اساسيات الإتصالات

אאאא

١٣٦١٣٦

١٣٦ א א אFE

،،אא،אW

אא א א א א א אאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאא אאאאאאאWא

אאK אאאאאאא

א ،א אא א א אא א א ، א

א،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אא،אאאא،אK

א א ?א ??א ?אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא،א،אאאא

אאאאאK א א אא WאK

אאאא

١٣٦ א א אFE

אאאאאKאאאא،אא

א،אאאKא١٨٢١K

אאאאאK אאא

אא،א،א،אאKאאא

אא،١٥אאא،אאאWאאא

אאאK אאWאאK

אאאאא،אאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאאאאאK

אא(Digital Economy)אאKאאאאFאE

אאאא١٢٠٠٢٠٠٠א١٢٣٤٪אא٢٠٠٠אאK

אאאאאאאאאאא?אא???אאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאK

١٣٦ א א אFE

אאאאאאאאאאאאWאאא؟א

אא،אאאאאGPSאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאK אאא(Sensors)

אא،אאK אא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

?אאאא?אאאא?אאK? אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאא،אאאאאאKאאא

אאאKאאאאאאK אאאא،

אאאאKאאאאK

١٣٦ א אא א א אFE

- ١ -

אאWא Introduction to Communications

אאW Kאא -أ

Kאא -ب

Kאא -ج

Kאא -د

Kאאא -ه

Kאא -و

Kאאאא -ز

Kא -ح

Kאאא -ط

Kאא -ي אאW

١-١ K ٢-١ אאK

٣-١ אאK

٤-١ אאאK

٥-١ אK

٦-١ אאK

٧-١ אK

٨-١ אK

٩-١ אא

אאא: ١٨

- ٢ -

١-١Introduction אא،אא

אאאKאאFEFKE

אHistorical Review ١٨٣٧אאK

١٨٧٦אאאאאK

١٨٩٤אאאאK

١٩٢٠אאאאAMK

١٩٣٣אFMK

١٩٣٦אאאאFMK אאאא

אאאאאאאאאאא،א،אאאא

אאK אאW

אאAnalog Communications System אK

אאWא+5VאK

אאאWא،אFאE،אאFאE،

אFאKEאF١ J١EאאאאK

- ٣ -

١א J١אאא

١-٢אא אאאאאאאא

אאFאאאEאאאאאאאאFאEאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאK ١ J٢ J١אא

אאאאאאאKאאאW

١ - א(AM)Wאאאאאאאאאא

(Amplitude Modulation)K ٢- א(FM)אאאאא

אאאאאא(Frequency Modulation)K

٣- א(PM)אאאאאאאאאאא

(Phase Modulation)K אאאא

אFאאאאEאאK

- ٤ -

אאאאאאאאא(modulated wave)אאאא

AMFMPMאאאאF١ J٢EKאאאא

א(Demodulated Signal)אאאאK ١ J٢ J٢א

אאאא؟אאא؟א؟א

אאאW Jא

אאאא10٪אאKאאאאFאאEאאאאאאאאKאאא1003000،אא 1003000אאא אF10300KEאאאאא

אאאKאאאאKאא100אא300،

אא30אKאאאאאFאKEאא

אWאא،אא،K

Jאאאא אאאאKא

אאאאאKאאאאאK

- ٥ -

١א J٢אאאK

אאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאא،אאאא

אאKאFrequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)אאאאאK

٣-١אאElectromagnetic Spectrum אאאאאא

KאאאKאF١ J١Eאאא،א

אאאאאאW

c [ m ] (1-1)

CWא:=108) (300000000L WאFHzEK

- ٦ -

١-١אWאאאאא

א אא אא١אאאא(VLF) 3kHz-30kHz 100km-10km

٢אאא(LF) 30kHz-300kHz 10km-1km

٣אאא(MF) 300kHz-3MHz 1km -100m

٤אאא(HF) 3MHz-30MHz 100m-10m

٥אאאא(VHF) 30MHz-300MHz 10m-1m

٦אאא(UHF) 300MHz-3GHz 1m-10cm

٧אאא(SHF) 3GHz-30GHz 10cm-1cm

٨א(EHF) 30GHz-300GHz 1cm-1mm

V: very ،L: Low ،H: High ،F: Frequency ،M: medium،

E: Extremely, S: Super, U: Ultra.

١-١ KאאאFEאאא 1(1 KHz)

100(100 KHz) 1(1 MHz)

K؟א אW

Kא(1-1)

1- = 1000Hz: Kmf

2- = 105 Hz

3- =106 Hz m

- ٧ -

Jאאאאא،אאאFאאEאאאא

אאאF١ J١Eאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK אאאאאאא

אאאK Jאאאא(VLF)،אאא(LF)

אK Jאאא(MF)WאאאאK Jאאא(HF)Wאא،אאאא

K Jאאאא(VHF)Wאאאא،

אא،אא،K Jאאא(UHF)Wא،

אאא،אאK אאא(SHF)Wאאאא

א،אאK Jאאא(EHF)Wאא،אאאK

אאאא،אאא،אאאF١ J٢EK

אאאאאאאאאVoice Frequency VF،א300-3400K

- ٨ -

١א J٢אK אא אא אא

500 MHG - 1GHz VHF C 1GHz - 2GHz L D 2GHz - 3GHz S E 3GHz - 4GHz S F 4GHz - 6GHz C G 6GHz - 8GHz C H 8GHz - 10GHz X I

10GHz - 12.4GHz X J 12.4GHz - 18GHz Ku J

18GHz - 20GHz K J 20GHz - 26.5GHz K K 26.5GHz - 40GHz Ka K

אאאEHF, SHF , UHFא

אא(300MHz – 300GHz)K אאאאאאEHFW

،1012Hz1016Hzאאאאאא -أ Wאאאinfrared،אאVisible،א

אultravioletK

1018HzKאX-raysאאא -ب

אא؛אאGama raysא -ج א1020HzאK

אא)( cosmic photonsאאא -د א1032HzK

אאאאFiber OpticsאאLaserאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאF1014HzC4.285Eאא F1014HzC7.5KE

