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Kd;Diu
,e;jpa tuyhwhdJ jkpofj;jpy; ,Ue;Jjhd; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; thjpLfpd;wdu;. rq;ffhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu
jkpou;fSk; jkpo;nkhopAk; ,Ue;jJf;fhd Mjhuq;fs; mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy;
fpilf;fpd;w mjuq;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. NkYk; jkpou;fs; mtu;jk; tuyhW fp.K.
%d;whk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kw;gl;ljhfNt ,Uf;Fk; vd mz;ikapy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;LtUk; fPob mfo;thuha;r;rp mwpjpapl;L $WfpwJ.
rq;ffhy kf;fs; mtu;jk; murpaYk; nghUshjhuKk;> ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpAk;
mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; gpwg;gFjpapy; tho;e;Njhu;f;F XU kpfg;ngupa vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
tpsf;fpaJ. rq;f fhy ,yf;fpaq;fSk; mjd; gpwF Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpaq;fSk; fiy
kw;Wk; fl;blf;fiy tsu;r;rpAk; fpilf;fg;ngw;w fy;ntl;L kw;Wk; GijnghUs;
Mjhuq;fSk; goe;jkpou;fspd; gz;ghz;bid ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. mNj rkaj;jpy;
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l gz;ghl;L fyg;GfSk; mjdhy; Vw;gl;l fyhr;rhu
khw;wq;fSk; ,ilf;fhy jkpou;fspd; tho;tpy; kpfg;ngupa khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUifiaj; njhlu;e;J jkpofj;jpy; Vw;gl;l fhydpahjpf;fk;
mjw;F vjpuhf vOe;j vOr;rpg;Nghuhl;lk; ,e;jpahtpNy jkpofj;jpy;jhd; Kjypy;
Vw;gl;lJ vdyhk;. NkYk; Mq;fpNyau; fy;tpdhy; Vw;gl;l jhf;fk; mtu;fSf;F
vjpuhfNt vOe;j Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jkpou;fs; Mw;wpag;gq;F etPd jkpou;
tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;.
,j;jifa rpwg;gpay;Gfis ikakhff;nfhz;L ,e;j E}yhdJ vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;j E}y; gjpdhd;F mj;jpahaq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;jpahaq;fspd;
njhlf;fj;jpYs;s Kd;Diu kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs; khztHfSf;F mwpKfj;ij
toq;FfpwJ. ghlj;ij ed;F Gupe;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F trjpahf mj;jpahaj;jpw;Fs;
~cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; rupghHf;fTk;| vd;w jiyg;gpy; tpdhf;fSk; cupag;gjpy;fSk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; gapw;rpf; Nfs;tpfs; mj;jpahj;jpy; ,Wjpapy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s
ghlk; njhlHghd gy E}y; gl;bay;> ,e;jg; ghlj;ijj; jhz;b NkYk; gapyNtz;Lk;
vd;W epidg;NghUf;Fr; rpwe;j topfhl;bahf cs;sJ.
nnghUslf;fk;
myF - 1 jkpof tuyhw;W Ma;Tf;fhd Mjhuq;fs;- rq;f fhyk;
ghl mikg;G
1.1. Kd;Diu
1.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
1.3. tuyhW
1.3.1. jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
1.4. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;
1.4.1. ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;
1.4.1.1. njhy;fhg;gpak;
1.4.1.2. vl;Lj;njhif
1.4.1.3. gjpw;Wg;gj;J
1.4.1.4. gj;Jg;ghl;L
1.4.1.5. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F
1.4.1.6. fhg;gpaq;fs;
1.4.2. fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs;
1.4.3. njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfs;
1.4.4. ehzar; rhd;Wfs;
1.5. rq;f fhyk;
1.5.1. Kr;rq;f kuG
1.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
1.7. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
1.8.$Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
myF - 2
rq;ffhy r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epiy- rkak;
ghl mikg;G
2.1. Kd;Diu
2.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
2.3. Kd; Njitfs;
2.3.1. ehfupfk;> gz;ghL
2.4. nghUshjhu epiy
2.4.1.tptrhak;
2.4.1.1. tptrhaj; njhopy;
2.4.1.2. epyj;jpw;Nfw;w njhopy;fs;
2.4.1.3. nerTj; njhopy;
2.4.1.4. gpw njhopy;fs;
2.5. cs;ehl;L thzpfk; tu;j;jfk;
2.5.1. tu;j;jf tpupthf;fk;
2.5.2. ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G
2.6. JiwKfq;fs;
2.6.1. Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp
2.6.2. ntspehl;bdu; tUif
2.6.3. jkpo;ehLk; Nuhkg; NguuRk;
2.6.4. tuTk; nryTk;
2.7. rq;ffhy rKjhak;
2.7.1.jpiz kf;fs; tho;f;if
2.7.1.1. FwpQ;rp kf;fs; tho;f;if
2.7.1.2. Ky;iy kf;fs; tho;f;if
2.7.1.3. kUj kf;fs; tho;f;if
2.7.1.4. nea;jy; kf;fs; tho;f;if
2.7.1.5. ghiy kf;fs; tho;f;if
2.7.2. rkepiyr; rKjhak;
2.8. FLk;g tho;f;if
2.8.1. kz tho;f;if
2.8.2. kzKiw
2.9.kfspu; epiy
2.9.1. moF kfspu;
2.9.2. guj;ijau;
2.10. tpohf;fs;
2.11. cil myq;fhuk;
2.12. rq;ffhy rhjpKiw
2.13. rq;ffhy rkak;
2.13.1. itjPf rkak;
2.13.2. Gj;j rkak;
2.13.3. rkz rkak;
2.13.3.1. rkzu;fspd; ,yf;fpag;gzp
2.13.4. ,Urkaq;fspd; jhf;fk;
2.14. rq;f fhyj;jpd; tPo;r;rp
2.15. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
2.16. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
2.17. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
mmyF – 3 fsg;gpuu;fs;-Muk;gfhy ghz;bau;fs;
ghl mikg;G
3.1. Kd;Diu
3.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
3.3. fsg;gpuu;
3.3.1. fhy tud;Kiw
3.3.2. Kj;jiuau;fs;
3.3.3. nfhs;iff; $l;lj;jhu;
3.3.4. fq;fu;fs;
3.3.5. Fwtu;fs;
3.3.6. fu;ehlfj;jtu;
3.4. fsg;gpuu; Ml;rp
3.4.1. mr;Rjtpf;fpukd;
3.4.1.1. Gj;jkjg; Gutyu;
3.4.1.2. rkz kjj;jpd; nry;thf;F
3.5. fsg;gpuu; fhy tho;tpay;
3.5.1. murpay; epiy
3.5.2. nghUshjhu epiy
3.5.3. rKjha epiy
3.5.4. rka epiy
3.5.5. fy;tp epiy
3.5.6. nkhop epiy
3.5.7. ,yf;fpak;
3.6. gpwnkhop ,yf;fpak;
3.6.1. rpj;ju;fs;
3.7. fsg;gpuu; tPo;r;rp
3.7.1. fsg;gpuu; fhyk; ,Uz;l fhykh?
3.8. Kw;fhyj;jpa ghz;bau;fs;
3.9. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;
3.9.1. fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs;
3.9.2. nrg;Ngl;Lr; rhd;Wfs;
3.9.3. ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;
3.9.4. cj;Njr fhytiuaiw
3.10. ghz;bag; Nguuru;fs;> (575-920)
3.10.1. fLq;Nfhd;> (575-600)
3.10.2. khwtu;kd; mtdp R+shkzp> (600-645)
3.10.3. nropad; Nre;jd;> (645-670)
3.10.4. mupNfrup guhq;Frd; khwtu;kd;> (670-710)
3.10.4.1. NrhoUld; kzTwT
3.10.4.2. rkag; nghiwapd;ik
3.10.5. Nfhr;rilad; uzjPud;> (710-740)
3.10.6. Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; uh[rpk;kd;> (740-765)
3.10.6.1. NguuRg; ngUf;fk;
3.10.6.2. rhSf;fpaUld; kzTwT
3.10.6.3. ngz;zhflg; Nghu;
3.10.6.4. NguuR tpupthf;fk;
3.10.6.5. Nte;ju; ts;sy;
3.10.6.6. Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgL
3.10.7. ];uPkhw ];uPty;ygd;> (815-860)
3.10.7.1. ,yq;ifg; Nghu;
3.10.7.2. njs;shw;Wg; Nghu;
3.10.8. ,uz;lhk; tuFzd;> (860-880)
3.10.8.1. ];uPGwk;gpag; Nghu;
3.10.8.2. Nghupd; tpisTfs;
3.10.9. guhe;jf tPuehuhazd;> (880-900)
3.10.10. ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpk;kd;> (900-920)
3.11. ghz;bau; tho;tpay;
3.11.1. murpay; epiy
3.11.2. ,uhZt ty;yhl;rp
3.11.3. cs;shl;rp
3.11.4. nghUshjhu epiy
3.11.5. tu;j;jfr; rpwg;G
3.11.6. rKjha epiy
3.11.7. rKjhaj; jhf;fk;
3.11.8. rka epiy
3.11.9. ghz;bau; gz;ghL
3.11.10. fy;tp epiy
3.11.11. fl;blf;fiy
3.11.12. rpw;gk;> Xtpak;> eldk;
3.11.13. rkzr; rpw;gq;fs;
3.12. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
3.13. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
3.14. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
mmyF – 4 Nrhog; NguuR-Kjyhk; ,uh[huh[h- Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu-rhjidfs;
ghl mikg;G
4.1. Kd;Diu
4.2.Nehf;fq;fs;
4.3.,uh[uh[d;
4.3.1. Gfo; ngw;w Nghu;fs;
4.3.2. fhe;jShu;rhiyg; Nghu;
4.3.3. ghz;baUld; Nghu;
4.3.4. kiyehl;Lg; gilnaLg;G
4.3.5. ,yq;ifg; gilnaLg;G
4.3.6. rhSf;fpag; Nghu;
4.3.7. khyj;jPTfs; gilnaLg;G
4.3.8. ,uh[uh[dpd; Ml;rpf;fhy rhjidfs;
4.4. ,uhN[e;jpud;
4.4.1.Gfo; ngw;w Nghu;fs;
4.4.1.1. ,yq;ifg; gilnaLg;G
4.4.1.2. ghz;baUld; Nghu;
4.4.1.3. NruUld; Nghu;
4.4.1.4. rhSf;fpag; Nghu;fs;
4.4.1.5. fq;if gilnaLg;G
4.4.1.6. flhuk; gilnaLg;G
4.4.1.7. gpw gilnaLg;Gfs;
4.4.2. Ml;rpf;fhy rhjidfs;
4.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
4.6. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
4.7. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
mmyF – 5 epu;thf tsu;r;rp-fiy kw;Wk; fl;blf;fiy- rhSf;fpa Nrhou;fs; Kjyhk;
FNyhj;Jq;fd;-%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;- rhjidfs;-,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp
ghl mikg;G
5.1. Kd;Diu
5.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
5.3. murhq;f mikg;G
5.3.1. mur FLk;gk;
5.3.2. mikr;ruit
5.3.3. mjpfhutu;f;fk;
5.3.4. khepy epu;thfk;
5.3.5. kz;ly epu;thfpfs;
5.3.6. cs;shl;rp epu;thfk;
5.3.7. efuhl;rp epu;thfk;
5.3.8. fpuhk epu;thfk;
5.3.9. fpuhk rig
5.3.10. thupa Kiw
5.3.11. FlXiy Kiw
5.3.12. ePjp epu;thfk;
5.3.13. Kbahl;rpapy; kf;fshl;rp
5.3.14.nghUshjhu epiy
5.3.14.1. tptrhak;
5.3.14.2. njhopy;
5.3.14.3. tzpfk; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk;
5.3.15. murhq;f tUkhdk;
5.4. fiy-fl;llf; fiy tsu;r;rp
5.4.1. Nfhapy;fs;
5.4.2. jQ;irg; ngUTilahu; Nfhapy;
5.4.3. fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuf; Nfhapy;
5.4.4. gpw Nfhapy;fs;
5.5. rpw;gf;fiy
5.5.1. Xtpaf;fiy
5.5.2. ehlff; fiy
5.5.3. ehl;baf;fiy
5.5.4. ,irf;fiy
5.5.5. mwptpay; epiy
5.6. rhSf;fpa Nrhou;fs;
5.6.1. Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;
5.6.2. Nkiyr; rhSf;fpaUld; Nkhjy;
5.6.3. ghz;bau; gpur;rid
5.6.4. Nruu; rthy;
5.6.5. fypq;fr;rpf;fy;
5.6.6. ntspehl;L cwT
5.6.7. FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; rhjidfs;
5.6.8. filrp fhyk;
5.7. tpf;fpuk Nrhod;
5.8. %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;
5.8.1. ,yq;if vjpu;g;G
5.8.2. ghz;bau; vjpu;g;G
5.8.3. vOr;rpAk; tPo;r;rpAk;
5.9. ,yf;fpak; tsu;r;rp
5.10. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
5.11. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
5.12. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
mmyF – 6 gpw;fhyg; ghz;ba NguuR
ghl mikg;G
6.1. Kd;Diu
6.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
6.3. Kjyhk; Re;jughz;bad;
6.3.1. xa;rhsu; vjpu;g;G
6.4. ,uz;lhk; Re;jughz;bad;
6.5. Kjyhk; rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;
6.6. khwtu;kd; FyNrfu ghz;bad;> 1268-1310
6.7. ghz;bau; fhy tho;tpay;
6.7.1. nghUshjhu epiy
6.7.2. rKjha epiy
6.7.3. tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
6.8. gazpfspd; ghu;itapy; ghz;ba ehL
6.9. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
6.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
6.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
myF – 7 jkpo;ehl;by; K];ypk; gilnaLg;Gfs;
ghl mikg;G
7.1. Kd;Diu
7.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
7.3. khypf;fhG+u; gilnaLg;G
7.4. KfkJ Jf;sf; gilnaLg;G
7.4.1.,izg;Gf; nfhs;if
7.4.2. tpisTfs;
7.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
7.6. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
7.7. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
mmyF – 8 kJiu Ry;jhd;fs;- r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epiy
ghl mikg;G
8.1. Kd;Diu
8.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
8.3. [yhYjPd; mrd; \h
8.4. fpahRjPd; jhkd; \h
8.5. erPUjPd; KfkJ
8.6. Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; rPuopT
8.7. kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rpAk; tpisTk;
8.8. r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epiy
8.9. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
8.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
8.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
myF - 9
kJiu ehaf;fu;fs;
ghl mikg;G
9.1. Kd;Diu
9.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
9.3. ehfk ehaf;fu;
9.4. tpRtehj ehaf;fu;
9.4.1. ghz;bau; fpsu;r;rp
9.4.2. kJiu ehaf;fk;
9.5. Fkhu fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;> 1563-1573
9.5.1. ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rp
9.5.2. ,yq;ifg; gilnaLg;G
9.6. tPug;g ehaf;fu;
9.6.1.kJiu kp\d;
9.6.2. rkag;gzp
9.7. ,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
9.8. %d;whk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
9.8.1. ,uhgu;l; nehgpyp
9.8.2. fy;tpr; rpwg;G
9.9. ,uz;lhk; tPug;g ehaf;fu;
9.10. jpUkiy ehaf;fu;
9.10.1. ,uhkehjGug; gpuptpid
9.10.2. %f;fWg;Gg; Nghu;
9.11. nrhf;fehj ehaf;fu;
9.12. Kj;J tPug;g ehaf;fu;
9.13. ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;
9.13.1. Mf;fg;gzpfs; kf;fs; eyj;jpl;lq;fs;
9.14. tp[auq;f nrhf;fehju;
9.15. ,uhzp kPdhl;rp
9.16. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
9.17. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
mmyF - 10
nrQ;rp> jQ;ir ehaf;fu;fs;- ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; epu;thfk;
ghl mikg;G
10.1. Kd;Diu
10.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
10.3. nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fs;
10.3.1. itag;g ehaf;fu;
10.3.2. kfh ehaf;fu;
10.3.3. Jghfp fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
10.3.4. R+ug;g ehaf;fu;
10.3.5. Kjyhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
10.3.6. ,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
10.3.6.1.cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu;
10.4. nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fspd; tPo;r;rp
10.4.1. tPo;r;rpapd; tpisT
10.5. jQ;ir ehaf;fu;fs;
10.6. nrtg;g ehaf;fu;
10.7. mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fu;
10.8. ,uFehj ehaf;fu;
10.9. tp[auhft ehaf;fu;
10.10. jQ;irapd; tPo;r;rp
10.11. ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; epu;thfk;
10.12. ghisaf;fhuu;
10.12.1. ghisaf;fhuu; Ml;rp Kiw
10.12.2. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ghisaf;fhuu;fs;
10.12.3. Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfspd; fPo; ghisaf;fhuu;fs;
10.13. Nghuhsp G+ypj;Njtd;
10.13.1. Mq;fpNyaupd; vjpu;j;jpl;lk;
10.14. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
10.15. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
10.16. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
myF – 11 INuhg;gpa nry;thf;fpd; Muk;gk; - Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;- lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; -
Nldpau;fs; - Mq;fpNyau; - gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; - Mq;fpNyh - gpuQ;R Nghl;b
- Mq;fpNyh ikR+u; Nghu;fs;.
ghl mikg;G
11.1. Kd;Diu
11.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
11.3. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;
11.3.1. tu;j;jf tpupthf;fk;
11.3.2. Gdpj jhk];
11.4. lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;
11.4.1. tu;j;jf ty;Yeu;fs;
11.5. Nldpau;fs;
11.5.1.fy;tpg; gzp
11.5.2. rKjhag;gzp
11.6. Mq;fpNyau;fs;
11.7. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs;
11.8. Mq;fpNyh- ikR+u; Nghu;fs;
11.8.1. Kjy; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1767-1769
11.8.2. Nghupd; Nghf;F
11.8.2.1. fu;ehlfg; gilnaLg;G
11.8.2.2. mikjp cld;gbf;if
11.8.2.3. cld;gbf;if tpjpfs;
11.8.2.4. Njhy;tpf;fhud fhuzq;fs;
11.8.3. ,uz;lhk; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1780-1784
11.8.3.1. Nghupd; Nghf;F
11.8.3.2. kq;fShu; cld;gbf;if
11.8.3.2.1. kq;fShu; cld;gbf;if tpisTfs;
11.8.4. %d;whk; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1790-1792
11.8.4.1. Nghupd; Nghf;F
11.8.4.2. Kjy; fl;lg; Nghu;
11.8.4.3. ,uz;lhk; fl;lg; Nghu;
11.8.4.4. %d;whk; fl;lg; Nghu;
11.8.4.4.1. ];uPuq;fg;gl;ldk; cld;gbf;if
11.8.4.4.2. tpisTfs;
11.8.5. ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1799
11.8.5.1.Nghupd; Nghf;F
11.8.5.2. tpisTfs;
11.9. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
11.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
11.12. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
mmyF – 12 ethGfspd; epu;thfk;- fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp- ghisaf;fhuu;
fpsu;r;rp: tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;-njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp- fpsu;r;rpf;fhd
fhuzq;fs;- fpsu;r;rpapd; Nghf;F- fpsu;r;rpapd; tPo;r;rp- NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp
ghl mikg;G
12.1. Kd;Diu
12.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
12.3. Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs;
12.4. nethaj;J ethGfs;
12.5. thyh[h ethGfs; (Wallajahs)
12.5.1. md;tUjPd;fhd;
12.5.2. KfkJ myp
12.6. ethGfspd; epu;thfk;
12.6.1. ethgp murhq;fk;
12.6.2. epjp epu;thfk;
12.7. fhd;rhfpG
12.8. fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp
12.9.ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rp
12.9.1. tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;
12.9.1.1. ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp ghisaf;fhuu;
12.9.1.2. fl;lnghk;kDk; [hf;rDk;
12.9.2. Cikj;Jiu
12.9.2.1. fhisahu;Nfhtpy; fpsu;r;rp
12.9.3. NtY ehr;rpahu;
12.9.4. khtPud; jPud; rpd;d kiy
12.9.5. Rtu;dfpup tPud; Re;juypq;fk;
12.9.6. khkd;du; kUJghz;bad;
12.10. njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp
12.10.1.fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
12.10.2. fpsu;r;rpapd; Nghf;F
12.10.3. fpsu;r;rpapd; tPo;r;rp
12.10.3.1. tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
12.11. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp> 1806
12.11.1. fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
12.11.2. fpsu;r;rpapd; Nghf;F
12.11.3. Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
12.11.4. tpisTfs;
12.12. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
12.13. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
12.14. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
mmyF - 13
gpupl;b\; epu;thfk; - Mq;fpyf; fy;tp mwpKfk; - jkpo; tsu;r;rp - murpay;
fl;rpfspd; vOr;rp - ePjpf;fl;rpapd; vOr;rp kw;Wk; Njhy;tp - Rakupahij
,af;fk;
ghl mikg;G
13.1. Kd;Diu
13.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
13.3. Mq;fpNyau; epu;thfk;
13.3.1. khepy epu;thfk;
13.3.2. khtl;l epu;thfk;
13.3.3. fpuhk epu;thfk;
13.3.4. ePjp kd;w epu;thfk;
13.3.5. fhty;Jiw epu;thfk;
13.3.6. rpiwr;rhiy epu;thfk;
13.4. Mq;fpyf; fy;tp mwpKfk;
13.4.1. nkf;fhNy jPu;T
13.4.2. jhk;rhd; jpl;lk;
13.4.3. ];lhd;ypapd; fy;tpf; Fwpg;G
13.4.4. cl;bd; fy;tpj; jpl;lk;> 1854
13.4.5. fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jk;
13.4.6. kd;Nwhtpd; fy;tpf; nfhs;if
13.5. jkpo; tsu;r;rp
13.6. murpay; fl;rpfspd; vOr;rp
13.6.1. ePjpf;fl;rp
13.6.2. Rauh[;af; fl;rp
13.6.3. Mjpjpuhtplu; [drig
13.6.4. nrd;id gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; rq;fk;
13.6.5. nrd;id jpuhtplu; rq;f
13.6.6. Nju;jy; jpUg;GKid
13.7. ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Njhw;wk;
13.7.1. gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; gpufldk;
13.7.2. ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp> 1920-1937
13.7.3. rl;lr; rhjidfs;
13.7.4.Ml;rpapd; tPo;r;rp
13.7.5. ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rhjidfs;
13.8. Rakupahij ,af;fk;
13.8.1. ngupahu; <.nt. ,uhkrhkp (1879-1973)
13.8.2. ,af;fj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
13.8.3. Rakupahij ,af;fj;jpd; rhjidfs;
13.9.cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
13.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
13.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
mmyF - 14
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jkpofj;jpd; gq;F - Muk;g fl;lk; - t.c.rp. -
Rg;ukzpa ghujp-thQ;rpehjd;-Rg;ukzpa rpth-gpw;fhyfl;lk;-,uh[h[p-
rj;jpa%u;j;jp-fhkuh[;
ghl mikg;G
14.1. Kd;Diu
14.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
14.3. jkpo;ehLk; Jtf;f fhy fhq;fpuRk;
14.4. thQ;rpehjd;
14.5. ghujpahu;
14.6. t.c.rpjk;guk;
14.7. Rg;gpukzpa rpth
14.8. ,uh[h[p
14.8.1. efu;kd;w rhjidfs;
14.8.2. tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;G
14.8.3.rl;lr; rhjidfs;
14.8.4. ,e;jp vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lk;
14.9. v];. rj;jpa%u;j;jp
14.10. F.fhkuhru;
14.11. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
14.12. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
14.13. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;.
myF - 1
jkpof tuyhw;W Ma;Tf;fhd Mjhuq;fs;- rq;f fhyk;
ghl mikg;G
1.1. Kd;Diu
1.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
1.3. tuyhW
1.3.1. jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
1.4. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;
1.4.1. ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;
1.4.1.1. njhy;fhg;gpak;
1.4.1.2. vl;Lj;njhif
1.4.1.3. gjpw;Wg;gj;J
1.4.1.4. gj;Jg;ghl;L
1.4.1.5. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F
1.4.1.6. fhg;gpaq;fs;
1.4.2. fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs;
1.4.3. njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfs;
1.4.4. ehzar; rhd;Wfs;
1.5. rq;f fhyk;
1.5.1. Kr;rq;f kuG
1.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
1.7. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
1.8.$Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
1.1. Kd;Diu
jkpof tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;s gy tifahd Mjhuq;fs;
cs;sd mit vd;d vd;d vd;gij mwpe;J mwpit tpupT nra;a
,e;j mj;jpahak; cjTfpwJ. NkYk; rq;ffhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l
,yf;fpa Mjhuq;fs; %yk; mf;fhyk; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;s ,e;j
mj;jpahak; cjTfpwJ.
2
1.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
ePq;fs; ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapd;w gpd;du; fPo; fz;ltw;iw mwpa
KbAk;
• xU tuyhw;iw vt;thW fl;likg;gJ vd;gij
tptupf;fpwJ.
• jkpof tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTk; Mjhuq;fis gw;wp
njupa cjTfpwJ.
• rq;ffhyj;ij gw;wp Ma;thsu;fspd; epiyg;ghL vd;d
vd;gij mwpa cjTfpwJ.
1.3. tuyhW
tuyhW (History) vd;gJ jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j> epidT
$wj;jf;f kdpju;fs;> kdpj epfo;Tfs;> ,af;fq;fs; gw;wpaJ. ,J
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fle;j fhykhFk;. tuyhW Iaj;Jf;F ,lkpd;wp>
xg;gpl;L> rupghu;j;J> cWjp nra;ag;glj;jf;f Mtz Mjhuq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; vOjg;gLtjhFk;. mjhtJ> tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisf;
nfhz;L fle;j fhyj;ij kWcUthf;fp> tiuaWj;J> KOikahd
tpsf;fk; mspg;gJ tuyhW MFk;. tuyhw;W tiutpay;
(Historiography) vd;gJ tuyhw;whsu; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jiyg;G>
Mjhuq;fisf; ifahSk; ghq;F> mZFKiw> jPu;Tfhz tpioAk;
gpur;ridfs;> tpsf;fk;> fUj;jpay;> Nfhl;ghL> gug;ngy;iy>
gad;ghL Nghd;wit Fwpj;jJ.
1.3.1. jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW njhd;ikahdJ; ghuk;gupakpf;fJ;
jdpj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ; ghuhl;Lf;FupaJ. vdpDk;> Kw;fhy
jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;iw vOJtjpy; gy rpf;fy;fs; cs;sd.
Kjyhtjhf> fpilf;ff;$ba tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs; kpfTk; FiwT.
,uz;lhtjhf> Fiwthd Mjhuq;fSk; kpifg;gLj;jpf; $wg;
gl;litahf cs;sd. %d;whtjhf> ,yf;fpa Mjhuq;fs; kl;LNk
gpujhdkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jk;
rkfhyr; rhd;Wfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
1.4. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;
tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; fle;j fhy epfo;TfSf;fhd
rhl;rpaq;fs;; mbr;RtLfs;; milahsq;fs;; %yg; nghUs;fs;.
3
“rKjhaj;jpy; jdpj; jd;ikAila eltbf;iffs; gw;wp kdpjd;
tpl;Lr; nry;Yk; gjpTfNs tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;” vd;W $Wfpwhu; ePyfz;l rh];jpup. ,r;rhd;Wfs; tuyhW rhu;e;jitahfNth>
rhuhjditahfNth ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfNs
ek;gfkhdit. rhd;Wfspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g ,tw;iw njhy;nghUs;
rhu;e;j my;yJ rhuhj vOj;Jr; rhd;Wfs; vd;W gpupf;fyhk;.
nghJthfr; rhd;Wfis 1) Kjy; epiyr; rhd;Wfs; (Primary
Sources); 2) ,uz;lhk; epiyr; rhd;Wfs; (Secondary Resources); 3)
%d;whk; epiyr; rhd;Wfs; (Tertiary Sources) vd;W
tifg;gLj;jyhk;. ,j;jifa tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfNs njhy;nghUs;>
fy;ntl;L> ehza> ,yf;fpa> murhq;f Mtz> Rarupijr;
rhd;WfshFk;. tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;Nl tuyhw;W
cz;ikfs; (Historical Facts) cWjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
1.4.1. ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;
rq;f fhyj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; gad;gLk;
tuyhw;W %yq;fshtd: 1) ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;; 2) fy;ntl;Lfs;>
nrg;NgLfs;; 3) njhy;nghUspay;; 4) fhrpay;; 5) kuGr; nra;jpfs;.
,tw;Ws; rq;f fhyj;ijg; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;s ,yf;fpa
%yq;fNs gpujhd rhd;Wfshf cs;sd. Vnddpy; gpw rhd;Wfs;
midj;Jk; kpff; FiwthfNt fpilj;Js;sd; gy fy;ntl;Lfs;
jkpo;ehl;Lf;F ntspNa cs;sit; ,it rq;f fhyj;ijg; gw;wp
mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; NghJkhdit my;y. ,yf;fpa %yq;fs;
kl;LNk rq;f fhyj;jpd; gy gupkhzq;fisAk; glk;gpbj;Jf;
fhl;Ltdthf cs;sd. gpwr;rhd;Wfs; ,yf;fpaj; jfty;fis
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;glf; $bait.
jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfspy; ,yf;fpak; kl;LNk tPr;rpYk;>
mstpYk;> gadpYk; Kjd;ikahf cs;sJ. jkpoy;yhj ,yf;fpa
%yq;fistpl jkpo; ,yf;fpaNk 'ngUikapYk; gad;ghl;bYk;
rpwe;jJ'.- rq;f ,yf;fpaj;ij 1) njhy;fhg;gpak;; 2) vl;Lj;njhif;
3) gjpw;Wg;gj;J; 4) gj;Jg;ghl;L; 5) gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F; 6)
rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Nghd;w fhg;gpaq;fs; vdg; gpupf;fyhk;.
,itahTk; xU fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;jit Mifahy; ,tw;wpy;
fhzg;gLk; jfty;fs; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;fit.
1.4.1.1. njhy;fhg;gpak;
njhy;fhg;gpak; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; njhd;ikahdJk;> Kjy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJkhd E}yhFk;. ,J xU ,yf;fz E}y;.
,e;E}y; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; vd;w %d;W mjpfhuq;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpaJ. xt;nthU mjpfhuj;Jf;Fk; 9 ,ay;fs; vd;w
Kiwapy; 27 ,ay;fisAk;> 1602 E}w;ghf;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
4
njhy;fhg;gpaj;Jf;F ,sk;G+uzu;> er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau;> Nrdhtiuau;>
fy;yhlu;> nja;tr; rpiyahu; MfpNahu; ciu vOjpAs;sdu;.
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; vOj;jjpfhuj;jpy; 483 E}w;ghf;fs;
cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; vOj;Jf;fspd; tif> ngau;> nkhop Kjy;>
,Wjp vOj;Jf;fs;> ve;j vOj;Jf;FKd; ve;j vOj;J tuNtz;Lk;
Nghd;w tpjpfs; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 463 E}w;ghf;fisf; nfhz;l
nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy; nrhw;fspd; ,yf;fzk; gw;wp tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Mfpa tiffs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mNjNghd;W nrhw;nwhlu;fspd; mikg;Gk;> nrhw;fspd; nghUl;fSk;
,lj;Jf;Nfw;g vt;thW khw;wkilfpd;wd vd;gJk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; 656 E}w;ghf;fs; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sd. ,tw;wpy; mfj;jpizapay;> Gwj;jpizapay;>
fstpay;> fw;gpay;> nghUspay;> nka;g;ghl;bay;> ctikapay;>
nra;Aspay;> kugpay; Mfpa 9 ,ay;fs; mike;Js;sd.
njhy;fhg;gpak; jkpo; ,yf;fzj;ijg; gw;wpf; $WtNjhL jkpou;
tho;tpaiyg; gw;wp tptupg;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. njhy;fhg;gpak;
jkpopd; jdpj;Jtj;ij mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ.
