28bones: 8 the cranium（头盖骨）， 14 the face , 6 the ear ossicles*protect brain The vertebral column• Known as spine ,made up 33vertebrae• 5 regions : cervical ,thoracic , lumbar, sacrum and coccyx.

The ribs and breastbone• 12 pairs• 7 pairs are attached to breastbone. Last 2 pairs are front floating-ribs.

The appendages• Upper extremities: 64 bones• Lower extremities: 62 bones

The structure and function of jointsIMMOVABLE:• Allowing no movement• Exp: the joint between the bones forming dome the skull.

MOVABLE:The movable joints• The ball and socket joints: exp = shoulder,hip joints• Hinged joints: exp =elbow joints• Slightly movable joints : exp= foot ,spine

capsule

韧带软骨润滑液膜

The function of Muscles• Enable movement• Provides posture（姿势）• Heat production.

How muscles work

Voluntary muscles: (exp: ????)• under control• Movement is co-ordinate through the motor nerves.

Involuntary muscles : (exp:?????)• Vital organs,cant be controlled by the time .• Work all the time ,even when we sleep.