אאF١ J٣EK

- ٩ -

١א J٣אאא

١-٤אFאEBandwidth אאאאאאK

אא،א(BWlnfo)אא(BWch )Kא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאK

אאאאאK

BWinfoWא BWch WאK ١ J٢

500אאאאאא5000K

Kאא(BWch)K K؟אאאא KאאאאאאHF؟אא

אW K א

BWch = 5000 - 500 = 4500 KHz Kאא(Bwvoice)

BWvoice = 3400 - 300 = 3100 Hz

chBWBW info

- ١٠ -

אאאאאאאאK

KאאאאאHF BWHF = 30 MHz - 3 MHz = 27 MHz

אאאאאאאאK

٥-١ א Transmission Modes אאאאאW

KאאאSimplex (SX)אאK KאאאאHalf Duplex

(HDX)אאFאKE KאאאאאFull Duplex

(FDX)،אאאK Kאאאאאא

א(F/FDX)Full/Full DuplexאK

١-٦אאSignals Analysis

אאאאאאא،אאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאא

א،אאא،אאאאKא،א

אאאאK

- ١١ -

١-٦-١Fourier Expansion אאאאV(t)א

אאKאאאא،א،אאאאK

אאא V(t)،T،אאKאאאW

)cos(...)2cos()cos()( 210 nwtAwtAwtAAtv n

(1-9) )sin(...)2sin()( 210 nwtAwtAwtSinBB n

א(1- 9)אאW

harmonic n . harmonic 3

harmonic 2 lfundamenta A V(t)thrd

(1-10)

W A0Wאאאא(DC value)K

FundamentalWאאאאאאא(f1)K

2nd harmonicWאאאאאאf2=2.f1 אאK

אאאאאאK

אאBn ……. B2, B1, An …. , A1 , A0

(1-11)

n dtnwttvT

)cos()(2

(1-12)

- ١٢ -

0 T/4 3T/4 T 2V

0.5 m s

n dtnwttvT

)sin()(2

(1-13)

(1-7)אאV(t)א(1-9)אW

V(t) = A0 + A1 cos wt + A2 cos 2 wt + ….. t An cos nwt (1-14) אV(t)א(1-9)אW

V(t) = A0 + B1 sinwt + B2 sin 2 wt + ….. t Bn sin nwt (1-15)

١ J٣

אאאאFאאאKE

١. אאK

٢. אאFאאאKE

٣. אאאK

אW ١. אFאאאEאאאW

)cos(...)2cos()cos()( 210 nwtAwtAwtAAtv n

)cos(2)cos(2)cos(22

dtwtdtwtdtwtT

dtttvT

1 )cos()(2

- ١٣ -

אאאא

A2= 0 & 38

)3cos(3

8)cos(

8)( tttv

f 2000105.0

f=2KHz

٢. אאW fs = 3f = 3x2K = 6KHz

٣. אא

2KHz 6KHz F (Hz)

١ J٧אMixer

אאאאאאאא١ J٤Kאא

אאאאאאאאאאאא

- ١٤ -

١א J٤אאK אאא١ J٤fsאאאfo،

אא(fo+ fs) אא(fo- fs) אאK ١-٨אFאE Noise

אאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאK אW

١-٨-١אאUncorrelated Noise אאאא

א،W KאאExternal Noise

אאאאאאWאא،

א،אא،אאאK Kאאא(Internal Noise)

אאאאאאאא،א،אאאאאאKאא

Johnson NoiseאאאאאאK

א אא

- ١٥ -

אאאאאאאאKKאא

אWhite Noise،אאאKאאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאKShot noiseאPartition noiseKא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאK

אאאאtransit noiseאאאאאאאאא،

אאאאאאK ٢-٨-١אא Correlated Noise

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאא

،Kאאאאאאאאאאאא

אK אאאאאאאאא

thunderstormsאאאאאאAmplitude Modulation: AMKאאאאאאאאא

א100MHzKאאאKאאאאאאFrequency ModulationWFMא

[88MHz – 108 MHz]K אאאאאאא

אאאאאThermal noiseKאאJohnsonאאאאאאKאאאW

(1-16) N = KTB

- ١٦ -

: NWא(Watts) BWא(Hz) TWאא(Kelvin)

אKelvinאאW T = C˚ + 273

Kelvin

Joules231038.1

אאDecibeldB،אאא10א(1-16)א10KW

NdB = 10 Log ( KTB ) [ dB] (1-17) W NdBWאK

١ J٤

אאא17˚10K א W

JאאK JאK

אW Kאא

N = KTB =1.38 X 10-23 X (17+273) X 10 X 103 =4 X10 -17Watts

Kא NdB = 10 Log ( KTB ) = 10 Log (4 X10-17 ) ≈ -164 dB

١ J٩אאSignal – to – Noise ration אאאאאK

אאאאאKא אאKאW

- ١٧ -

S (1-18)

אאאא

S10 (1-19)

WאאK

PsWא(Watts)K PNWא(Watts)K

אאאאאאW

S20 (1-20)

S20 (1-21)

١ J٥

א10Wאא0.01W،W

KאאdB

K100001.0

KdBLogP

30)1000(1010

- ١٨ -

Kאא .أ ؟אאאא .ب

Kאאאאא .ج

Kאאאאא .د

אא Kאא،אא،אא،אW .أ Kאא .ب

Kאאאא .ج

אא אאאאאאאאאא .أ

؟K Kא .ب

Kאאא .ج

Kאא .د

אאאW

Kאא .أ Kא .ب

Kא .ج

- ١٩ -

אא Kא .أ

Kאאא .ب

Kא .ج

Amplitudeאאאאאאאאאא .د

ModulationאאאאאFrequency ModulationK

אא אאאא27˚5K

؟Kאא .أ ؟،אא .ب

Kאא .ج

Kא .د

אאW א(1-18)(1-19)K

אא20אאא0.02אK Kאאא .أ Kאא .ب

Kאאא .أ KאאאV(t) .ب

Kאאא .ج

- ٢٠ -

אאW אאאא

Tא .أ Kאא .ب

אאא .ج

Kאא .د

KאאK

Kאא .ه

Kאאא .و

- ٢١ -

אאWא Amplitude Modulation (AM)