1.4.1.2. vl;Lj;njhif
vl;Lj;njhif ghl;Lj; njhFg;G E}y;. ,j;njhifg; ghly;fs;
gy Gytu;fshy; gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; ghlg;gl;lit. vl;Lj;njhif
E}y;fshtd: 1) ew;wpid rq;f fhyj; jkpou;fspd;
gof;ftof;fq;fs; gw;wpa tuyhw;W tptuq;fs; ,jpy; cs;sd. 2)
FWe;njhif mfg;nghUs; gw;wpa ,e;E}ypy; fhjy;> Mz;ngz;
cwT> fhjy; gpupT> guj;ijau; epiy Nghd;wit gw;wpa jfty;fs;
cs;sd. 3) Iq;FWE}W jpizf;F E}W ghly;fs; tPjk; Ie;J
jpizfSf;Fk; 500 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy>
kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy Mfpa Ie;jpiz kf;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;J
nfhs;s cjtpahf cs;sd. xd;Wgl;lhy; cz;L ,d;gk;> ,dpf;Fk;
kdnky;yhk; ,dpf;Fk; Nghd;w tho;tpay; cz;ikfs; ,tw;wpy;
Gije;J fplf;fpd;wd. 4) mfehD}W 400 ghly;fisf; nfhz;l
,e;E}ypy; jkpoupd; jpUkz Kiw> rq;ffhy kd;du;fs;> atd
ehl;Lld; jkpo;ehl;Lf;F ,Ue;j njhlu;G gw;wpa jfty;fs;
fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd. 5) GwehD}W rq;f fhyj;jpd; Gwg;nghUs;
gw;wp 400 ghly;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; mf;fhy murpay;
fUj;Jf;fs;> tho;f;if newpKiwfs;> kuGfs;> Nghu; Kiwfs;
gw;wpa tptuq;fs; fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd. rq;f fhyj;ijg; gw;wp
mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd mupa tuyhw;W tshfkhf tpsq;FfpwJ
GwehD}W. 6) gjpw;Wg;gj;J ,JTk; Gwg;nghUs; gw;wpajhFk;. Nru
kd;du;fis Kiwahfg; gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;Lk; xNu rq;f E}y;
gjpw;Wg;gj;jhFk;. ,ij XusTf;Ff; fh\;kPu; kd;du;fisg; gw;wpf;
fy;̀ zu; vOjpa uh[juq;fpzpAld; xg;gpl;Lf; $wyhk;. Nru
5
kd;du;fs; jtpu tQ;rp khefupd; rpwg;Gk; ,jpy; tptupf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ. 7) gupghly; 70 ghly;fisf; nfhz;l ,j;njhFg;G
E}ypy; jpUkhy;> KUfd;> fhsp> itia> kJiu gw;wpa tptuq;fs;
cs;sd. ,iw topghl;Lf;F Vw;w tifapy; ghly;fs;
mike;Js;sd. 8) fypj;njhif ,j;njhif E}ypy; Ie;jpizNahL
iff;fpis> ngUe;jpiz> klNyWjy; gw;wpAk; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy;
kfhghuj epfo;TfSk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. gjpw;Wg;gj;J Nru
kd;du;fisg; gw;wp kl;LNk $Wtijg; Nghd;W> fypj;njhif
ghz;ba kd;du;fs; gw;wp kl;LNk Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. NkYk; kdijf;
Fspu;tpf;Fk; gy ctikfs; fypj;njhifapy; rpjwpf;fplf;fpd;wd.
1.4.1.3. gjpw;Wg;gj;J
Kjyhk; gj;jpypUe;J gj;jhk; gj;Jtiu KiwNa Fkl;^u;f;
fz;zdhu;> ghiyf; nfsjkdhu;> fhg;gpahw;Wf; fhg;gpadhu;> guzu;>
fhf;ifg; ghbdpahu;> er;nrs;isahu;> fgpyu;> muprpy;fpohu;>
ngUq;Fd;W}u; fpohu; Mfpa 10 Gytu;fs; ghbAs;sdu;. (gj;jhk;
gj;J ghba Gytu; ngau; njupatpy;iy). ,g;ghly;fSf;Fupa
kd;du;fs;: ,katuk;gd; neLQ;Nruyhjd;> gy;ahidr;
nry;nfOFl;Ltd;> fsq;fha;f;fz;zp> ehu;Kbr;Nruy;>
fly;gpwNfhl;ba nrq;Fl;Ltd;> MLNfhl;ghl;Lr; Nruyhjd;>
nry;tf;fLq;Nfh > thopahjd;> jf^u; vwpe;j ngUQ;Nruy;>
,Uk;nghiw MfpNahu;.
1.4.1.4. gj;Jg;ghl;L
vl;Lj; njhifAk;> gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; Nru;e;J gjpnzd;
Nky;fzf;F vd;W mwpag;gLfpwJ. gj;Jg;ghl;Lf;fs; tUkhW: 1)
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil. ef;fPuu; ,aw;wpa ,e;E}y; 317 mbfisf;
nfhz;lJ. ,J Gytuhw;Wg;gil vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
KUfdpd; mWgil tPLfisg; gw;wp ,e;E}y; tptupf;fpd;wJ. 2)
ngUeu; Mw;Wg;gil. Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahu; vd;w ngz;ghw; Gytu;
ghba ,jpy; guprpy; ngw tpioe;j nghUeid nghUs;
ngWtjw;fhf fupfhy; ngUtsj;jhdplk; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjhf
mike;Js;sJ. 3) rpWghzhw;Wg;gil. ,e;E}ypy; Nru> Nrho>
ghz;ba ehLfspd; jiyefu;fshfpa tQ;rp> ciwA+u;> kJiu
Mfpa efu;fspd; rpwg;Gfs;; M%u;> NtY}u;> khtpyq;if> VO
ts;sy;fspd; nfhilj;jpwk;; tpwypaupd; moF; ghzdpd; tWik
Nghd;w fhl;rpfs; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 4) ngUk;ghzhw;Wg; gil.
,jpy; njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuadplk; ghzd;
Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gLtjhf mike;Js;sJ. Ngupaho; nfhz;l ghzidg;
ghbajhy; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Ie;J
epyq;fspy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; ,ay;G tu;zpf;fg; gLfpwJ. NkYk;
ahopd; ,ay;G> tpUe;Njhk;gy;> NghFkplq;fspd; rpwg;G> mq;F
6
fpilf;Fk; gy;NtW nghUl;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wp Ritahd
jfty;fs; cs;sd. tPuf;Fb kf;fspd; tPuk; ciuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Milapd; Nkd;ik rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. jpUntf;fh jpUkhypd; gs;sp
nfhz;l Njhw;wk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 5) Ky;iyg; ghl;L.
fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;J nghd; tzpfdhu; ek;G+jdhuhy; ghlg;ngw;w
,g;ghl;by; Ky;iyj; jpizf;Fupa Kjw;nghUs;> fUg;nghUs;>
capu;g;nghUs; Mfpait moFw ,izj;Jg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jiytidg; gpupe;J thOk; jiytpapd; epiy rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jpUkhy; mtjhuk; ctikahy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fhu;fhy
tpyq;fpd; epiy tu;zpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 6) kJiuf;fhQ;rp. khq;Fb
kUjdhuhy; ghlg;gl;l ,jpy; kJiu khefupd; rpwg;G tpupthf
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kJiuf; fhQ;rpapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd;
neLQ;nropad;. 7) neLney;thil. ,JTk; ef;fPuuhy;
ghlg;gl;ljhFk;. ghl;Lilj; jiytd; neLQ;nropad; jiytp
ghz;bkhNjtp gpupthw;whikahy; tUe;JtJ Nghd;Wk;> mtUf;F
ey;thu;j;ij $wp mw;Wtpg;gJ Nghd;Wk; ,g;ghly; mike;Js;sJ.
NkYk;> $jpu; fhyj;jpd; nfhLik tu;zpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 8) FwpQ;rpg;
ghl;L. fgpyuhy; ghlg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk; ,g;ghlypy; FwpQ;rp
epyg; ngUik Ngrg;gLfpwJ. fsnthOf;fk; Nfhbl;Lf;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. 9) gl;bdg;ghiy. fbaY}u;
cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhuhy; ghlg;gl;l ,g;ghiyg; ghl;by;
fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpd; tzpfr; rpwg;G rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jiytpapd; gpupthw;whik Ngrg;gLfpwJ. fupfhydpd; tPuk;
vLj;Jiuf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. 10) kiygLflhk;. ,uzpa Kl;lj;Jg;
ngUq;Fd;W}u; ngUq;nfsrpfdhuhy; ghlg;ngw;w ,jpy; kd;dd;
nrq;fz; khj;JNts; ed;dd;Nra; ed;ddpd; ts;sy; Fzk;
cau;j;jpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNjNghd;W ed;dpd; fhl;L tsk;
ctikfNshL tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1.4.1.5. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F
jpUf;Fws;> ehybahu;> ehd;kzpf;fbif> ,d;dh ehw;gJ>
,dpait ehw;gJ> jpupfLfk;> Vyhjp> Mrhuf;Nfhit> KJnkhopf;
fhQ;rp> gonkhop> rpWgQ;r%yk;> Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ> Ie;jpiz
vOgJ> jpiznkhop Ik;gJ> jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ> ife;epiy>
fhu; ehw;gJ> fstop ehw;gJ Mfpa 18 E}y;fSk; gjpndz;
fPo;f;fzf;fhFk;.
1.4.1.6. fhg;gpaq;fs;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
rpyg;gjpfhuKk;> kzpNkfiyAk; ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fshFk;.
rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kg;ngUk; muRfisAk;-Nru> Nrho> ghz;bau;-
Kg;ngUk; efuq;fisAk;-tQ;rp> Gfhu;> kJiu-Kg;ngUk;
7
MWfisAk;-NgupahW> fhtpup> itif-Kg;ngUk; cz;ikfisAk;-
itjpfk;> ngsj;jk;> rkzk;-tpsf;Ftjhy; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kj;jkpo;
fhg;gpak; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpd; %yk; jkpo;
ehl;by; Vw;gl;l murpay;> nghUshjhu> rKjha khw;wq;fisj;
njspthfj; njupe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.
kzpNkfiy
rpyg;gjpfhuj;ijg; Nghd;Nw kzpNkfiyAk; jkpo;ehl;il
fskhff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; njhlu;r;rpNa
,f;fhg;gpakhFk;. ngz;zpd; ngaupy; mike;j ,f;fhg;gpak; ngsj;j
E}y; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. Gfhu;> fhQ;rp> tQ;rp> rhtfk;> Rtu;z
jPtk;> kzp gy;ytk; gw;wpa jfty;fs; gy cs;sd. kdpjdpd;
mbg;gilj; Njitfshd czT> cil> tPL gw;wpg; NgRfpwJ.
kJ> ngha;> guj;jik> nfhiy> fsT Mfpatw;iw mbNahL
xopf;f Ntz;bajd; ,d;wpaikahikia typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.
,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fSk; jkpo;ehL KOtjw;Fk; nghJthd
xOf;fj;ijAk;> gz;ghl;ilAk; kiyiaf; fz;zhbapy; fhl;LtJ
Nghy;' glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
1.4.2. fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs;
nghJthfg; gz;ila tuyhw;iw vOJtjw;Ff; fy;ntl;Lfs;
ek;gj;jf;f rhd;Wfs; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. vOj;Jg; nghwpfs;
epiyahdit> rpwg;ghdit> rupghu;j;J mwpaf;$bait.
1) ,j;jifa fy;ntl;Lfs; jkpo; khtl;lq;fspy; rpy ghiwg;
gLiffspy;> Fiffspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it ,we;Njhupd;
ngau;fisNah> Mf;fpNahupd; ngau;fisNah Fwpg;gpLgtdhf
cs;sd.' ,t;ntOj;Jg; nghwpfs; gpuhkp vOj;jpy; jkpo; nkhopapy;
mike;jit. 2) mNrhfu; fhyj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lfs;. mNrhfuJ
ghiwf; fl;lisf; fy;ntl;L xd;W mtuJ Nguurpd; njd;
vy;iyf;F mg;ghw;gl;l Nrhou;> ghz;bau;> Nruu; Rje;jpu ehLfs;
gw;wpg; gjpT nra;Js;sJ. “njw;fpYs;s ,k;%d;W muRfs; gw;wpAk;
Kjd; Kjy; fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;ff; fhz;gJ mNrhfuJ
fy;ntl;LfNs MFk;”. 3) fhuNtyupd; `upFk;gh fy;ntl;L
tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;JtKilaJ. ,f;fy;ntl;L fypq;fj;ij vjpu;j;j
jkpo;ehl;L muRfspd; $l;likg;G gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
,f;$l;likg;G “fypq;f kd;dupd; kd mikjpiaf; nfLj;J> jkpo;
muRfspd; neLNehf;if ntspg;gLj;jp nghJg;gifia vjpu;f;f
xd;W jpuz;L gpw;fhyj;jpy; gy E}w;whz;LfSf;Fj; jkpofk;
murpay; Rje;jpuj;NjhL tho;e;jikia tpsf;Ffpd;wJ”. 4)
Nts;tpf;Fb rhrdk;. ,r;rhrdj;ij guhe;jf neLQ;rilad;
(fp.gp.765-815) mspj;jhu;. ,jpy; rq;f fhyg; gz;ila kd;duhd
8
gy;ahfrhiy KJFLkpg; ngOtOjp rpy gpuhkzu;fSf;F xU
fpuhkj;ijj; jhdkhf toq;fpajhfTk;> me;j fpuhkj;ij kPz;Lk;
gpuhkzu;fspd; topte;NjhUf;Nf toq;fptpl;ljhfTk; $WfpwJ. 5)
jpUf;NfhtpY}u; fy;ntl;L. ,f;fy;ntl;L rq;fg; Gytuhd fgpyu;
ghupapd; ngz;fisf; NfhtY}u; kd;duhd kiyakhDf;F
kzKbj;jgpd; capu; ePj;jj; jftiyg; gjpT nra;Js;sJ. 6)
rpd;dkD}u;r; nrg;NgLfs; jiyahyq;fhdj;Jg; ghz;bad;
neLQ;nropad; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;lJ. ,f;fy;ntl;LfSk;> nrg;NgLk;
,yf;fpar; rhd;WfSf;F typik Nru;f;f ty;yit.
1.4.3. njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfs;
ghz;br;Nrupf;F mUfpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l njhy;nghUspay;
rhd;Wfs; jkpo; ehl;Lf;Fk; Nuhkhdpag; NguuRf;FkpilNa ,Ue;j
thzpgj; njhlu;ig cWjp nra;fpd;wd. ,q;F fpilf;fg;ngw;w
thzpgf; Nfe;jpuk; Nuhkhdpau; ,q;F je;jpapUe;jijf; fhl;Ltjhf
cs;sJ. ,f;fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gfs; ,uz;L: 1)
rq;f ,yf;fpa fhyj;ij epu;zapf;f cjTfpd;wd; 2)
,t;tpyf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; epfo;Tfisf; fhytud;Kiwg;gLj;jg;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
1.4.4. ehzar; rhd;Wfs;
ehzar; (fhrpay;) rhd;Wfs; kd;du;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyk;
gw;wpa jfty;fisf; nfhLf;ff;$bait. rq;f fhyj; jkpo;ehl;ilg;
gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf kpfr; rpy jhkpuf; fhRfSk;> rJu
nrg;Gf; fhRfSk; fpilj;Js;sd. Mdhy; ,it cUf;Fiye;j
epiyapy; cs;sd. ,f;fhRfspy; fhzg;gLk; cUtq;fs; kpfTk;
kq;fpg; Ngha; cs;sd. njsptpd;wp fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt>
,d;iwa epiyapy; ehzar; rhd;Wfs; rq;f fhyj;ijg; gw;wp
mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; gad;glf;$ba epiyapy; ,y;iy.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l rhd;Wfis itj;J ehk; jkpof tuyhw;iw
mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. rhd;Wfis vt;thW tifg;gLj;jyhk;?
2. vij gw;wp njhy;fhg;gpak; tptupf;fpwJ?
3. kJiuf;fhQ;rp ahuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ?
9
1.5. rq;f fhyk;
rq;fk;
rq;fk; vd;gJ rk];fpUjr; nrhy;. ,r;nrhy;Yf;Fr; $ly;
my;yJ kd;wk; vd;W nghUs;. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rq;fk; vd;w
nrhy;yhl;rpapy;iy. fp.gp.,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jjhff;
fUjg;gLk; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; gy ,lq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
rq;fk; vd;w nrhy; Gj;j rq;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhfNt cs;sJ.' rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpy; GydhTotu;> R+o;GsD}u; $lyhu; Nghd;w nrhw;fNs
gad;gLj;jg; gl;Ls;sd. jkpo;ehl;by; ngsj;j-rkzj; Jwtpfs;
rq;fk; mikj;Jg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jikahy; rq;fk; vd;w nrhy;iyg;
gpd;du; te;j ciuahrpupau;fs; fld; thq;fpf; ifahz;ldu;! mjd;
gpd;du; rq;fk; vd;w nrhy; Gytu;fspilNaAk;> mtu;fs; %yk;
kf;fspilNaAk; kpFe;j nry;thf;ifg; ngw;wJ!
Gytu; Nguit fp.gp.7 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu jkpo;
,yf;fpaj;jpy; Gytu; Nguitiaf; Fwpg;gjw;fhf rq;fk; vd;w nrhy;
gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. ,e;E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLk;
mg;gu; vd;w jpUehTf;furu;jhd; Kjd; Kjypy; rq;fk; vd;w
nrhy;iyf; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. mjd;gpd; fp.gp.vl;lhk; E}w;whz;by;
,iwadhu; mfg;nghUSf;F ciu vOjpa ef;fPuu; Guhzf;
fijf;F tuyhw;W tbtk; nfhLj;jhu;.
1.5.1. Kr;rq;f kuG
gz;ilj; jkpo;ehl;by; njd; kJiu> fghlGuk;> cj;jukJiu
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; KiwNa Kjw;rq;fk;> ,ilr;rq;fk;> filr;rq;fk;
mike;jpUe;jd. Kjw;rq;fk; njd;kJiuapy; 4440 Mz;Lfs;
,aq;fpaJ. ,r;rq;fj;Jf;Fg; ghz;ba kd;du;fs; jiyik jhq;fpdu;.
,jpy; rptngUkhd;> KUfg;ngUkhd;> mfj;jpau; cl;gl 549
Gytu;fs; gq;Nfw;wdu;. ,r;rq;fj;Jf;F 89 ghz;ba kd;du;fs;
Gutyu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. mfj;jpaupd; mfj;jpak; ,r;rq;fj;jhy;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ.
fghlGuj;jpy; $ba ,ilr;rq;fj;jpy; 3700 Gytu;fs;
gq;Nfw;Wj; jkpo; Ma;tpy; <Lgl;ldu;. njhy;fhg;gpaUk;
mfj;jpaNuhL ,t;titapy; tPw;wpUe;jhu;. 59 ghz;ba kd;du;fs;
,ilr;rq;fj;Jf;Fg; Gutyu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;.
jw;Nghija kJiuapy; $ba filr;rq;fk; 1850 Mz;Lfs;
epiyg;ngw;wJ. ,jpy; 449 Gytu;fs; jkpoha;T nra;jdu;.
,r;rq;fj;jpy;jhd; mfehD}W> GwehD}W> gjpw;Wg;gj;J> Iq;FWE}W>
gupghly; Nghd;w ,yf;fpaq;fSk;> ,ir E}y;fSk; Njhd;wpd. 49
ghz;ba kd;du;fs; filr;rq;fj;Jf;Fj; jiyikNaw;W> nghUSjtp
10
nra;J> Gytu;fis Cf;Ftpj;jdu;. Kr;rq;f kuG gz;ilf;fhy
jkpo;ehl;by; Gytu;fSk; Gytu; mitAk; ,Ue;jijf;
Fwpg;gpLtjw;fhfg; Gidag;gl;l fw;gidg; gilg;GfshFk;.
,k;kuGf;F Cw;Wf;fz; ef;fPuu; vOjpa ,iwadhu; mfg;nghUs;
ciuahFk;.
,e;j ,yf;fpa kuigg; gpd;gw;wp fp.gp.10Mk; E}w;whz;by;
vOjg;gl;l rpd;dkD}u;r; nrg;Ngl;bYk; jkpo; ehl;by; rq;fk;
,Ue;jjhfg; gjpT nra;ag; gl;Ls;sJ. ,itahTk; kuNgad;wp
tuyhW my;y. vdpDk;> ,k;kughy; kJiuapy; Gytu; mit ,Ue;J
jkpo; tsu;j;jJ vd;gij xUthW Cfpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
rq;f fhyj;ijf; fzpf;f Ma;thsu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l
Kaw;rpfs; ,f;fhyj;jpd; njhlf;fk; kw;Wk; KbT gw;wp cr;r
cau;epiy Cfq;fisj; njhl;ld. mJ fp.K.10>000ypUe;J fp.gp.400
tiu nry;fpd;wd! ,yf;fpa thdpay; Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L
fzf;fpl;l xU Ma;thsu; fp.gp.8k;> 9k;> 10k; E}w;whz;Lfisj;
jkpof tuyhw;wpy; rq;ffhyk; vdf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w
nfhs;ifia tFj;jhu;. gyu; fp.K.500 Kjy; fp.gp.500 tiuapyhd
fhyj;ijr; rq;f fhyk; vd;W Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
4. rq;fk; vd;gJ ------------- nrhy;.
5. Kjw;rq;fk; vq;F $baJ?
6. vj;jid ghz;ba kd;du;fs; ,ilr;rq;fj;Jf;Fg; Gutyu;fshf
,Ue;jdu;?
1.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
1. Kjy; epiyr; rhd;Wfs;> kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyr; rhd;Wfs;
vd;W tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
2. njhy;fhg;gpak; jkpo; ,yf;fzj;ijg; gw;wpf; $WtNjhL jkpou;
tho;tpaiyg; gw;wp tptupf;fpwJ.
3. khq;Fb kUjdhuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ.
4. rk];fpUjk;.
5. njd;kJiuapy;.
6. 59 ghz;ba kd;du;fs;.
11
1.7. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. tuyhW vd;why; vd;d?
2. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; ahit?
3. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs; ahit?
tpupthd tpdhf;fs;
1. ,ul;il fhg;gpaq;fs; gw;wp tptup.
2. Kr;rq;fk; gw;wp tpthjp.
1.8.$Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Subramania N. History of Tamil Nadu
Rg;gpukzpad; e. rq;ffhy tho;tpay;
Rajayyan K. History of Tamil Nadu
gps;is Nf.Nf. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW
Nilakanda Sastri K.N. A History of South India
Sathianathair R. History of India
ntq;fNlrd; f. Kw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
myF - 2
rq;ffhy r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epiy- rkak;
ghl mikg;G
2.1. Kd;Diu
2.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
2.3. Kd; Njitfs;
2.3.1. ehfupfk;> gz;ghL
2.4. nghUshjhu epiy
12
2.4.1.tptrhak;
2.4.1.1. tptrhaj; njhopy;
2.4.1.2. epyj;jpw;Nfw;w njhopy;fs;
2.4.1.3. nerTj; njhopy;
2.4.1.4. gpw njhopy;fs;
2.5. cs;ehl;L thzpfk; tu;j;jfk;
2.5.1. tu;j;jf tpupthf;fk;
2.5.2. ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G
2.6. JiwKfq;fs;
2.6.1. Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp
2.6.2. ntspehl;bdu; tUif
2.6.3. jkpo;ehLk; Nuhkg; NguuRk;
2.6.4. tuTk; nryTk;
2.7. rq;ffhy rKjhak;
2.7.1.jpiz kf;fs; tho;f;if
2.7.1.1. FwpQ;rp kf;fs; tho;f;if
2.7.1.2. Ky;iy kf;fs; tho;f;if
2.7.1.3. kUj kf;fs; tho;f;if
2.7.1.4. nea;jy; kf;fs; tho;f;if
2.7.1.5. ghiy kf;fs; tho;f;if
2.7.2. rkepiyr; rKjhak;
2.8. FLk;g tho;f;if
2.8.1. kz tho;f;if
2.8.2. kzKiw
2.9.kfspu; epiy
2.9.1. moF kfspu;
2.9.2. guj;ijau;
2.10. tpohf;fs;
2.11. cil myq;fhuk;
2.12. rq;ffhy rhjpKiw
2.13. rq;ffhy rkak;
2.13.1. itjPf rkak;
2.13.2. Gj;j rkak;
13
2.13.3. rkz rkak;
2.13.3.1. rkzu;fspd; ,yf;fpag;gzp
2.13.4. ,Urkaq;fspd; jhf;fk;
2.14. rq;f fhyj;jpd; tPo;r;rp
2.15. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
2.16. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
2.17. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
2.1. Kd;Diu
rq;ffhyj; jkpoupd; tho;f;if gupzhk tsu;r;rpapd;
tpisthFk;. ny%upah fz;lj;jpy; Njhd;wpajhff; fUjg;gLk;
jkpoupd; %jhijau; Gtpapay; khw;wq;fis vjpu;nfhz;L; G+Nfhs
neUf;fbfis ntw;wp fz;L; fw;fhy> cNyhf fhyq;fisf; fle;J
te;J ehfupf epiyia mile;jdu;. ,g;gupzhk tsu;r;rp
khdpltpay; tpsf;fj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jp tUtijg; Gtpapay; kw;Wk;
khdpltpay; Ma;thsu;fs; jf;f Mjhuq;fSld; Nfhbl;Lf;
fhl;bAs;sdu;. mjhtJ jkpo;ehl;L kf;fs; tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;Jf;F
Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;J tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;Jf;F te;jJ ,ay;ghd
khw;wkhFk;. Ntl;ilahLjy;> czT Nrfupj;jy;> fhLfisj;
jpUj;jp fodpfshf;fy;> fhy;eil tsu;j;jy;> gapu;j;njhopy; nra;jy;
Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,k;khw;wq;fisf; $u;e;J ftdpj;j rq;ffhyg;
Gytu; ngUkf;fs; ,tw;iwf; FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;>
ghiy vd;W ghFgLj;jpf; fhl;bdu;. ,e;j Ie;J jpizfSk;
rq;ffhy ehfupfj;jpd; Jtf;fj; njhl;by;fs;. NkYk;> r%f kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu epiyikfs; kw;Wk; rkak; gw;wp mwpa ,e;j
mj;jpahak; cjTfpwJ.
2.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
ePq;fs; ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapd;w gpd;du; fPo; fz;ltw;iw mwpa
KbAk;
• rq;f fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if epiy gw;wp mwpa
cjTfpwJ.
• rq;f fhy kf;fspd; nghUshjhu epiy Fwpj;J tptupf;fpwJ.
• rq;ffhy rKjha epiy gw;wp mwpa cjTfpwJ.
14
• rq;ffhy rkaq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; NtWghLfs; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fpwJ
2.3. Kd; Njitfs;
xU ,d kf;fs; ehfupf epiyia miltjw;F 6 Kd;
Njitfs; ,d;wpaikahjit: 1) murpay; mikg;G; 2)
nghUshjhug; ghJfhg;G; 3) rKjha fl;Lf;Nfhg;G; 4) rka ek;gpf;if
; 5) fy;tp mwpT; 6) ftpd; fiyfs;. ,itNa kf;fspd; ehfupf
kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L epiyiaf; fz;lwptjw;fhd msTNfhy;fshFk;.
,e;j msTNfhy;fisf; nfhz;Nl rq;ffhy tho;tpaiyg; Gupe;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;; kjpg;gPL nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;fz;l MW Kd;
Njitfspy; rkepiy epyTk; NghJ ehfupfKk;> gz;ghLk;
MNuhf;fpakhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,tw;wpd; rkepiy nfLk;NghJ ehfupfKk;>
gz;ghLk; rPu;nfl;Lr; rPuope;J NghFk;.
2.3.1. ehfupfk;> gz;ghL
ehfupfKk;> gz;ghLk; xU ehzaj;jpd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fisg;
Nghd;wit; gpupf;f Kbahjit. ehfupfk; kf;fspd; Gw tsu;r;rpapd;
ntspg;ghL. gz;ghL mf tsu;r;rpapd; cs;sPL. mf tsu;r;rpapd;
gpujpgypg;Ng Gw tsu;r;rpahFk;. fl;llk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> jfty;
njhlu;G Nghd;w ehfupf ntspg;ghLfs; ehl;Lf;F ehL
NtWglf;$Lk;. Mdhy; tha;ik> J}a;ik> Neu;ik> fz;Nzhl;lk;>
fz;zpak;> md;G> fhjy;> fw;G Nghd;w gz;Gfs; kdpj Fyj;Jf;Fg;
nghJthdit. ,j;jifa gz;Gfspy; rpyNth> gyNth Fwpg;gpl;l
kf;fsplk; Fiwe;Njh> epiwe;Njh fhzg;gLk;. nghJthf> xU
,dj;jpd; gz;ghL mjd; nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; %yk;
ntspg;gLk;. ,JNt kf;fspd; tho;tpayhFk;.
2.4. nghUshjhu epiy
rq;ffhyj; jkpou;fs; jq;fsJ tsj;Jf;Fk;> eyj;Jf;Fk;
nghUisNa Mjhukhff; fUjpdu;. mtu;fsJ tho;f;ifNa
nghUs;ka tho;f;if (Materialistic Life) MFk;.
mtu;fSila Nehf;Fk; Nghf;Fk; nghUs; tag;gl;ljhFk;. nghUs;
Nru;g;gjw;fhf rq;fj; jkpou;fs; fhy;topg; gpupe;jdu;; fly;topg;
gpupe;jdu;. coTk;> njhopYk; rq;fg; nghUshjhu ehzaj;jpd; ,U
gf;fq;fshfTk;> rKjhaj;jpd; ,U fz;fshfTk; ,Ue;jd.
mf;fhyg; nghUshjhuk; jd;dpiwTg; nghUshjhukhFk;. jq;fsJ
Njitf;Nfw;g czTg; nghUis tpistpj;Jf; nfhz;L cgupahd
nghUisg; gz;lkhw;W (Barter) nra;J nfhz;ldu;; gpd;du;
efuq;fs; Njhd;wp nghUshjhuk; tsu;r;rpaile;j gpd;du; cgupg;
15
nghUl;fis ntspehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;jdu;. RUq;ff; $wpd;>
rq;fj; jkpou;fs; nghUshjhuj;jpd; Mjhug; nghUis ed;F Gupe;J
nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
2.4.1.tptrhak;
2.4.1.1. tptrhaj; njhopy;
tho;f;ifapd; Kjy; Njit czNt. czit cw;gj;jp
nra;tjw;fhd coitj; njhopyhff; fUjpdu; rq;fj; jkpou;fs;.
cOtu; cyfj;jhUf;Nf Mzpahfg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhu;. FwpQ;rp>
Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy; epy kf;fs; mtutu; Njitf;Nfw;g
czit cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhz;ldu;. Fwpg;ghf> kUj epy kf;fs;
coitNa tho;f;ifapd; Mjhuj; njhopyhff; fUjpdu;. Mz;fs;
cotu;. ngz;fs; coj;jpau;. coTj; njhopyhsu;fs; cONthu;
vdg;gl;ldu;. fhtpupAk;> gUt kioAk; mtu;fsJ Njhd;whj;
Jizfs;; clYk; NjhYk; Nghd;wit. kUj epy kf;fSf;F
muprpNa Kf;fpa czT (Staple Food) Mifahy; ney;
gpujhdkhfg; gapuplg;gl;lJ. mNjhL> tuF> thio> fUk;G> gUj;jp
Nghd;w gapu;fSk; tpistpf;fg;gl;ld. kUj kf;fs; cUthf;fpa
fiof;fUk;G vd;w fyg;Gf; fUk;Gtif (Hybrid Cane) mtu;fsJ
Gj;jhf;fj; jpwikf;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. fUk;G> gUj;jp Nghd;w
gzg; gapu;fs; kpFjpahfg; gapuplg;gl;L gz;l khw;Wf;Fk;>
thzpgj;Jf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy; Mfpa ehd;F
epyg;gFjpfspy; kUjepyg; gFjp kl;LNk tptrhaj;jhy; cau;e;jJ.
