Terry Anderson,Professor, Athabasca University

Canada

Dec. 2013

Open Education Practices – The Killer Apps We are Afraid to Embrace

Open Scholar

• “the Open Scholar is someone who makes their intellectual projects and processes digitally visible and who invites and encourages ongoing criticism of their work and secondary uses of any or all parts of it--at any stage of its development”. – Gideon Burton - Academic Evolution

Blog

Presentation Overview

• Open Education Practice– Open Educational Resources– Open Texts– Open Data– Open Article Publishing– Open Pedagogy– Researching OE Practice

Definitions of Open on the Web (From Google)

• affording unobstructed entrance and exit; not shut or closed;

• affording free passage or access; • open to or in view of all;• accessible to all; • assailable: not defended or capable of being defended• loose: (of textures) full of small openings or gaps; • start to operate or function• not brought to a conclusion; • not sealed or having been unsealed

Open Scholars Create:

• A new type of education work maximizing:– Social learning– Media richness– Participatory and connectivist pedagogies– Ubiquity and persistence– Transparency– Open data collection and research process– Open network Creation

Something there is that doesn’t love a a wall, that wants it down”

American Poet Robert Frost

‘50% of Canada’s Scholarly Publications will be out of business within two years due to open access competition.’ Athabasca Pres. Frits Pannekoek, 2013

Open Educational Practice

Developing and applying open/public practices in Teaching, research and service practice

Beetham, H., Falconer, I., McGill, L. and Littlejohn, A. Open practices: briefing paper. JISC, 2012 https://oersynth.pbworks.com/w/page/51668352/OpenPracticesBriefing

Open Educational Practice

Production, management, use and reuse of open educational resources

Beetham, H., Falconer, I., McGill, L. and Littlejohn, A. Open practices: briefing paper. JISC, 2012 https://oersynth.pbworks.com/w/page/51668352/OpenPracticesBriefing

Open Educational Practice

Open learning and gaining access to open learning opportunities

Beetham, H., Falconer, I., McGill, L. and Littlejohn, A. Open practices: briefing paper. JISC, 2012 https://oersynth.pbworks.com/w/page/51668352/OpenPracticesBriefing

Open Educational Practice

Open sharing of teaching ideas and know-how

Beetham, H., Falconer, I., McGill, L. and Littlejohn, A. Open practices: briefing paper. JISC, 2012 https://oersynth.pbworks.com/w/page/51668352/OpenPracticesBriefing

Open Educational Practice

Using open technologies

Beetham, H., Falconer, I., McGill, L. and Littlejohn, A. Open practices: briefing paper. JISC, 2012 https://oersynth.pbworks.com/w/page/51668352/OpenPracticesBriefing

What’s Wrong with Excess Copyright?

• Too long• Unclear of provisions for educational and

research use• Every creative idea is an assemblage of the

ideas and technologies of others

• “Indeed, only 1,000 new works appeared annually in England at that time -- 10 times fewer than in Germany -- and this was not without consequences. Eckhard Höffner believes it was the chronically weak book market that caused England, the colonial power, to fritter away its head start within the span of a century, while the underdeveloped, agrarian state of Germany caught up rapidly, becoming an equally developed industrial nation by 1900.”

• UK Copyright Law 1710• Prussia - 1837

http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/no-copyright-law-the-real-reason-for-germany-s-industrial-expansion-a-710976.html

Components of Open Pedagogy

• Persistence• Student ownership and control• Open to participation globally• Creation and curation of open artifacts• Affordable – the educational “digital dividend”

Are LMS BAD?

• Bricolage – the LMS as Enterprise Systems doesn’t allow or cater for bricolage.

• Affordances – resulting in an inability to leverage the affordances of technology to improve learning and teaching.

• Distribution – the idea that knowledge about how to improve L&T is distributed and the implications that has for the institutional practice of e-learning."

http://davidtjones.wordpress.com/David Jones

Walled Gardens (with windows)

• Connectivist learning thrives in safe learning spaces with windows allowing randomness, external participation and public presentation

Open Scholars Use and Contribute Open Educational Resources

Because it saves time!!!

OER Scan of Canada

… the protection of the French culture in Quebec is a paramount concern and as such they are much more concerned about protecting their publishers and authors than they are about supporting open content for their educational institutions

Overview of Open Educational Resources Policies in Canadian Institutions and Governments. 2013. http://poerup.referata.com/wiki/Overview_of_Open_Educational_Resources_Policies_in_Canadian_Institutions_and_Governments

OER Barriers to Adoption

• Few instructor incentives• Publisher push back• Quality concerns• Licensing, copyright issues• “not invented here” syndrome• Lack of open culture and practice• Insufficient content

Open Metrics

Cohen, Omollo & Malicke (2014) A Framework to Integrate Public, Dynamic Metrics Into an OER Platform. Open Praxis 6(2)

We can’t afford textbooks

• Textbook prices skyrocketed 82% between 2002 and 2012,

• average student budget for books and supplies has grown to $1,207 annually (USA figures).

• Current Bill to support open texts across US, goal of reducing costs by 80%

• Washington State program since 2010 has saved students $5.4 million versus State cost of less than $1.8 Million

• All students get open text books!http://www.sparc.arl.org/advocacy/national/act

Open texts

Are commercial e-texts the answer?