אאW Kא .أ Kאאאא .ب

EKאFאאא .ج

AMK .د

Kאאא .ه

Kאאא .و

Kא .ز אאW ٢ J١אK ٢ J٢אאK ٢ J٣אK ٢ J٤אאK ٢ J٥אK ٢ J٦אK

אאאW١٥K

- ٢٢ -

١-٢ אאאאאאאא

אאא،אאאאאאאVm(t)

אאאאאVc(t) Kאאא(Carrier)אא،א،אא

אאVm(t)א(AM)(FM)א(PM)K

אא،אא(AM, FM, PM)،א،אאאKאא

אא(demodulation)אאאK

א،אאאאא(AM)K ٢-٢אAmplitude Modulation

א(AM)WאאאאאאאאאVm(t)K٢ J١א

אאFModulatorE،אVm(t)،אאVc(t)،אאאK

٢א J١WאK

٢ J٢ J١א אAM Modulator אאא

א،אא(Modulated wave)٢ J١K

- ٢٣ -

٢ J٢ J٢אאFאE Generation of AM Signals אאאא،אאאאא

אא DSBFC) (AMAmplitude Modulation Double Sideband Full Carrier

אא" "AM DSBFCאAMK אאאVm(t)=Em Sin(2 fmt)،אאVc(t)=Ec

Sin(2 fct)אאאאVAM(t)א٢ J٢אאאאאאK

٢א J٢AM،אאאאאאאאאKא٢ J٢אא

אאאאא،אאאאKאאאאאאאAMא

אאאK

٢א J٢אא،אאא،אאAMK

٢ J٢ J٣אאModulated Wave Characteristics אאאFאאEW

١ JאאVAM(t)אא(fc)K

- ٢٤ -

٢ JאאאאVAM(t)אאאאFאא Vm(t)KE

٣ JאאFאEאVAM(t)אא Vm(t)K ٤ JאאFאEאVAM(t)אVm(t)K

٢-٣אאאאAM Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth

٢ J٣ J١אאAM Frequency Spectrum אאאאאאא،אא

אא،אאF10E٪אאKאאאאאא

Kאאאאאאא(fc)א٢ J٣K

٢א J٣אאAM

א٢ J٣אאאאfcW אאאUpper Sideband (USB)

אאאfc وfc+fmFאאEאאW

mcc ffUSBf (2-1) fmUSBאאUpper Side Frequency (USF)

USFאW

Carrier

Lower Sideband Upper Sideband

Lower Side Frequencies Upper Side Frequencies

fc - fm fc fc + fm F(Hz)

- ٢٥ -

mcusf fff (2-2) W

fUSFWאא fcWאא fmWאFאאKE

אאאWLower Sideband (LSB)

אFאאEאW cmc fLSBff (2-3)

fmLSBאאLower Side Frequency

(LSF)LSFאW mcLsf fff (2-4)

٢ J٣ J٢א אAM Bandwidth אאFאE٢ J٣

W mmcmcAM fffffBW 2 אAMW

mAM fBW 2 [Hz] (2-5) W

BWAMWAM(Hz)K fmWאFאE(Hz)K

٢ J١ אאFאאAMDSBFC modulatorEא،א

אאאfc=100kHzאאאאfm= 5kHzK Wא

USBLSBKאא .أ

BWAMא .ب

3kHzZfmK(USF)אאא .ج

3kHzZfmK(LSF)אאא .د

- ٢٦ -

Kאאא .ه א٢ J١

KאאUSB(2-1)א mcc ffUSBf

KHzUSBkHz 105100 אאLSB(2-3)א

cmc fLSBff

KHzLSBKHz 10095 Kא(2-5)

Kא(2-2) KHzKHzKHzfff mcusf 1033100

Kא (2-4) mcLsf fff

= 100 KHz - 3 KHz = 97 KHz Kאא

KHzKHzfBW mAM 10522

- ٢٧ -

٢-٤אאאא Coefficient of Modulation and Percent Modulation

٢ J٤ J١אCoefficient of Modulation אאAM

אKאW

Em m (2-6)

mWאFE

EmWאאVm(t)K EcWאאVc(t)K

٢ J٤ J٢אאPercent Modulation (M) אאא،אW

EM (2-7)

אEc , Em , mא٢ J٤K

٢א J٤א،Ec EmK

א٢ J٤W mc EEV max (2-8) mc EEV min (2-9)

א(2-9) , (2-8)

- ٢٨ -

(2-10)

א2-82-9

(2-11) VmaxWאאAM VminWאאAM

אאFAMEאאאא،אאאאאEm

W LSFUSFm EEE (2-12)

W EUSFWאא[Volts] ELSFWאא[Volts]

א(2-12)אאאאאאאאאאאאK

EUSF=ELSF (2-13)

א(2-13)א(2-12)

EE LSFUSFmE

(2-14) (2-11)א(2-14)W

minmaxLSFUSF 4

1EE VV (2-15)

אא (2-7)א100%Em=Ecאאא(2-8)Vmax=2Ec א(2-9)Vmin=0

א٢ J٥K

- ٢٩ -

٢א J٥AMא100%K

٢ J٢AMאאא

ELSFKאEUSFאאא -أ unmod.K(Ec)אאאא -ب

AMEmאאאא -ج

mKא -د

Jא%MK א Wאאא(2-15)א -أ

אאאאאאאא -ب

(Ec)unmod.= (Ec) mod.