,e;epy kf;fs;jhd; ed;nra; gapupLk; Kiwiaf; fz;Lgpbj;J
nrk;ikg;gLj;jpdu;. fhtpup ePiug; gad;gLj;jpaNjhld;wp mizfs;
fl;b> fhy;tha;fs; ntl;b> Fsq;fsikj;J> kilfs; fl;b>
ePu;g;ghrdj;ij newpg;gLj;jp> tptrhaj;ij tsg;gLj;jp
tpisr;riyg; ngUf;fpdu;. Ntshz;ikf;Nfw;g ML> khLfisg;
gof;fpdu;. coTj; njhopYf;F Ntz;ba fUtpfisf;
fz;Lgpbj;jdu;. Vw;wq;fSf;F Vw;w Njhy;igfs; nra;jdu;.
gUj;jpiaf; nfhz;L Mil nea;af; fw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. ,tw;wpd;
tpisthf tpisr;ry; xd;Wf;Fg; gj;jhfg; ngUfpw;W. mgupkpjkhf
tpise;j ney;iyg; ghJfhf;ff; fl;blq;fs; vOg;gpdu;. tskhd
tho;f;if kf;fSf;F Xa;T Neuk; fpilf;fr; nra;jJ. ,t;Ntha;T
,yf;fpaKk;> fiyfSk; Njhd;wpr; rpwf;f toptFj;jJ.
,t;Ntiyfisnay;yhk; ghu;f;Fk; nghUl;L kUj epy kf;fs;
jdpj;jdpg; gpupTfshfg; gpupe;jdu;. ,tw;wpd; tpisthf cotu;fs;
xU gpupthfTk;> epyr; nrhe;jf;fhuu;fs; kW gpupthfTk; gpupe;jdu;.
kUj epyj;jpy; Gul;rpfukhd khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. cotu;fs;
cioj;Jg; gpioj;jdu;. epyr; nrhe;jf;fhuu;fs; cotu;fs;
16
ciog;gpy; tho;e;jdu;. epyj;ij cOJ cw;gj;jp nra;Njhu;f;F
epyk; nrhe;jkpy;yhj epiy Vw;gl;lJ. gUt kio ngha;j;j NghJk;>
gQ;rk; Vw;gl;l NghJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu; cotu;fNs. epyf;fpohu;
epyj;ijg; ghu;f;fhkNy tPl;by; ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl tho;f;ifia
mDgtpj;jdu;. ,e;j tptrhag; nghUshjhu tsKk;> typikAk;
Nrhou;fs; rpwg;Gw fhuzkhf ,Ue;jd. Nrho kd;du; kUj epyj;ij
Nrho ehlhf khw;wpdu;.
2.4.1.2. epyj;jpw;Nfw;w njhopy;fs;
rq;ffhy kf;fs; tho;e;j ,lq;fSf;Nfw;g njhopy;fs;
NtWgl;ld. FwpQ;rp epyj;NjhUf;F Ntl;ilahLjYk;>
NjndLj;jYk;> fpoq;F Njhz;LjYk; gpujhd njhopy;fshf
,Ue;jd. Ky;iy kf;fs; khL Nka;j;jiyAk;> kUj kf;fs;
coitAk;> nea;jy; epyj;jtu; coitAk;> ghiy kf;fs;
NghupLtijAk; njhopy;fshff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
2.4.1.3. nerTj; njhopy;
coTf;F mLj;jgbahf nerTj; njhopy; Kf;fpa ,lj;jpy;
,Ue;jJ. czTf;F mLj;jJ ciljhNd. ngz;fs; E}w;f>
Mz;fs; nea;jdu;. coitg; Nghd;Nw nerTk; ,Ughyu;
njhopyhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. G+Ntiykpf;f Jzpfs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld.
nerTj; njhopYf;F neUf;fkhd rhaj; njhopy; rpwg;gplk; ngw;wJ.
gUj;jp> gl;L> fk;gsp E}y;fs; rhaNkw;wg;gl;L nea;ag;gl;ld.
2.4.1.4. gpw njhopy;fs;
nerTj; njhopy; kl;Lkd;wp nty;yf;fl;b tbj;jy;> jr;R Ntiy>
tPL fl;Ljy;> rq;fWj;jy;> Kj;Jf; Fspj;jy;> Xiy vLj;jy;>
fl;Lkuk; fl;Ljy;> fapW jahupj;jy;> kz;ghz;lk; tidjy;>
cNyhfg; ghj;jpuq;fs; cUthf;Fjy;> jq;f eif nra;jy;> je;j
Ntiy> tisay;fs; tbj;jy;> Nghu;g; gilf;fyq;fs; gilj;jy;>
fs; ,wf;fy; Nghd;w gy;NtW njhopy;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
efuq;fs; ngUfg; ngUf njhopy;fSk; ngUfyhapd.
2.5. cs;ehl;L thzpfk; tu;j;jfk;
rq;f fhyj; jkpou;fs; njhopy; jpwd; kpf;ftu;fs;;
RWRWg;ghdtu;fs;; Gj;jikg;Gfisg; gilg;gtu;fs;; glifAk;
fl;bf; nfhz;L fliyAk; flf;ff; $ba ty;yik ngw;wtu;fs;.
mtu;fs; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;J jq;fSf;Fj;
NjitahditNghf cgupahf cs;stw;iw cs;ehl;bYk;> ntsp
ehLfspYk; tpw;gid nra;jdu;. gz;lkhw;W cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk;
17
ngUk;ghYk; gz;lkhw;whfNt ,Ue;jJ. FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> nea;jy;
epy kf;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; gz;lkhw;W nra;J nfhz;ldu;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> Ky;iy ,ilau;fs; kUj cotu;fsplk; ghy;>
ntz;nza;> nea;iaf; nfhLj;J mjw;Fg; gjpy; ney;> tuF> Jzp
Mfpatw;iwg; ngw;Wr; nrd;wdu;. mNjNghd;W> kUj kf;fs;
nea;jy; kf;fsplkpUe;J ney;iyf; nfhLj;J kPid thq;fpr;
nrd;wdu;. gu];gu gz;lkhw;W Jtf;ffhy rq;fj; jkpoupd;
cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpd; capu;ehbahf ,Ue;jJ.
2.5.1. tu;j;jf tpupthf;fk;
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rq;f fhyj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapy; efuq;fs;
Njhd;wpaikahy; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk; tpaj;jF tifapy;
tpuptile;jJ. G+k;Gfhu;> kJiu> fhQ;rp Nghd;w efuq;fspy;
re;ijfSk;> mq;fhbfSk; gpugykile;jd. cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l
nghUl;fs; cs;ehl;bNyNa tpw;fg;gl;lNjhL gpw khepyq;fSf;Fk;
nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;ld. $ilf;fhuu;fs; %l;ilfisr; Rke;J
nrd;W mq;fhbfspYk;> Efu;Nthu; thOk; ,lq;fspYk; tpw;wdu;.
kJiuapy; tpw;fg;gl;l nghUl;fis nkhj;jkhf thq;fpr; nrd;wdu;.
mNjNghd;W G+k;Gfhu; mq;fhbfspy; re;jdf; Fok;Gk;> gy;tifg;
G+f;fSk;> Fwpg;ghf tpohf;fhyq;fspy; kpFjpahf tpw;gidahapd.
tpahghupfsplk; Neu;ik> ehzak;> ek;gfj;jd;ik fhzg;gl;ld.
tu;j;jfk; tpuptile;j NghJ ,t;tpahghug; gz;Gfs; Fiwayhapd.
mjdhy;jhd; tpahghupfs; gpwu; nghUisAk; jk; nghUs;Nghy;
Nghw;wpr; nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W mwpTWj;jg;gl;ldu;. ,Ug;gpDk;
epidg;Gf;Fk; eilKiwf;FkpilNa kpfg; ngupa ,ilntsp
,Ue;jJ. tsj;Jf;fpilNa tWik.
2.5.2. ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G
rq;f fhyj; jkpou;fs; fly;topg; gpupe;J> jpiufly; Xb
jputpak; Nru;j;jtu;fs;. ePz;l neLq;fhykhf ntspehLfSld;
tu;j;jfk; nra;jtu;fs;. ntspehl;L thzpfk; (Foreign Trade)
mtu;fSf;Fg; Gjpjd;W. fpwp];J rfhg;jj;Jf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj
jkpo;ehl;L ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G ,Ue;J te;jJ.
,j;njhlu;G rq;f fhyj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapy; NkYk; tpuptile;J
rpwg;Gw;wJ.
2.6. JiwKfq;fs;
jkpo; ehl;by; ed;F tsu;r;rp mile;jpUe;j JiwKfq;fs;
%yk; nghUl;fs; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fs;
,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. fg;gy;fSf;F fly;top fhl;l fyq;fiu
18
tpsf;fq;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,it 'fyq;fiu ,yf;F Rlu;' vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ld. gz;lfrhiyfspy; mse;jwpahg; gy; gz;lq;fs;
Vw;Wkjpf;fhf Nru;j;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. G+k;GfhUk;> KrpwpAk;
Gfo; ngw;w JiwKfq;fshfTk;> JiwKfg; gl;bdq;fshfTk;
jpfo;e;jd. ,itad;wp fz;zD}u;> njhz;b> FkupKid> nfhw;if>
GJr;Nrup> kuf;fhzk; Kjypa JiwKfq;fSk; thzpfj;Jf;Fg;
gad;gl;ld.
2.6.1. Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp
jkpo; ehl;bypUe;J ntspehLfSf;F czTg; nghUl;fs;>
cilf;fhd %yg; nghUl;fs;> Mlk;gu myq;fhu mzpfyd;fs;
Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fshtd: muprp>
kpsF> ,Q;rp> Vyk;> ,ytq;fk;> kQ;rs;> re;jdk;> mfpy;> Njf;F
kuq;fs;> je;jk;> Kj;J> kufjk;> Fee;jk; Nghd;w tpiykpF fw;fs;>
tpsf;Ffs;> gUj;jp> gl;Lj; Jzpfs;> khL> Fuq;F> kapy;> fpsp>
rpWj;ij> Gyp Nghd;w tpyq;Ffs;. ,tw;Wf;Fg; gjpy; ntsp
ehLfspypUe;J fz;zhb> cNyhf rhkhd;fs;> kJ tiffs;
,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld.
2.6.2. ntspehl;bdu; tUif
jkpo;ehl;L tu;j;jff; fg;gy;fs; fpNuf;f> Nuhkhdpa> vfpg;jpa>
mNugpa ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;wd. Fwpg;ghf jkpof-Nuhkhdpa tu;j;jfk;
RWRWg;ghf eilngw;wJ. Nuhkhdpau; atdu; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ldu;. Nuhkhdpau; gyu; thzpfk; nra;tjw;fhfj; jkpo;
ehl;Lf;F te;J jq;fpdu;. G+k;Gfhupd; gFjpahd kUT+u;g;ghf;fj;jpy;
ntspehl;L khYkpfs; mjpfk; fhzg;gl;ldu;. thzpfu;fs; jj;jk;
Nrupfspy; trpj;jdu;. mq;fhbfspy; xt;nthU filf;Fk; vjpNu xU
nfhb gwf;ftplg;gl;L> mf;nfhb kPJ mf;filapy; tpw;fg;gLk;
nghUl;fspd; ngau;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
2.6.3. jkpo;ehLk; Nuhkg; NguuRk;
fp.gp.Kjy; E}w;whz;by; NuhkhdpaNuhL tu;j;jf tpupthf;fk;
gw;wpa Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;j jkpo; ehl;bypUe;J Nuhkhdpag; Nguuru;
mf];l]; rPru; muritf;F ,uz;L J}Jf; FOf;fs;
mDg;gg;gl;ld. mjd; gpd;du; ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd
tu;j;jfk; NuhkhGup nghwhikg;gLk; msTf;F tpuptile;jJ.
vdpDk;> fp.gp.%d;whk; E}w;whz;by; Nuhkhdpag; NguuR tPo;r;rp
mile;j gpd;du; ,Uehl;L thzpfj;jpy; ngUk; gpd;dilT
Vw;gl;lJ. Nuhkhdpag; NguuRk; rq;f fhyKk; xNu fhyfl;lj;jpy;
tPo;r;rpaile;jd vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. thzpf tPo;r;rp xU
19
ehl;bd; tPo;r;rpf;F top tFf;Fk; vd;gJ tuyhW fw;gpf;Fk;
ghlq;fspy; xd;whFk;.
2.6.4. tuTk; nryTk;
rq;ffhy kd;du;fs; tup tUthia ek;gpNa ,Ue;jdu;. tup
(Tax) vd;w nrhy; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. khwhf>
,iw> fiw> ,uT Nghd;w nrhw;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
kf;fsplkpUe;J ,Wf;fg;gl;ljhy; ,iw vd;Wk;> kf;fsplkpUe;J
Nfl;Lg; ngwg;gl;likahy; ,uT vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ. epytup
,iw my;yJ fiwahFk;. tup tpjpg;G> tupapd; msT> tup
tR+ypf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpa rl;lq;fs; ,y;yhikahy; ,it gw;wpa
mwnewp kuGfs; tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jd. cjhuzkhf> kf;fspd;
md;G nflhjgb tup tR+ypf;f Ntz;Lk;. kf;fspd; kdk;
Gz;gLkhW tup tR+ypg;gJ ahid GFj;j Gyk; NghyhfptpLk;;
murDk; nfLthd;; ehLk; eypTWk;. nfhLq;Nfhyhy; tup tR+y;
nra;Ak; kd;dd; fs;tidg; Nghd;wtd;. thdk; ngha;j;J
tpisr;ry; Fd;wpa NghJ kf;fis tup nrYj;Jk;gb
tw;GWj;jyhfhJ. vdNt> kd;dupd; tupf; nfhs;if epahakhfTk;>
Neu;ikahfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; newpaw;w> Neu;ikaw;w
tuptR+yhy; kd;dd; ehl;ilNa ,of;f NeupLk; vd;W ek;gg;gl;l
fhyk; mJ. tupfspy; Kjy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ epytup
MFk;. nghJthf> epy tUtha; kl;Lkd;wp midj;J tUthapd;
nkhj;j kjpg;gpy; Mwpy; xU gq;F tupahf tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ."
fUT+yj;ij epug;gpa gpw tupfshtd: 1) ,wf;Fkjp> Vw;Wkjp
nghUl;fSf;fhd Rq;f tup; 2) thuprpd;wp ,wg;Nghupd; nrhj;Jf;fs;;
3) rl;lj;ij kPWNthu; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLk; mguhjj; njhif; 4)
Fw;wthspfsplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wg;gl;l nghUl;fs;; 5) ,iwapyp
epyq;fisg; ghu;g;gdu;fsplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l tupg; gzk;; 6) Nghupy;
Njhw;w ehLfspypUe;J ftu;e;J tug;gl;l gzKk;> nghUSk;. ,J
murhq;fj;jpd; kpfg; ngupa tUthahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. ,NjhL
Njhw;w muru;fsplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l jpiwg;gzk;. nghJthf>
tupfs; gzkhfNth my;yJ nghUshfNth jug;gl;ld.
ghu;g;gdu;fSf;Fj; jhdkhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l gpukNja
fpuhkq;fSf;F tup tpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mjdhy;
murhq;fj;Jf;F tup ,og;G Vw;gl;lJ. nrytpdk; jw;NghJ
cs;sijg; Nghd;W nghJ tUtha;fisAk;> nryTfisAk;
nfhz;l tuT-nryTj; jpl;lk; (Budget) mf;fhyj;jpy; ,y;iy.
rq;ffhy kd;du;fs; mbf;fb Nghupl;L te;jikahy;
mg;Nghu;fSf;fhd nryNt mjpfk;. mjw;F mLj;jgbahf
muz;kidapypUe;j mur guk;giuiar; Nru;e;j ngUq;$l;lj;Jf;fhd
nrythFk;. mNjNghd;W murhq;f mikr;ru;fs;> mjpfhupfs;>
mYtyu;fs;> uhZtj;jpdu; MfpNahUf;fhd nryT> KbR+l;L tpoh>
20
tpUe;Jfs;> nghJ tpohf;fs;> gz;biff; nfhz;lhl;lq;fs;>
murdpd; Mlk;guq;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd nryTfs;. NkYk;
Gytu;fs;> ghzu;> $j;ju;> ,irf; fiyQu;fs; Nghd;NwhUf;Fj;
jhuhskhf toq;fpa guprpy; gzk;/nghUl;fs;. RUq;ff;$wpd;> Nghu;r;
nryTk;> muz;kidr; nryTk;> murhq;fr; nryTk; tUthapd; kpfg;
ngUk; gFjpia tpOq;fptpl;ld. ,itNghf vQ;rp ,Ue;j tUthNa
epue;ju kjpg;Gs;s nghJg; gzpfSf;Fk;> kf;fs; eyg; gzpfSf;Fk;
nrytplg;gl;lJ. murhq;fj;jpd; tutpdq;fs; midj;Jk; muRf;
fUT+yj;jpy; (Treasury) nrYj;jg;gl;ld. mNjNghd;W
nrytpdq;fs; midj;Jk; fUT+yj;jpypUe;J vLj;J nryT
nra;ag;gl;ld.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. vJ rq;fg; nghUshjhu ehzaj;jpd; ,U gf;fq;fshfTk;>
rKjhaj;jpd; ,U fz;fshfTk; ,Ue;jd.
2. ve;j njhopiy kUj epy kf;fs; tho;f;ifapd; Mjhuj;
njhopyhff; fUjpdu;.
3. jkpofj;jpy; Gfo; ngw;w rq;f fhy JiwKfq;fs; ahit?
2.7. rq;ffhy rKjhak;
rq;ffhy rKjhak; ,aw;ifahdJ; ,ay;ghdJ;
jdpj;jd;ikAilaJ. mJ jkpou;fspd; MSik (Personality)
ntspg;ghlhFk;; gz;ghl;bd; gpujpgypg;ghFk;. rq;fr; rKjhak; kf;fs;
tho;e;j ,lj;jhy; mwpag;gl;lJ; jpizahy; miof;fg;gl;lJ.
,r;rKjhak; kf;fs; gupzhk tsu;r;rpapd; tpisthFk;. gz;ilf;
fhy jkpo;r; rKjhak; Mw;wy; NtfKw;wJ; Njf;f Kw;wjd;W
(Dynamic not static). kf;fspd; tho;f;if> njhopy;> eltbf;iffs;>
nghOJNghf;F> ek;gpf;iffs; Mfpa midj;Jk; tho;tplj;ijg;
nghWj;Nj mike;jpUe;jd. rq;ffhyj; jkpou;fs; ,aw;ifj; jhapd;
fhybj; jlj;jpy; gazpj;jdu;. mtu;fs; epytopg; gpupe;jdNuad;wp>
gpwg;G topg; gpupatpy;iy. rq;ffhy rKjha mikg;G
gLfpilahdJ (Horizontal); nrq;Fj;jhdJ (Vertical) md;W. rq;fr;
rKjhak; vspa> ,ay;ghd> ,zf;fkhd> KOikahd>
xUq;fpize;j> Rje;jpukhd jw;rhu;Gila> rkak; rhuh> rhjp mwpah
rKjhakhFk;. jpiz rhu;e;j mikg;Ng cz;ikahd> fyg;glkw;w
(Genunie) Jy;ypakhd (Authentic) mikg;ghFk;.
21
2.7.1.jpiz kf;fs; tho;f;if
2.7.1.1. FwpQ;rp kf;fs; tho;f;if
rq;ffhyj; jkpo;ehL FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;>
ghiy vd;W Ie;J ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jpiz epyg;
gFjpfshfj; jpfo;e;jd. kiyAk;> kiy rhu;e;j gFjpfSk; FwpQ;rp
epykhFk;. ,e;epyj;jpy; tho;e;jtu;fs; Fwtu;fs;. ,tu;fsJ
jiytd; Ntw;gd;> rpyk;gd;> nghUg;gd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhd;.
FwpQ;rp epy Ntl;Ltu; (vapdu;) nfhLtpy; vapdu;' vd;W
mwpag;gl;ldu;. FwpQ;rp epyg; ngz;fs; vapw;wpdu; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs; <j;jpia Nta;e;j Fbirfspy;
tho;e;jdu;. khd; Njhypy; gLj;jdu;; ,Uk;G csp nfhz;L Gy;yuprpj;
Njhz;bdu;; Gy;yuprpia fs;NshL $l;b cz;ldu;; gd;wpiaAk;>
KaiyAk; Ntl;ilahbdu;; Ntl;ilf;F ehiag; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
%q;fpyuprp> fpoq;Ffs;> Njd; Mfpait ,tu;fsJ Kf;fpa czTg;
nghUl;fshFk;. FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; mfpy;> re;jdk;> Njf;F> Ntq;if
Mfpa kuq;fs; mgupkpjkhf tsu;e;jd. ahid> kapy;> fpsp Nghd;w
tpyq;FfisAk;> gwitfisAk; tPl;Lr; R+oYf;Nfw;g gof;fpdu;.
Foq;F mfo;jYk;> Njd; vLj;jYk; FwpQ;rp kf;fspd; Kf;fpa
njhopy;fs;. FwpQ;rp aho; ,tu;fsJ ,irf; fUtpahFk;. FwpQ;rpg;
gz; ,irg; gz;zhfTk; ,Ue;jd. NrNahd; ,tu;fsJ topgL
flTs;.
2.7.1.2. Ky;iy kf;fs; tho;f;if
fhLk;> fhL rhu;e;j gFjpAk; Ky;iy vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
Ky;iy epy kf;fs; Mau;> ,ilau; Mtu;. ,tu;fsJ jiytd;
mz;zy;> Njhd;wy;> ehld;> FWk;nghiw vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhd;.
Ky;iy epyj;J Mau; ML> khLfs; Nka;j;J tho;e;jdu;. ,tu;fs;
'mwit neQ;rj;J Mau;' vdg;gl;ldu;. Mau; ngz;fs; Ma;r;rpau;
vdg;gl;ldu;. ,k;kf;fs; vspa Fbirfspy; tho;e;jdu;. ,tu;fs; VW
jOTjiy kughff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.Ky;iy epy kf;fs; tuF>
rhik> Kjpiu Mfpatw;iw czthff; nfhz;ldu;. Gyp
Nghd;wit td tpyq;Ffs;. nfhd;iwAk;> Ky;iyAk; Kf;fpa
tpis nghUl;fs;. Mepiu Nka;j;jYk;> gapu; tpistpj;jYk;
Ky;iy kf;fspd; Kf;fpa njhopy;fs;. ,tu;fsJ tho;tplk; ghb>
Nrup> gd;wp vd;W mwpag;gl;lJ. ,tu;fsJ ,irf;fUtp Ky;iy
aho;; ,irg;gz; Krhupg; gz;. Ky;iy epy kf;fs; khNahid
topgl;ldu;.
2.7.1.3. kUj kf;fs; tho;f;if
taYk;> tay; rhu;e;j epyg;gFjp kUj epykhFk;. kUj
kf;fs; cotu;fs;. ,tu;fsJ jiytd; kidNahd;> Cud;>
22
kfpo;gd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhd;. kUj epy kf;fspd; Kf;fpa
czTg; nghUl;fs; muprp> ghy;> ntz;nza;. ,tu;fs; tsu;j;j
tpyq;Ffs; gR> vUik> thj;J> nfhf;F Nghd;wit. kUj epyj;jpy;
tQ;rpAk;> fhQ;rpAk;> kUj kuKk;> Ftis> jhkiug; G+f;fSk;
tpise;jd. Ntshz;ikNa kUj kf;fspd; Kf;fpa njhopy;.
,tu;fsJ tho;tplk; Ng&u;> %J}u; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
,tu;fsJ ,irf;fUtp kUj aho;; ,irg;gz; kUjg;gz;. kUj epy
kf;fs; topgl;l nja;tk; Nte;jd;.
kUj epy kf;fs; cothYk;> ciog;ghYk; cau;e;jtu;fs;.
,e;epyg; Gytu;fs; jq;fisg; Gyd; cOJz;khu;' vd;W
ngUikAld; $wpf; nfhz;ldu;. cotu;fs; Vupd; tho;eu;' vd;W
ghuhl;lg;gl;ldu;. Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; coTj; njhopypy;
<Lgl;ldu;. ney;iy msf;fg; gad;gl;l fUtp mk;gzk; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ. ehop> gjf;F> kh Nghd;w nrhw;fs;
msitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. kUj kf;fs; ehfupfj;jpd;
Kd;Ndhbfs;; gz;ghl;bd; ghJfhtyu;fs;; jhq;fSk; cau;e;J
gpwiuAk; cau;j;jpatu;fs;; mur Fyq;fNshL kz cwT
nfhz;bUe;jdu;. kUj kz;zpypUe;J FWepy kd;du;fSk;>
kd;du;fSk; Njhd;wpajpy; tpag;gpy;iy.
2.7.1.4. nea;jy; kf;fs; tho;f;if
flYk;> fly; rhu;e;j gFjp nea;jy; epykhFk;. ,e;epy
kf;fs; gujtu;> EidQu;> tiyQu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
,tu;fsJ jiytd; nfhq;fd;> Jiwtd;> Nru;g;gd; vd;W
mwpag;gl;lhd;. ,tu;fsJ Kf;fpa czT kPd;. ,tu;fs;
gad;gLj;jpa FWk; glFf;Fj; jpkpy; vd;W ngau;. kPd; tu;j;jfj;jpy;
ty;ytu;fs;. kPd; gpbj;jYk;> cg;G jahupj;jYk; ,tu;fsJ njhopy;.
thj;Jk;> thdk;ghbAk; gujtu; tsu;j;j gwitfshFk;. nea;jy;
kz;zpy; fz;ly;> Nte;jy; Nghd;w guq;fs; tsu;e;jd. gl;bdKk;>
ghf;fKk; nea;jy; epy kf;fspd; ciwtplq;fshFk;. ,tu;fsJ
,irf;fUtp nea;jy; aho;; ,irg;gz; nea;jy; gz;. ,tu;fs;
topgl;l nja;tk; tUzd;.
nea;jy; epyg; gujtu; flw; guitfs;. flNy ,tu;fsJ
ePr;ry; Fsk;. ,e;epy kf;fs; ‘’ts;is ePf;fp takPd; Kfe;J
nfhs;is rhw;wpa nfhLKb tiyQu;’’ vd;W ghuhl;lg;gl;ldu;.
gujtu; kPd; gpbj;jhy;> gujtg; ngz;fs; kPidf; $ilfspy; Rke;J
nrd;W> gz;lkhw;wp> ney;iyf; nfhz;L tUtu;. gujtu; jhio
cliyr; R+bf;nfhz;L gdq;fs;spid mUe;jp kfpo;e;jdu;.
23
2.7.1.5. ghiy kf;fs; tho;f;if
,U epyk; jpupe;j epyk; ghiy vdg;gl;lJ. ,e;epy kf;fs;
kwtu;> vapdu; vdg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fsJ jiytd; fhis> tpliy>
kPop vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhd;. NghupLtJk;> topg;gwpAk; ,tu;fsJ
Kf;fpa njhopy;fshFk;. ,k;kz;zpy; ,Yg;ig> Nrik> copiQ
Mfpa kuq;fs; tsu;e;jd. ,tu;fs; Nghw;wpa gwit fOF. ghiy
kf;fspd; ,irf;fUtp ghiy aho;; ,irg; gz; gQ;rpugz;. ,tu;fs;
topghl;L nja;tk; nfhw;wit.
2.7.2. rkepiyr; rKjhak;
gz;ilf;fhy jkpo; kf;fs; ,aw;ifapd; Gj;jpuu;fs;.
,aw;iftopr; nrd;wtu;fs;. ,ay;ghf tho;e;jtu;fs;. FwpQ;rp>
Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy epy mikg;GfSk;> mtw;wpy;
tho;e;j kf;fSk; cz;ikahdit; Gytu; fw;gidad;W. jpiz
tho; kf;fs; Njhw;wj;jhYk;> czthYk;> cilahYk;>
ciwAshYk;> gof;f tof;fq;fshYk; NtWgl;bUe;jhYk;>
gz;lkhw;whYk;> gz;ghl;Lg; gupkhw;wj;jhYk;> ,dj;jhYk;>
nkhopahYk; xd;Wgl;bUe;jdu;. mtu;fsJ rKjhak; rkak; rhuhj>
nghUs;ka rKjhakhFk;. ,r;rKjhak; rq;ffhyg; gpw;gFjpapy;
efu;kakhapw;W. gy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. cau;T jho;T czu;tw;w
rq;ffhy jpizr; rKjhak; xU rkepiyr; rKjhakhFk;.
2.8. FLk;g tho;f;if
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; FLk;g tho;f;iff;F Kjy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. FLk;g mbg;gil rKjha
mikg;ghf tpsq;fpaJ. ,y;ywk; ey;ywkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. FLk;g
tho;f;ifapy; tpUe;Njhk;gy; rpwg;gplk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. tpUe;Njhk;gy;
FLk;g mwkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. nghUs; <l;LtNj tpUe;Njhk;gy;
nghUl;Nl vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ. tpUe;Njhk;gy; jkpou; gz;ghl;bd;
rhukhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. RUq;ff; $wpd;> FLk;g tho;f;if
njhz;L tho;f;ifahf ,Ue;jJ.
2.8.1. kz tho;f;if
rq;ffhyj; jkpou;fs; kztho;f;if gw;wpa njspthd>
ajhu;j;jkhd> cyfhaj fz;Nzhl;lj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. xj;j
kdKk;> FzKk; cila ,Utu; ,iztNj jpUkzk; vd;gJ
mtu;fsJ epiyg;ghlhf ,Ue;jJ. fhjYk;> fw;Gk; kz tho;f;if
vd;w ehzaj;jpd; ,U gf;fq;fs; Nghd;wit. xUjiyf; fhkk;
iff;fpis vd;Wk;> kpF fhkk; ngUe;jpiz vd;Wk;
ghFgLj;jg;gl;lJ. kz tho;f;ifapd; mbg;gilapNyNa FwpQ;rp
24
Gzu;jiyAk;> Ky;iy ,Uj;jiyAk;> kUjk; CliyAk;> nea;jy;
,uq;fiyAk;> ghiy gpupjiyAk; cupg; nghUshff; nfhz;bUe;jd.
kzk; Ngrp tpl;lhNy jpUkzk; Kbe;J tpl;ljhff; fUjg;gl;lJ!
rq;f fhyj; jkpoupilNa jhyp fl;Lk; gof;fkpy;iy.
2.8.2. kzKiw
mftho;f;if fsT> fw;G vd ,U tifahf ,Ue;jJ.
CuwpahJ taJ te;j MZk; ngz;Zk; Gzu;e;J ,d;GWtJ
fsntdg;gl;lJ. nghUj;jk; ghu;j;J> guprspj;J ngw;Nwhu;
rk;kjj;Jld; Cuwpa eilngw;wJ fw;ngdg;gl;lJ. ,U tPl;Lg;
ngw;NwhNu jpUkzj;ij elj;jp itj;jdu;. mzp mzpAk; gof;fk;
,Ue;jNjad;wp jhyp mzptpf;Fk; tof;fk; ,y;iy. ghu;g;ghd;
kiwtop jhyp G+l;Lk; gof;fk; gpd;du; rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhyj;jpy;
GFj;jg;gl;l GJg; gof;fkhFk;. jpUkzkhtjw;F Kd;Gtiu ngz;
fhw;rpyk;G mzpe;jpUe;jhs;. jpUkzj;Jf;F Kd; mr;rpyk;igf;
fow;wp tpLtJ kughf ,Ue;jJ. mNjNghd;W> jpUkzj;Jf;Fg;
gpd;dNu kfspu; kyu; R+bdu;. rq;f fhyj;jpy; fztid ,oe;j
kfspu; G+tzpiaAk;> gpw mzpfyd; fisAk; ePf;fpdu;.
