warehouse:

Building

Business

Intelligence

The Relational Database

Model

• Relational data model is the most

commonly used data model to

design the database.

• Relational databases are composed

of two parts:

1. Information

2. Logical Structure

PART FILE

Part Number – Primary KeyFacility Number – Foreign KeyDistributor ID – Foreign Key

DISTRIBUTOR FILE

Distributor ID – Primary key

FACILITY FILE

Facility Number – Primary KeyManager Number – Foreign Key

EMPLOYEE FILE

Employee Number – Primary Key

• The Relational Database Model

With Logical Ties Among the Information

Management Information System for the Information Age

The Relational Database ModelWith Built-In Integrity Constraints

Integrity constraints – rules that help ensure the quality

of the information.

Integrity means something like 'be right' and consistent.

Team Work : Primary Keys, Foreign Keys, and Integrity

Constraints

Domain Integrity

Domain integrity means the definition of a valid set of

values for an attribute. You define

- data type,

- length or size

- is null value allowed

- is the value unique or not

for an attribute.

Entity Integrity ConstraintThe entity integrity constraint states that primary keys

can't be null. There must be a proper value in the primary

key field.

This is because the primary key value is used to identify

individual rows in a table. If there were null values for

primary keys, it would mean that we could not identify

those rows.

In the Car Rental database in the Car table each car must

have a proper and unique Reg_No. There might be a car

whose rate is unknown - maybe the car is broken or it is

brand new - i.e. the Rate field has a null value. See the

picture below.

The entity integrity constraints assure that a specific row in

a table can be identified.

Picture. Car and CarType tables in the Rent database

Referential Integrity Constraint

The referential integrity constraint is specified between

two tables and it is used to maintain the consistency

among rows between the two tables.

The rules are:

1. You can't delete a record from a primary table

if matching records exist in a related table.

2. You can't change a primary key value in the

primary table if that record has related records.

3. You can't enter a value in the foreign key field

of the related table that doesn't exist in the primary

key of the primary table.

4. However, you can enter a Null value in the

foreign key, specifying that the records are unrelated.

Foreign Key Integrity Constraint

There are two foreign key integrity constraints:

cascade update related fields and cascade

delete related rows. These constraints affect

the referential integrity constraint.

• Cascade Update Related Fields

• Cascade Delete Related Rows

Database Management System Tool

• DBMS Engine - accepts logical requests

from the various other DBMS

subsystems, converts them into their

physical equivalent, and actually

accesses the database and data

dictionary as they exist on a storage

device.

Data Definition Subsystem

• helps you create

and maintain the data

dictionary and define the

structure of the files in a

database.

Data Manipulation Subsystem

• helps you change, and delete

information in a database and mine

it for valuable information. Tools

here include views, report

generators, QBE, and SQL.

Application generation subsystemcontains facilities to help you develop transaction-intensive applications. Application generation subsystems usually include:

Tools for creating visually appealing data entry screens

Tools for creating easy to use data entry screens

DBMS-specific programming languages

Commonly used programming languages

Data administration subsystem

A DBMS helps you manage the overall database environment by providing facilities for

backup and recovery,

security management,

query optimization,

concurrency control, and

change management.

1.What is Data Warehouse?•A large store of data accumulated from a wide range of sourceswithin a company and used to guide management decisions.

2.Data Mining(sometimes called data or knowledge discovery) is the process of

analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it into

useful information - information that can be used to increase

revenue, cuts costs, or both. Data mining software is one of a

number of analytical tools for analyzing data.

Traditional Data Mining ToolsDashboardsText-mining Tools

3. Data Marts: Smaller Data WarehousesA data mart is a small data warehouse focused on a specific area of

interest.

Career Opportunities in Data Mining

BusinessYou'll find the use of data mining mostly in business fields under

the following branches:

• Advertising: Getting the right kind of commercials using customer

relations and feedback. Data mining relies heavily on customer

relations because that's where all transitional data comes from,

whether it's changing trends or satisfaction with products.

• Healthcare: Evaluating the recent health trends to put forth the

next health or diet product. Data mining has proved to be more

and more essential when it comes to making cost-cutting medicine,

optimizing surgical procedures and keeping a check over

pharmaceutical sales. It can be used to find out the success rate

and side-effects of a medicine in the market.

• Sports: Televising a particular sport more, according to

localities that are interested in that sport. On the field, data

mining is used to evaluate the players, to check their on-field

statistics and training practices to find out the best ways to make

players better.

• Fraud detection: Archives can be researched through to find out the

patterns in many fraud cases, whether it is forging money or

major bank frauds.

• Investments: A very lucrative method for firms or individuals to

pursue increased gains over their investments. Data mining helps

reduce the risk rate and capital to give the best returns possible.

Another angle is in the actuarial practices.

• Manufacturing: The assembly line is another place that can

benefit from this. You can use it to increase performance of

automated tools as well as employee efficiency along with their

welfare.