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Aplikasi Teknik Nuklir Bid Ki iBidang Kimia
Pusat Pendidikan dan PelatihanBadan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional
Latar Belakangg
• Perkembangan Teknologi Nuklir :• Industri• Kedokteran• Lingkungan
D k bid R di ki i• Dukungan bidang Radiokimia
TujuanTujuanPeserta bisa menjelaskan Aplikasi Teknik Nuklir d l Bid Ki idalam Bidang KimiaKhusus :
– Menjelaskan prinsip AAN– Menjelaskan prinsip Teknik Pengenceran Isotop
– Menjelaskan prinsip Titrasi Radiometri– Menjelaskan prinsip nuclear dating– Menjelaskan aplikasi untuk analisis
radioaktivitas lingkungan
SistematikaSistematika
• Bab I : Pendahuluan• Bab II : Analisis Unsur
1. Analisis Aktivasi Neutron2. Teknik Pengenceran Isotop3. Titrasi Radiometri
• Bab III : Nuclear Dating• Bab IV : Analisis Radioaktivitas LIngkungan
Bab IIAnalisis UnsurAnalisis Unsur
Prinsip AANPrinsip AAN
Formulasi AktivasiFormulasi Aktivasi
R = . .N
irteNA 1 eNA 1
irtAv eM
mNA 1
Proses Aktivasi dan PeluruhanProses Aktivasi dan Peluruhan
Tampang Lintang T k N t Th lTangkapan Neutron Thermal
Target (n,) Target (n,)23Na 0,4 63Cu 4.526Mg 0.038 75As 4.327Al 0.23 81Br 2.437Cl 0.43 109Ag 9148Ca 1 09 139La 8 948Ca 1.09 139La 8.951V 4.9 152Sm 206
50Cr 15.9 151Eu 920055Mn 13.3 186W 37.958Fe 1.28 191Ir 95459Co 37.2 197Au 98.7
Metode AAN
• Metode Absolut• Metode Komparator Tunggal• Metode Komparator Tunggal• Metode Relatif• Metode ko
Spektrum GammaSpektrum Gamma
Sensitivitas / Limit DeteksiSensitivitas / Limit DeteksiSensitivitas picograms Elementsg
1 Dy, Eu
1 - 10 In, Lu, Mn
10 - 100 Au, Ho, Ir, Re, Sm, W
100 - 1E3 Ag, Ar, As, Br, Cl, Co, Cs, Cu, Er, Ga, Hf, I, La, Sb, Sc, Se, Ta, Tb, Th, Tm, U, V, Yb
1E3 - 1E4Al, Ba, Cd, Ce, Cr, Hg, Kr, Gd, Ge, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Os, Pd, Rb, Rh Ru Sr Te Zn ZrRh, Ru, Sr, Te, Zn, Zr
1E4 - 1E5 Bi, Ca, K, Mg, P, Pt, Si, Sn, Ti, Tl, Xe, Y
1E5 - 1E6 F, Fe, Nb, Ne1E5 1E6 F, Fe, Nb, Ne
1E7 Pb, S
Aplikasi AANAplikasi AAN• Lingkungan :
– Analsis Pencemaran logam berat– Pemetaan Geokimia
K h t• Kesehatan :– Analisis logam berat dalam makanan dan jaringan
P liti d l b b t kit– Penelitian dalam pengembangan pengobatan penyakit
• Pangan : kandungan unsur mikro dalam bahan makanan
• Industri : – kualitas batu bara, – batuan dalam sumur
Teknik Pengenceran Isotop (TPI)Teknik Pengenceran Isotop (TPI)
• pekat encer 'S• pekat encerpengenceran
1''
SSmm
• Radioisotop : memancarkan radiasi, mudah diukur
m’ = massa/volume zat radioaktifm massa/volume zat radioaktifm = massa/volume bahan yang dianalisisS’ = aktivitas jenis zat radioaktifS = aktivitas jenis setelah pengenceranj p g
Aplikasi TPIAplikasi TPI
• Pengukuran Volume fluida di dalam tanahPengukuran Volume fluida di dalam tanah• Kedokteran Nuklir
A li i K tit tif U• Analisis Kuantitatif Unsur
Titrasi RadiometriTitrasi Radiometri• Merupakan analisis kuantitatif• Seperti titrasi biasa tetapi senyawa hasil mudah• Seperti titrasi biasa, tetapi senyawa hasil mudah
dipisahkan• Titik akhir titrasi ditunjukkan oleh perubahan aktivitas
secara mencolok
Volume Volume
Bab IIINuclear DatingNuclear Dating