2.9.kfspu; epiy
rq;ffhyg; ngz;fSf;Fg; G+uz Rje;jpuk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mtu;fs; jpUkzkhFKd;Ng fhjyDld;
tho;e;J> gpd;du; jpUk;gp te;J ngw;NwhUld; ,Ug;gJ fdthff;
fUjg;gl;lJ; $lh cwthff; fUjg;gltpy;iy . vdpDk; Kiwg;gb
kze;J nfhz;l kfspUf;F rKjhaj;jpy; jdp kupahij ,Ue;jJ.
fztid ,oe;Njhu; ifk;ig Nehd;G Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
jPf;Fspj;jYk; cz;L.36 ifk;ngz; kWkzk; nra;J nfhz;ljhfj;
njupatpy;iy. tpjitg; ngz;fs; mzpfis ,oe;jdu;.
mtu;fSf;F tpUe;Njhk;gy; kWf;fg;gl;lJ. ngz; Gytu;fs;
rq;fg; ngz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp kWf;fg;gltpy;iy. mf;fhy
kfspu; fy;tpj; Nju;r;rp ngw;W fiyfspy; rpwg;Gw;W ,Ue;jdu;.
xsitahu;> fhf;ifg; ghbdpahu;> nts;sp tPjpahu; Nghd;w ngz;ghw;
Gytu;fs; Gfo; ngw;Wj; jpfo;e;jdu;. Fwpg;ghf> xsitahu;
mjpakhd; rhu;ghf njhz;ilkhdplk; J}J nrd;whu;! mNjNghd;W
jd;idg; ghba fhf;ifg; ghbdpahu;f;F MLNfhl;ghl;Lr; Nruyhjd;
E}whapuk; foQ;R nfhLj;Jg; ghuhl;bdhu;. ngz; fiyQu;fs;
rq;ffhy kfspu; Mly; ghly;fspy; gq;Nfw;wdu;. ,tw;wpy; tpwypau;
gq;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ntwpahl;L> ts;spf;$j;J> Fuitf;$j;J
Mfpatw;wpy; ngz;fs; ngUk; gq;Nfw;wdu;. kd;dupd; mitf;
fsj;jpYk;> Cu; kd;wq;fspYk;> ghriwfspYk; tpwypau; Mbg; ghb
25
kf;fis kfpo;tpj;jdu;. tPukfspu; rq;ffhyg; ngz;fs; ehl;Lg;gw;W
kpf;ftu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. tPuk; mtu;fsJ FUjpapy; fye;j
Fzkhf ,Ue;jJ. kfspu; Nghupy; Neupy; fye;J nfhs;shtpbDk;
Nghupy; gq;Nfw;w fztiuAk;> kfidAk; ntFthf Cf;Ftpj;jdu;.
jd; fztd; Nghupy; ntd;W ntw;wp thif R+b jpUk;g Ntz;b
kidtpau; eLfy;iyj; njhOjdu;. jk; fztd; khu;gpy; gha;e;j
Ntiyg; gpLq;fp vwpe;j NghJ ahidfs; kpuz;L Xbajhf xU
kidtp ngUikAld; NgRfpwhs;. giftid nty;tjpy; je;ijf;F
epfuhdtd; kfd; vd;W ghuhl;Lfpwhu; kw;nwhU jha;. jd; kfd;
Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; GwKJF fhl;bapUe;jhy; mtDf;Fg; ghY}l;ba
khu;ig mwpj;J vwpNtd; vd;W R+Siuf;fpwhu; kw;nwhU jha;.
2.9.1. moF kfspu;
rq;fg; ngz;bu; xg;gidf;F cupa ,lk; nfhLj;jdu;. ,sk;
ngz;fs; $e;jYf;F nea;apl;L> Ie;jhf tFj;J> gpd;dypl;Lf;
nfhz;ldu;. KjpNahu; $e;jiy thup Kbj;Jf; fl;bdu;. kfspu;
Fspj;jgpd; $e;jYf;F mfpy; Gif fhl;bdu;. fz;fSf;F ik
jPl;bf; nfhz;ldu;. kzkhd ngz;fs; Ntq;if> ntl;rp> Ftis>
mUk;G> ky;ypif Mfpa kyu;fis tpUg;gk;Nghy; R+bf; nfhz;ldu;.
re;jdk;> Fq;Fkk; Mfpatw;iw khu;gpy; G+rpf; nfhz;L mjpy;
Xtpaq;fisj; jPl;bf; nfhz;ldu;.
2.9.2. guj;ijau;
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; guj;ijau; gw;wpa ghly;fs; Vuhsk;.
,tu;fs; rq;ffhy rKjhaj;jpd; mq;fkhfNt ,Ue;jdu;. guj;ijau;
mofpYk;> ,sikapYk;> Mly; ghlypYk; rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jdu;.
,tu;fs; gytPd cs;sk; nfhz;l Mltiu <u;f;Fk; fhe;jf;
fl;bfs;. Mltu; guj;ijaUld; njhlu;G nfhs;tJ ngz;fshy;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l gof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. Mltu; fhjy;
fpoj;jpNahL fhkf;fpoj;jpaiu itj;Jf; nfhs;tJ ngUikahff;
fUjg;gl;lJ. guj;ijau; nghJ kfspu;. ,tu;fs; ,w;guj;ijau;>
fhkf; fpoj;jpau;> Nrupg; guj;ijau;> eag;Gg; guj;ijau; vdg;
gytifg;gl;ldu;. rq;ffhy Mltupd; ghy; gytPdk; guj;ijau;
%yk; ntspg;gl;lJ. ,J Mz;fs; Mjpf;fj;jpd; mwpFwpahFk;.
fw;G xUtopg; ghijay;y vd;w cz;ik czug;gltpy;iy.
guj;jik rq;fj; jkpou;fspd; gytPdq;fspy; xd;whFk;. Neu;ikahd
Nfhtyd; ,g;gytPdj;Jf;Fg; gypahdhd;. mjd; tpisthfj;
jd;idAk;> jd; FLk;gj;ijAk;> khjtpapd; FLk;gj;ijAk; jPuhj;
Jauj;Jf;F Mshf;fpdhd;.
26
2.10. tpohf;fs;
tpohf;fs; rq;ffhy rKjhaf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fs;. tpohf;fspy;
Fwpg;gplj; jf;fit tUkhW: 1) fhu;j;jpifj; jpUtpoh. fhu;j;jpif
tpz;kPid ikakhff; nfhz;lJ. ,g;gz;bif mwk; nra;Ak;
tpohthff; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. tPLfSk;> njUf;fSk; xsp
tpsf;Ffshy; myq;fupf;fg;gl;ld. 2) nghq;fy;. ijj;jpq;fspy;
nfhz;lhlg;gl;l ,g;gz;bif jkpoupd; jdpj; jpUtpohthFk;.
nghq;fy; “mWtil tpohthfj; njhlq;fpg; gpd;du; tsj;ijf;
Fwpj;j tpohthf khwpaJ”. 3) ij ePuhl;L. jkf;F tha;f;Fk;
fztd; ew;gz;Gilatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Ntz;b
ijj;jpq;fspy; ngz;fs; MW> Fsq;fspy; ePuhbdu;. 4) ,sNtdpy;
tpoh. ,J fhkd; jpUtpoh. ,t;tpohtpd; NghJ fhjyu; fspj;J
tpisahbdu;. 5) ,e;jpu tpoh. ,t;tpoh rq;f fhyj;jpd;
gpw;gFjpapy;> fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy;> rpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhlg;gl;J. ,J
gy nja;t topghl;L tpoh. ,t;tpohtpy; gy;NtW rkaj;jtu;
gq;Nfw;wdu;. gl;bkz;lgk; elj;jg;gl;lJ. 6) Nkw;fz;l
ngUtpohf;fsd;wp ePu; tpoh> jpUg;gjpapy; tpoh> cs;sp tpoh>
gq;Fdp tpoh> Nfhbau; tpoh> ntwpahl;L tpoh> gpwe;j ehs; tpoh
Nghd;w gy tpohf;fSk; nfhz;lhlg;gl;ld.
Kw;fhyj; jkpou;fs; jq;fs; tho;f;ifia gpwg;G Kjy;
,wg;G tiu Kiwg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. czT> cil> ciwAs;
Kjy; ,Wjpr; rlq;Ffs; tiu tifg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. gz;ilj;
jkpou; gpwg;G top NtWghL mwpahNjhu;. gpwg;G vy;yh capu;f;Fk;
nghJ vd;w Nfhl;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. cyf tho;f;ifia
tho;thq;F tho Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpatu;fs;; tpioe;jtu;fs;.
rhg;ghl;Lg; gpupau;fs;. Ritkpf;f czitr; rikg;gjpy;
ty;ytu;fs;. tho;e;j epyj;jpw;Nfw;g czT Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpdu;.
kJTk; khkprKk; rq;fj; jkpou; midtUk; kuf;fwp czNthL
khkprj;ijAk;> kJitAk; tpUk;gp cz;ldu;. gd;wp ,iwr;rp tpUk;gp
cz;zg;gl;lJ. gytif kJtiffs; ,Ue;jd. rhjhuz kf;fs;
Kjy; kd;du;fs; tiu kJ mUe;Jtij fl;lhag; gof;fkhff;
nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ed;F Gspj;j fs; Njd; fLg;gd;d fLikahf
,Ue;jjhk;. njd;id> gid kuq;fspypUe;J ,wf;fpa fs;is
tPl;bNyNa czNthL Nru;j;J toq;fpdu;. jkpou;fs; atdu;fNshL
njhlu;G nfhz;l gpd; ntspehl;L kJ tiffs; jilapd;wp
,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. ,tw;iw kd;du;fSk;> nry;tu;fSk;
Fbj;Jf; fspj;jdu;. gpwUf;Fk; nfhLj;J kfpo;e;jdu;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> mjpakhd; mQ;rp fs; Fiwthf ,Ue;jikahy;
mijj; jhd; mUe;jhJ xsitahUf;Fk;> ,utyu;fSf;Fk;
nfhLj;jhdhk;. mNjNghd;W> Nju;tz; kiyad; vd;w ts;sy;
neUg;ngdr; rpte;j ,iwr;rpia kz;ilapy; Cw;wpa fs;NshL
27
fye;J nfhLg;gJz;lhk;. fs;Sz;L fspg;gjw;nfd;Nw cz;lhl;L
tpoh nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. fs; jkpou;fspd; FUjpNahL fye;J
tpl;lJ. kJit tpyf;FtJ ,tu;fSf;F ,ayhj fhupak;. rq;f
fhyj;jpy; kJtUe;jy; tPl;il kl;Lkd;wp ehl;ilAk; nfLj;jJ.
2.11. cil myq;fhuk;
rq;f fhyj; jkpou;fs; jFjpf;Fj; jFe;j cil mzpe;jdu;.
Mltu; ,ilapy; Xu; MilAk;> NkNy xU Jz;ilAk; mzpe;jdu;.
ngz;bu; ,ilapy; gl;Lk; GlitALj;jpdu;. kd;dDk;> kd;duJ
FLk;gj;jpdUk;> nry;te;jUk; tpiyAau;e;j> ifNtiyg;ghLkpf;f
cil mzpe;jdu;. gpwnuy;yhk; vspa MiliaNa cLj;jpdu;.
tPuu;fs; G+Ntiy nra;ag;gl;l ePyepwf; fr;irapid fl;bf;
nfhz;ldu;. mf;fhyj;J Milfs; moFk;> Neu;j;jpAk;> fiy
czu;T kpf;fjhfTk; ,Ue;jd. Mil ghk;gpd; rl;iliag;
Nghd;wJ; %q;fpypd; cl;Gwj;J ntz;Njhy; Nghd;Wk; ,Ue;jjhk;!''
gl;L Milfspd; Xuq;fspy; mofpa FQ;rq;fs; mikf;fg;
gLtJz;L. nky;ypa Milfs; atdk;> vfpg;J Nghd;w
ntspehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. tPLfs;> khspiffs;
ciliag; Nghd;Nw ciwASk; kf;fspd; jFjpf;Nfw;g khWgl;lJ.
FwpQ;rp epyf; FwtUk;> Ky;iy MaUk;> kUj cotUk;> nea;jy;
gujtUk;> ghiy vapdUk; mtu;fsJ epy mikg;Gf;Nfw;g
jdpj;jd;ikAld; vspa FbirfspYk;> tPLfspYk; trpj;jdu;.
cjhuzkhf> Ky;iy epyj;J Mau;fspd; tPLfspy; MLfs; epd;W
jpz;gjw;Fupa jiof; nfhj;Jfs; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jd. kUjepy
cotu;fspd; tPLfs; neba Rtu;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jd. nea;jy;
gujtu; tPLfspy; Gyhy; ehw;wk; tPRk;. NtYk; NflaKk; gj;jpg;
gj;jpaha; ,Ue;jdthk;. kd;du;fs; muz;kidapYk;> nry;tu;
khspifapYk; tho;e;jdu;. muz;kidapy; gy gFjpfs; ,Ue;jd.
me;jg;Guk; jdpf; fhtYld; fhzg;gl;lJ. muz;kidapd; thapypy;
ngupa ,ul;ilf; fjTfs; ,Ue;jd. muz;kidapYk;>
khspifapYk; Ntah khlk; vd;w nkhl;il khb ,Ue;jJ.
rhsuq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. cl;Rtu;fspy; Xtpaq;fs; jPl;lg;
gl;bUe;jd. ,itahTk; rhjhuz kf;fSf;Fk;> nry;te;ju;fSf;Fk;
,ilNaahd ,ilntspiaf; fhl;Ltdthf ,Ue;jd. ,LjYk;
RLjYk; gpwg;igg; Nghd;Nw ,wg;Gk; vy;yh capu;f;Fk; nghJthdJ.
,wg;nghf;Fk; vy;yh capu;f;Fk;. rq;f fhyj;jpy; gzj;ijg;
ghilapy; fplj;jpr; RLfhl;Lf;F vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; gof;fk; ,Ue;jJ.
,we;Njhiuj; jhopfspy; fplj;jpg; ghJfhg;ghfg; Gijj;jdu;.
,we;Njhu; kPJ Nfhbj; Jzp Nghu;j;jpdu;. tPl;Lg; ngz;fs; khubj;Jg;
Gyk;gpdu;. rhg;giwfs; Koq;fg;gl;ld. gpzj;ijg; Gijf;Fk; ,lk;
ngUq;fhL> KJfhL vdg;gl;lJ. ,LjYk;> RLjYk; kuGfsha;
28
,Ue;jd. Nghupy; ,we;j tPuu;fSf;F fy;el;L kupahij nrYj;jpdu;.
,we;Njhu;f;F ike;ju; nra;Ak; fld; njd;Gyj;jhu; fld;
vdg;gl;lJ.
2.12. rq;ffhy rhjpKiw
Mupaupd; tUiff;Fg; gpwFjhd; ,e;jpahtpy; tu;z
mbg;gilapyhd gbaLf;F rhjpKiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLj;J te;j Mupau; Kjypy; rpe;J
rkntspg; gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wpdu;. gpd;du; fpof;F Nehf;fp
CLWtpr; nrd;W fq;if-aKidg; gFjpfis ifafg;gLj;jpdu;.
mjd;gpd; ,e;jpah Mupakakhf;fg;gl;lJ (Aryanisation of
India). tlehl;il trg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Mupau; njw;F Nehf;fp
te;J jf;fhzj;jpYk;> jkpo; ehl;bYk; FbNawpdu;. jkpo; ehl;by;
FbNawpa Mupau; me;jzu;> ghu;g;ghu;> gpuhkzu;> ghu;g;gdu;> mwNthu;
vd;w ngau;fshf miof;fg; gl;ldu;. Mupa--gpuhkzu; te;j gpd;du;
jkpo; ehl;bd; r%f-rka tho;f;ifapy; khngUk; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.
miuFiw Kaw;rp Mupau; jkpo; ehl;Lf;F te;J FbNawpaNghJ
,e;epyk; FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy vd;W
,aw;iftopg; gpupe;J> KiwNa Fwtu;fs;> Mau;> cotu;> gujtu;>
vapdu; vd kf;fs; Fytop> njhopy; top tho;e;J te;jdu;.
,tu;fNs rq;ffhyj; Jtf;fj;jpypUe;J jkpo; ehl;by; tho;e;J te;j
MjpFy kf;fs; Mtu;. ,f;Fyq;fs; Fbfshff; fUjg;gl;ldu;.
,g;ghuk;gupa rKjha mikg;G gLfpil mikg;ghFk;. ,e;j
mikg;gpd; kPJ ntspapypUe;J jkpo;ehl;Lf;F te;J FbNawpa
Mupa-gpuhkzu; mtu;fSf;NfAupa tu;zk; rhu;e;j rhjpKiwiag;
GFj;j Kw;gl;ldu;. jkpo; ehl;by; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,k;Kaw;rpiag;
gw;wp tuyhw;W Ma;thsu; tp.V.];kpj; ehd;F Kf;fpa KbTfSf;F
te;jhu;: 1) jkpou; tl ,e;jpaj; njhlu;gpd;wpNa xU cau; epiy
ehfupfj;ij tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;; 2) tlf;fpypUe;J te;J
FbNawpNahu; rhjp> rlq;F Kjypa ,e;Jf; nfhs;iffisg; GFj;j
Kad;wdu;; 3) mtu;fsJ mj;jifa Kaw;rpf;F ngupa msT
vjpu;g;G ,Ue;jJ; 4) vdNt> Mupauhy; GFj;jg;gl;l rhjp mikg;G
Kiw tsu;r;rp milahkYk;> miwFiwahfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
jkpo; ehl;by; Mupa-gpuhkzupd; tu;z-gpwg;G-mbg;gilapyhd
gbKiw> nrq;Fj;J rhjpKiw Njhy;tpAw;wJ. gpwg;ghy; midtUk;
rkk;> njhopy; NtWghbd;wp gpw NtWghLfs; ,y;iy vd;W fUjpa
jkpo;r; rKjhak; Gjpjhfg; GFj;jg;gl;l rhjp Kiwia Vw;Wf;
nfhs;stpy;iy. mNjrkak; ghu;g;gdupd; rKjha> rka
Rje;jpuj;ij vjpu;f;fTkpy;iy. khwhf> fy;tpiag; ngupJk; Nghw;wpa
ghu;g;gzu;fisj; jq;fsJ Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;ldu;. vdNt>
mtu;fs; jkpo; ehl;by; jdpj;jd;ikAld; jpfo;e;jdu;.
29
ghu;g;gdu;fspd; jdpj;Jtj;Jf;fhd fhuzq;fs;: 1) mtu;fSf;F
nrsdpad;> Nfhjkdhu;> nfsrpfdhu;> ghujhadu; Mfpa Nfhj;jpug;
ngau;fs; ,Ue;jd; 2) gytif Nts;tpfisr; nra;jdu;; 3) Njhs;
kPJ G+Z}y; mzpe;jdu;; 4) G+Z}y; mzptjhy; ghu;g;ghu;
,Ugpwg;ghsuhff; fUjg;gl;ldu;; 5) fhiy> ez;gfy;> khiy vDk;
Kg;NghJk; Ntj ke;jpuq;fis xjpdu;; 6) jq;fisAk;>
Rw;Wg;Gwj;ijAk; Rj;jkhf itj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. fUq;ff;$wpd;>
jkpo;ehl;Lg; ghu;g;gdu;fs; ek;gpf;iffshYk;> eltbf;iffshYk;>
gof;ftof;fq;fshYk;> rk];fpUj Ntjf; fy;tpahYk;> GNuhfpjk;>
Nrhjplk; Nghd;w njhopy;fshYk; gpwuplkpUe;J khWl;Lj;
jdpj;jd;ikAld; tho;e;jdu;. murupd; ek;gpf;iff;Fg; ghj;jpukhf
muritapy; ,lk; ngw;wdu;. rKjha me;j];Jk;> mq;fPfhuKk;
ngw;wdu;. jq;fis cau; rhjpapdu; vdf; $wpf; nfhz;ldu;.
mijj; jkpo;r; rKjhak; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ! “jkpofj;Jr; rKjha
Vw;ghl;by; gpuhkz r%fk; Nt&d;wptpl;lJ”.
jkpo; ehl;by; Nt&d;wpa gpuhkz r%fk; rq;f fhyj;jpd;
gpw;gFjpapy; Jspu;tpl;L> fpis gpupe;J rhjpf; fdpfisf;
nfhLj;jJ. fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy; Nky; rhjpau;> fPo;r;rhjpau; vd;w
ghFghLk;> NtWghLk; epiyngw;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> nghw;nfhy;yu;
fk;khsuhfTk;> tzpfu; itrpadhfTk; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;ldu;.
mjdhy;jhd; cau;rhjp itrpadhd NfhtydplkpUe;J fPo;r;rhjp
nghw;nfhy;yf; fk;khsd; tpyfpr; nrd;wjhf rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;
fhl;lg;gl;lJ. mNjNghd;W> Giyad; ,opgpwg;ghsdhff;
fUjg;gl;lhd;. fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy;jhd; gpuhkz rhjpKiw jkpo;
ehl;bd; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt> ghu;g;gd rhjp Kiw
rq;ffhyr; rupT epiyapy; epiyngw;Wtpl;ljhfNt fUj
Ntz;bAs;sJ. gpwg;nghf;Fk; vy;yh capu;f;Fk; vd;w cupa
vz;zk; jkpo;ehl;iltpl;L tpilngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
4. ve;j epyk; kiyAk;> kiy rhu;e;j gFjp?
5. fhu;j;jpifj; jpUtpoh vij ikakhff; nfhz;lJ?
6. ,we;Njhu;f;F ike;ju; nra;Ak; fld; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lJ.
2.13. rq;ffhy rkak;
gz;ilf;fhyj; jkpou;fs; ,aw;ifia ,iwtdhff;
fUjpdu;. ,aw;if Mw;wy;fis ,iwtdpd; ntspg;ghLfshfg;
ghu;j;jdu;. mtu;fs; jPADs; Njwiy(fs;)Ak;> G+tpDs;
ehw;wj;ijAk; (eWkzk;)> mwj;jpDs; md;igAk;> ntQ;Rlypy;
30
xspiaAk;> jpq;fspy; md;igAk; fz;ldu;. Kw;fhyj; jkpoupd;
,aw;if tho;Tf;Nfw;g KUfDk; (FwpQ;rp)> jpUkhYk; (Ky;iy)>
,e;jpuDk; (kUjk;)> tUzDk; (nea;jy;) nja;t tbtk; ngw;wdu;.
,tu;fNs khNahd;> NrNahd;> Nte;jd;> tUzd; vd;Wk;
tu;zpf;fg;gl;ldu;. giftuplkpUe;J fhg;ghw;w khNahd;; giftiu
vjpu;f;nfhs;s NrNahd;; ,aw;ifr; rPw;wj;jpypUe;J fhg;ghw;w
,e;jpud;; ePu;top mr;rk; ePf;f tUzd;. flTs;fs;
fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;; fz;L gpbf;fg;gLtjpy;iy! RUq;ff;$wpd;>
Kw;fhyj; jkpoupd; rkak; gFj;jwpTg; G+u;tkhdJ. ,aw;ifNahL
,iae;jJ. midtUf;Fk; nghJthdJ. tpohf;fSk; rlq;FfSk;
rq;fj; jkpoupd; rkaj;Jf;Nfw;g topghLfSk;> tpohf;fSk;>
rlq;FfSk; mike;jd. topghLfSs; KUf topghL> nfhw;wit
topghL> tUz topghL> ,e;jpud; topghL> jpUkhy; topghL>
gj;jpdp topghL> eLfy; topghL Mfpait Kf;fpakhdit.
tpohf;fSs; rpwg;ghdit: ,e;jpu tpoh> fhkd; tpoh> cs;sp tpoh>
tpsf;Nfw;Wk; tpoh> jpUthjpiu tpoh Mfpait. rlq;Ffspy;
gpujhdkhdjhf ij ePuhly; ,Ue;jJ. rq;f fhyj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapy;
epkpj;jk; ghu;j;jy;> cso; typ> kWgpwg;G> cUt topghL Nghd;w
gFj;jwpTf;nfht;thj gof;fq;fSk;> ek;gpf;iffSk; jkpoiu
cLk;ngd gw;wpf; nfhz;ld.
2.13.1. itjPf rkak;
jkpo;ehl;by; FbNawp> jkpou;fNshL fye;Jtpl;l
ghu;g;gdu;fs; mtu;fs; gpd;gw;wpa rkaj;jhy; mwpag;gl;ldu;.
mtu;fsJ rkak; Ntjq;fisAk;> Mfkq;fisAk;>
ek;gpf;iffisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. ,tu;fsJ rkak;
Nts;tpfis ikakhff; nfhz;L Rod;wJ. murdpd; MjuNthL
Nts;tpfs; tpuptile;jd. ,tu;fsJ khu;f;fk; Mupa Ntj (epfkk;)
khu;f;fkhFk;. Kj;jPapl;L Nts;tpfs; elj;jpdu;. Nts;tpf;
Fz;lq;fisr; Rw;wp epd;W Ntj ke;jpuk; Xjpdu;. rkar; rlq;Ffs;
gy nra;jdu;. ,tu;fs; Nts;tp me;jzu;fs;' vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ldu;. Nts;tpfs; nra;ahJ jkpo;ehl;L kf;fspd;
rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp jq;fSila rkar; rlq;FfisAk; tpl;Lf;
nfhLf;fhj ghu;g;gdu; mwNthu; vd;W mwpag;gl;ldu;! ,tu;fs;
Ntshg; ghu;g;gdu;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;. ghu;g;gdu;fspd;
Nts;tpfshYk;> rka eilKiwfshYk;> rkar; rlq;FfshYk;
jkpoupd; rkaj;jpy; khWghLfSk;> NtWghLfSk; Njhd;wyhapd.
,UNtW rkaq;fSk; ,izg;Gf; $ly; (Melting Pot) epiyia
mile;jJ. ,J jkpo;ehl;L rka tuyhw;wpy; jpUg;GKidia
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Ntj topgl;l ghu;g;gd rkak; jkpo; ehl;by;
Nt&d;Wtjw;fhd tpsf;fk; gupghlypy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehd;F
Ntjq;fs;: mtw;Wf;Fupa MW mq;fq;fs;; Ntj Nts;tpapd; %d;W
31
gpupTfs;> mtw;wpd; VO cl;gpupTfs;; Nts;tp nra;Ak; me;jzd;
fiykhdpd; Njhiyg; Nghu;j;jy;> %tifg; gRf;fisg; gypaply;
gw;wpa tptuq;fs; tpupthf Muhag;gl;Ls;sd. Ntj Nkhjy;>
Njtu;fSf;F jl;rpiz nfhLj;jy;> G+Tyiff; fhj;jy; gw;wpa
jfty;fs; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rq;f fhyj;jpy;
Ntjg; gpuhkzu; cau;e;j epiyapy; ,Ue;jdu;. muru;fspd;
Mjuitg; ngw;wdu;. ,U gpwg;ghsu;> kiw fhg;ghsu; vdf; $wpf;
nfhz;ldu;. ghu;g;ghu;f;Fk; nghd;Dk;> nghUSk;> epyKk; tiuahJ
toq;fg; ngw;wd. gy kd;du;fs; ghu;g;gdu;fSf;F Cu;fis
gpukNjakhf toq;fpdu;. me;jzu;f;Nf epykspj;jy; kd;ddpd;
flikahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. me;jziuf; nfhy;tJ ngUk; ghtkhfg;
ghtpf;fg;gl;lJ. Nghu;f; fhyq;fspy; mtu;fSf;Fg; gpuj;Nafg;
ghJfhg;G mspf;fg; gl;lJ. ,it ahtw;Wf;Fk; fhuzk; mtu;fs;
gpd;gw;wpa Ntj Nts;tp newpahFk;. ,r;rYif rKjha-rka
Vw;wj;jho;TfSf;F mbg;gilf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ.
2.13.2. Gj;j rkak;
rq;fj; jkpo;ehl;L rka thdj;jpy; Njhd;wpa kw;nwhU
tpz;kPd; Gj;j rkakhFk;. ghu;g;gd rkaj;ijg; Nghd;Nw Gj;j
rkaKk; jkpo; ehl;Lf;F ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l Gw rkakhFk;.
Gj;j rkak; ghu;g;gd rkaj;Jf;F vjpu;kiwahd rkakhFk;.
Kd;dJ Mj;jpa rkankdpy; gpd;dJ ehj;jpf rkakhFk;. ,uz;Lk;
,U JUtq;fs;. Gj;j rkak; tu;z NtWghl;ilAk;>
gpwg;gpdbg;gilapy; fw;gpf;fg;gl;l rhjpfisAk;> Nts;tpr;
rlq;FfisAk;> kf;fspilNa cau;T jho;Tfis
Vw;gLj;JtijAk;> rk];fpUjj;ij Njtnkhopahf fUJtijAk;
mbNahL vjpu;j;jJ. rq;fk; %yk; rKjha khw;wk; mNrhfu;
fhyj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;Lf;F te;j ngsj;ju;fshy; mwpKfkhdJ Gj;j
rkak;. rq;fk; mikj;J jq;fs; rkaj;ijg; gug;gpdu;. ghu;g;gdu;fs;
Nghyd;wp> ngsj;ju;fs; kf;fNshL kf;fshff; fye;J> gofp rka-
rKjha-,yf;fpaj; njhz;lhw;wpdu;. muru;fs;> tzpfu;fs;>
nry;te;ju; MfpNahuJ MjuNthL mikf;fg;gl;l Gj;j
tpfhuq;fspYk;> gs;spfspYk;> klq;fspYk; vt;tpj NtWghLkpd;wp
midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; rka-rKjha-fy;tpj; njhz;L
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. kf;fs; njhz;L ngsj;ju;fspd; njhz;L
gyjug;gl;lJ: 1) jkpiof; fw;W jkpo; %yk; jkpoNuhL njhlu;G
nfhz;ldu;; 2) jkpopy; ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fzq;fisg; gilj;jdu;. 3)
khw;Wj; jpwdhspfSf;F czT tpLjpfs; fl;bf; nfhLj;J
kWtho;tspj;jy;; 4) Vio vspNahUf;F kUj;Jtg;gzp; 5) tu;z
rhjp Kiwiaf; fLikahf vjpu;j;jy;; 6) fy;tp %yk; Gj;jf;
Nfhl;ghLfis-cz;ik Ngry;> capu;f;nfhiy nra;ahik> Gyhy;
cz;zhik Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fioj;Jf; nfhLj;jy;; 7) Fuyw;w
32
fPNohu; vd;W xJf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F Fuy; nfhLj;jy;; 8) Ntw;Wik
ghuhJ midtUf;Fk; gad; fUjhg; gzpahw;wy;; 9) ,iw kWg;Gf;
nfhs;ifiag; gpur;rhuk; nra;jy;; 10) ngupa efuq;fspy; Gj;j
klq;fisAk;> Nfhapy;fisAk;> gs;spfisAk; Vw;gLj;jy;.
2.13.3. rkz rkak;
Gj;j rkaj;ijg; Nghd;Nw rkz rkaKk; rq;fj;
jkpo;ehl;Lf;Fg; Gjpa rkakhFk;. re;jpuFg;j nksupag; Nguurupd;
Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; mtuJ Mrhd; gj;jpughF Kdptu;
Mapuf;fzf;fhd khztu;fSld; ikR+upy; cs;s rputz
ngy;nfhshtpy; FbNawpdu;. ,tu;fspy; xU gFjpapdu; jkpo;
ehl;Lf;F te;J jq;fpdu;. ,tu;fSs; ngUk;ghNyhu; ghz;ba ehl;by;
epiy nfhz;ldu;. ,tu;fSk; muru;fs;> tzpfu;fs;> nry;te;ju;
MfpNahupd; MjuNthL rq;fk; mikj;J jq;fs; kjj;ijg; gug;gpdu;;
njhz;lhw;wpdu;. jkpo; ehl;L rkzu;fs; %d;W tifg;gl;ldu;: 1)
nts;shil mzpe;j RNtjhk;gpuu;; 2) Mil mzpah jpfk;guu;; 3)
mq;f kiwfis topgLk; Rjhdthrpfs;. rkzu;fSk;
ngsj;ju;fSk; nfhs;ifahy; xd;Wgl;L eilKiwr; rkar;
rlq;Ffshy; khWgl;ltu;fs;. vdpDk; rKjhaj; njhz;ilg;
nghWj;jtiu ,U rhaj;jhUk; kf;fs; eyg; gzpfspy; jq;fis
KOikahf <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;ltu;fs;. rkzu;fs; Fwpg;ghf
fpuhkq;fspy; jq;fs; flikfisr; nra;jdu;. ,tu;fSk;
ghu;g;gdupd; tu;z rhjp Kiwiar; rhbdu;. Ntjq;fisAk;>
ahfq;fisAk;> rj;jw;w rkar; rlq;FfisAk; xJf;fpdu;.
ghu;g;gdupd; itjPf rhaj;Jf;F vjpuhfr; nray;gl;ldu;.
capu;f;nfhiy nra;Ak; njhopiyj; jtpu gpw njhopy;fisg;
Nghw;wpdu;. rKjhaj;jhy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F mwpTk;>
czTk;> kUe;Jk; nfhLj;jdu;. Mjutw;NwhUf;F milf;fyk;
nfhLj;jdu;. nfhy;yhikia gw;gWj;jpdu;. rka E}y;fis
,ytrkhf tpepNahfpj;jdu;. jkpiof; fw;W jkpopd; %yk;
jkpou;fspd; cs;sq;fis nfhs;is nfhz;ldu;.
