The Rise of Fascism

ITALY

“The function of a citizen and a soldier are one in the same”

“War is to man what motherhood is to a woman. I do not believe in perpetual peace”

“The history of saints is mainly the history of insane people”

ProblemsLost Territory in WWI◦Italians felt betrayed and weakened

Historic Unemployment◦Veterans of WWI left homeless

Russian Revolution inspired riots in Italy for change in government

Solution

Benito Mussolini ◦ Create a “New Roman Empire”

Expand boarders

◦ Replace corrupt politicians with strict order

◦ Promised a unified powerful state

Plan to Reach SolutionThreaten rival parties

Democrats, socialists, etc.Economy controlled by

the government All trade products and

prices decided by government

Blind devotion to the “New Italian Empire”◦ “Believe, Obey, Fight!”

Build Strong Citizens◦ Battle for Births

Expand Italy’s borders

Believe, Obey, Fight propaganda art

Assigning PowerOrganized supporters into

“combat squads called “Black Shirts”◦ Provoked violence

threatened political leaders, destroyed opposing journal buildings etc.

◦ Fascist Party march on Rome 10-30-1922

◦ King Victor Emmanuel abdicated power

Benito Mussolini takes legal dictatorship

Il Duce (the leader)

Find a Scapegoat

Communists◦Italy saw itself as the rightful ruler of

EuropeAllied Victors of WWI

◦Britain, France, U.S. Felt cheated by these countries due

to broken promises after WWI

Soviet Union“Ideas are more powerful than guns. We would not let our enemies have guns, why should we let them have ideas.”

“Death is the solution to all problems. No man - no problem”

“Education is a weapon whose effects depend on who holds it in his hands and at whom it is aimed”

ProblemsMeet the New Boss!

◦Who would be Lenin’s successor?Unfinished Business

◦Lenin’s work unfinishedDivision of Country

◦Not everyone was a BolshevikCan’t You Read?!

◦Uneducated citizensNo Friends for You!

◦Only communist state in the world

SolutionsJoseph Stalin

◦Stole control of USSR after Lenin’s death Stalin: Man of Steel

Become Self-Sufficient◦ Industrializing, grow surplus crops

Create Strong National Identity◦Advertise communism and

nationalismBreed strong Communist CitizensSpread Communism around the

world

Man with a PlanStalin’s 5 -Year Plan

◦Massive industrialization and Collective Agriculture

Factories given quotas, imprisoned if not met

Farmers were forced to work on shared land and shared all form tools, animals and crops

Kulak Rebellion Imprisoned wealthy farmers,

worked them to death in camps

PlanUnity through Terror

Use of Gulags (labor camps)

◦The Great Purge Tried, exiled and imprisoned ANYONE with

anti-communist inclinations Writers, lawyers, business leaders, professors

Denounced Religion

Control Thought◦Censorship and Ambiguity

All music, magazines, posters, novels were censored to show government support

Gulags

Gulags

Gulags

Gulags

Censorship

Plan Cont’dAll children required to attend free

Communist School◦ Taught atheism, collective farming and

love for StalinWomen treated as equals

◦ Same legal rights◦ Same wages◦ Same job opportunities

Plan Cont’dComintern

◦USSR foreign policy Goal was to

inspire other nations to have a communist revolution

Assigning PowerUsed NKVD (secret police)

Enforced laws and were loyal to Stalin and communism

ScapegoatAnyone (literally anyone) who was:◦A socialist◦A member of the

Russian Orthodox Church

◦True Bolsheviks◦Democrats

ANYONE WHO DID NOT AGREE!!

Germany

“He alone, who owns the youth, gains the future”

“Make the lie big, make it simple, keep saying it, and eventually they will believe it.”

“I do not see why man should not be just as cruel as nature.”

Problems Flimsy Democratic Government

Too many political parties with different agendas

Ruined Economy Weakened by the Treaty of

Versailles

Hyperinflation Printed too much money The German marks soon became

worthless

Embarrassment from loss in WWI◦Lost land, forced to take war

guilt

HYPERINFLATION!

SolutionAdolf Hitler◦Der Fuhrer

Father

Create a “master race”◦Aryan (light skinned)

Europeans Create Living Space

(lebensraum)◦Expand German borders to

flourishEnd ReparationsCreate Jobs

“Reclaim our Heritage”

Hitler’s PlanPublic Works Program

◦Thousands of people built highways, housing, and replanting forests

Create a “Nazi Youth”◦Summer camps, clubs etc. devoted

to Hitler and the Nazi beliefs Prepared for war

◦Re-wrote textbooks to reflect Nazi beliefs

Nazi Youth

Public Works Programs

Hitler’s Plan Purify German Culture

◦Condemned anything “foreign” or “modern” Denounced Jazz music Destroyed or confiscated

modern art Burned books with

progressive ideas

Assigning PowerThe Gustapo

◦German SS soldiers Secret police, rooted disobedient citizens

in schools, business, politics

ScapegoatJewish Race◦Hitler was an anti-Semitism

(racist towards Jews)◦Blamed Jews for German

corruption and loss in WWINuremberg Laws

◦Forbid Jews from working in law, government, medicine,

journalism.

◦Denied entrance to Universities

◦ Illegalized mixed marriages (Jews with non-Jews)

ScapegoatNovember 7th 1938

◦ A young German boy shot and wounded a German politician who had mistreated his parents

Kristallnacht “Night of the Broken Glass”◦ Nazi forces, raided,

pillaged and destroyed Jewish communities