Prinsip Nuclear DatingPrinsip Nuclear Dating
•Umur batuan : 238U/206Pb
•Tidak mengandung uranium : 40K/40Ar40K + 1e
40Ar (t1/2=13 109 tahun)K + -1e Ar (t1/2 1,3 . 10 tahun )
Material yang berasal dari makhluk hidup : 14C/12C
Preparasi Radiokimia untuk Analisis Radioaktivitas LingkunganAnalisis Radioaktivitas Lingkungan
1. Analisis137Cs dalam Sampel Air Laut2. Analisis 222Rn dalam Sampel Airp3. Analsis U dan Pu dalam Sampel
TanahTanah4. Analisis 90Sr dalam Sampel
LingkunganLingkungan
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of 137Cs in Seawaterfor Analysis of Cs in Seawater
• Average Activity 2 Bq/m3Average Activity 2 Bq/m• Sample volume : 20 L• Radioactivity Measurement by GammaRadioactivity Measurement by Gamma
Spectrometer• The purpose of preparation :• The purpose of preparation :
• to collect Cs from a large sample size• to avoid self-absorptionto avoid self absorption • to make easier in radioactivity measurement
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of 137Cs in Seawater
Seawater 5 L
for Analysis of Cs in Seawater
Seawater 5 LAdd 100 mL of 3 M HCl for washing the containerAdd Cs carrier, 2 gr AMPStir for 30 minutesSt d th 12 hStand more than 12 hoursDecantationFilterFilter
precipitate* supernatant liquid**precipitate supernatant liquid
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of 137Cs in Seawater
precipitate*
y
precipitate
Add 2 M HClAdd 2 M HCl(for washing)
precipitate (MnO2)precipitate (MnO2)mix
G S t tGamma Spectrometry
supernatant liquid**p qAdjust pH 8.0-8.5 with NH4OHAdd 10 g MnO powderAdd 10 g MnO2 powderStir for 30 minutesStand for more 12 hoursStand for more 12 hoursDecantationFilterFilter
precipitate supernatantmix
Preparasi Radiokimia t k A li i 222R d l S l Aiuntuk Analisis 222Rn dalam Sampel Air
S l iSampel air
+ xyleney
Ekstraksi
Fasa organik
+ SintilatorPengukuran dengan LSC
+ Sintilator
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of Actinides ( U and Pu) in Soilof Actinides ( U and Pu) in Soil
U PuU Pu
Activity Level 0.2 mg/Kg 40 mBq/Kg
S l 10 50
• Radioactivity Measurement by Alpha
Sample mass 10 g 50 g
• Radioactivity Measurement by Alpha SpectrometerTh f ti• The purpose of preparation :
• to avoid self-absorption • to separate other radionuclides
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of Pu in Soilfor Analysis of Pu in Soil
Pretreatment
Solvent Extraction Ion Exchange
Preparation for ElectrodepositionPreparation for Electrodeposition
ElectrodepositionElectrodeposition
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of Pu in Soilfor Analysis of Pu in Soil
P t t tPretreatmentSoil
Heat at 105oC for 2 hoursHeat at 500oC for 4 hoursAdd 242Pu standard solutionAdd 242Pu standard solutionAdd 8 M HNO3Filter
Residue FiltrateResidue Filtrate
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of Pu in Soil
Purification by Solvent ExtractionFiltrateFiltrate
Add TOA-xyleneExtract
Add 8 M HNO aqAdd 8 M HNO3Extract
Add 10 M HCl
org
org aqAdd 10 M HClExtract
org aqAdd NH4I.HCl orgExtract
aq Add XyleneExtractorg
aqorg aq
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of Pu in Soil
Purification by Solvent ExtractionFiltrateFiltrate