2.13.3.1. rkzu;fspd; ,yf;fpag;gzp
rkzu;fspd; rKjhaj; njhz;ilg; Nghd;Nw ,yf;fpaj;
njhz;Lk; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;fJ. jkpopyf;fpaj;jpy;
rkzu;fs; njhlhj JiwNa ,y;iy vdyhk;. njhy;fhg;gpa
ciuahrpupauhd ,sk;G+udhu; rkzu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
njhy;fhg;gpaNu rkzu; vdf; $WNthUk; cz;L. mNjNghd;W
nfhy;yhik> Gyhy; kWj;jy;> fs;Sz;zhik Nghd;w rkzf;
fUj;Jf;fs; typAWj;jg;gLtjhy; jpUts;StUk; rkzNu vd;gu;.
ehybahu; rkz fUj;Jf;fspd; fUT+yk;. fzpNkijahu; ,aw;wpa
Vyhjpapd; xt;nthU ghlypYk; 6 mwq;fs; typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
33
fhupahrdhupd; rpWgQ;r%yj;jpy; xt;nthU nra;ASk; 5
mwq;fisf; $Wfpd;wJ. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; rkzf; nfhs;iffs;
rpjwpf; fplf;fpd;wd. rPtf rpe;jhkzp> R+shkzp> ePyNfrp> ed;D}y;>
ahg;ngUq;fytpUj;jp> ahg;ngUq;fyf;fhupif> Nekpehjk; Mfpait
rpwe;j rkz E}y;fshFk;.
2.13.4. ,Urkaq;fspd; jhf;fk;
jkpo;ehl;L kf;fspd; rKjha tho;tpy; Gj;j> rkz
rkaq;fspd; jhf;fk; msg;gupaJ. Gj;j> rkz rkaj;jpdu; jq;fsJ
gs;spfisj; Jtf;fp midtUf;Fk; rha rkr;rPu; fy;tp mspj;jdu;.
fhQ;rpGuk; rkzf; Nfhl;ilahfj; jpfo;e;jJ. G+k;Gfhupy; rkzg;
gs;spfs; nray;gl;ld. ciwA+upy; ];uPfhe;jg; gs;sp> epf;fe;jf;
Nfhl;lk; Nghd;w rkzf; Nfhapy;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,NjNghd;W> Gj;jg;
gs;spfSk; nray;gl;ld. ,g;gs;spfs; kiyr;NrhiyfSf;fpilNa
mike;jpUe;jd. jkpou;fspy; gyu; ,r;rkaq;fspd;ghy;
<u;f;fg;gl;ldu;. ngz;fs; rpyu; ,y;yw tho;itj; Jwe;J
Jwtwj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. khjtpAk;> kzpNkfiyAk; Gj;jj;
Jwtpfs;. fTe;jp mbfs; rkzj; Jwtp. vdpDk;> jkpou;fs;
jq;fsJ gFj;jwpthYk;> tpopg;Gzu;thYk; jq;fsJ ghuk;gupa
rkaj;ijg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;lNjhL> rkar; rkepiy gpwohJ
ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. itjPf> Gj;j> rkzr; R+whtspfshy;
rpf;fhky; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. “,j;jkpou; tho;f;ifapy;
mtek;gpf;ifAk;> ehj;jpfKk; XusT fye;jpUe;jdthapDk;
mtw;why; kdk; khwpNdhu; kpfr; rpyNu”.
2.14. rq;f fhyj;jpd; tPo;r;rp
rq;f fhyj;jpd; vOr;rpiag; Nghd;Nw mjd; tPo;r;rpAk;
gpukpf;fj;jf;fjha; cs;sJ. 500 Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf ePbj;jpUe;j
tuyhW rq;f fhyj;jpd; rupTk; rPuopTk; rupahf tpsf;fg;glhj>
,d;Dk; mtpo;f;fg;glhj tuyhw;W Kbr;rhfNt cs;sJ.
rq;ffhyj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW
tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
1) murpay; fhuzq;fs;
kd;duhl;rp Kiwapy; thupRupik gw;wpa njsptpd;ik
thupRfspilNa nghwhikg; Nghl;bia tsu;j;jJ. mur
FLk;gj;jpdupd; murpay; FWf;fPLfSk;> Mlk;gur; nryTfSk;
Ml;rpiag; gytPdg;gLj;jpd. NghupLtJ tPukhff; fUjg;
gl;likahy; xt;nthU kd;dUk; tPuj;ij ntspg;gLj;j
gilnaLg;GfspYk;> Nghu;fspYk; <Lgl;ldu;. Nghupl;L ehL gpbj;jy;
34
mwkhff; fUj;jg;gl;lJ. kd;du;fspd; kz;zhirAk;> Nghu;g;Gfo;
NghijAk; kf;fspd; Njhd;whj; Jd;gq;fSf;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W. xU
Nghu; mLj;j NghUf;fhd tpijia tpijj;jJ! ,e;j tp\
tl;lj;jpy; rpf;fpa jkpo;ehL rupe;J rPuope;jJ. Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba
kd;du;fs; jkpou;fs;. mtu;fs; Ngrpa jkpohy; mtu;fis xd;W
Nru;f;f Kbatpy;iy. xUtiu xUtu; giftuhfNt fUjpdu;.
jw;nfhiyf;nfhg;ghd Nghu;fspy; <Lgl;ldu;. jd; ,dk; gifj;j
gz;Ng ,tu;fsJ tPo;r;rpf;F mbg;gilf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ.
"tPuj;jpd; ngauhy; Nghu;f;fsj;Nj Vuhskhd kf;fisf; nfhd;W
Ftpj;J mur Fyq;fs; vOjYk; tpOjYik tuyhW vd;whapd;
fp.gp.600 tiuapy; tuyhNw ,y;yhj kfpo;r;rp kPJWk; ehL jkpo;ehL
vdyhk;”.
2. nghUshjhu fhuzq;fs;
rq;ffhyj; jpizg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; epyk; nghJ
cilikaha; ,Ue;jJ. cOJ cioj;Njhu; jdp cilikj;
jisapd;wp Rje;jpukhf> jd;dpiwNthL tho;e;jdu;. gpd;du; Vw;gl;l
epyTilikg; nghUshjhuk; Raeyj;ijAk; Ruz;ly;
kdg;Nghf;ifAk; tsu;j;Jtpl;lJ. epyf;fpohu;fs; epykw;Nwhupd;
ciog;gpy; tho;e;jdu;. fpuhkq;fspy; ciof;fhky; cz;Zk;
epyTilikahsu;fisg; Nghd;W efuq;fspy; njhopy; mjpgu;fs;
mjpfupj;J jPa nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; eilKiwf;F te;jd.
md;dpa ehzag; Gof;fk; jkpou;fspd; ehzaj;ijf; nfLj;jJ.
nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;T vd;Wkpy;yhj msTf;Fg; gzf;fhuu;
fSf;Fk;> ViofSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd ,ilntspiag;
ngupJgLj;jptpl;lJ. epyf;fpohu;fSk;> njhopy; mjpgu;fSk; ,d;g
Efu;r;rpapy; jpisf;f> Viofs; tWikapy; thbdu;.
3. rKjha fhuzq;fs;
ntspapypUe;J jkpo; ehl;Lf;F te;J FbNawpNahupd;
rKjha epiyg;ghl;lhy; jkpo;f; Fy rKjhaq;fSf;fpilNaahd
rkepiyAk;> rftho;Tk;> tpl;Lf; nfhLj;J thOk; epiyAk;
khwpg;Nghapw;W. Fwpg;ghf Ntj itjPf rhjp Ntw;Wik jkpou;fspd;
rKjha xw;Wikiar; rPu;Fiyj;J tpl;lJ. cau;rhjp-fPo;r;rhjp
NtWghL Nt&d;wpaJ. gpuk;kNja rKjhak; jkpo;ehl;by;
jdpj;jPthf cUntLj;jJ. murhq;fj;jpd; cjtpiaAk;>
ghJfhg;igAk; KOikahfg; ngw;wpUe;j Mupag; ghu;g;ghu;
me;jzu;fshfp> ek;gpf;iffshYk;> eilKiwfshYk;>
tof;fq;fshYk;> gpwuplkpUe;J khWgl;L rKjha NtWghl;ilj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jdu;. murhq;fr; rYiffSk;> trjpahd tho;f;ifAk;>
Xa;T NeuKk; ,tu;fsJ jdpj;Jtj;ijg; gyg;gLj;jpaJ.
,NjNghd;W efu kf;fSk; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpahYk;> gzg;
35
Gof;fj;jhYk; gy;NtW jPa rKjha gof;fq;fSf;Fg; gypahapdu;.
guk;giuahfj; njhlu;e;j Fbg;gof;fk; efu kf;fspilNa tpiuthfg;
gutyhapw;W. Fbg;gof;fj;NjhL guj;ijau; njhlu;Gk; mjpfupj;jJ.
"nry;tf;Fb Mltu;fSf;F tpgrhu tho;T r%f cupikahf khwpf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ"."
4.rkaf; fhuzq;fs;
rq;ffhy rKjhak; rkak;rhuh r%fkhf ,Ue;jJ.
kd;du;fSk; mtu;fsJ rka ek;gpf;ifia kf;fs;kPJ
jpzpf;ftpy;iy. kd;du;fSk;> kf;fSk; kj cupikia kjpj;jdu;.
,tu;fsJ rkak; rhuhg; nghJNehf;F tpag;Gf;FupaJ. Mdhy;
tlf;fpypUe;J te;j Ntj itjPf gpuhkz rkaKk;> ngsj;j rkz
rkaq;fSk; jq;fSf;Fs; Nghl;b Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L jkpo;ehl;bd;
rkag; nghJg; ghu;itiaf; FUlhf;fptpl;lJ! jkpou;fs;
rkaq;fspd; topg; gpupe;jdu;. jkpou;fspd; ,aw;if rhu;e;j rkak;>
Ntj itjPfg; gpuhkz rkak;> Gj;j rkak;> rkz rkak;
Mfpatw;Wf;fpilNa vOe;j Nghuhl;lq;fSk;> Nghl;bfSk; jkpo;r;
rKjhaj;jpd; rka mikjpia epue;jukhff; nfLj;Jtpl;ld. rkag;
nghJNehf;F fle;jfhyf; fdthapw;W. rkaf; fho;g;Gzu;r;rp
jkpou;fis rkatopg; gpupj;jJ. rhjp NtWghl;NlhL rka
NtWghLk; Nru;e;J nfhz;lJ. rka ek;gpf;iffs; jkpou;fisj;
njhw;WNeha;Nghy; gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. jkpo; ehl;by;
ek;gpf;iffSf;Fk; %l ek;gpf;iffSf;Fk; tpj;jpahrkw;w NtWghL
vd;w epiy cUthapw;W! rhjpiag; Nghd;Nw rkaKk; jkpo;r;
rKjhaj;ijg; gpupj;J gytPdg;gLj;jpaJ.
5) fyhr;rhu fhuzq;fs;
rq;ffhyr; rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu> r%f> rka
khw;wq;fs; kf;fspd; fyhr;rhuj;ijAk; ghjpj;jd. ,k;khw;wq;fSf;F
Kjypy; gypahdJ fy;tpjhd;. rq;ffhyj; jkpo; ehl;by; fw;wypd;
tha;e;j gpwg;gpy;iy' vd;W fUjg; gl;lJ. E}y;> murd;> Mrpupad;>
jha;> je;ij Mfpa ItUk; Iq;Futu; vd;W fUjg;gl;ldu;.
jpz;izg; gs;spfshapDk; fy;tp midtUf;Fk; nghJthf
,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ,e;epiy Mupa me;jzu;> ngsj;ju;fs;> rkzu;fs;
te;j gpd;du; mbNahL khwpg;Nghapw;W! kf;fSf;F Ntjf; fy;tpAk;>
ngsj;jf; fy;tpAk;> rkzf; fy;tpAk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. ,g;Gwr;
rkaj;jhu; jq;fSf;nfd jdpg; gs;spfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L
mtw;wpd; %yk; rkaf; fy;tp nfhLj;jdu;. jkpo; ehl;by; fy;tp
rkakakhf;fg;gl;lJ. nghUshjhu-rKjhar; rhjp-rka topg; gpupe;j
jkpou;fs; fy;tp topahfTk; gpupe;jdu;! rkak;rhuh nghJf;fy;tpf;Fg;
gjpy; rkak; rhu;e;j rpwg;Gf; fy;tp nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;
tpisthf ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fk; rkar; rhak; G+rg;gl;lJ. irt
36
,yf;fpak;> ngsj;j ,yf;fpak;> rkz ,yf;fpak; vd;W xU Gjpa
,yf;fpa rhjp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. rpyg;gjpfhuKk;> kzpNkfiyAk;
rka ,yf;fpaq;fshfr; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;ld. rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhyj;jpy;
rkaj;NjhL rhjpAk; ifNfhu;j;Jf; nfhz;lJ. “ehy;tif tUzj;J
mlq;fhj;jk;giy” vd;w rpyg;gjpfhu nrhw;nwhlu; ,ij
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhf cs;sJ. rq;ffhyg; guj;ijau; rpyg;gjpfhuf;
fhyf; fzpifau; Mapdu;. khjtp xU tpjptpyf;fhff; fhl;lg;
gl;lhu;. RUf;fkhfr; nrhd;dhy;> fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy; fyhr;rhu rPuopT
mjd; cr;rfl;lj;ij vl;baJ vdyhk;. murpay;> nghUshjhu>
rKjha> rka> fyhr;rhu rPu;NfLfs; fsg;gpuu; vspikahfj; jkpo;
ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;J> %Nte;ju;fisAk; Njhw;fbj;J>
Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhd fsj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jd.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
7. ,aw;ifr; rPw;wj;jpypUe;J fhg;ghw;Wk; ,iwtd; ahu;?
8. ahUila fhyj;jpy; kw;Wk; ahuhy; jkpofj;jpy; Gj;j rkak;
mwpKfkhdJ.
9. njhy;fhg;gpa ciuahrpupauhd ,sk;G+udhu; ve;j rkaj;ij
rhu;e;jtu;?
2.15. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
1. coTk;> njhopYk;.
2. coitNa.
3. G+k;GfhUk;> KrpwpAk;.
4. FwpQ;rp epyk;.
5. fhu;j;jpif tpz;kPd;.
6. njd;Gyj;jhu; fld;.
7. ,e;jpud;.
8. mNrhfu; kw;Wk; ngsj;ju;fs;.
9. rkzu;.
2.16. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. gz;lkhw;W Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
2. Ie;jpizfs; Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.
37
3. rq;ffhyj;jpy; tptrhak; vt;thW ,Ue;jJ?
tpupthd tpdhf;fs;
1. rq;ffhyj;jpy; nghUshjhuh epiy Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu vOJf.
2. rq;ffhyj;jpy; kf;fspd; tho;f;if epiy Fwpj;J tpthjp.
3. rq;f fhyj;jpy; rkak; kw;Wk; mjd; jhf;fk; Fwpj;J tptup.
2.17. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Subramania N. A History of Tamil Nadu up to 1336
Rg;gpukzpad; e. rq;ffhy tho;tpay;
Rajayyan K. History of Tamil Nadu
gps;is Nf.Nf. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW
Nilakanda Sastri K.N. A History of South India
Sathianathair R. History of India
ntq;fNlrd; f. Kw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
Srinivasa Iyengar P.T. History of Tamils: from Earliest Times to 600 AD.
myF – 3
fsg;gpuu;fs;-Muk;gfhy ghz;bau;fs;
ghl mikg;G
3.1. Kd;Diu
3.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
3.3. fsg;gpuu;
3.3.1. fhy tud;Kiw
3.3.2. Kj;jiuau;fs;
3.3.3. nfhs;iff; $l;lj;jhu;
3.3.4. fq;fu;fs;
3.3.5. Fwtu;fs;
3.3.6. fu;ehlfj;jtu;
3.4. fsg;gpuu; Ml;rp
38
3.4.1. mr;Rjtpf;fpukd;
3.4.1.1. Gj;jkjg; Gutyu;
3.4.1.2. rkz kjj;jpd; nry;thf;F
3.5. fsg;gpuu; fhy tho;tpay;
3.5.1. murpay; epiy
3.5.2. nghUshjhu epiy
3.5.3. rKjha epiy
3.5.4. rka epiy
3.5.5. fy;tp epiy
3.5.6. nkhop epiy
3.5.7. ,yf;fpak;
3.6. gpwnkhop ,yf;fpak;
3.6.1. rpj;ju;fs;
3.7. fsg;gpuu; tPo;r;rp
3.7.1. fsg;gpuu; fhyk; ,Uz;l fhykh?
3.8. Kw;fhyj;jpa ghz;bau;fs;
3.9. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;
3.9.1. fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs;
3.9.2. nrg;Ngl;Lr; rhd;Wfs;
3.9.3. ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;
3.9.4. cj;Njr fhytiuaiw
3.10. ghz;bag; Nguuru;fs;> (575-920)
3.10.1. fLq;Nfhd;> (575-600)
3.10.2. khwtu;kd; mtdp R+shkzp> (600-645)
3.10.3. nropad; Nre;jd;> (645-670)
3.10.4. mupNfrup guhq;Frd; khwtu;kd;> (670-710)
3.10.4.1. NrhoUld; kzTwT
3.10.4.2. rkag; nghiwapd;ik
3.10.5. Nfhr;rilad; uzjPud;> (710-740)
3.10.6. Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; uh[rpk;kd;> (740-765)
3.10.6.1. NguuRg; ngUf;fk;
3.10.6.2. rhSf;fpaUld; kzTwT
3.10.6.3. ngz;zhflg; Nghu;
39
3.10.6.4. NguuR tpupthf;fk;
3.10.6.5. Nte;ju; ts;sy;
3.10.6.6. Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgL
3.10.7. ];uPkhw ];uPty;ygd;> (815-860)
3.10.7.1. ,yq;ifg; Nghu;
3.10.7.2. njs;shw;Wg; Nghu;
3.10.8. ,uz;lhk; tuFzd;> (860-880)
3.10.8.1. ];uPGwk;gpag; Nghu;
3.10.8.2. Nghupd; tpisTfs;
3.10.9. guhe;jf tPuehuhazd;> (880-900)
3.10.10. ,uz;lhk; uh[rpk;kd;> (900-920)
3.11. ghz;bau; tho;tpay;
3.11.1. murpay; epiy
3.11.2. ,uhZt ty;yhl;rp
3.11.3. cs;shl;rp
3.11.4. nghUshjhu epiy
3.11.5. tu;j;jfr; rpwg;G
3.11.6. rKjha epiy
3.11.7. rKjhaj; jhf;fk;
3.11.8. rka epiy
3.11.9. ghz;bau; gz;ghL
3.11.10. fy;tp epiy
3.11.11. fl;blf;fiy
3.11.12. rpw;gk;> Xtpak;> eldk;
3.11.13. rkzr; rpw;gq;fs;
3.12. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
3.13. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
3.14. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
3.1. Kd;Diu
rq;ffhyj;Jf;F gpwF jkpofj;ij Ml;rp nra;Njhu;
fsg;gpuu;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; ntspapypUe;J
te;J jkpo; ehl;il Mf;fpukpj;jtu;fs; vd;gjpy; vt;tpj
40
IaKkpy;iy. fsg;gpuu;fs; Mjp muru;fshd Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba
kd;du;fis Kwpabj;jjd; %yk; rq;f fhyj;ij KbTf;Ff;
nfhz;L te;jtu;fs;. jkpo;ehl;il Kd;D}W Mz;LfSf;F Nky;
Ml;rp nra;jhu;fs;. ,tu;fsJ Ml;rpapd; NghJ jkpo;ehL Kjd;
Kiwahf xU Filapd; fPo;f; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. gu];gu
jw;nfhiyg; Nghu;fSf;F KbTfl;lg;gl;lJ. ty;yhl;rpapd;
tpisthf ehl;by; mikjpAk;> fl;Lg;ghLk; epytpw;W. ,yf;fpak;
jilapd;wp tsu;e;jJ. tptrhag; nghUshjhuk; tsk; ngw;wJ.
Jtf;fg; gs;spfspy; jkpo; %yk; fy;tp fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. rhjp> rka
NtWghbd;wp midtUf;Fk; rkr;rPu; fy;tp mspf;fg;gl;lJ. jpiz
kuG khwhky; G+k;Gfhiuj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp
nra;ag;gl;lJ. fsg;gpu kd;du;fs; jq;fs; nfhbapy; tpy;> Gyp>
fay; rpd;dq;fisg; nghwpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ kf;fisf; ftu;tjw;fhd
mur je;jpu cj;jpahFk;. fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; jkpo; ehl;bd; Mjp
muru;fshd Nru> Nrho> ghz;bau;fspd; mur guk;giu mope;J
Nghapw;W. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; kd;du;fSk;> FWepy kd;du;fSk;
,Ue;j ,lk; njupahky; kiwe;jdu;. jkpo;ehl;bd; rKjha> rkar;
rkepiy ntFthfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Gj;j> rkz rkaq;fspd;
Mjpf;fk; NkNyhq;fpaJ. rq;ffhy rkar; rhu;gw;w murhq;fk; rkar;
rhu;Gila murhq;fkhf cUkhw;wkile;jJ.
ghz;ba kugpdu; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpy; gok;ngUk;
ghuk;gupaj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;. rq;fk; itj;Jj; jkpo; tsu;j;j
ghz;bau; vd;w ngUikf;Fupatu;fs;. fsg;gpuu; rq;ffhyg; ghz;bau;
Ml;rpia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jdu;. mNjNghd;W njd; jkpo;
ehl;by; fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jtu;fs;
ghz;bau;fs;. ,k;khw;wj;ijr; nra;jtu; ghz;bad; fLq;Nfhd;.
ghz;bau; guk;giu jkpo;ehl;bd; kpfTk; njhz;ikahd mur
Fyq;fspy; xd;whFk;. fsg;gpuu; fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpd;du; gjpNdhW
ghz;bag; Nguuru;fs; 350 Mz;LfSf;F Nky; Ml;rp nra;Js;sdu;.
miw E}w;whz;L fhyk; Ml;rp nra;j guhe;jf neLQ;riladpd;
Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; NghJ ghz;bag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;F toptFj;jd
vd;gJ Fwpj;j epfo;Tfis gw;wp ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; fhzyhk;.
3.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
ePq;fs; ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapd;w gpd;du; fPo; fz;ltw;iw mwpa
KbAk;
• fsg;gpuu;fspd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tPo;r;rpia mwpa
cjTfpwJ.
41
• fsg;gpuu;fspd; muru;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; epu;thfj;
jd;ik Fwpj;J tpsf;FfpwJ.
• Kw;fhy ghz;bau;fisg; gw;wp mwpa cjTfpwJ
•Kw;fhy ghz;bau;fspd; Ml;rp kw;Wk; epu;thf epiy
Fwpj;J mwpayhk;.
3.3. fsg;gpuu;
fsg;gpuu; vd;w nrhy; rk];fpUjr; nrhy;yhFk;. fs;tu;>
fstu; Mfpa nrhw;fs; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
Ntad;wp fsg;gpuu; vd;w nrhy; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
ifahsg;gltpy;iy. Gj;jjj;jupd; tpeatpePr;rk; vd;w ghyp
nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l E}ypy; fhg;gf;Fyk; vd;w Fwpg;G njspthf
cs;sJ. nrg;NgLfspy; fsg;gpuu;> fypaiu vd;w nrhw;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf> fsg;gpud; vd;w ftpaurd; vd;w
nrhw;nwhlu; Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;Ngl;by; njspthff;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. nre;jiyf; fy;ntl;L ,uz;lhk; ngUk;gpLF
Kj;jiuaiu fy;tuf; fhtyd; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. RUq;ff;$wpd;>
fsg;uh vd;w tlnrhy;Ny fs;tuh-fsg;gpuu; vd;W kUtp te;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ..
3.3.1. fhy tud;Kiw
,d;iwa epiyapy; fpilf;ff;$ba rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L
fsg;gpuu; fhy tuyhw;W tud;Kiw (Chronoogy) nra;tJ ,ayhj
fhupak;. Gj;jNjtu; tho;e;j fhyk; fp.gp.450 vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
fsg;gpuupd; mopTf;Ff; fhuzkhff; fUjg;gLk; gy;yt kd;dd;
rpk;k tp\;Z tho;e;j fhyk; fp.gp.560-580 vd;Wk;> ghz;ba kd;dd;
fLq;Nfhdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; fp.gp.575-600 vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ.
vdNt> rq;f fhyk; KbTw;wgpd; fp.gp.%d;whk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J
fp.gp.Mwhk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd %d;W E}w;whz;Lfisf;
fsg;gpuu; fhyk; vdf; fUjyhk;.
fsg;gpuu; ahu;? vd;w tpdhtpw;F tpil fhz Ntz;Lkhapd;
,tu;fsJ G+u;tPfj;ijg; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,tu;fs;
cs; ehl;ltuh> mz;il ehl;ltuh my;yJ maytuh vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. fsg;gpuu; ntsp ehl;ltu; vd;gjw;fhd
ve;jf; Fwpg;Gk; fpilf;fhikahy; ,tu;fs; cs;ehl;ltuh my;yJ
mz;il ehl;ltuh vd;gijf; fz;lwpa Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,Jgw;wp
Ma;T nra;jtu;fs; fsg;gpuu; jkpo; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtu;fs; vd;W
xU rhuhUk;> mz;il ehl;ltu; vd;W kw;nwhU rhuhUk;
fUJfpd;wdu;. ,jw;fhd jw;fhypf Cff; Nfhl;ghLfs;
42
(Hypothetical Concepts) my;yJ mDkhdq;fisAk;
nfhLj;Js;sdu;.
3.3.2. Kj;jiuau;fs;
gy;ytu;fspilNaAk;> ghz;bau;fspilNaAk; gzpahw;wpa
Kj;jiuau; kugpdNu fsg;gpuu;fs; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf>
nfhLk;ghD}u; Kj;jiuaNu fsg;gpuu; vd;W Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wdu;."
,f;Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F ,tu;fs; $Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;lhk; ngUk;gpLF
Kj;jiuad; 'fs;tu; fhtyd;' 'fsg;gpuf; fhtyd;' vd;w
gl;lg;ngau; ngw;wpUe;jhu; vd;gjhFk;. vdpDk;> fsg;gpuupy; xU
gpuptpdNu Kj;jiuau; vd;gij Muha;r;rp %yk;
cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;shu; vk;.v];.Nfhtpe;jrhkp. jkpo;ehl;Lf; FWepy
kd;du;fNs fsg;gpuu; vd;W $WNthUk; cz;L.
3.3.3. nfhs;iff; $l;lj;jhu;
jkpo; ehtyu; rupij fsg;gpuiu nfhs;iff; $l;lj;jhuhf
rpj;jupf;fpwJ. ,tu;fsJ jiytd; fsg;ghsd; %Nte;jiuj;
Njhw;fbj;J> rpiwg;gpbj;J> jd;idg; Gfo;e;J ghlr;
nrhy;ypajhfTk;> mt;thNw mtu;fs; ghbajhfTk;> mjd;gpd;
jpy;iy eluhru; fsg;ghsDf;F Kb R+l;bajhfTk; Guhzr; nra;jp
$Wfpd;wJ. mJkl;Lky;y. fs;su; Fbiar; Nru;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLk;
$w;Wt ehadhUk;> ,ilr;Rop ehadhUk; fsg;gpuu; ,dj;jtu;
vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa Guhzk; fye;j ,yf;fpaj;
jfty;fs; fsg;gpuu; nfhs;isf; $l;lj;jtu; vd;w Cff;
Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F Mjhukhf cs;sJ.
3.3.4. fq;fu;fs;
fsg;gpuu; fq;fu;fNs (Gangas) vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,tu;fs;
fp.gp. ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;by; ikR+upd; ngUk; gFjpia cs;slf;fpa
fq;f ehl;ilj; Njhw;Wtpj;jdu;. jz;bfh vd;w nfhq;fdptu;kd;
,e;ehl;il cUthf;fpdhu;. jkpo; ehl;ilj; jhf;fpf;
ifg;gw;wpatu;fs; fq;fu;fNs vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,f;$w;Wf;Ff;
fhuzkhf Rq;fUk;> fsg;gpuUk; ahidr; rpd;dj;ijf;
nfhz;bUe;jdu;. Mdhy;> fhyj;jhy; gpw;gl;l fq;fu;fs; ghz;baiu
ntd;W jkpo; ehl;by; fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdu; vd;w
Nfhl;ghL ek;gf;$bajhf ,y;iy vd;W epuhfupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3.3.5. Fwtu;fs;
jkpo;ehl;Lf; Fwtu;fs; Ntq;fl kiyf;Ff; FbNawp>
ahidfisg; gpbj;Jg; gof;fp> kiyg; ghk;GfsplkpUe;J jq;fisg;
ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. ,tu;fNs fsg;gpuu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;
43
vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; ngha;if Mo;thu;. Fwgh vd;gjd; kUtNy
fsg;gpuu; vd;gu;. ,f;Nfhl;ghl;Lf;Fr; rhd;whf Fwtu;fs; Nryk;>
Nfhit> ePyfpupapy; tho;tjhfTk;; Fwghy Nfhl;lh> Fwghyg; gl;b>
FwgehfyhGuk;> Fwghyghisak;> Fwk;ghg;gl;b> FWghu`y;yp
Nghd;w Cu;g; ngau;fs; cs;sjhfTk; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
jpUg;gjp kiyfSk;> mtw;iwr; Rw;wp ,Ue;j ,lq;fSk; ,tu;fsJ
fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jjhfTk;> mtw;iwg; gy;ytu;fs; ifg;gw;wpdu;
vd;Wk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3.3.6. fu;ehlfj;jtu;
fu;ehlff; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fypFyd;> fypNjtd; Mfpa
ngau;fs; fhzg; gLfpd;wd. NkYk; fu;ehlf kd;dd; xUtd;
ghz;ba ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jjhfTk;> mtuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
irtk; mope;J rkzk; nropj;jJ vd;Wk; ngupa Guhzj;jpy; Fwpg;G
cs;sJ. vdNt> fsg;gpuu;fs; fu;ehlfg; gFjpapypUe;J jkpo;
ehl;Lf;Ff; Fb ngau;e;jtu;fNs vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. jw;Nghija
Ma;T epiyapy; fsg;gpuu; fu;ehlf ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtu;fs; vd;w
Nfhl;ghl;Lf;Ff; fUj;njhw;Wik cs;sJ.
3.4. fsg;gpuu; Ml;rp
fu;ehlff; fsg;gpu kd;du;fs; mur Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;.
,tu;fs; njhz;il kz;lyj;jpy; epytpa epiyaw;w neUf;fbr;
R+o;epiyiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L mg;gFjpia Mf;fpukpj;Jf;
nfhz;ldu;. gpd;du; Nrho ehl;by; thupRupikg; Nghl;bahy; Vw;gl;l
Fog;gj;ijj; jq;fSf;Fr; rhjfkhf;fpf; nfhz;L mg;gFjpiaAk;
ifafg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. njhz;il kz;lyj;ijAk;> Nrho
kz;lyj;ijAk; trg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l fsg;gpuu; ghz;ba
kz;lyj;ijAk;> Nru kz;lyj;ijAk; jq;fsJ Ml;rpf;
Filapd;fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jdu;.
3.4.1. mr;Rjtpf;fpukd;
Xuhl;rp
fsg;gpuupy; rpe;jidj; njspTk;> nray; tpNtfKk; kpf;ftu;
mr;Rj tpf;fpukd;. jkpo; ehl;il Ml;rp nra;j Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba
kd;du;fis ntw;wp nfhz;L jkpo; ehl;il xU Ml;rpf; Filapd;
fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jhu;. Kg;ngUk; kd;du;fs;> gy FWepy
kd;du;fspd; fPo; gpupTgl;L> rpjwpf;fple;j jkpofj;ij xU Ml;rpf;F
cl;gLj;jpdhu;. xU ehl;Lf;Fs; %d;W ehLfs;- Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba
vd;w Ml;rp Kuz;ghl;Lf;F (Anachronism) Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;jhu;.