DRM (Digital Rights Management)

You CANNOT• Copy & paste, annotate, highlight• Text to speech• Format change• Move material • Print out• Move geographically• Use after expiry date• Resell

• student owns nothing, can share nothing, save nothing, sell nothing• subscription ends – ALL ends•publishers own student data, notes, highlights• students can’t transfer data

Commercial Learning Service or Rent-a-book

US Versionper month

+20 000 movies $ 7.99

+45 000 TV shows$ 7.99

+15 000 000 songs $ 9.99

TOTAL$25.97

ONE Biology text$20.25

-David Wiley

Open Scholars License, Use (and re-use ) Open Data

Open Data Can generate $3-5 Trillion

http://tinyurl.com/kj93vku

Open Scholars Filter and Share With Others

Research Gate

If it is not licensed, it is not open.

CC Licensing Options

• “If Google cannot find a faculty scholar's work or the work of the scholar's colleagues, department, or institution, then it is essentially irrelevant — even nonexistent — because people will not find, read, apply, or build on the work if they cannot locate it via a quick Google searchLowenthal & Dunlap (2012)

Lowenthal, P., & Dunlap, J. (2012). Intentional Web Presence: 10 SEO Strategies Every Academic Needs to Know. Educause. http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/intentional-web-presence-10-seo-strategies-every-academic-needs-know.

Journal Publishing

• Until recently, largely controlled by for profit companies

• “profits of the journal publishing sectors of the major publishers’ business are their most profitable divisions.

• For example, the worlds largest publisher Elsevier made “£724m ($1.1 billion) on revenues of £2 billion—an operating-profit margin of 36%.” http://www.economist.com/node/18744177.

“major periodical subscriptions, especially to electronic journals published by historically key providers, cannot be sustained: continuing these subscriptions on their current footing is financially untenable. Doing so would seriously erode collection efforts in many other areas, already compromised”.

The Faculty Advisory Council Date: April 17, 2012http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k77982&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup143448

Open Access Emerges

• Journal TOCs lists over 23,170 journals - 9,986 OA titles make up 43% of the overall content. (DOAJ - 2013)

• Publishing and Review Systems: Open Journal System – Canadian, (SFU)

– Complete submission, review, copyedit, analytics and publication system

– Over 7,000 journals using OJS (as of 2012)

Predatory Open Access Journals

“those that unprofessionally exploit the author-pays model of open-access publishing (Gold OA) for their own profit. Typically, these publishers:

• spam professional email lists, • broadly soliciting article submissions for the clear purpose of

gaining income.• operate essentially as vanity presses,• typically have a low article acceptance threshold, • Have a false-front or non-existent peer review process.

– Jeff Beall

http://scholarlyoa.com/publishers/

Publishers Reactions

• Ignore OA• Fight It

– Lobby for anti-OA legislation– Discredit OA quality– Discriminate against OER in citation indexes

• Morph It– Free your article in a closed journal for a fee (hybrid

model)– Allow individual deposit in data bases (after embargo)

Institutional Archives

• Green versus Gold standard for openness• Green: Author archives a copy of copyright

material in an institutional repository• Gold: Full Open Access• Responsibility of author to archive

Do Faculty Self-Archive?

• Only 32% archived anything at Carnegie-Melon 2008• Likely less at Athabasca??.• Only compulsory mandate works!!

aupress.cawww.irrodl.org

Open Scholars Write and Read Open Access Books

Teaching in Blended Learning Environments: Creating and Sustaining Communities of InquiryVaughan, Cleveland-Innes, & Garrison

A Tale of 3 Books

Open Access -

100,000 + downloads &

Individual chapters

Translations

Over 1600 hardcopies sold

@ $40 Can

Commercial publisher

934 copies sold at $52.00

Buy at Amazon!!

E-Learning for the 21st Century 1st Ed.Commercial Pub.1200 sold @ $135.002,000 copies in Arabic Translation @ $8.

Coming soon (June 2014)….Teaching Crowds: Learning and Social Mediahttp://www.aupress.ca/index.php/books/120235

Online Distance Education:Towards a Research Agendaedited by Olaf Zawacki-Richter and Terry Anderson

Does Open Access Increase or Decrease Citation rates?

• Mixed results• “Articles placed in the open access condition

(n=712) received significantly more downloads and reached a broader audience within the first year, yet were cited no more frequently, nor earlier, than subscription-access control articles (n=2533) within 3 yr.” (Davis, 2011, P. 2129).

http://www.slideshare.net/greg.g/enabling-open-scholarship?from_search=13

Challenges of Open Adoption1. Institutional impotence –“resistance

manifested itself as both an active form of change blocking and in more passive forms of intransigence that become a form of institutional impotence both institutionally and at an academic and student level.”

2 Governance -“Governance itself became an activity rather than a means to implement activity”

3 Commercial social media4 Staff engagement – no time

Bryant, P., Coombs, A., Pazio, M., & Walker, S. ((2014). Disruption, destruction, construction or transformation? Open Praxis

Researching Open Education Practice

http://www.icore-online.org/

Does OER make a difference?

http://chaos.open.ac.uk/

Openness is a Spiral of Growth… but you have to start somewhere

Boundless Opportunities for

• Unanticipated consequences• Challenges of net privacy/presence• Emergent adaptation by students and teachers• Misuse and exploitation

Are you Ready to Take the Pledge??

• I pledge that:– “ I will no longer submit my

work to closed publications, nor participate in review or editorial functions for closed publications.”

• I pledge to devote most of my reviewing and editing efforts to manuscripts destined for open access. For other manuscripts, I will restrict myself to one review by me for each review obtained for me by an outlet that is not open access.

Open Access Conclusion

• “Open Access is more than a new model for scholarly publishing, it is the only ethical move available to scholars who take their own work seriously enough to believe its value lies in how well it engages many publics and not just a few peers.”

• Gideon Burton, Academic Evolution Blog

Terry Anderson terrya@athabascau.ca

Blog: terrya.edublogs.org

Your comments and questions most welcomed!

http://www.slideshare.net/terrya/thailand-2013-keynote