א(2-10)

VVV 421841

EE minmaxLSFUSF

- ٣٠ -

VVV 102182

1E minmaxc

אEc=10V (2-11)א -ج

VVVEm 82182

1minmax

(2-6)א -د

Jא(2-7)

%80%1008.0%100 c

٢-٥AM AM Voltage Distribution (AM) Vam(t)

،،،،אאאVam(t)K،א

אאאאאאW )2sin()( tfEtV ccc F٢ J١٦E

Vc(t)Wאאא(Volts)

EcWאאאא(Volts) fcWאא(Hz)K

W אVam(t)א(repetition rate)א -أ

FאE Vm(t)K Vm(t)KאVam(t)אא -ب

،Vam(t)Vmax = Em+Ecאאא -ج

- ٣١ -

אאאVam(t)אאW tftfEEctV cmmam 2sin)2sin()( (2-17)

)2sin( tfEEc mm Wאא(Volts)

EmWאאא(Volts) fmWא(Hz)

א(2.6) (2-18) Em = mEc

א(2.18)א(2.17)W (2-19) )2sin()2sin()( tftfmEEctV cmcam

אא )2sin()2sin(1)( tfEtfmtV ccmam

))2sin()(2sin()2sin()( tfEtfmEtfEtV ccmcccam (2-20)

)cos()cos(2

1sinsin (2-21)

אא(2-21)(2-20)אאאW tff

mEtfEtV mc

cccam )(2cos

2)(2cos

22sin)( (2-22)

Ec Sin(2πfct)Wאא(Volts)

mcc )(2cos

2 Wאא(Volts)

mcc )(2cos

2Wאא(Volts)

אא(2-22)W Kאאאאאא .أ

(2-23) )mod()(mod ulatedunulated EcEc Kאאאאאא .ب

אאא100%F(m=1 ,Em=Ecא .ج אאאF

- ٣٢ -

٢א J٥AMא100%K

Lsfusfm EEE

cccmc EEEEEV 2max

0min ccmc EEEEV

،אאא אאFm=1EאאאVmax= 2 EcאאVmin=0،אא٢ J٥K

Kא٢ J٦אאאאאאא (AM DSBFC)(2-22)א

٢א J٦אאAM DSBFC

Kא(2-22)Wא(cycle)אאא180˚אא90א˚אאא

אF-Eאאאא(2-22)אK

- ٣٣ -

٢ J٣ אAMאא500אKHzאא20VpK

אאאא10kHzאאא±7.5אVpKW

flsfKאfusfאא -أ MKאאmא -ب

modulatedK(Ec)אאאא -ج

ElsfKאEusfאא -د

JאאVmaxאVminK

Vam(t)Kאא -و

Kאאא -ز

Kאאא -ح א

Jא(2-4) , (2-2) KHzKKfff mcusf 51010500 KHzKKfff mcLsf 49010500

JאאWא(2-7), (2-6)W

375.020

%5.37%10020

5.7%100

Jא(2-23) VEcEc ulatedunulated 20)mod()(mod

Jא(2-22)W

VmEc 75.3

20375.0

2EE LSFUSF

Jא(2-9) , (2-8)W VEEV mc 5.275.720max

VEEV mc 5.125.720min Jאא(2-22)W

- ٣٤ -

tfEtV mcc

ccam )(2cos2

)(2cos2

2sin)( אאW

)4902cos(75.3)5102cos(75.3)5002sin(20)( KtKtKttV am אאK

JאאאW

Jאאא

٦-٢אאAM Power Distribution אאאאW

(2-24) אאW

VP rms

(2-25)

VV rms (2-26)

א(2-26)א(2-25)

VPav 2

(2-27)

- ٣٥ -

(2-27)אאאאאאRK

(2-28E W

PcWאא(Watts) EcWאאא(Volts) RWא(Ohm)

אאאאK

(2-29) א(2-28)א(2-29)W

CLsfUsf PmPP 2

1 (2-30)

אאAM

LsfUsfCT PPPP

(2-31)CCCT PmPmPP 22

(2-32)

א(2-31)אאאא،(2-32)אW

אאאאK (2-31)אאאא٢ J٧W

Lsfusf 82

- ٣٦ -

٢א J٧אאאAM DSBFCאאאK

א100%W

LsfUsf

PPP (2-33)

m=1א(2-30) אאאא

(2-34)

א(2-33)(2-34)Wא100%אא

אאאאאאאK

אאאAM BSBFCאאאאאאא،אא

אאאאאאאאAM DSBFCK

٢ J٤

אאAM DSBFCW א10אVp،א10Ωא100%W

W PcKאא .أ PlsfאPusfאא .ب

- ٣٧ -

PtsfKאא .ج

PT Kאאא .د

Kאאא K א

Kאא(2-28)

Kאא(2-30)

WPmPP CLsfUsf 25.15)1(4

1 22 m=1א 100%K

Kאא(2-30)

P CT 5.75)2

P Ctsf 5.2

C = 5 102

- ٣٨ -

٧-٢אAM Current Calculations אאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאK

אאאאאW

P (2-35)

(2-36)

(2-37) א(2-35)

(2-38) 21

2mII CT

W ITWאא(A) IcWאא(A)

٢ J٥

אא10אwא10Ωא100%אאא(AM DSBFC)

אא(2-38) 2

II CT IcIT

- ٣٩ -

AI T 225.1)2

11()1(

٨-٢אאאא AM Modulation by a Complex information אאאא،אאא،א،

א،אאאאאאאאK אא،אא

אאאאאK א(fm1, fm2)אאא

אאאאאאK٢א J٨אא

אאfm1, fm2K

٢א J٨אאאאאאאK

אF2-22Eאאא٢ J٨אאAMא fm1, fm2K

(2-39)

)(2cos2

2sin)(

אאאK

IRI2P CCCC 1

fc fm2 fc fm1 fc fc+fm1 fc+fm2

- ٤٠ -

אאאאאאאאאאאאW

221 ... nt mmmm (2-40)

mtWאא

m1, m2, …. mnWאאאK אאאאאא

אאא،אאW

(2-41)

CtLsfUsf PmPP 2

1 (2-42)

(2-43)

٢ J٦ AM DSBFCאאא200א Wאאא

אאאאאW m3 = 0.5, m2 = 0.4 , m1 = 0.2K

mtKאא .أ PtsfKאא .ب

PTKאאא .ج

Cttsf PmP 2

- ٤١ -

Kא(2-40)

67.0)5.0()4.0()2.0( 22223

21 mmmmt

Kא(2-43)

Kא(2.41)

٢-٩אאAM Circuits

JאאAM Modulator Circuit

אאאא،AMKאאאKאאKאאאאא

א،אאאאKAMאKאAMK

אאאאAMא٢ J٩W

WPmP Cttsf 45)200()67.0(21

T 245)200(2

)67.0(1

- ٤٢ -

٢א J٩W

אאVout(t)א(2-22)אAMאאאאא٢ J٩

AMKא،אאאאאאW

...)()()()( 33

11 tVCtVCtVCtV inininout (2-44)