44
jkpo; kd;du;fspd; rpd;dq;fshd tpy;> Gyp> fay; Mfpatw;iw
jdJ nfhbapy; nghwpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. mr;Rj tpf;fpukd;
xd;WgLj;jg;gl;l jkpofj;jpd; jdpg; ngUk; jiytuhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;.
mbikg;gl;l jkpou;fs; ehl;L xUikg;ghl;bd;> Ml;rp xw;Wikapd;
,d;wpaikahik gw;wpa gy ghlj;ijf; fw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;.
3.4.1.1. Gj;jkjg; Gutyu;
mr;Rj tpf;fpukd; Gj;jjj;jupd; Gutyu;. Gj;jjj;ju; cufGuh
vd;w Cupy; tho;e;jtu;. njuthbd; Gj;j rkaj;jpd; jd;dpfuw;w
jj;Jtu;> ciuahrpupau;. Nrho ehl;by; Gj;j kq;fsfhkk; vd;w
,lj;jpy; mike;jpUe;j Gj;j klj;jpy; jq;fp mtuJ E}y;fis
vOjpdhu;. ,tu; tpda tpspr;rah> cj;ju tpdpr;rah> mgpjk;k
ahj;jpiu> &g&g tpgfh> kJuutpyhrk;> [ptpayq;fhuk; Mfpa
E}y;fisg; ghyp nghopapy; vOjpdhu;. Gj;jNfhru; vd;w kw;nwhU
Gj;j Nkij jkpofj;jpy; tho;e;j Gj;jjj;jupd; rkfhyj;jtu; vd;W
$wg;gLfpwJ. Gj;jjj;jupd; mgpjk;kahj;jpiu vd;w E}y; mr;Rj
tpf;fpukdpd; mitf;fsj;jpy; muq;Nfw;wg;gl;lJ.
3.4.1.2. rkz kjj;jpd; nry;thf;F
mr;Rj tpf;fpukdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Gj;j rkz rkaq;fs;
jkpo; ehl;by; kpFe;j nry;thf;ifg; ngw;wd. me;jzu;fSf;F
mspf;fg;gl;bUe;j epyf;nfhilfshfpa gpuk;kNja fpuhkq;fis
ehl;Llikahf;fp rkj;Jt rKjhaj;Jf;F toptFj;jhu;. ,tuJ
Ml;rpapd; fPo; Ntj itjPf rkaj;jhu; kjkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l
jhfNth my;yJ nfhLikg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfNth njupatpy;iy.
mr;Rj tpf;fpukd; Gj;j rkz rkaq;fis Mjupj;jNghjpYk;>
itjPf rkaj;jhiu jil nra;aNth> jz;bf;fNthapy;iy.
mNjNghd;W mr;Rjtpf;fpukd; ghyp nkhopia Mjupj;jijg; Nghd;W
jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; Cf;Ftpj;jhu;
.
3.5. fsg;gpuu; fhy tho;tpay;
3.5.1. murpay; epiy
fsg;gpuu; Ml;rp aNjr;rhjpfhu Kbahl;rp ty;yhl;rpahFk;.
fsg;gpu kd;du; fl;Lg;ghlw;w mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;.
,t;thl;rp rkak; rhu;e;j Ml;rp (Theoracy) MFk;. midj;J
mjpfhuq;fSk; ika Ml;rpapy; Ftpf;fg; gl;bUe;jd. efu> fpuhk
Rahl;rp kd;wq;fs; kjpg;gpoe;jd; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ld. Ik;ngUq;FO>
vz;Nguhak; Nghd;w MNyhrid mikg;Gfs; vJTk; ,Ue;jjhfj;
njupatpy;iy. Gj;j> rkzj; Jwtpfs; MNyhrfu;fshf
45
,Ue;jpUf;ff; $Lk;. Mjp muru;fSf;Fg; gjpy; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;w
fsg;gpuu;fs; jkpo; ehl;by; typikkpf;f ty;yhl;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdu;.
3.5.2. nghUshjhu epiy
fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; fpuhkg; nghUshjhuj;jpy;
khngUk; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. me;jzu;fs; ghuk;gupakhf mDgtpj;J
te;j ,iwapyp epyq;fs; midj;Jk; jpUk;gg; ngwg;gl;L
cotu;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld. epykpoe;Njhu; ,oe;j epyq;fisg;
ngw;wdu;. Fwpg;ghf> jdpegu; ,iwapypahf ,Ue;j Nts;tpf;Fb
fpuhkk; kf;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. ,NjNghd;W Njtjhd
fpuhkq;fSk;> KiwNflhff; ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;l fpuhkq;fSk;
kPl;fg;gl;ld. ,tw;wpd; tpisthf epy cupikapy; mbg;gil
khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. Ntshz;ikf;F Kd;Dupik mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
ney;Yk;> jpidAk;> gpw tptrha tpis nghUl;fSk; ed;F
tpise;jd. Nghu;fsw;w ehl;by; fpuhkg; nghUshjhuk; gy;fpg;
ngUfpaJ. ,NjNghd;W jiyefu; fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdk; tu;j;jf>
tzpf ikakhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. mNjNghd;W kJiu> tQ;rp> fhQ;rp
Mfpa efuq;fSk; nry;tr; nropg;Gld; ,Ue;jd.
3.5.3. rKjha epiy
fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; jkpo; ehl;by; rhjPa mePjpfSk;> Vw;wj;
jho;TfSk;> NtWghLfSk;> khWghLfSk; fisag;gl;ld.
cau;rhjp-fPo;r;rhjp vd;w rhjpg; ghFghL mbNahL mfw;wg;gl;lJ.
Gj;j> rkzj; Jwtpfs; mbj;jl;L kf;fNshL gofp> mtu;fs; Ngrpa
nkhop %yk; njhlu;G nfhz;L> rkj;Jt rKjhak; Vw;gLtjw;fhd
Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. Gj;j-rkz rkaq;fs;> Ntj-itjPf
rhjp Kiwf;F tpNuhjkhdit. vdNt> rhjp Ntw;Wikfisf;
fistjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. jpU%yu; Nghd;w
rpj;ju;fs; ,r;r%f rPu;jpUj;j Kaw;rpf;F cWJizahf ,Ue;jdu;.
rKjha xOf;f newpfSk;> epajpfSk; typAWj;jg;gl;ld.
3.5.4. rka epiy
fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpapd; fPo; jkpo; ehl;Lr; rka epiyapy;
jiyfPo; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. Ntj-itjPf rkak; nry;thf;fpoe;jJ.
mjw;Fg; gjpyhf Gj;j> rkz rkaq;fs; nry;thf;F ngw;wd. ,it
muR rkaq;fshapd. muRk; rkakakhf;fg;gl;lJ. rq;ffhy
cyfpay; rhu;e;j rkar; rhu;gw;wg; nghJNehf;F (Secular
Outlook) iftplg;gl;lJ. jkpo; ehnlq;Fk; Gj;j> rkz
klq;fSk;> rq;fq;fSk; gy;fpg; ngUfpd. Gj;j> rkzj; Jwtpfs;
jkpo; ehnlq;Fk; rkag; gpur;rhuk; Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd jkpou;fs; ,g;Gwr; rkaq;fisj; jOtpdu;.
46
jkpo; ehl;Lg; ngz;fs; gyu; JwT Nkw;nfhz;L J}a;ikahd
tho;f;iff;F topfhl;bdu;. rkaj; jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfSk;>
,f;Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpthjq;fSk; jkpo;r; rKjhaj;ij
rkak;rhuh Nehf;fpypUe;J rkak; rhu;e;j Nehf;fpw;Fj; jpir
jpUg;gptpl;lJ. RUq;ff;$wpd;> jkpo; ehl;by; murhq;f MjuTld;
Gj;j> rkz ehj;jpf rkaq;fspd; if NkNyhq;fpaJ. gy
flTsu;fSf;Fg; gjpy; xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd flTs; vd;w xU
flTs; nfhs;if nry;thf;F ngw;wJ.
3.5.5. fy;tp epiy
fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;Lf; fy;tp epiyapy; tpaj;jF
tsu;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ. E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Gj;j> rkzg; gs;spfs;
jpwf;fg;gl;ld. ,g;gs;spfis Gj;j> rkzj; Jwtpfs; elj;jpdu;.
fbfhf;fs; (Ghatikas) vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,f;fbifg;
gs;spfspy; rhjp> rka> epw> Fy NtWghLfspd;wp midj;Jg; gpupT
khztu;fSk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;. rkaf; fy;tpNahL
tho;tpay; xOf;ff; fy;tpAk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. rkaj;ijtpl
tho;f;if xOf;fj;Jf;Nf Kjyplk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. fl;Lg;ghl;Lld;
$ba fy;tp midtUf;Fk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,r;rkr;rPu;f; fy;tp
fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; eilngw;w fy;tpg; Gul;rpahFk;.
jpUg;ghjpupg;GypA+upy; nray;gl;l rkzg; gs;sp ,g;Gul;rpapd;
epiyf;fskhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. Gj;jjj;ju;> Gj;jNfhru;> Nghjpju;ku;>
ju;kghyu;> jpd;dfu;> ru;tee;jp> t[;uee;jp Nghd;w gpugy rkzj;
Jwtpfs; ,f;fy;tpg; Gul;rpapd; J}z;fshfj; jpfo;e;jdu;. Nghjp
ju;kUk;> ju;kghyUk; ehye;jh gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy;
Nguhrpupau;fshfg; gzpahw;wpdu;. fhQ;rpapy; gpwe;j Nghjpju;kUf;Fr;
rPdhtpYk;> [g;ghdpYk; epidTf; Nfhapy;fs; vOg;gg;gl;ld.
jpd;dfu; ngUk; Gfo; ngw;w ju;f;f epGzuhthu;. ,tUila E}y;fs;
ehye;jh gy;fiyf; fof khztu;fSf;Fg; ghlg; Gj;jfq;fshfg;
gad;gl;ld. rkzj; Jwtpfs; gd;nkhopg; Gytu;fs;. gs;spfspy;
jkpo; ghl nkhopahfTk; gapw;W nkhopahfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
rkzu;fisg; Nghd;Nw Gj;jj; JwtpfSk; fy;tpg; gzpapy;
Mu;tj;Jld; <Lgl;ldu;. Gj;j tpfhu;fs; ,g;gzpia Nkw;nfhz;ld.
rpwe;j Gj;j rkaj; Jwtpfs; ey;yhrpupau;fshfg; gzpahw;wpdu;.
,tu;fspy; gyu; tl ehl;L ehye;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld;
neUq;fpa njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jdu;. G+k;Gfhu;> ehif> Gj;jkq;fyk;>
kapyhLJiw> ciwA+u; Mfpait Kf;fpa Gj;j fy;tp
ikaq;fshfr; nray;gl;ld. fhQ;rp> fbfhryk;> th$u; Mfpa
,lq;fspy; fy;Y}upfs; nray;gl;ld.
47
3.5.6. nkhop epiy
jkpo; gapw;W nkhopahf ,Ue;jijg; Nghd;W gpuhfpUjk;
,yf;fpa nkhopahf ,Ue;jJ. gpuhfpUj nkhopf;F ,izahfg;
ghyp nkhopAk; gpugykile;jJ. mNjNghd;W rk];fpUjKk;
,yf;fpa nkhopahapw;W. gy Gj;j E}y;fs; ghyp nkhopapy;
gilf;fg;gl;ld. jkpo; gs;spfspy; gapw;W nkhopahfTk;> ,yf;fpa
nkhopahfTk; rpwg;Gw;wd. fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;l
fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSk;> gpw mw E}y;fSk; jkpo; nkhopapNyNa
,aw;wg;gl;ld.
3.5.7. ,yf;fpak;
fsg;gpuu; fhyk; jkpo; ,yf;fpag; nghw;fhyk; vd;W $wyhk;.
gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy; kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikahdit
fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; ,aw;wg; gl;lit. ,tw;iwg; gw;wp RUf;fkhff;
fhzyhk;: ehybahu;. ehD}W ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;l ,e;E}iyj;
njhFj;jtu; gJkdhu; vd;w rkzu;. ehybahu; ctikfspd;
ciwtplk;. cjhuzj;Jf;F: 'fy;tp fiuapy> fw;gtu; ehs;rpy; eha;
fbj;jhy; mijj; jpUg;gpf; fbg;ghu; cz;Nlhgonkhop ehD}W.
,jd; Mrpupau; %d;Wiw miuadhu;. xt;nthU ghlypd; ehd;fhtJ
mbapy; gonkhop tUtjhf mike;Js;sJ. cjhuzkhf>
fy;NjAk;> NjahJ nrhy;. EzYk; jd; thahy; nfLk;. ghk;gwpAk;
ghk;gpd; fhy;. ehd;kzpf;fbif. ,jw;F ehd;F kzpfs; gjpj;j
eif vd;W nghUs;. xt;nthU ghlypYk; ehd;F fUj;Jf;fs; ,lk;
ngw;wpUf;Fk;. jpupfLfk;. ,jd; Mrpupau; ey;yhjdhu;. Rf;F> kpsF>
jpg;gpyp Mfpa %d;Wk; fye;jJ jpupfLfk;. cly; Neha;f;F ey;y
kUe;J. fztd;-kidtp kfpo;r;rpahf tho;tJ vg;gb? vd;w
tpdhTf;fhd tpil ,jpy; cs;sJ. rpWgQ;r%yk;. fhupahrhd;
,aw;wpa ,e;E}ypy; gQ;rj;ij kio Nghf;Ftijg; Nghd;W cly;
Nehia rpWgQ;r%yk; ePf;Fk; vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU
ghlypYk; Ie;J fUj;Jf;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. Vyhjp. kUe;jpd;
ngaiuf; nfhz;l ,e;E}ypy; Vyk;> ,ytq;fk;> ehtw;G+> Rf;F>
kpsF> jpg;gpyp Mfpa MW nghUl;fspd; fyit cly; Nehiaj;
jPu;g;gijg; Nghd;W xt;nthU ntz;ghtpYk; MW jfty;fs;
cs;sd. ,jd; Mrpupau; fzpNkjhtpahu;. xU ghlypy;
clw;gapw;rpapd; rpwg;G $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mrhuf;Nfhit. faj;J}u;
ngUthapy; Ks;spahu; vOjpAs;s ,e;E}ypy; xOf;fq;fs;
Nfhu;itahff; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. tlnkhop kuignahl;b vOjg;gl;l
,jpy; xOf;fj;Jf;fhd vl;L Fzq;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd: 1)
ed;wp mwpjy;; 2) nghiw cilik; 3) ,d;nrhy;; 4) ,d;dhr; nrhy;;
5) vt;Tapu;f;Fk; CW nra;ahik; 6) fy;tp; 7) xg;GuT; 8) ey;
,dj;jhNuhL el;ly;. xt;nthUtUk; fhiy vOe;jjpypUe;J ,uT
cwq;fg;NghFk; tiu vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W
48
gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,d;dh ehw;gJ. fgpyu; vOjpAs;s ,e;E}ypy;
ehw;gJ ntz;ghf;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. xt;nthU ntz;ghtpYk;
,d;dh vd;w nrhy; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g tUk;. ,dpait ehw;gJ.
G+jQ;Nrj;jdhu; vOjpAs;s ,e;E}ypy; ehw;gJ ghly;fs; cs;sd.
,tw;iwr; nra;af;$lhJ vd;W $Wtjd; %yk; ,tw;iwr; nra;a
Ntz;Lk; vd;W vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf>
fy;yhjhNuhL Nruhik> Ik;nghwpia mlf;fhjtd; ,d;dh> Cidj;
jpd;W Cidg; ngUf;Fjy; Kd; ,d;dh. KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp. kJiu
$lY}u; fpohu; vOjpa ,e;E}ypy; gy gonkhopfs; cs;sd. gj;J
gpupTfs; nfhz;l ,e;E}ypy; xt;nthU gj;jpYk; gj;Jg; ghly;fs;
cs;sd. rpy gonkhopfs; tUkhW: fw;wypd; fw;whiu topgLjy;
rpwe;jd;W; nghUs; kPJ Mir nfhz;ltd; ePjp Ngzkhl;lhd;;
czu;T ,y;yhu;f;F tho;Tk; rhNt; mwpahj; Njrj;J Mr;rhuk;
gopahu;. jpiznkhop Ik;gJ. fz;zd; Nrj;jdhu; ,aw;wpa
,e;E}ypy; FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy jpizf;Fg;
gj;Jg; ghly;fs; tPjk; Ik;gJ ghly;fs; cs;sd. ahOk;> FoYk;>
KOTk; mUtpapd; ,dpa Xirf;F ctikahff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ. Mrpupau; khwd; nghiwadhu;. ,e;E}ypYk;
jpizf;Fg; gj;Jg; ghly;fs; cs;sd. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;ij
epidT+l;Lk; ,e;j E}ypy; rkag; nghiwAilik
typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ. mNjNghd;W fhjyd;-fhjyp gpupTj; Jd;gk;
Ngrg;gLfpwJ. Ie;jpiz vOgJ. Ie;J jpizfisg; gw;wpa vOgJ
ghf;fs; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ.
khiy Nghy; njhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;E}ypy; jpizf;F Kg;gJ
ghly;fs; tPjk; E}w;iwk;gJ ghly;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. fhu;
ehw;gJ. ,e;E}y; fhu;fhyj;ij tu;zpf;fpd;wJ. ife;epiy. ,e;E}y;
Ie;jpiz xOf;fj;ij tptupf;fpwJ. fstop ehw;gJ>
Nghu;f;fsj;ijg; gw;wpa ehw;gJ ghly;fs; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sd. ,itad;wp Gj;j> rkz xOf;ff; fUj;Jf;fis
cs;slf;fpa gy mwE}y;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws;
Kf;fpakhdit: ,d;dpiy; xsitahupd; Mj;jpr;R+b>
nfhd;iwNte;jd;> ey;top; mwnewpr;rhuk;; mUq;fr; nrg;G; ntw;wp
Ntw;if; ePjp newp tpsf;fk;; cyf ePjp. ,itahTk; ePjp
E}y;fshFk;.
3.6. gpwnkhop ,yf;fpak;
fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; gpuhfpUjKk;> rk];fpUjKk; kpFe;j
nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;jd. jpUg;ghjpupg;GypA+upypUe;j ru;tee;jp Nyhf
tpahgfk; vd;w E}iy rk];fpUjj;jpy; nkhop ngau;j;jhu;.
Gj;jjj;jUk;> Gj;jNfhrUk; gy E}y;fisg; gilj;jij Kd;dNu
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;Nshk;. jpUg;gUj;jpf;Fd;wj;jpy; tho;e;j rkzj; Jwtp
49
rkz rkag; gzpf;fhf kJiuapy; kJiu jpuhtpl (jpukps)
rq;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;.
3.6.1. rpj;ju;fs;
fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; rpj;ju;fs; rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;fpdu;. FwpQ;rp
epyk; rpj;ju;fspd; rpe;jid ee;jtdkhapw;W. Fd;WfNs mtu;fs;
tho;e;j Qhdf; Nfhapy;fs;. kUj;Jt Muha;r;rpNa mtu;fsJ
gpujhdj; njhopyhf ,Ue;jJ. rpj;ju;fs; jkpo; ehl;by; mwptpay;
rpe;jidf;F mbj;jskpl;ldu;. Vuhskhd E}y;fis vOjpdu;.
rpj;ju;fspd; rpe;jidf; fUT+yq;fshfj; jpfOk; E}y;fs; Xiyr;
Rtbfspy; vOjpf; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;ld. ,tu;fsJ kUj;Jt KiwNa
gpd;du; rpj;j kUj;Jtkhf rpwg;Gw;wJ. nghJthf rpj;ju;fs; rKjha
rka rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbfs;. Fwpg;ghf ,tu;fs; rhjp
Kiwf;F vjpuhdtu;fs;. mtu;fSila rKjha Nehf;Fk;> Nghf;Fk;
r%fr; rPu;jpUj;j Nehf;FilajhFk;. fsg;gpuu; fhyr; rpj;ju;fSs;
Kd;dpiy tfpg;gtu; jpU%yu; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwhu;. MapDk; ,tu;
tho;e;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa fUj;J NtWghL cs;sJ. vdpDk;>
,tu; Njthu Mrpupau;fSf;F Kw;gl;ltu; vd;gjpy; fUj;njhw;Wik
cs;sJ. cly; eyDf;Fk;> cly; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; rpwg;gplk;
nfhLj;jtu; jpU%yu;. MNuhf;fpakhd clYk;> kdKk; xU
ehzaj;jpd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fisg; Nghd;wit vd;gJ jpU%yupd;
mirf;f Kbahj thjk;. fhw;W (thjk;)> neUg;G (gpj;jk;)> ePu;
(rpNyhj;Jkk;) Mfpatw;iw ruptpfpjj;jpy; nghUj;jp midj;J
Neha;fisAk; cliy neUq;fhky; jLf;f ,aYk; vd;whu;.
“clk;ig tsu;j;Njd; capu; tsu;j;NjNd” vd;gJ jpU%yupd;
jPu;f;fkhd KbT.
3.7. fsg;gpuu; tPo;r;rp
fsg;gpuu;fsJ tPo;r;rpAk; mtu;fsJ vOr;rpiag; Nghd;Nw
jf;fr; rhd;WfSld; tpsf;f Kbahj tpisthf cs;sJ.
,tu;fsJ tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fshtd: fsg;gpuu;fs; jkpo; ehl;bd;
kPJ ntl;Lf;fpspfs; Nghd;W gilnaLj;J te;J> jkpo;ehl;Lj;
Njhl;lj;ij ehrk; nra;J> guk;giuahf te;j Nru> Nrho>
ghz;bau;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J> ifJ nra;J mtkjpj;jijj;
jkpou;fs; kd;dpf;fj; jahuhf ,y;iy. fsg;gpu kd;du;fs; rka
kWg;ghsu;fs; (Heritics). ,tu;fs; ehj;jpa rkaq;fshd Gj;j>
rkz rkaq;fis Mjupj;J> ghJfhg;gspj;J> Kd;dpiyg;
gLj;jpaJ kf;fSf;Fg; gpbf;ftpy;iy. Gj;j> rkzj; Jwtpfspd;
fy;tp> kUj;Jt> r%f rPu;jpUj;j Kaw;rpfisj; jkpo;ehl;L kf;fs;
Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhYk; fsg;gpuu;fspd; rka Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;f;fNt
nra;jdu;. rkak; rhu;e;j aNjr;rhjpfhu ty;yhl;rp Mykuj;jpd; fPo;
50
Rje;jpu Rahl;rp efu> fpuhk kd;wq;fs; vd;w nrbfs; tsu
Kbahky; Nghapw;W. ,ay;ghfNt jd;dhl;rp ehl;lKila kf;fs;
Gy;ypjo; [dehafk; (Grass-root Democracy) gl;Lg;Nghtij
tpUk;gtpy;iy. ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf gpuhkzu;fs; mDgtpj;J te;j
gpuk;kNja fpuhkq;fisg; gwpj;Jf; nfhz;ljd; %yk; mtu;fSila
jPuhg; gifiaf; fsg;gpuu;fs; Njbf; nfhz;ldu;. fsg;gpuu;fs;
jkpou;fis Kd;D}W Mz;LfSf;F Nky; Ml;rp nra;jdu;. jkpOk;>
jkpo; ,yf;fpaKk; mtu;fsJ Ml;rpapd; fPo; nropj;J tsu;e;jJ.
jkpo; %yk; gs;spfspy; ghlq;fs; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. jpiz tho;f;if
Kiw ePbf;fNt nra;jJ. vdpDk; fsg;gpuu;fs; jkpo; ehl;L clypy;
Fj;jpa md;dpa Kl;fshfNt ,Ue;jdu;. kf;fspd; fyhr;rhuj;jpy;
fiue;J fiye;Jtplhky; jhkiu ,iyj; jz;zPiug; Nghy;
xl;bAk; xl;lhkYk; ,Ue;jdu;. jkpo;ehl;L kf;fs; mtu;fis
md;dpau;fshfNt fUjpdu;. vdNt> kf;fs; gu tho;f;ifapy;
fsg;gpuupd; nfhLq;Nfhyhl;rpf;Fg; gzpe;jhYk;> mftho;f;ifapy;
tpLjiyiaNa tpUk;gpdu;. mjdhy;jhd; ghz;ba kd;dd;
fLq;Nfhd; fsg;gpuUf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;jNghJ kf;fs;
mtUf;F KO MjuitAk; mspj;jdu;. mNjNghd;W> gy;yt
kd;dd; rpk;k tp\;Z njhz;il kz;lyj;ijAk;> mjd;
Nkyhz;ikapd; fPo; ,Ue;j Nrho kz;lyj;ijAk; tpLtpf;f
Kw;gl;l NghJ ,U kz;lyq;fspd; kf;fSk; mtUf;F xj;Jiog;G
nfhLj;jdu;. kf;fspd; NguhjuTld; jkpo;ehl;by; fsg;gpuu; Ml;rp
KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. fsg;gpuu; Kw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L
tuyhw;wpy; xU mj;jpahakhapdu;.
3.7.1. fsg;gpuu; fhyk; ,Uz;l fhykh?
fsg;gpuu; fhyk; ePz;l tuyhw;W ,uT vd;W
tu;zpf;fg;gLfpwJ. jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;iw kiwj;j Nkff;
$l;lkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gbf; $wg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d?
1) fsg;gpu fhyj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd Nghjpa>
rupghu;j;J xg;gpl;L cWjp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd rhd;Wfs;
fpilf;ftpy;iyahjyhy; ,f;fhyk; ,Uz;l fhykhf cs;sJ.
Nghjpa Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;Fk; NghJ ,f;fhyk; xspngwf;$Lk;. 2)
fsg;gpuh kd;du;fs; rpy tFg;gpdUf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;j
,iwapyp epyq;fisg; gwpj;Jf; nfhz;L> Ntj itjPf
rkaj;ijAk;> rkar; rlq;FfisAk; jil nra;jdu;. ,e;eltbf;if
fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu;f;F fsg;gpuu; fhyk; ,Uz;l fhykhff;
fhl;rpaspj;jJ. 3) rq;f fhyj;jpy; Ntj itjPf rkak;> Gj;j>
rkz rkaq;fSf;fpilNa Nghl;b epytpaJ. fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy;
,g;Nghl;bf;F KbT fl;lg;gl;L Gj;j> rkz rkaq;fs; Mjpf;fr;
rkaq;fshapd. vdNt ,g;Nghl;bapy; Njhy;tpAw;NwhUf;Ff; fsg;gpuu;
fhyk; ,Uz;l fhykhff; fhl;rpaspj;jJ. 4) fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy;
51
ele;jit vy;yhk; jPaitNa; fsg;gpuu;fs; gz;ghl;Lg; giftu;fs;;
njhw;WNeha; Nghy; gutpatu;fs;; ,tu;fspd; tUifahy; jkpo;ehL
Njf;fkile;jJ vd;W rpj;jupg;gjw;fhff; fsg;gpuu; fhyk; ,Uz;l
fhyk; vd;W tu;zpf;fg;gl;lJ. 5) fsg;gpuu; gw;wp vOjpatu;fs;
jpl;lkpl;Nl ,tu;fisg; gw;wpa jfty;fis ,Ul;lbg;G nra;jdu;.
Mtzq;fspypUe;J ,tu;fsJ rhjidfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs;
ePf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld (Expunged). ,jdhy; fsg;gpuiug; gw;wpa
tptuq;fs; tuyhw;wpd; ,Uz;l mj;jpahaj;Jf;Fs; Gije;J tpl;ld.
6) jpl;lkpl;Nl fsg;gpuu; gw;wpa rhd;Wfs; mopf;fg;gl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; 300 Mz;LfSf;F Nky; jkpo; ehl;il Ml;rp
nra;jtu;fs; Nghjpa jlaq;fis tpl;Lr; nry;yhkyh
NghapUg;ghu;fs;? md;G; mfpk;ir; mwk;; r%f rka rkj;Jtk;;
jdpkdpj nghJ xOf;fk;> fl;Lg;ghL> rkr;rPu; fy;tp; Ntshz;ik
tsu;r;rp; ,yf;fpa vOr;rp> ehl;nlhw;Wik Mfpatw;iwg;
Ngzpf;fhj;Njhu; tho;e;j fhyj;ij ,Uz;l fhyk; vdf; $WtJ
Kjpu;r;rpailahj Kd;fzpg;ghFk;.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. Gj;jjj;juhy; vOjg;gl;l E}ypd; ngau;?
2. fsg;gpuu;fs; ve;jg; gFjpapypUe;J jkpo; ehl;Lf;Ff; Fb
ngau;e;jtu;fs;?
3. ve;jg; fsg;gpuu; kd;du; jkpo; ehl;il xU Ml;rpf; Filapd;
fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jhu;?
4. ahu; ehye;jh gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; Nguhrpupau;fshfg;
gzpahw;wpdu;?
5. “clk;ig tsu;j;Njd; capu; tsu;j;NjNd” vd;gJ ahUila
jPu;f;fkhd KbT?
3.8. Kw;fhyj;jpa ghz;bau;fs;
ghz;bau;
ghz;bau; vd;w nrhy; ghz;b vd;w jkpo;r; nrhy;ypypUe;J
ngwg;gl;ljhFk;. ghz;b vd;why; vUJ vd;W nghUs;. mjhtJ
Mz;ikf;Fk;> tPuj;Jf;Fk; milahskhf tpsq;FtJ. ,r;nrhy;
gok;ngUk; ehL vd;w nghUspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ghz;ba
kugpdu; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpy; gok;ngUk; ghuk;gupaj;ijr;
Nru;e;jtu;fs;. rq;fk; itj;Jj; jkpo; tsu;j;j ghz;bau; vd;w
ngUikf;Fupatu;fs;. fsg;gpuu; ,ilntsp ePq;fyhf ,tu;fSf;Fj;
njhlu;r;rpahd tuyhW cz;L. fsg;gpuu; rq;ffhyg; ghz;bau;
Ml;rpia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jdu;. mNjNghd;W njd; jkpo;
52
ehl;by; fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jtu;fs;
ghz;bau;fs;. ,k;khw;wj;ijr; nra;jtu; ghz;bad; fLq;Nfhd;.
3.9. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;
3.9.1. fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs;
fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs; ghz;bag; Nguuru;fisg; gw;wpj;
njupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; ngupJk; gad;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy;
Mapuf;fzf;fhd fy;ntl;Lfs; ,Ug;gpDk; ,tw;Ws; gy rpijTw;w
epiyapNyNa cs;sd. fpilf;fpd;w Fiwthd fy;ntl;Lj;
jfty;fSk; Nfhapy;fSf;Fk;> gpuhkzu;fSf;Fk; mspf;fg;gl;l
mwf;nfhilfs; gw;wpadthf cs;sd. NrukhNjtp fy;ntl;L
epytup Ml;rp Kiwiag; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
thdpay; gw;wpa fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs; njspthf ,y;iy.
,tw;iwf; nfhz;L ghz;baupd; kuG tupiriaNah my;yJ fhyf;
fzpg;igNah nra;tJ fbdk;.
3.9.2. nrg;Ngl;Lr; rhd;Wfs;
fsg;gpuu; fhyj;Jf;Fg;gpd; Ml;rpf;F te;j ghz;bau; gw;wp mwpe;J
nfhs;tjw;fhd gl;lar; rhd;Wfs; gy cs;sd. ,tw;Ws;
Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgLfs;> jstha;Gur; nrg;NgLfs;> rptfhrpr;
nrg;NgLfs;> jpupGtdk; nrg;NgLfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. Fwpg;ghf>
neLQ;rilad; guhe;jfdpd; (fp.gp.765-790) Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgLfs;>
rq;f fhyj;Jg; ghz;bad; gy;ahf KJFLkpg; ngUtOjp gw;wpAk;>
'fsg;gpundDq; ftpaurd;' Fwpj;Jk;> ghz;bad; guhe;jfd; fsg;gpu
murid Njhw;fbj;J> Nts;tpf;Fbia kPl;L ew;rpq;fd; vd;w
gpuhkzDf;F Nts;tp nra;J epyf;nfhilahff; nfhLj;jijg;
gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,itahTk; mupa tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fs; jhd;.
vdpDk;> fp.gp.8 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j rilatu;kd; guhe;jfd;
neLQ;rilad; rq;f fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ghz;bad; gy;ahf
KJFLkpg; ngUtOjp kw;Wk; nfhw;iff; fpohd; ew;nfhw;wd;
my;yJ ew;rpq;fd; vd;w me;jzDf;F mspj;j Nts;tpf;Fb vd;w
epyg;gFjp gw;wpa jfty;fs; kpFe;j ru;r;irf;Fupadthf cs;sd.