Add TOA-xyleneExtract
Add 8 M HNO aqAdd 8 M HNO3Extract
Add 10 M HCl
org
org aqAdd 10 M HClExtract
org aqAdd NH4I.HCl orgExtract
aq Add XyleneExtractorg
aqorg aq
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of Pu in Soil
Purification by Ion Exchange8 M HNO
Filtrate8 M HNO3
10 M HCl
NH4I.HCl4 C
Anion ColumDowex 1-X8, 100-200 mesh100 200 mesh
Eluent
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of Pu in Soil
Preparation for Electrodeposition
Eluent(NH4I.HCl)
Heat to dry
Dissolve by 2 M H2SO4Add h l d
residue
Add methylred
solution (red)Add NH OH until pH 4Add NH4OH until pH 4
solution (yellow)Add 2 M H2SO4 until pH 22 4 p
solution (red)
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of Pu in Soil
Electrodeposition
Pt anodesolution (red)
0.5 Ampere, 2 hoursAdd NH4OH
Stainless steel cathode
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of Pu in Soilfor Analysis of Pu in Soil
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of 90SrAnalysis of 90Sr
• Radioactivity Measurement through 90Y by β• Radioactivity Measurement through 90Y by βCounter (Low Backgroud Counter)
• The purpose of preparation :• The purpose of preparation :• To separate from other radionuclides
t i l t 90Y• to isolate 90Y
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of 90Srfor Analysis of Sr
Pretreatment
Separation of Sr from Ca by Nitrate Precipitation
Scavenging to Separate Sr from existing Y
Determination of Chemical Recovery for Sr
Milking of 90Y
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of 90Srfor Analysis of Sr
PretreatmentPretreatment
Ashing the sampleg p
Adding the carrierAdding the carrier
Dissolve Sr in the sample by HNO3
Filtration
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of 90Srfor Analysis of Sr
Separation of Sr from Ca by Nitrate PrecipitationSeparation of Sr from Ca by Nitrate Precipitation
Carbonate Precipitationp
Oxalate PrecipitationOxalate Precipitation
Strontium Nitrate Precipitation
Barium Chromate Precipitation
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of 90Srfor Analysis of Sr
Scavenging to Separate Sr from existing YScavenging to Separate Sr from existing Y
Adding iron carrier (Fe3+) and NH4Clg ( ) 4
Adding NH OHAdding NH4OH
Filtration
Filtrate
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of 90Srfor Analysis of Sr
Determination of Chemical Recovery for SrDetermination of Chemical Recovery for Sr
Precipitation in strontium carbonate p
Filtration Washing Drying the precipitateFiltration, Washing, Drying the precipitate
Weighing the Precipitate
Dissolve by HClAdd the carrier solution (Fe3+, Y3+)Store for 2 weeks
Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of 90Srfor Analysis of Sr
Milking of 90YMilking of Y
iron hydroxide precipitation
Filtration Acidify,
Dissolution by HClPrecipitate next milking
Filtration
Precipitate
ReviewReview
– Jelaskan Prinsip AAN dan Aplikasinya;– Jelaskan Prinsip TPI dan Aplikasinya;Jelaskan Prinsip TPI dan Aplikasinya; – Jelaskan Prinsip Titrasi Radiometri;– Jelaskan Prinsip Nuclear Dating;Jelaskan Prinsip Nuclear Dating;– Jelaskan Preparasi Radiokimia dalam Analisis
Sampel LingkunganSampel Lingkungan