אאא2-9 tfEtfEtV CCmmin )2sin()2sin()( (2-45)

א(2-44)א(2-45)אאאW 22

21 )2sin()2sin()2sin()2sin()( tfEtfECtfEtfECtV CCmmCCmmout (2-46)

אאאאאאא2-22W

)2(sin

)2(sin)2sin()(2cos

)(2cos)2sin()(

tfECtfECtffEEC

tffEECtfECtV

mmmmmCCm

mCCmCCout

(2-47)

א2-47א(Fc-Fm), (Fc+Fm)אאאאAM،אאאא(2-47)אא

א(2.22)אאא(2-47)אאאא(2-47)א(2-22)

٢א J٩אAMא٢ J١٠

- ٤٣ -

٢א J١٠WAMאאאאK

אאאAMאאאAMאאאא(npn)א٢א J١١

אאאאאאאאאK

٢א J١١WAMאאאא(npn)K

- ٤٤ -

KאאAM Demodolator Circuit אאAMאאאא،

אאWאא(Rectifier Circuit)אא(Envelope Detector)אא(Square –law detector) אאW א–Envelope Detector

אאאאAMאאאאא אא٢ J١٢K

١٢- ٢אFKEאא––AM-אאאFאאKE

- ٤٥ -

אא אאאאאאאAM

אא(Am as input wave)Kאאאאא٢ J١٢אKאאאאאאC

אאאאאאאאאאא،אאFאא

אאEאאאאאKאאRKאאאאאאא

אאKאאאKאאא

Kאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאFAMEאאFE٢ J١٢K

١٠-٢א AM Transmitters אW

Kא (Low Level transmitter) אאאאאא(100kHz – 300kHz) ،

אאWא(Microphone)،(CD Rom)(Phonograph record)K١٣-٢אא

אאאK

١٣-٢אאא

- ٤٦ -

Kא (High Level transmitter) אאאא

אאKאאאאא١٤-٢אK

٢א J١٤אאK

٢-١١אאא AM Receiver Block Diagram

אאאאאאאK

אAMאאאאAMאא،א،AMK

אאאאFאEאאאא(RF)אאK

אאאא(Demodulation)،אאאאאא

(Receiver). ١٥-٢אאאAMK

٢א J١٥אAM

- ٤٧ -

אאאAMאאאW

JאאThe RF Section אאW

١. א(RF)K ٢. אK ٣. אאK

JאאThe Mixer and Converter Section אאאאא

(Intermediate Frequencies (IF) JאאאIF

אאא،אK JאAMK

אאאאא،AMאאK

Jאא אאאאK

٢ J١٢אReceiver Parameters

אאאאאאאאא(RF)K

JאFSelectivityE אא

אאאK JאBandwidth Improvement

אאאאאK

אאאW

- ٤٨ -

(2-48) IF

W BIWאzx

BRFWאzHzx BIFWאא[Hz]

אאאאאW

Ii BLogNF 10 (2-49)

NFiWא[decibel]

٢ J٧ אF(NFiאAM

א200kHzאאא10kHzK ٢ J٧

א(2-49) , (2-48)

dBLogB

BLogBLogNF

RFIi 13

200100110

Jא Sensitivity אאאאאא

אאאאאאאK

Jאא Dynamic Power range

אאא،אאאאK

- ٤٩ -

Jא Fidelity Factor אא

אאK א

١. אאWאאאאאאאK ٢. אאWאאאאאאK

٣. אאWאאאאאאאK JאאInsertion Loss (IL)

אאאאאאאאאK

PLogIL 10 (2-50)

Jאאאא (Noise Temperature and Equivalent Noise Temperature)

אאWאW

NT (2-51)

TWאא[Kelvin] NWא[Watts] KW K=

Kelvin

Joules231038.1

BW(Hertz) Jאאא(Te)