Vnddpy; Nts;tpf;Fb vd;w nrhy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;
ngwtpy;iy. NkYk; Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgLfs; nfhLf;Fk;
jfty;fis xg;gpl;L mwpaf;$ba NtWrhd;Wfs; vJTk;
fpilf;ftpy;iy. vdNt> "tuyhw;W %yq;fs;> Mtzq;fs; vd;W
nrhy;yg;gLgtw;iwAk;> Gdpjq;fs; vd;W Muhjpf;fhky;> mtw;wpd;
tha;g;ghLfis topkwpj;Jg;> gd;Kf thrpg;GfSf;F cl;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;; mt;thW cl;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJjhd; tuyhW Gwtakhd
mwptpay; epiyf;F caUk;”.- Nts;tpf;Fbg; gl;lar; rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L ghz;ba kd;du;fis milahsk; fhzNth> mtu;fsJ
53
fhy tiuaiwia fzf;fplNth ,ayhJ. ,Ug;gpDk; Nts;tpf;Fb
nrg;NgL ,Uz;l thdpy; xspf;fPw;WNghy cs;sJ vd;gjpy;
Iakpy;iy.
3.9.3. ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;
Guhzq;fSk;> jyGuhzq;fSk; ghz;bau;fspd; ngau;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLtNjhL kl;Lkpd;wp mtu;fs; fhy tho;tpay; gw;wp mwpe;J
nfhs;sTk; gad;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf kJiu jy tuyhWk;>
gz;ghl;Lr; rpd;dq;fSk; Rkhu; ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;Fk;
Nkyhd njhlu;r;rpahd gz;ghl;L tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;l kJiu
efupd; ngUikiag; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpd;wd.
3.9.4. cj;Njr fhytiuaiw
fsg;gpuu;fSf;Fg;gpd; te;j ghz;bau;fisg; gw;wpa Guhz>
njhy;nghUspay;> fy;ntl;L> gl;la> ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs; kpfTk;
FiwT. ,f;Fiwthd Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L ghz;ba
kd;du;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyq;fs; gw;wp rupahff; fzpg;gjpy; gy
,ilA+WfSk;> ,ilntspfSk; cs;sd. ,tu;fspd;
fhytiuaiw gw;wp Mokhf Ma;T nra;j Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jpup>
rjhrptg; gz;lhuj;jhu;> Mu;.rj;jpadhja;au; Nghd;Nwhu; ntt;NtW
KbTfSf;F tUfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fsJ khWgl;l fhyf; fzpg;Gfs;
Fog;gj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjhf cs;sd. ,g;Gj;jfj;jpy;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghz;ba kd;du;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyq;fs;
cj;NjrkhditNa; rupahditay;y. ,Jgw;wp ,f;fhy
Ma;thsu;fs; xd;W$b tpthjpj;J xU KbTf;F tuNtz;baJ
,d;wpaikahjJ.
3..10. ghz;bag; Nguuru;fs;> (575-920)
3.10.1. fLq;Nfhd;> (575-600)
rq;f fhyj;Jf;Fg;gpd; ehk; re;jpf;Fk; Kjy; ghz;ba
kd;dd; fLq;Nfhd;. ,tu; ghz;ba Mjpuh[h vd;W
Fwpg;glg;gl;Ls;shu;. fLq;Nfhd; fsg;gundDq; ftpaiurd;
iff;nfhz;ltd;' vd;W Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgL nrhy;YfpwJ.
fLq;Nfhd; fsg;gpuiuj; Njhw;fbj;J> ghz;ba ehl;il kPl;L>
kJiuiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp mikj;jJ tuyhw;W
Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f epfo;thFk;. fLq;Nfhd; fsg;gpuiu tPo;j;jpaJk;>
ghz;ba muir kPz;Lk; mikj;jJk; mupa rhjidfshFk;.
tise;J nfhLf;fhj tpNuhjpfSila xspkpf;f efuq;fis
mopj;jtu; vd;W ghuhl;lg;gl;Ls;shu; fLq;Nfhd;. ,g;ghz;ba
54
kd;du; rpk;k tp\;Z gy;ytupd; rkfhyj;jtu;. rpk;k tp\;Z jkpo;
ehl;bd; tlgFjpapy; fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;J
njhz;il kz;lyj;jpy; gy;ytu; Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpaijg; Nghd;W>
jkpo; ehl;bd; njd; gFjpapy; fsg;gpuiu ntd;W ghz;ba ehl;il
kPl;ltu; fLq;Nfhd;. ,tu; fsg;gpuu;fisf; fisfl;lWj;J' ghz;ba
ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpf; fhg;ghw;wpdhu;. ,tuJ fsg;gpuu; ntw;wp
gpuhkz rkaj;jpd; ntw;wpahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. fLq;Nfhd; NkYk;
gy FWepy kd;du;fisAk; Njhw;fbj;J mtu;fspd; Ml;rpg;
gFjpfisAk; ghz;ba ehl;Lld; Nru;j;jhu;. ,jd; %yk; ,g;ghz;ba
kd;du; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; mbj;jsj;ij mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jhu;.
3.110.2. khwtu;kd; mtdp R+shkzp
khwtu;kd; mtdp R+shkzp fLq;Nfhdpd; kfs;. ,tu;
Ml;rpf;F te;jgpd; khwtu;kd; rilatu;kd; vd;w gl;lg; ngaiug;
ngw;whu;. ,tu; fhyj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,g;gl;lg; ngaiug;
gpd;te;j ghz;ba kd;du;fSk; R+l;bf; nfhz;ldu;. ,k;kd;diu
'tha;ikapd; Nte;jd;' vd;W nrg;Gg; gl;laq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. 30
Mz;L fhyk; Ml;rp nra;j khwtu;kd; mtdp R+shkzp gw;wp NtW
jfty;fs; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
3.10.3. nropad; Nre;jd
khwtu;kd; mtdp R+shkzpf;Fg; gpd; mtUila kfd;
Nre;jd nropad; mupaizNawpdhu;. ,g;ghz;ba kd;du;
Nruu;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J> Nru ehl;ilg; ghz;bauJ Ml;rpapd; fPo;f;
nfhz;L te;J thdtd; nrq;Nfhw; Nre;jd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
nropad; Nre;jd; ghz;bau; Nguurpd; vy;iyia tpupTgLj;jpf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ tlf;fpypUe;J gy;ytg; Nguuru;fs; ghz;bau;
ehL Nehf;fpj; jq;fsJ Nguurpd; vy;iyia tpupTgLj;jpf;
nfhz;bUe;jdu;. njw;Fj; jkpo; ehl;by; nropad; Nre;jdpd;
nry;thf;F ngUFtij gy;ytg; Nguuru; eurpk;ktu;kd;
tpUk;gtpy;iy. ,jd; fhuzkhfg; ghz;bau;-gy;ytu; Mjpf;fg;
Nghl;b tYtile;jJ. nropad; Nre;jd; ney;iy khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;s kiyabf;Fwpr;rpapy; kiyiaf; File;J xU Fiff;
Nfhapiy cUthf;fpajhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,tuJ Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpy; fhQ;rpf;F tUifje;j rPdg; gazp Athd; Rthq;
ghz;ba ehL gQ;rj;jpd; gpbapy; ,Ue;jjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
nropad; Nre;jd; tPuj;Jf;Fk;> ePjpAzu;Tf;Fk; ngau; ngw;wtu;.
55
3.10.4. mupNfrup guhq;Frd; khwtu;kd;
$d; ghz;bad;
Nre;jd; nropadpd; kfd; mupNfrup guhq;Fr khwtu;kd;
gQ;rj;Jf;fpilNa gjtpf;F te;J> ghz;ba ehl;ilg; gQ;rj;jpd;
gpbapypUe;J kPl;L> NguuRg; ngUf;fj;jpy; mf;fiw nfhz;lhu;. ,e;j
kd;dNu $d; ghz;bad;> Re;ju ghz;bad; vd;Wk; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
guhq;Frd; vd;gJ ,tuJ gl;lg; ngauhFk;. ,tiu epd;wrPu;
neLkhwd; vd;W ngupa Guhzk; ghuhl;LfpwJ.
3..10.4.1. NrhoUld; kzTwT
Nre;jd; nropad; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Gife;J nfhz;bUe;j
ghz;ba-gy;ytg; gifik mupNfrup khwtu;kd; fhyj;jpy; gw;wpf;
nfhz;lJ. ney;Ntypapy; eilngw;w Nghupy; gy;ytiuj;
Njhw;fbj;J ney;Ntyp ntd;w neLkhwd; vd;w gl;lj;ijr; R+l;bf;
nfhz;lhu;. ,g;ghz;ba kd;du; gy;ytu;fis kl;Lkd;wp
Nruu;fisAk;> gy FWepy kd;du;fisAk; ntw;wp nfhz;ljhff;
$wg;gLfpwJ. gy;ytu; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;j Nrhou; kPJ
gilnaLj;J ciwA+iuf; ifg;gw;wp> Nrhou;fSld; kz cwT
nfhz;L> mtu;fspd; JizAld; kPz;Lk; gy;ytUld; Nkhjpdhu;.
gy;ytg; Nguuru; Kjyhk; eurpk;ktu;kd; rhSf;fpaUld; Nghuhbf;
nfhz;bUe;jijj; jdf;Fr; rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l
mupNfrup khwtu;kd; Nrhou; gilapd; JizAld; gy;ytu; ehl;bd;
kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;. rq;fukq;if vd;w ,lj;jpy; gy;ytu; gil
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. rq;fukq;ifg; Nghuhy; ghz;ba kd;dupd; Gfo;
gutpaJ.
3.10.4.2. rkag; nghiwapd;ik
mupNfrup khwtu;kd; jPtpu rkzu;. ,tUila Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpy; jkpo; ehl;by; gf;jp ,af;fk; R+whtspf; fhw;nwd
Rod;wbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,tuJ rkfhyj;jtu;fshd
jpUehTf;furUk;> jpUQhdrk;ge;jUk; jPtpu irt rkag;
gpur;rhuj;jpYk;> kjkhw;wj;jpYk; Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;bUe;jdu;.
jpUQhdrk;ge;jupd; nry;thf;fhy; rkzuhf ,Ue;j mupNfrup
khwtu;kd;> irt rkaj;Jf;F khwpdhu;. kjk; khwpa khwtu;kd;
rkzu;fisj; jz;bg;gjpYk;> Jd;GWj;JtjpYk;> capUld;
fONtw;wpf; nfhs;tjpYk; nfhiy ntwpAld; <Lgl;lhu;. rka
td;Kiw fl;ltpo;j;J tplg;gl;lJ. 8000 rkzu;fisj; NjhYupj;Jf;
fOkuj;jpNyw;wpf; nfhy;yg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,f;nfh^ur;
nray; kpifg;gLj;jpf; $wg;gl;ljhf rpy Ma;thsu;fs;
fUJfpd;wdu;. irt rkaj;Jf;F khwpa mupNfrup khwtu;kd; irt
rkak; tpiue;J tsu mwg;gzpfs; gy nra;jhu;. nfhilapy; rpwe;j
56
,g;ghz;ba kd;du; ,uzpa fu;g;gk;> Jyhghuk; Nghd;w jhdq;fisr;
nra;jhu;. itjPf gpuhkzu;fSf;F nfhilfs; nfhLj;J Mjupj;J>
mtu;fspd; topfhl;Ljypd; Ngupy; Nts;tpfis elj;jpdhu;.
Ntjpau;fs; rKjha nry;thf;F ngw;wdu;. ghz;ba ehl;bYk; rka
rfpg;Gj;jd;ik ,y;yhky; Nghapw;W. rkag; nghiwapd;ik rka
ey;ypzf;fj;ijg; ngupJk; ghjpj;jJ.
3.10.5. Nfhr;rilad; ,uzjPud;
mupNfrupapd; kfd; Nfhr;rilad; ,uzjPud; Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpy; gy ntw;wpfisg; ngw;whu;. ,tu; rhSf;fpa kd;du;
Kjyhk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jdhfpa rpq;fid ntd;wjhy; ,uzjPud; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,g;ghz;ba kd;du; Nruu;fisAk;> Nrhou;fisAk;
mlf;fp Mz;ljhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. Nfhr;rilad; gq;fShupy;
kuhj;jpaiuj; Njhw;fbj;jhu;. nrq;NfhL> G+jhq;NfhL Mfpa
,lq;fisAk; ntd;wjhf Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;Ngl;by; gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
ney;iy mk;ghrKj;jpuj;Jf;F mUNfAs;s jpUg;GilkUJ}u; vd;w
,lj;jpy; Ma; kd;diuAk; ntd;whu;. nfhq;fu;fSk; ,tuJ
Mjpf;fj;Jf;F mbgzpe;jdu;. nfhq;F ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpaJ
rpwg;Gr; rhjidahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. gy ntw;wpfisg; ngw;w
Nfhr;rilad; thdtd;> nrk;gpad;> Nrhod;> kJuhe;jfd;> nfhq;fu;
Nfhkhd;> nrq;Nfhw;nwd;dd; Nghd;w gl;lg; ngau;fisr; R+l;bf;
nfhz;lhu;.
3.10.6. Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; ,uh[rpk;kd;
Nfhr;rilad; kfd; ,uh[rpk;kd; khwtu;kd; vd;w gl;lg;
ngaUld; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. ,tu; Kjyhk; ,uh[rpk;kd;
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tu; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; vy;iyia
tpupTgLj;Jtjpy; jPtpu ftdk; nrYj;jpdhu;. gy;ytu; ehl;by;
,uz;lhk; guNk];tutu;kd; ,we;jgpd; Vw;gl;l thupRupikg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jiyapl;lhu;. ,uz;lhk; ee;jptu;kDf;Fk;>
rpj;jpukhaDf;FkpilNa eilngw;w Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,uh[rpk;kd;
rhSf;fpa kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jDld; Nru;e;J nfhz;L
rpj;jpukhaid Mjupj;jhu;. ,g;Nghl;bapy; rpj;jpukhad;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;; ee;jptu;kd; kd;duhdhu;. vdNt gy;ytu;--ghz;bau;
gif njhlu;fijahapw;W. gy;ytuJ thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
gq;Nfw;wjhy; ghz;baUf;F epyg;gFjp fpilj;jjhfj; njupfpwJ."
3.10.6.1. NguuRg; ngUf;fk;
NguuRg; ngUf;fj;jpy; Nguhu;tk; nfhz;l khwtu;kd;
neLtay;> FWkil> kz;zpf;Fwpr;rp> jpUkq;if> G+thD}u;>
nfhLk;ghY}u;> ngupaT+u; Mfpa Nghu;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;W
mg;gFjpfisg; NguuRld; ,izj;jhu;. nfhq;fiuAk;> fq;fiuAk;>
57
rhSf;fpaiuAk; ntd;wjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. Fk;gNfhzj;Jf;F
mUNf cs;s ee;jpfpuhkf;Nfhl;ilapy; ee;jptu;k gy;ytu;
cs;spUf;ifapy; Kw;Wif apl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. khwtu;kd;
uh[rpk;kd; gz;bnfhLKbiaj; jhz;br; nrd;W ];uPGU\upd; fq;f
ehl;ilj; jhf;fpdhu;. ghz;bau; gilapd; jhf;Fjiyj; jhf;Fg;
gpbf;f Kbahj ];uPGU\u; rhSf;fpa kd;dd; ,uz;lhk;
fPu;j;jptu;kdpd; Mjuitf; Nfhupdhu;. fq;fu;-rhSf;fpag; gil
ghz;bau; gilaplk; Njhw;wJ (fp.gp.750).
3.10.6.2. rhSf;fpaUld; kzTwT
ghz;bau;-rhSf;fpa cwitg; gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;
nghUl;L ghz;ba kd;du; khwtu;kd; jdJ kfd; [jpyh
guhe;jfDf;F rhSf;fpa ,sturpia kzKbj;Jf; itj;jhu;. ,jd;
%yk; khwtu;kd; uh[rpk;kd; jdJ gy;yt tpNuhjpapd; guk;giu
tpNuhjpia cwtpduhf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;. ,g;ghz;bau;rhSf;fpau;
cwT ghz;bag; NguuR NkYk; gykila cjtpahf ,Ue;jJ.
itjPf rka nry;thf;F Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; uh[rpk;kd; Ntj
itjPf rkaj;jpd; nry;thf;F njhlu;e;J mjpfupf;ff; fhuzkhf
,Ue;jhu;. itjPf gpuhkzu;fSf;Fg; gy kfhjhdq;fisf;
nfhLj;jhu;. gpuhkzg; ngupNahu;fs; ghuhl;lg;gl;ldu;. gpuhkzg;
GNuhfpju;fspd; topfhl;Ljypd; Ngupy; Jyhghuk;> ,uzpafu;g;gk;>
Nfhrfruh Nghd;w Nts;tpfis tpkupirahf elj;jpdhu;. Ntj
ty;Yeu;fs; rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
3.10.6.2. rhSf;fpaUld; kzTwT
,uh[rpk;kdpd; kfd; guhe;jfd; neLQ;rilad;. ,tUila
jha; ikR+u; khepyj;ij Ml;rp nra;j fd;dl kuigr; Nru;e;j fq;f
kd;dDila kfs; G+Re;jup vdNt> je;ij top ghz;badhf
muRf; fl;by; Vwpatu; guhe;jfd; neLQ;rilad;. fLq;Nfhd;
topte;j ghz;ba kd;du;fspy; khngUk; Vfhjpgj;jpathjpahfj;
jpfo;e;jtu; ,g;guhe;jfg; ghz;bad;. gpw ehLfisj; jd;dhl;rpapd;
fPo;f; nfhz;L tUtjpy; Kidg;Gld; nray;gl;ltu;. NguuR
tpupthf;fthjp (Expansionist). ,k;kd;dUf;F [byd;>
guhe;jfd;> tuFz kfhuh[h> neLQ;rilad;> khwd; rilad;
Mfpa gy gl;lg; ngau;fs; cz;L.
3.10.6.3. ngz;zhflg; Nghu;
Kjyhk; tuFz ghz;bad; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l
neLQ;rilad; fpl;lj;jl;l fhy; E}w;whz;L fhyk; NguuRg;
ngUf;fj;jpNyNa Fwpahf ,Ue;jhu;. ghz;bau; NguuRg;
ngUf;fj;Jf;Fg; ngUk; jilahf ,Ue;jtu; ee;jptu;kd;. ee;jptu;kg;
gy;ytd; ngz;zhflj;jpy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. ghz;ba kd;duplk;
58
Njhy;tp fz;l gy;yt kd;dd; Nru> nfhq;F ehL kw;Wk; jf^u;
muru;fSld; uhZtf; $l;lzp mikj;J ghz;bad;
neLQ;rilaid vjpu;j;jhu;. ,f;$l;Lg; gilAk; ghz;bauplk;
Njhw;wJ. vdpDk;> ghz;ba ehL ,g;Nghu;fshy; ngupJk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. gy;ytu; vjpu;g;G Kwpabf;fg;gl;ljhy; guhe;jfd;
neLQ;riladpd; Gfo; Xq;fpaJ.
3.10.6.4. NguuR tpupthf;fk;
gy;ytu; $l;Lg; giliag; Gwk;fz;l neLQ;rilad; gy;yt
kd;dDld; $l;L Nru;e;j muru;fisj; jdpNa jz;bj;jhu;. jf^u;
mjpfkhid GfShupy; Njhw;fbj;jhu;. nfhq;F ehl;L murid
rpiwg;gpbj;jhu;. mjpakhdpd; cwtpdd; Midkiy murid
MupA+u; Nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifapl;L ntd;whu;. Kj;jiuaUk;>
Ntzhl;ltUk; neLQ;riladpd; Nguhjpf;fj;jpd;fPo; nfhz;L
tug;gl;ldu;. ,tw;wpd; tpisthf> jQ;ir> jpUr;rp> Nryk;> Nfhit
khtl;lq;fSk;> jpUthq;$upd; njd;gFjpAk; ghz;bau; NguuRld;
,izf;fg;gl;ld.
3.10.6.5. Nte;ju; ts;sy;
guhe;jfd; neLQ;rilad; khtPud; kl;Lky;y; rpwe;j
fl;llq;fisf; fl;batu;. ,g;ghz;ba kd;du; itztuhdjhy;
jpUkhYf;Ff; Nfhapy;fs; fl;Ltjpy; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpdhu;.
nfhq;F ehl;L fhQ;rptha;g; Ng&upy; gpuk;khz;lkhff; fl;lg;gl;l
NfhapYk;> kJiuf;F mUNf cs;s jpUkhy; NfhapYk;
,tw;Wf;fhd rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;. neLQ;rilad; jPtpu
itztuhapDk; rpthyaq;fSk; fl;lg;gLtij Cf;Ftpj;jhu;.
itzt> irt rka NtWghbd;wp mwg;gzpfSf;Fj; jhuhskhf
cjtp nra;jhu;. khzpf;fthrfu; ,tuJ fhyj;jtu; vd;W
fUjg;gLfpwJ. itjPf Ntjpau;fSf;F epyf;nfhilfs; mspj;J
Mf;fpufhuq;fs; mjpfupf;ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhu;. guhe;jf
neLQ;rilaid Nte;ju; ts;sy; vd;why; kpifahfhJ.
3.10.6.5. Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgL
guhe;jf neLQ;rilad; jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; rpwg;gplk;
ngw;wpUg;gjw;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzk; mtu; ntspapl;l Nts;tpf;Fb
nrg;NglhFk;. ,g;ghz;ba kd;du; Ml;rpf;F te;j %d;whk;
Mz;bNyNa ,r;nrg;Ngl;ilg; gilj;jhu;. tuyhw;W Kf;fpakpf;f
,r;nrg;NgL rq;ffhy gy;ahf KJFLkpg; ngUtOjp gw;wpAk;>
ew;nfhd;wd; vd;w gpuhkzUf;F mg;ghz;ba kd;du;
Nts;tpf;Fbiaj; jhdkhf toq;fpaJ Fwpj;Jk;> gpd;du; me;j epyk;
fsg;gpu kd;dd; xUtdhy; gwpf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;> gwpf;fg;gl;l
me;epyj;ijg; guhe;jf neLQ;rilad; ew;nfhd;wd; topte;j
59
ew;rpq;fd; vd;w gpuhkzUf;F kPl;Lf; nfhLj;jjhfTk; gjpT
nra;Js;sJ. ,r;nrg;NgL rq;f fhyk;> fsg;gpuu; fhyk;> ghz;bau;
fhyk; Mfpa %d;W fhyq;fisg; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgL njhlu;r;rpahf xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf te;j %d;W
Ml;rpf; fhyq;fisg; gw;wpAk; $Wfpd;wJ. ,r;nrg;NgL Kw;fhy
jkpof tuyhw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; ,ilntspfspy; xd;iw epiwT
nra;a cjTfpd;wJ. Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgL guhe;jf
neLQ;riladpd; epiyahd tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f gq;fspg;ghFk;.
3.10.8.];uPkhw ];uPty;ygd;
tuFz ghz;bad; vd;w guhe;jfd; neLQ;riladpd; kfd;
];uPkhw ];uPty;ygd; je;ij top nrd;W ghz;bag; Nguuirf;
fl;bf; fhg;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpdhu;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyk; Vw;w
,wf;fq;fisf; fz;lJ. gjtpg; nghWg;Ngw;wTld; Vf tPud;>
rilad; khwd;> gurf;fu Nfhyhfyd;> mtdpNrfud; Mfpa gl;lg;
ngau;fshy; jd;id myq;fupj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. VftPud; vd;w
gl;lj;Jf;Nfw;g fq;fu;fisAk;> fhypq;fu;fisAk;> Nrhou;fisAk;
gy;ytu;fisAk; jdJ Nguhjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L tUtjpy;
Fwpahf ,Ue;jhu;. fhtpupg;gLif ,tuJ Nguurpd; gFjpahapw;W.
,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ghz;ba kd;dupd; FlKf;F (Fk;gNfhzk;)
ntw;wpahFk;.
3.10.8.1. ,yq;ifg; Nghu;
NguuRg; ngUf;fg; Nguhirahy; ce;jg;gl;l ];uPkhw
];uPty;ygd; ,yq;if kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;. ,yq;if kd;dd;
Kjyhk; Nrdh Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,yq;ifj; jiyefu;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;L> R+iwahlg;gl;L> mjd; nry;tk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
Gj;j tpfhuq;fs; jiukl;lkhf;fg;gl;ld. ghz;baupd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij
Vw;Wf; nfhz;l Kjyhk; Nrdh kPz;Lk; ,yq;if kd;duhf;fg;
gl;lhu;. vdpDk; ghz;baUf;F vjpuhd rpq;fstu; gifAk;>
gopthq;Fk; Nghf;Fk; Fiwatpy;iy.
3.10.8.2. njs;shw;Wg; Nghu;
,yq;ifia ntw;wp nfhz;l ];uPkhw ];uPty;ygd; jdJ
guk;giug; giftuhd gy;ytiug; Gwq;fhzj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;.
mg;NghJ gy;ytu; ehl;Lg; Nguuruhf ,Ue;j %d;whk; ee;jptu;kd;
ghz;baiu ntd;W ,oe;j gFjpfis kPl;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
KbTld; ,Ue;jhu;. ghz;bag; gilAk;> gy;ytu; gilAk; njs;shW
vd;w ,lj;jpy; re;jpj;jd. njs;shw;Wg; Nghupy; ghz;ba kd;dd;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. jd; typikiaAk;> giftDila
typikiaAk;> ,UtUf;Fk; Jizahf ,Ug;gtu;fspd;
typikiaAk; ed;F Muha;e;J ghuhky; Nkw;nfhz;l NghUf;fhd
60
tpiyiag; ghz;ba kd;du; nfhLf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. njs;shw;Wg;
Nghu; ghz;bau; tuyhw;wpd; jpUg;GKidahfTk;> ghz;bag; Nguurpd;
ruptpd; mwpFwpahfTk; mike;jJ. "Kjyhk; ghz;bau; NguuR
tPo;r;rpaile;jjw;Fj; njs;shw;Wg; NghNu Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;”.
3.10.9. ,uz;lhk; tuFzd;
];uPkhw ];uPty;ygdpd; kfd; ,uz;lhk; tuFzd; jd;
je;ij tpl;Lr; nrd;w NguuRg; ngUQ;Rikia Rke;J nfhz;L
Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. ghz;ba ehL rupTg; ghijapy; tpiue;J
nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j NghJ Nrho ehL tsu;r;rpg; ghijapy;
gazpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,uz;lhk; tuFz ghz;baDf;Fg;
ghz;bag; NguuRf;F Vw;gl;l neUf;fbia vjpu;f;nfhs;tjw;fhd
tPuNkh> tpNtfNkh my;yJ NtfNkh ,y;iy. vdNt ,tu;
jd;idr; R+o;e;J te;j neUf;fb tisaj;Jf;Fs; rpf;fpf;
nfhz;lhu;.
3.10.9.1. ];uPGwk;gpag; Nghu;
jd; je;ijapd; Njhy;tpapypUe;J ve;jg; ghlj;ijAk; fw;Wf;
nfhs;shj ,uz;lhk; tuFzd; jd; typikiag; ngUf;fpf;
nfhs;shky;> jf;f Jiztu;fis Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;shky; Nrho
ehl;ilAk;> njhz;il ehl;ilAk; ghz;bau; Nguhjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;f;
nfhz;Ltu tpUk;gpdhu;. ,r;nray; xUtu; kuj;jpd; Edpf; nfhk;gpy;
Vwpf;nfhz;L> mjidAk; jhz;br; nry;y Kaw;rpg;gijg; Nghd;w
eltbf;ifahFk;. Nghupd; Nghf;F gy;ytu; ehl;by; eilngw;w
thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; tuFzd; jiyapl;lhu;. tPz;
tk;ig tpiyf;F thq;fpdhu;. gy;ytg; Nguurd; %d;whk; ee;jptu;kd;
,we;jgpd; mtuJ ike;ju;fs; epUgJq;fDf;Fk;>
mguh[pjDf;FkpilNa thupRupikg; Nghl;b Vw;gl;lJ. ,g;Nghl;bapy;
,uz;lhk; tuFzd; gy;yt ,sturd; epUgJq;fid Mjupj;jhu;.
Nrhou;fSk;> fq;fu;fSk; mguh[pjd; gf;fk; ,Ue;jdu;. Nrho
,sturd; Kjyhk; Mjpj;jDk;> fq;f murd; Kjyhk; gpujptpgjpAk;
mguh[pjDf;F uhZt cjtp nra;jdu;. gy;yt-Nrho-fq;f fl;Lg;
gilf;Fk;> epUgJq;fid Mjupj;j tuFz ghz;badpd;
gilf;FkpilNa Fk;gNfhzj;Jf;fUNf ];uPGwk;gpak; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
Nghu; eilngw;wJ (fp.gp.880). ,g;Nghupy; ,uz;lhk; tuFz
ghz;bad; gLNjhy;tp mile;jhu;. capu; gpioj;J kJiu
jpUk;gpdhu;. Nghupy; ntw;wp ngw;w mguh[pjd; gy;yt kd;duhdhu;.
3.10.9.2. Nghupd; tpisTfs;
];uPGwk;gpag; Nghupd; tpisTfs; ghz;bag; Nguurpd;
tPo;r;rpf;F toptFj;jd. ,g;NghUf;Fg; gpd; jd;id Mjupj;j Nrho
kd;dd; Mjpj;j NrhoDf;Fj; jd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;j Nrho
61
ehl;Lg; gFjpfisj; jpUg;gpf; nfhLj;Jtpl;lhu; mguh[pjtu;k
gy;ytu;. ,jdhy; Nrho kz;lyk; Nrhou; trkhapw;W. mJkl;Lky;y.
,uz;lhk; tuFzdpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; ,Ue;j Nrho ehl;Lg;
gFjpfisAk; Mjpj;j Nrhodplk; xg;gilf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W.
,tw;wpd; $l;L tpisthfg; gy;ytUk;> ghz;baUk; gykpof;f>
Nrhou;fspd; if NkNyhq;fpaJ. RUq;ff;$wpd;> ];uPGwk;gpag; Nghu;
ghz;bauJ tPo;r;rpf;Fk; Nrhou;fspd; vOr;rpf;Fk; top tFj;jJ.
3.10.10. guhe;jf tPuehuhazd;
guhe;jf tPu ehuhazd; ,uz;lhk; tuFzdpd; ,isa
rNfhjuu;. ,tuJ gj;jhz;L fhy Ml;rpapd; NghJ gjtpiaj; jf;f
itj;Jf; nfhs;tNj ,tUf;Fg; ngUk; gpur;ridahf ,Ue;jJ.
tPo;r;rpg; ghijapy; tpiue;J nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j ghz;bag; NguuRj;
Njiu ,tuhy; epWj;j Kbatpy;iy. ,tu; nra;j rhjid Nru
,sturp thdtd; khNjtpia kze;J nfhz;lJjhd;.
,tu;fSf;Fg; gpwe;j gps;isjhd; khwtu;kd; uh[rpk;kd;. guhe;jf
tPuehuhazdpd; Ml;rpf;fhy ,Wjpapy; thupRupikg; Nghl;bahy;
ghz;ba ehL Fog;gf;fhlhapw;W. guhe;jf tPuehuhazd; Nghupy;
Mu;tk; fhl;lhikf;F ,tu; xU jPtpu rkzuhapUe;jJ fhuzkhf
,Uf;fyhk;. ,g;ghz;ba kd;dd; kwtPuj;ijtpl mwtPuNk rpwe;jJ
vd;W vz;zp rkzg; gs;spfSf;Fg; NgUjtp nra;jhu;. ,tuJ
Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ghz;ba ehl;by; rkzk; jioj;Njhq;fpaJ.
3.10.11.,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpk;kd;
guhe;jf tPuehuhazDf;Fg; gpd; muRg; nghWg;Ngw;w
,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpk;kd; Nruehl;L thdtd; khNjtpapd; kfd;.
,tUf;F khwtu;kd; vd;w gl;lg; ngaUk; cz;L. mjdhy; ,tu;
khwtu;kd; uh[rpk;kd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpy; ghz;ba ehl;Lf;F tlf;Nf tpiue;J tsu;e;J
nfhz;bUe;j Nrhou;fspd; rthiy rkhspf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W.