אאא(Signal to noise ratio)אאKאאאאKאאTeא20ºאאא1000º

אאKTeאאW

- ٥٠ -

(3-5) )1( FTTe TeWאאא(Kelvin) TWאא(Kelvin) FWאFKE

٢ J١٣אAM Receivers אאW

JאאאCoherent receivers אאאאאאאא

אFאאאEאאאאא(Oscillator)אK

JאאאNon coherent receivers אאאאאאא

אאאאK אאאאאWאא

אא(The Super heterodyne AM receiver)אא3-2KW

١٦-٢אאאא

אאאאאא אFאEאאאא٢ J١٦،א

אWאא،א،אאא،א،

- ٥١ -

אאאKאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאfcא455KאאFLO،א

אאאאא(Fc)א455FLO=Fc+FIF (FIF = 455kHz)KאאאFE

אKאא،אאאאא455،א

א455،אאKאאאא455א

אאKאאאאא،אאאאאKא،

אאאאאKאאאא،אאאא

אאKאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאK

א،אאאאאאKאאאאאK

אאאאfcאאFFIC=FLO

FCKEאאfc1000kHzW1000+455=1455kHzZFLO=FC+FIF

Fc= 1455+455=1910kHz،אאFc Fco455 kHzKאא1910kHz

FEאא1000kHz2FIF=910kHz،אאאאאא

אKאאאאא70kHzאאא910kHzK

- ٥٢ -

א٢ J١٦אא(IF)אאא(FLO)אאKאאא

אאאאאאא،א،אKאאאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאא5501600Kא

אאאאאאא10052055אאא95א1145א

אאאאאאK אאאאאאKאאא

אאF١٩١٩EאאאאאKאא،אא

אFאאEאאאKאאKאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאK

אאאאKאאאא،אאאאK

אאאאאFאEאאK

- ٥٣ -

אAM DSBFCאא100kHzאא5kHzK

W Kאאאאאאא .أ Kא .ب

3kHzKאאאאא .ج

Kאאא .د אא

אאאאAM DSBFC20kHzK

אא אאאא20Vpא±5vK

W Kאאאא -أ Kא -ب

Ec=20Vp ، Em = ±5V KEאFאא -ج

אאא אאאאאאאK

אא אm=0.2אאאPc=1000w

W Kאאאא .أ KEאאאF .ب

Kאאא .ج

Kאאא .د

- ٥٤ -

אא אאAMK

אא אאאאAMK

אא אאא(BIF)אא(BI)א

16אאאא(BRF)320kHzK אא

א(NFi)אאא(RF)40kHzאאא(IF)10kHzK

אא אאא(Te) א16dBא

T=27˚CK אא אאK

אא אאאאא500kHzKאא

אאאא

١٣٦ א אא אא א אFE

- ٥٥ -

אאWאא Angle Modulation

אאW Kאאא .أ

(PM)Kא .ب

K(FM)א .ج

(FM)Kא(PM)א .د

KאאאK

אאW ١-٣ K

٢-٣ אאK

٣-٣ אאK

٤-٣ אאK

אאאW١٥

- ٥٦ -

٣-١Introduction אWא،אאKא

א(FM)א(PM)KאאאאאKאאאא(AM)א

א،אאאKאאאאאאK

1931אאאאK1936אאFM،1939אאאFMאאאK

א،אאאאאאא،אא،אא،אאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאא(AM)

אאאאאאאאאאK

٣-٢אא Angle Modulation

אאאאאאאK אאאאאאW

א)(tאאKא(3-1)אאW )(cos)( tEtV C (3-2)

)2cos)( (tf EtV CC

) (2)( tftC

- ٥٧ -

)(tאאאKאאאW

(3-4) א(3-3)א(3-4)W

tdt Ci

(3-5) CC f 2

)(tWאאאK

td )(WאאאK

٣ J٢ J١אא

Phase and Frequency Modulation (PM and FM) אאאאאא(PM)א(FM)K

א(PM)،אאאאאא،אאW

)()( tVt m (3-6) W

WאאאVolts

radianK )(tVmWאאאK

א(FM)אאאאאאאאW

(3-7) אאאאW

fWאאאא )( otWאאא0

omf tdVt ) (3-8) ()()(

- ٥٨ -

אאא،א(3-8) , (3-6)אא(3-1)אא

אאאW )(2cos)( tVtfEtV mCCPM (3-9)

mfCCFM dVtfEtV )(2cos)( (3-10)

א(3-10) , (3-9)אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאK

،א(3-6)א(3-5)W

tdVt m

)()()( (3-11)

א(3-7)א(3-5)W )()()( tVt mfCFMi (3-12)

א(3-12) , (3-11)אא אאאאאאא

אאאאK

٣ J٢ J٢אא Theoretical Generation of PM and FM waves

אאאאאאא(FM) א٣ J١K

٣ J١א٣ J١٠אאVmאKאVm،אא

Vm،אKאאאאK

- ٥٩ -

٣א J١ (FM)K

٣ J١ אאאאאK

200cos(10)( ttV

3200)(

Hzff iii 1002002

- ٦٠ -

٣ J٢ J٣א Modulation Index

Kאא אאאW

mVm (3-13) W

mWאא(rad)

KpWאאאאLא VmWאאאK

אאא?אאאאK? ٣ J٢

אאאאFKp= 2.5 rad / VE،אmFאאאאEאW

)20002cos(2)( ttV אW

KאאW אאאW

(3-14)

(3-15)

W mf Vf WאאאאאאאK

fmWא kfWאאאאK

radVm m 525.2

- ٦١ -

٣ J٣ אאאאאאא

KHzf 5

)20002cos(2)( ttV א:

אאאאFM

KHzVf mf 1025

٣ J٢ J٤אאאאא Frequency Analysis of Angle Modulated Waves

אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאFאאאKE

mcmcmc nffffff ,...,2, אK

אאאאאא،אא(3-1)אאW

(3-16)

א(3-6)א(3-16)

(3-17) אאW

tVtVm mcos)( (3-18)

(t) ΦfEtV CC 2cos)( t

(t) VfEtV mCC 2cos)( t

- ٦٢ -

א(3-18)א(3-17)W

(3-19) אKpVm Fא3-13אEאW

coscos()()coscos( n

nmJm n

(3-20)

Jn(m)אאאאnmK א(3-20)א(3-19)

cos()()( n

tntmJEtV mCnC

(3-21)

(5-21)אאאא

)cos()(2

2)cos()(2

2)cos()(

2)cos()(cos)(

tmJtmJ

C (3-22)

א(3-22)אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא(fc)

אאWmcmcmc nffffff ,...,2,

אאאאאא،אאאא،אאאאJ2(m), J1(m)K

א٣ J١אאאאKאאאאאאאאFJ1, J2,, J3, J4,,….. KEאאאאאא

אאאאאFJn(m) (Ec)unmodulatedE

t VfEtV mCC cos2cos)( t

+ mfEtV mCC 2cos)( t

- ٦٣ -

٣ J١אאאJn[m]

m Jo J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 J9 J10 J11 J12 J13 J14

0.00 1.00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

0.25 0.98 0.12 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

0.5 0.94 0.24 0.03 - - - - - - - - - - - -

1.0 0.77 0.44 0.11 0.02 - - - - - - - - - - -

1.5 0.51 0.56 0.23 0.06 0.01 - - - - - - - - - -

2.0 0.22 0.58 0.35 0.13 0.03 - - - - - - - - - -

2.4 0.00 0.52 0.43 0.20 0.06 0.02 - - - - - - - - -

2.5 0.05 - 0.5 0.45 0.22 0.07 0.02 0.01 - - - - - - - -

3.0 0.26 - 0.34 0.49 0.31 0.13 0.04 0.01 - - - - - - - -

4.0 0.04 - 0.07 - 0.36 0.43 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.02 - - - - - - -

5.0 0.18 - 0.33 - 0.05 0.36 0.39 0.26 0.13 0.05 0.02 - - - - - -

6.0 0.15 0.28 - 0.24 - 0.11 0.36 0.36 0.25 0.13 0.06 0.02 - - - - -

7.0 0.30 0.00 0.30 - 0.17 - 0.16 0.35 0.34 0.23 0.13 0.06 0.02 - - - -

8.0 0.17 0.23 0.11 - 0.29 - 0.10 - 0.19 0.34 0.32 0.22 0.13 0.06 0.03 - - -

9.0 0.09 - 0.25 0.14 0.18 - 0.27 - 0.06 - 0.20 0.33 0.31 0.21 0.12 0.06 0.03 0.01 -

10.0 0.25 - 0.05 0.25 0.06 0.22 - 0.23 - 0.01 - 0.22 0.32 0.29 0.21 0.12 0.06 0.03 0.01

א٣ J١אא (m)אא

Jn[m]Kא٣ J٢אאאאאאm10K

٣א J٢Jn[m]mK

٣ J٤

- ٦٤ -

FM،אm=1،א Vm(t)=Vm sin (2π 1000t)

אאא Vc(t)=10 sin (2π 5x104t)

W Kאאאא .أ Kאאאא .ب

אאאאא .ج אW

٣א .أ J١m=1אא3K Wאאאא .ب

J0 = 0.77 (10) = 7.7 V J1 = 0.44 (10) = 4.4 V J2 = 0.11 (10) = 1.1 V J3 = 0.02 (10) = 0.2 V

Wאאאא .ج

٣ J٢ J٥אא

Bandwidth requirement for Angle Modulated אאאא٣א J٤אאאאאKW

אאWא،אאאאאאאא(AM)،אאאאW

mfB .2 (3-24)

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 F KHz

- ٦٥ -

אאWאא،אאאW fB 2 (3-25)

אאWאאאאאאאאW

)(2 mfnB (3-26) W

nWאא fmWאFאKE

אאאW281939،א(Carson)אאאאאאא

W F3-27E HzffB m (max)2

W ∆FWאאאא

fm(max)WאאאFאE ؟אאאא

fm(max)א∆F(3-24)אאאא،א∆FאFm(max)،

(3-25)אאאאKאKאא98%א

אאאאKאאאאFאEאאK

٥ J٥ FMאאאא∆F =10kHz،א

fm=10kHz،אאEc=10v،fc= 500kHzK W

- ٦٦ -

Kאא .أ Kאא .ب

א Jאא

B = 2 ( n x fm) nאאא،אmאא

10k / 10k =1 , m = 1 m=

א٣ J١m=1אאW n=3 אאאW

B = 2 ( 3 x 10 K ) = 60 KHz.

JאאW

B = 2 (∆F + fm(max))

B = 2 (10 K + 10 K ) = 40 kHz

אאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאK

- ٦٧ -

٣ J٢ J٦אאאא

Average Power of an Angle – Modulated Wave אאאאאאאאא

אAM،אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאFאאאE

(3-28)R

אאא nt PPPPPP ....3210 (3-29)

t 2....

20 (3-30)

W PtWאאאא P0Wאאא P1Wאאאא P2Wאאאא P3Wאאאא PnWאnאא

E0 = J0 EcWאאא V1= J1 EcWאאא Vn = Jn EcWאאnK

J0, J1 , ……… Jnאאאאא٣ J١אKא2אא(5-30)א

אאfcאfcK

- ٦٨ -

٣ J٦ JאאאFMאאא٣ J٥Fאא

אRL = 50 OhmsKE

JאאאאאאאאK

אא Ec =10V , m=1, n=3

Jאאאא(3-28)

WPC 1)50(2

–אא(3-30)אאאאW ١ J E0 = J0 Ec= 7.7VJo٣ J١K

٢ JV1= J1 Ec=0.2 V

V2= J2 Ec = 1.1 V V3= J3 Ec=4.4V

FJ1=0.44 , J2=0.11, J3=0.02E٣ J١

٣ Jא(3-30)אאאW

Pt = 1.0051 W

אאאאאKאאאאK

- ٦٩ -

٣ J٣אא Angle Modulated Transmitters

KאFM א٣ J٣אאאאאאFMK

אאאאאאאאאאא

1 (3-31)

א،אאW

(3-32)

fאא∆CאאאאKא L אFHE

٣א J٣אFMK

KאPMK

א٣ J٤אאאאאאPMK אא،אא

Kאאא

- ٧٠ -

٣א J٤אPM

Angle Modulated Receivers ٣ J٤אא

אאאא،אאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאK

אאאW

Jאאאאא Slop detection circuit

א٣ J٥אאאא،אאא

אא٣א J٥،אא

אKאאאאאאfo

אאאאאאאK

- ٧١ -

٣א J٥אאאאא אאאאאf±אאאאאאא

V±א٣ J٥K

אאא،אאאא

אאאאאאK

אאאאאאא

אאאאאK

Jאאאאאא

Peak-Differential detection circuit

א٣ J٦אאאאאאאאK

אא٣ J٦אאF١Eא

- ٧٢ -

٣א J٦אאאאאאאא

אאQ2אא C1, C2, L1אf1،

אאאאQ1f2٣ J٦K

אאאאאfcאאאא

אאאאאQ2, Q1

אאFאEאאK

אאQ4, Q3אאאאא

אאQ3 Q4אC3C4אKאאא

אאאאא،אאאQ6, Q5 א

אF١EF٣EאאאאQ6

F٤Eאאאא،אK

- ٧٣ -

אאאאא،

אאאאאאאK

JאאאRatio detection circuit

א٣ J٧אאא،א

L1 אאא(C) K

אאאאא٣ J٧Kאא

אאאK

אאא٣ J٧אC3אאא

אאאאK

٣א J٧אאאא

- ٧٤ -

אFM5kHzאא10vאK W

אאא . أ 2Vאאאאא . ب

אPM2 radאאא5VאK W

אאא . أ Kא2vאאאאא . ب

אאאאFMKKKKKKKKKא Vm(t) =10 sin 2 2000t

Kאאאא .أ א .ب

Kאאאאאא .ج אאא

אאאאPM Kp= 1.5 א Vm(t) = 2 sin (2 2000t)

W Kאאאא . أ Kאאאאא . ب

- ٧٥ -

אאm=2FM،אVm(t) = Vm sin 22000t،אא) Vc(t) = 8 sin (2 800Kt

Kאאא -أ K -ب

Kאאאאא -ج

Kאא -د

Jאאאאא2.5אK

-٧٦-

١٣٦ א אאא אא א אFE

-٧٦-

אאאWאא Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

אאW ١KאK ٢KאK

٣KאאK ٤KאאK ٥KאאאK

אאאW

١- ٤K

٤ J٢אאFDMK ٤ J٣אאאK ٤٣אאאK

אאאW٤

-٧٧-

١-٤Introduction

אאאאאאאאFאאא

KEאW ١ JאאFDMאאאאאK ٢ Jאא TDMאאאא

אK א אאאאא

א א Kא א א א Kאאאאא

٤ J٢אאFDM

אאאאאאאאאKאאא אא

אאאאאFאאfgEאאא אא א א א K

אF٤ J١ Eאאא אאאא א א אKא٤א J٢אאK

٤א J١אאאא

-٧٨-

٤א J٢אא

אאאאFאאEאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאK٤א J٣אאאאK

٤א J٣אא

-٧٩-

٤ J١ א٤ J٤אאאאא

٤א J٤אאא

١ J אא fm1=1 KHz fc1= 100KHzK

٢ J אא fm2=2 KHz fc2= 200KHzK

٣ J אא fm3=3 KHz fc3= 300KHzK

٤ J אW

J אאאאאאK

J אאאK

J אאאאא(fg1)אאאאא(fg2)

J אאBWTK

-٨٠-

א J אאאFאא

J אאW

BW1=(101-99) K= 2 KHz אאW

BW2=(202-198) K= 4 KHz אאW

BW1=(303-297) K= 6 KHz J אאאאא(fg1)W

97 KHzfg1=(198-101) K= אאאאא(fg2)W

95 KHzfg2=(297-202) K= J אאWאא

BWT=(303-99) K = 204 KHz אאWאא

BWT =BW1+BW2+BW3+ fg1+ fg2 = (2+4+6+97+95) K = 204 KHz

٤ J٣אאאTelephone-Channel Multiplexing א א א אא א א

א،אאאאאאKא٤ J٥אא

אאאאאאWאא،אא،אאK

-٨١-

٤א J٥אאאאאאK

אאBasic Group

אאאאאאאא،٤א

٤ J٦K

٤א J٦אא

אאאאא٦٠١٠٨א١٢אאא١٤٨١٩٦א٤ J٧K

٤א J٧אא١٢אK

אאSuper Group

אאא٦٠،א٣١٢٥٥٢Kאאאאא

אא٤ J٨K

-٨٢-

٤א J٨אאא٦٠K

אאMaster Group

א٦٠٠אF١٠EKU600 L600 א٤ J٩K

٤א Jא٩אא٦٠٠K

א א אא א א א א א F ٦٠٠א KE א L3 TH

١٨٦٠אKאL4٣٦٠٠K

-٨٣-

אא אאאאא؟

אא؟

אא אאאא؟

אאא

FאאfgE؟אא

אא אאאא؟אא؟

אא ٤ J١אאאאאW

١ J אא fm1=5 KHz fc1= 150KHzK

٢ J אא fm2=20 KHz fc2= 400KHzK

٣ J אא fm3=30 KHz fc3= 500KHzK

١٣٦ א אא א אFE

-٧٦-

Wayane Tomasi `` Electronic communication systems fundamental through advanced `` . Schaum’s outlines `` Analog and digital communications`` McGraw Hill (1993). Horld B. Killen `` Communication techniques`` Macmilan publishing company New York (1985). Louis E. Frenzel `` Communication electronics principles and applications`` McGraw Hill 3 rd edition (2000). Gary M. Miller`` Modern electronic communications`` Prentice Hall International Inc (1996). Dornhofer G. and Nies A. ``STE 6.1.6 High frequency circuits using plug in system electrical engineering and electronics`` Lybold Didactic GMBH (1990). Lathi B.P. `` Modern digital communication systems`` second edition, Rinehart and Winston Inc., Orlando 32887 (1989). The translated copy by. Dr. Ibrahim El khadi, Dr. Abdelaziz El rouisi amd Dr. Adel Ali `` King Saoud University``. Saad Ali El Haj Bakri and Mohamad abderhman El harbi`` Intoduction to communication`` King Saoud university (1988).

١٣٦ א א א אFE

אאWאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ ١-١ ...................................................................................................... ٢

١-٢אא ................................................................................. ٣

٣-١א٥ ................................................................................ א

١ J٤אאא( CB )KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٩ ١-٥אא ........................................................................ ١٠

٦-١ א ......................................................................................... ١٠

١-٧אא ........................................................................................ ١٠

٨-١ אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٥ ١ J٩אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٦ ١ J١٠אאא ... ..............................................................١٩

...................................................................................................... ١٨

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢١אWאא ١-٢ .................................................................................................. ٢٢

٢-٢א ..................................................................................... ٢٢

٢-٣אאאא ............................................................ ٢٤

٢-٤אאא٢٧ ............................................................ א

٢-٥AM .................................................................................. ٣٠

٦-٢אא ......................................................................... ٣٤

٧-٢א ......................................................................... ٣٨

١٣٦ א א א אFE

٨-٢אאא٣٩ ..................................................................... א

٢-٩אא .................................................................................... ٤١

١٠-٢א .................................................................................... ٤٥

١١-٢אאא ............................................................. ٥٠

١٢-٢א ....................................................................................... ٤٥

١٣-٢א ............................................................................... ٥٤

١٤-٢ אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٧

...................................................................................................... ٥٣

אאWאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٧١ ٣ J١ ................................................................................................ ٧٢

٣-٢אא .......................................................................................... ٧٢

٣-٣ אאאא( Narrow Band FM )KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٨٥ ٣-4אא .................................................................................. ٨٦

٥-٣אא ................................................................................ ٨٧

٦-٣ א AM א FM ............................... .......... .92

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٩٤

אאאWKאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٩٦ ٤ J١ ............................................................................................... ٩٧

٤-٢א٩٧ ................................................................................... א

٤-٣אאא ................................................................................ ١٠٠

.................................................................................................... ١٠٣

אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK א אא

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