,yq;ifr; rpq;fs kd;dupd; Jiz nfhz;L Nrhoiu
Kwpabg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lhu; ,uh[rpk;kd;. Mdhy;
typikkpf;f Kjyhk; guhe;jf Nrhodpd; vjpu;g;ig ,tuhy;
vjpu;f;nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. Nrho kd;dd; guhe;jfdpd; jhf;Fjiy
rkhspf;f Kbahj ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpk;kd; NtY}u; Nghupy;
Njhy;tpaile;J ,yq;ifapy; jQ;rkile;jhu;. ,Wjpapy; ,tUf;Fj;
jha; tPlhd NruehL milf;fyk; mspj;jJ. ,j;Jld; jkpo; ehl;by;
ghz;bau; Mjpf;fk; KbTf;F te;jJ. ghz;bag; NguuR Nrhog;
NguuRf;Fj; jpiw nrYj;j Ntz;ba msTf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lJ.
ghz;ba ehL Nrho ehl;bd; gFjpahapw;W. ,uh[rpk;kdpd; kfd;
tPughz;bad; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;F rhl;rpahf ,Ue;jhu;.
62
3.11. ghz;bau; tho;tpay;
3.11.1. murpay; epiy
Kw;fhyj; jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; rq;ffhyk;> fsg;gpuu; fhyk;>
ghz;bau; fhyk; Mfpa %d;Wk; njhlu;r;rpahf tUk;
fhyfl;lq;fshFk;. rq;ffhyg; ghz;bag; guk;giuapdu; fsg;gpuu;
fhyj;ijf; fle;J te;j NghJ mtu;fsJ tho;tpaypy;murpay;>
nghUshjhu> r%f> rka> fyhr;rhu epiyfspy;-Ntjpay; khw;wk;
(Chemical Change) Vw;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf rKjha> rka epiyfspy;
mbg;gil khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. muR Nguurhapw;W rq;ffhy
ghz;bau; muR Nguurhf cUkhw;wk; mile;jJ. ,e;j khw;wj;Jf;F
Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jtu; fsg;gpuiu ntw;wp nfhz;L ghz;ba
ehl;il mtu;fsJ gpbapypUe;J kPl;l fLq;Nfhd;. ,k;kd;dUf;Fg;
ghz;bag; NguuR gw;wpa njhiyNehf;F ,Ue;jJ. ,g;ghz;ba
kd;dd; ghz;bau; kuG top te;j nropad;> khwd;> tOjp Mfpa
Fyg; ngau;fshy; miof;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
NkYk; ghz;bag; Nguuru;fspd; ngau;fspy; rk];fpUjr; nrhw;fs;
Nru;f;fg;gLtJ GJg;gof;fkhapw;W. uzjPud;> uh[rpk;kd;> ];uPkhw
uPty;ygd; vdf; $wpf; nfhs;tjpy; ngUikg;gl;ldu;. mJkl;Lky;y
Kr;rq;fk; itj;J Kj;jkpo; tsu;j;j rq;fg; ghz;bau; top te;Njhu;
rPtud;> rPkNdhfud;> tpea tpr;Rjd;> kUj;gyd;> tPjfd; k\d;>
tpf;uk guhrud;> kD}gkd;> gu;j;jptPud;> fpup];jud;> fPjfpe;jud;>
fpUghyad;> fpUjhgjhdd;> fz;lf ep\;Lud;> fhu;aj\pzd;>
ghggPU Nghd;w rpwg;Gg; ngau;fis itj;Jf; nfhs;sj;
jaq;ftpy;iy.
3.11.2. ,uhZt ty;yhl;rp
Kw;fhyg; ghz;ba ehl;by; Kbahl;rp KiwNa
gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. kd;did ikakhf itj;Nj kj;jpa> khepy
murhq;fq;fs; Rod;wd. mikr;ru;fspy; Kjd;ikahf ,Ue;jtu;
cj;jk ke;jpup vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,uhZtk; rhu;e;j> ,uhZtk;
rhuhj mjpfhuq;fs; vd;W gpupf;fg;gltpy;iy. mjhtJ ,uhZt
ty;yhl;rpNa eilngw;wJ.
3.11.3. cs;shl;rp
cs;shl;rp epu;thfj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu Cu; kd;wq;fSk;>
FOf;fSk; fpuhk tptfhuq;fisf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;ld.
,j;jifa cs;shl;rp mikg;G Kiw gpuk;kNja fpuhkq;fspy;
nray;gl;l fpuhk rigfshy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. xU
63
Ritahd jfty; vd;dntdpy; rig eltbf;iffisj; jLf;f
Kw;gl;ltu;fs; fLikahfj; jz;bf;fg;gl;ldu;.
3.11.4. nghUshjhu epiy
ghz;baupd; nghUshjhu epiy gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd
Mjhuq;fs; kpfTk; FiwT. gz;ilf;fhy ghz;ba ehl;by;
Kj;Jf;Fspj;jYk;> Kj;Jf;fs; ntspehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp
nra;ag;gl;l cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;Lr; rhd;Wfs; gy cs;sd.
,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Kj;Jf; Fspj;jy; gw;wpa tuyhw;iw Ma;T
nra;j v];. mUzhryk; gpd;tUk; jfty;fisj; jUfpwhu;:
fp.gp.400f;Fk; 1000f;FkpilNaahd Kj;Jf;Fspj;jy; njhopy;
gw;wpAk;> mJgw;wpa tu;j;jfj; njhlu;Gfs; gw;wpj; njupe;J
nfhs;tjw;fhd ,yf;fpak; vJTkpy;iy.
3.11.5. tu;j;jfr; rpwg;G
63 ehad;khu;fisg; gw;wpf; $Wk; ngupa Guhzj;jpy; ,Jgw;wp
ve;jj; jfty;fSk; ,y;iy. flTisg; Gfo;e;J ghLtijj; jtpu
NtW vijg; gw;wpAk; irt itzt ehad;khu;fSk;> Mo;thu;fSk;
ftiyg;gl;ljhfj; njupatpy;iy> rPdg; gazp Athd; Rthq;Fk;
ghz;bauJ Kj;J tu;j;jfj;ijg; gw;wp vJTk; Fwpg;gpl tpy;iy.
Kj;J tu;j;jfj;jpd; Nfe;jpukhfr; nray;gl;L te;j nfhw;ifj;
JiwKfk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. vdpDk;> gpw ehLfSldhd
Kj;J tpahghuk; njhlu;e;jJ vd;W ek;gyhk;. nghJthf
,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; kJiu kz;lyk; tu;j;jfj;jpy; jhd;
rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jJ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; Athd; Rthq;.
3.11.6. rKjha epiy
rq;ffhy rKjhaj;jpy; tPuKk;> fhjYk; Kf;fpakhff;
fUjg;gl;ld. mit Gtpapay; uPjpahd jpiz tho;f;if
KiwahFk;. ,j;jpizr; rKjha mikg;G Kiw fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpy; mbNahL khwpg;Nghapw;W. jkpo;r; rKjhak; Gj;j> rkz
rkaq;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; te;jJ. fsg;gpuu;fSf;Fg;gpd; te;j
ghz;bau; fhyj;jpy; fsg;gpuu; mfw;wg;gl;ldu;. Mdhy; rkzj;jpd;
nry;thf;F Fiwatpy;iy. rka tho;tpy; rkzj;jpd; nry;thf;F
ePbj;jJ. Mdhy; rKjha tho;tpaypy; itjPf Ntj tu;zKiw
NkNyhq;fpaJ. ehd;Ftif rhjpKiw Nt&d;wpaJ. cau;rhjp-
jho;e;j rhjp NtWghLfs; mjpfupj;jd. rq;ffhyg; ghu;g;gzu;fs;
ghz;bau;fhy gpuhkzu;fs; Mdhu;fs;. ,tu;fs; Ntjpau;fs; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ldu;. itjPf rKjha kuGfs; jkpo;r;rKjha
kuGfSld; rq;fkpj;jd. gpuk;kNja> Njtjhd fpuhkq;fs; gy;fpg;
ngUfpd. ,f;fpuhkq;fs; gpuhkzu;fs; jdpahfTk;> $l;lhfTk;
64
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;lit. ,it
KOikahd tuptpyf;Fg; ngw;wd. gy rYiffisg; ngw;W
jd;DupikAld; nray;gl;ld.
3.11.7. rKjhaj; jhf;fk;
,tw;wpd; rKjhaj; jhf;fk; fzprkhdJ. rilatu;kd;
guhe;jfdpd; Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgL nfhw;iwf;fpohd; ew;nfhd;wd;
vd;w me;jzDf;F Nts;tpr; rhiyf;F Kd;G epd;W gpuk;kNja
epyj;ij kPl;Lf; nfhLj;jij cWjp nra;fpwJ. vdNt> ghz;bau;
rKjhak; gpuhkzu;fs;> Nghu;j;njhopy; GupNthu;> nts;shsu;fs;>
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu; vd;W rhjp-tFg;G top gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;.
ghz;ba kd;du;fs; ,r;rKjhag; gpuptpidia
gyg;gLj;jpdhu;fNsad;wp> rhjp NtWghLfisg; Nghf;Ftjw;fhd
Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iy.
3.11.7. rka epiy
jkpo; ehl;by; gf;jp ,af;fk; tpiue;J gutpf; nfhz;bUe;j
Ntisapy; ghz;ba ehL rkzf; Nfhl;ilahff; fhl;rpaspj;jJ!
fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa rkzk; ghz;bau;
fhyj;jpy; R+o;epiyf;Nfw;g jd;id khw;wpf; nfhz;L nry;thf;F
Fiwahky; ePbj;jJ. rpiy topghl;il KO%r;Rld; vjpu;j;J te;j
rkz rkak; cUtr; rpiyfspy; ek;gpf;if nfhs;sj; Jtq;fpaJ.
kJiuapYk;> kJiuiar; Rw;wpYk; gy rkzg; gs;spfs;
nray;gl;ld. ,g;gs;spfspy; gy ghz;bau; fhyj;jpy;
Jtf;fg;gl;litahFk;. mNjNghd;W rkzg; gs;spr; re;jq;fSk;
fl;lg;gl;ld. ghz;bau; Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;j guhe;jf tPuehuhazd;
thdtd; kfhNjtpapd; ngauhy; kfhNjtpg; ngUk;gs;sp xd;iwf;
fl;bdhu;. ,k;kd;dNu rkzuhf ,Ue;jikahy; ghz;ba ehl;by;
rkzk; murhq;fg; ghJfhg;Gld; kpFe;j nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;jJ.
mr;rze;jp vd;w rkzj; Jwtp ghz;ba ehl;bd; gy gFjpfSf;Fk;
nrd;W rkzj;ijg; gug;gpdhu; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. irt> itzt
rkaq;fs; ghz;ba ehl;by; rkz rkak; nry;thf;F
ngw;wpUe;jhYk; itzt> irt rkaq;fSk; ghz;ba kd;du;fshy;
Mjupf;fg;gl;ld. Fwpg;ghf> ghz;ba kd;du;fs; guhe;jfd;
neLQ;rilad;> ];uPkhw ];uPty;ygd; Ml;rpf; fhyq;fspy; itzt
rkak; irt rkaj;ijtpl tsu;r;rpaile;jJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk;
,e;j ,uz;L ghz;ba kd;du;fSk; itztu;fshf
,Ue;jikNaahFk;. Mo;thu;fs; murhq;f MjuTld; itztj;ijg;
gug;gpdu;. ];uPtpy;ypGj;J}u; itzt rkaj;jpd; Nfe;jpukhfj;
jpfo;e;jJ. rkz-itzt--irt rkaq;fs; rr;rutpd;wp nray;gl;ld.
gy;yt> Nrho ehLfspy; rkag; nghiwapd;ik fl;ltpo;j;J
tplg;gl;bUe;j Neuj;jpy; ghz;ba ehl;by; rka rkj;Jtk; epytpaJ.
65
Kjy; ghz;bag; Nguurpy; rka rkj;Jtk; epytpa NghjpYk; gf;jp
,af;fj;jpd; jhf;fk; ,Uf;fNt nra;jJ. khzpf;fthrfu;
rpjk;guj;jpy; Gj;ju;fis tpthjj;jpy; ntw;wp fz;L irt
rkaj;Jf;F kjkhw;wk; nra;jhu;. Mdhy; $d;ghz;bad; vd;W
mwpag;gl;l mupNfrup guhq;Fr khwtu;kd; ghz;bad; ve;j irt
ehad;khuhYk; rkz rkaj;jpypUe;J irt rkaj;Jf;F khwpaJ
ghz;ba ehl;by; rkzj;jpd; nry;thf;Ff; Fiwaf; fhuzkhapw;W.'"
kJiu kz;ly kf;fs; irt ehad;khu;fspd; gpur;rhuj;jhy;
kdkhw;wk; mile;jdu;. RUq;ff;$wpd; “rq;f fhyj;jpy; epytpa
kfpo;r;rpfukhd rkar; R+o;epiy Kw;wpYkhf khwptpl;lJ.
3.11.8. ghz;bau; gz;ghL
gz;ghL (Culture) vd;gJ mf tsu;r;rpapd; ntspg;ghlhFk;. md;G>
mUs;> tha;ik> J}a;ik Nghd;wit gz;ghl;bd;
milahsq;fshFk;. mjhtJ gz;gl;l kdijf; Fwpg;gJ gz;ghL.
mjdhy; jhd; kf;fspd; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> rKjha newpfs;> rka
ek;gpf;iffs;> fiyfspd; epiy Nghd;wit nghJthfg; gz;ghL
vd;w nrhy;yhy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j msTNfhiyf; nfhz;L
ghu;f;ifapy; Kjyhk; ghz;bag; Nguurpd;fPo; kf;fspd; fy;tp epiy>
,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfs;> ftpd; fiyfspd; tsu;r;rp Nghd;wit gw;wp
mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; kpff; FiwthfNt cs;sd.
3.11.9. fy;tp epiy
kf;fspd; fy;tp epiyiag; nghWj;jtiu rkzg; gs;spfs;
rhjp NtWghbd;wp midtUf;Fk; rka> xOf;ff; fy;tp mspj;jd.
gpuk;kNja epyg; gFjpfspy; Ntjf;fy;tp gpuhkzu;fSf;F kl;Lk;
mspf;fg;gl;lJ. XusT trjp gilj;Njhu; gps;isfs; jpz;izg;
gs;spfspy; gapd;wdu;. vQ;rpapUe;j jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F
vf;fy;tpAk; nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. fy;tpapd; rpwg;Gzu;e;j jkpo;r;
rKjhaj;jpy;> rq;fk; itj;Jj; jkpo; tsu;j;j ghz;bau; Nguurpy;
kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fs; jw;FwpfshfNt ,Ue;jdu;.
fy;tpapd; gaidg; ngwhj ,tu;fs; rka ek;gpf;iffspy;
%o;fpg;Nghapdu;. rk];fpUjj;Jf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l kjpg;Gk; rpwg;Gk;
jkpOf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. vdNt> Kjyhk; ghz;bag;
Nguurpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; tsuhky; Nghdjpy; tpag;gpy;iy.
ghz;bad; rilatu;kd; guhe;jfdpd; Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgL
tpjptpyf;Fghz;bau;fs; “fUg;ghd> ,uf;fkw;w> %u;f;fj;jdkhd>
gz;ghl;ilg; gw;wp mf;fiwaw;wtu;fs;” vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;
Athd; Rthq;.
66
3.11.10. fl;blf;fiy
fiyfspd; gpwg;gplkhfTk;> ,Ug;gplkhfTk; ,Ug;git
Nfhapy;fs;. kJiuapy; cs;s kPdhl;rp-Re;jNu];tuu; Nfhapy;
cyfg; Gfo; ngw;wJ. ,f;Nfhapy; gw;wpa Guhzf; fijfs; gy.
mtw;Ws; xd;wpy; kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd; ghu;tjp Njtpapd;
mtjhuk; vd;Wk;> kJiu kd;dd; kiyaj;Jt[ ghz;baDf;Fg;
gpwe;jtu; vdTk; jpUtpisahly; Guhzk; $WfpwJ. Rkhu; Mapuk;
Mz;LfSf;F Nky; kJiuiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp
nra;j ghz;ba kd;du;fSk;> ehaf;f kd;du;fSk; ,f;Nfhapy;
tsuTk;> cauTk; gq;fspg;G nra;Js;sdu;. ,g;gq;fspg;gpy; Kjy;
ghz;bag; Nguuirj; Njhw;Wtpj;j fLq;Nfhd; kw;Wk; mtu; top
te;j ghz;ba kd;du;fspd; gq;F fzprkhdJ. ,NjNghd;W
kJiuf;F mUfpy; cs;s mofu;NfhapYf;Fk; ,k;kd;du;fs;
cjtpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3.11.11. rpw;gk;> Xtpak;> eldk;
GJf;Nfhl;ilf;F mUNf cs;s rpj;jd;dthry; kiyapy;
cs;s rkzu; Fiff; Nfhtpy; rkz rpw;gf; fiyapd; rpfukhff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;Nfhapypd; Rtu;fspy; rkzj; jPu;j;jq;fuu;fspd;
rpw;gq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kJiuiaj; jiyefukhff; nfhz;L
Ml;rp Gupe;j ];uPkhw ];uPty;yg ghz;bad; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
,f;Fiff; Nfhapy; rpwe;j rkz ikakhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. ,g;ghz;ba
kd;dupd; MjuNthL ,sk; nfsjkd; vd;w Mrpupau; rpj;jd;dthry;
Fiff; NfhapYf;Fj; jpUg;gzp nra;J tpaj;jF Xtpaq;fisj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jhu; vd;W ,f;Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;by; gjpT
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,d;iwf;Fk; ,e;j tz;z Xtpaq;fs; ghz;bau;
fhy Xtpaf;fiyj; jpwidg; giwrhw;Wgitahf cs;sd. ,e;j
Xtpaq;fisf; nfhz;L mf;fhyg; ngz;fs; mzpe;j mzpfyd;fs;>
$e;jy; myq;fhuk;> Milfs;> xg;gid Nghd;w gytw;iwAk;
njupe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. ,f;Fiff; Nfhapypy; rpw;gk;> Xtpak;>
eldk; Mfpa Kf;fiyfSk; rq;fkpf;fpd;wd.
3.11.12. rkzr; rpw;gq;fs;
tuFz kfhuh[h vd;W miof;fg;gl;l guhe;jfd;
neLQ;rilad; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk;
Nfhtpy;gl;bf;F mUNf mike;Js;s fOFkiy ntl;Lthd;
Nfhapy; Gfo; ngw;Wj; jpfo;e;jJ. ,q;Fs;s xw;iwf; fw;Nfhapy;
ghz;bau; cUthf;fpa <L ,izaw;w fiyf; fUT+ykhFk;.
,f;NfhapYf;F mUfhikapy; cs;s kiyg;ghiwapy; gy mupa
rkz rpw;gq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,itahTk; guhe;jfd;
neLQ;rilad; fhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;litahFk;. jkpo;
67
ehl;bNyNa ,q;Fjhd; rkz rpw;gq;fs; mjpfkhf cs;sd.
,r;rpw;gq;fspd; mbapy; tl;nlOj;Jf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
kfhtPuu;> gu;Rtehju;> Nekpehju; Nghd;w rkz jPu;j;jq;fuu;fspd;
mku;e;j epiyapYs;s rpw;g cUtq;fs; kw;Wk; af;\u;> g\pfspd;
rpw;g cUtq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jPu;j;jq;fuupd; jiyf;F Nky;
cs;s Kf;FilAk;> nfhbAk;> a\pfspd; fuq;fspy; Ve;jpAs;s
rhkuq;fSk; nrk;ikahf nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,f;Nfhapy;
tshfj;jpy; gy Gfo; ngw;w rkzj; Jwtpfs; tho;e;Js;sdu;.
,we;Njhu; epidT rpw;g cUtq;fSk; cs;sd.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
6. ghz;b vd;why; --------- vd;W nghUs;.
7. fsg;gpuiuj; Njhw;fbj;J> ghz;ba ehl;il kPl;lJ ahu;?
8. guhq;Frd; vd;gJ ahUilag; gl;lg; ngauhFk;?
9. ahu; Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;Ngl;il ntspapl;lJ?
10. mupNfrup khwtu;kd; ahuhy; irt rkaj;Jf;F khwpdhu;?
3.12. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
1. tpeatpePr;rk; vd;w ghyp nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l E}y;.
2 fu;ehlfg; gFjpapypUe;J.
3. mr;Rj tpf;fpukd;.
4. Nghjp ju;kUk;> ju;kghyUk;.
5. jpU%yupd;.
6. vUJ.
7. fLq;Nfhd;.
8. mupNfrup guhq;Frd; khwtu;kd;.
9. guhe;jf neLQ;rilad;.
10. jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;.
3.13. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. fsg;gpuu; ahu;?
2. fsg;gpuu; Ml;rp Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.
3. fsg;gpuu; tPo;r;rp Fwpj;J vOJf.
68
tpupthd tpdhf;fs;
1. fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; rKjha epiy Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf.
2. ghz;ba kd;du;fspd; tsu;r;rpia Fwpj;J Muha;f.
3. ghz;ba fhyj;jpy; rKjha epiy Fwpj;J tpthjp.
3.14. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Subramania N. A History of Tamil Nadu up to 1336
Rajayyan K. History of Tamil Nadu
gps;is Nf.Nf. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW
Nilakanda Sastri K.N. A History of South India
Sathianathair R. History of India
ntq;fNlrd; f. Kw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
nry;tk; Nt. jp. jkpof: tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;
myF – 4
Nrhog; NguuR-Kjyhk; ,uh[huh[h- Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu-
rhjidfs;
ghl mikg;G
4.1. Kd;Diu
4.2.Nehf;fq;fs;
4.3.,uh[uh[d;
4.3.1. Gfo; ngw;w Nghu;fs;
4.3.2. fhe;jShu;rhiyg; Nghu;
4.3.3. ghz;baUld; Nghu;
4.3.4. kiyehl;Lg; gilnaLg;G
4.3.5. ,yq;ifg; gilnaLg;G
4.3.6. rhSf;fpag; Nghu;
4.3.7. khyj;jPTfs; gilnaLg;G
4.3.8. ,uh[uh[dpd; Ml;rpf;fhy rhjidfs;
4.4. ,uhN[e;jpud;
69
4.4.1.Gfo; ngw;w Nghu;fs;
4.4.1.1. ,yq;ifg; gilnaLg;G
4.4.1.2. ghz;baUld; Nghu;
4.4.1.3. NruUld; Nghu;
4.4.1.4. rhSf;fpag; Nghu;fs;
4.4.1.5. fq;if gilnaLg;G
4.4.1.6. flhuk; gilnaLg;G
4.4.1.7. gpw gilnaLg;Gfs;
4.4.2. Ml;rpf;fhy rhjidfs;
4.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
4.6. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
4.7. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
4.1. Kd;Diu
tp[ayhad; Kjyhk; Nrhog; NguuRf;F tpj;jpl;lhu;. mtuJ
topte;Njhu; mg;Nguuir tpupTgLj;jpdu;. mUs;nkhop tu;kd; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;w ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; Nrhog;NguuRf;F xU
typikahd mbj;jsj;ij mikj;jhu;. ,tu; Nkw;nfhz;lNghu;fspd;
%ykhf Nrhog;NguuR njd;dpe;jpa kl;Lkpd;wp ,yq;if tiuapYk;
guj;Jtq;fpaJ. ,tu;f;F gpwF mupaiz Vwpa ,uhN[e;jpur;Nrhod;
jd;Dila typikahd flw;gilia nfhz;L flhuj;ij
ntd;whu;. ,t;tpU muru;fSk; toq;fpa epu;thfk; etPdfhyj;Jf;Fk;
xU Kd;Djhuzkhf tpsf;fpaJ. ,e;j mj;jpahkhdJ ,t;tpU
muru;fspd; gilnaLg;G> epu;thfk; kw;Wk; gpw rhjidfis
tpsf;FfpwJ.
4.2.Nehf;fq;fs;
ePq;fs; ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapd;w gpd;du; fPo; fz;ltw;iw mwpa
KbAk;
• ,uh[uh[d; gilnaLg;Gfs; Fwpj;J tpsf;FfpwJ.
• ,uhN[e;jpudpd; gilnaLg;Gfs; Fwpj;J mwpa cjTfpwJ.
• ,uh[uh[d; kw;Wk; ,uhN[e;jpud; MfpNahupd;
rhjidfis Fwpj;J mwpayhk;.
70
4.3.,uh[uh[d;
cj;jk Nrhod; ,we;jgpd; mtuJ kfd; kJuhe;jfd;
kd;duhftpy;iy. khwhf ,uz;lhk; guhe;jfDf;Fk; (Re;juNrhod;)
Nru ehl;L ,sturp thdtd; khNjtpf;Fk; gpwe;j mUs;nkhoptu;kd;
muRf; fl;bNywpdhu;. je;ijAldpUe;J Ml;rpapy; gq;Nfw;W> mwpTj;
njspTk;> murhq;f tpNtfKk;> epu;thfj; jpwikAk;> Nghu;
mDgtKk; ngw;wpUe;j mUs;nkhoptu;kd; ,uh[uh[dhfp Gjpa
rfhg;jk; gilj;jhu;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyk; Nrhou; tuyhw;wpy; Gjpa
jpUg;GKidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Nrhog; NguuR Gjpa
gupkhzq;fSld; gpufhrpj;jJ. ,uh[uh[d; ,uh[Nfrup>
ngUTilahu;> kfhuh[uh[d; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tu;
Nrhou;fspd; ,uz;lhtJ Nguuirj; Jtf;fpdhu;. ,uh[uh[dpd; top
te;Njhu; gpw;fhyr; Nrhou;fs; vd;W mwpag;gl;ldu;.
4.3.1. Gfo; ngw;w Nghu;fs;
Kw;fhyj; jkpo; kd;du;fs; Nghu;fshy; mwpag;gl;lhu;fs;.
rq;ffhy kd;du;fSk;> mtu;fSf;Fg; gpd; fsg;gpuu; fhyj;ijj;
jhz;b te;j ghz;bau;fSk; Nrhou;fSk; Nghu;g; ghuk;gupaj;ij
Kd;nfhz;L nrd;wdu;. Kjy; Nrho NguuRf;F mbj;jskpl;l
tp[ahyad; jQ;iria kPl;L> jQ;iriaj; jiyefuhf nfhz;L>
gy Nghu;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;W Nrhou;fspd; Ml;rpf;F epiyj;
jd;ikiaf; nfhLj;jhu;. ,uh[uh[d; Ml;rp nghWg;Ngw;gjw;F Kd;G
Nrho ehl;L murpaypy; njsptw;w epiy ePbj;jhYk; mtu; Ml;rpf;F
te;j NghJ Nrhou; kuGk;> epu;thfKk;> ,uhZtKk; epiyahf
,Ue;jh murhq;f mikg;Gk;; jiug;gil> flw;gil
tpupthf;fj;Jf;fhd cl;fl;likg;gl ,Ue;jJ. ,f;fl;likg;igAk;>
,aw;if-nraw;if tsq;fisAk; KOikahf gad;gLj;jp Nrhog;
Nguuir typikkpf;f Mjpf;f murhf khw;wpa ngUik
,uh[uh[idr; NrUk;. ,uh[uh[d; tpupthf;fthjp
(Expansionist Vfhjpgj;jpathjp (Imperialist). ,tu;
Nghu;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; Nguuir tpupTgLj;jpg; gyg;gLj;jpdhu;.
,uh[uh[dpd; Nghu;fs; Gfo; ngw;wit.
4.3.2. fhe;jShu;rhiyg; Nghu;
,uh[uh[d; Nrhou; muRupikia kl;Lk; thuprhfg;
ngwtpy;iy Nrhou;fspd; ghuk;gupag; giftu;fshd Nruu;-ghz;bau;-
rpq;fstu; MfpNahupd; gifikiaAk; thuprhfg; ngw;whu;.
,uh[uh[d; gjtpf;F te;jgpd; ,tu;fspd; vjpu;g;ig
Kwpabg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfspy; Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;lhu;. vl;lhz;L
fhy Vw;ghl;Lf;Fg; gpd;du; gilnaLg;GfSf;Fj; jahuhdhu;.
,uh[uh[d; Kjypy; jdJ ghu;itia Nru ehl;bd; kPJ jpUg;gpdhu;
71
ahidapd; gyk; Jjpf;ifapy; ,Ug;gijg; Nghd;W Nruupd; gyk;
flw;gilapy; ,Ug;gij mwpe;j Nrho kd;dd; Nruu;fspd; flw;gil
KJnfYk;ig Kwpf;fj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;. mj;jpl;lj;jpd;gb> jhd;
mDg;gpa J}Jtiu Nru kd;dd; gh];f utptu;kd; mtkjpj;J
tpl;ljhff; $wp Nru ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhu; jpUtde;jGuj;jpd;
flw;fiug; gFjpahf ,Ue;j fhe;jShu; rhiyapy; Nghu; %z;lJ.
,g;Nghupd; NghJ Nruupd; flw;gil mopf;fg;gl;lJ. mNjhL uhZt
gapw;rpg; gs;spAk; jiukl;lkhf;fg;gl;lJ. Nru kd;dd; gh];fu
,utptu;kDk; mtUf;Fj; JizNghd ghz;ba kd;dd;
mkuG[q;fDk; Njhy;tpiaj; jOtpdu;. jd; KbAld; Nru>
ghz;bau;fsJ KbfisAk; R+l;bf; nfhz;likahy; ,uh[uh[d;
Kk;Kbr; Nrhod; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,g;Nghu; Nruupd; flw;gil
typikiaf; nraypof;fr; nra;aNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Nru
kd;dd; nfhy;yj;Jf;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;wjhy; nfhy;yKk; jhf;fg;gl;L
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ifg;gw;wg;gl;l fhe;jShu; kw;Wk; nfhy;yk;
gFjpfspd; epu;thfk; rPuikf;fg;gl;lJ. mq;fpUe;j Ntjg;
gs;spfSf;F Ntz;ba cjtpfs; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. Nru
ehl;by; rjak; jpUtpohTk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. fhe;jShu; rhiyg; Nghu;
ntw;wp ,uh[uh[dpd; Gfo; gutf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.
mJkl;Lky;y. mUs;nkhoptu;kDf;F uh[uh[d; vd;w ngaiu
rpjk;guk; Nfhapy; epu;thfpfs; nfhLj;jjhf kuG topr; nra;jp
cs;sJ.
4.3.3. ghz;baUld; Nghu;
fhe;jShu; rhiyg; Nghupy; ghz;ba kd;dd; mkuG[q;fd;
Nru kd;dd; gh];fu ,utptu;kDf;Fj; Jizahf ,Ue;jhu;. vdNt>
giftdpd; ez;gd; jdf;F vjpup vdf; fUjpa ,uh[uh[d; ghz;ba
kd;dDf;Fg; ghlk; fw;gpf;Fk; nghUl;L ghz;ba ehl;bd; kPJ
gilnaLj;jhu;. ,g;Nghupy; ghz;ba kd;dd; mkuG[q;fd;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. ghz;ba ehL Nrho ehl;Lld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;ntw;wpiag; ghuhl;L Kfj;jhd; ,uh[uh[Df;F njd;d
guhf;fpukd; vd;w tpUJg; ngau; R+l;lg;gl;lJ. ,t;ntw;wpapd; %yk;
ghz;ba ehl;bd; kPJ NrhouJ Mjpf;fk; jpUk;gTk;
epiyehl;lg;gl;lJ.
4.3.4. kiyehl;Lg; gilnaLg;G
ghz;baiu ntw;wp nfhz;l ,uh[uh[d; kiy ehL my;yJ
Flkiy ehL ($u;f;) kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;. ,g;gilnaLg;gpd;
Nehf;fk; NruUk;> ghz;baUk; kPz;Lk; jiyJ}f;fhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhd
Kd;ndr;rupf;if eltbf;ifahFk;. mNjNghd;W nfhq;F ehl;Lf;F
mUfhikapypUe;j Edk;ghb ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. mNjhL fq;fthb>
jbifghb> jiyf;fhL Mfpa ikR+u; gFjpfSk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld.
72
,g;gilnaLg;Gfs; vy;yhk; uh[uh[dpd; gl;lj;J ,sturd;
,uhN[e;jpud; jiyikapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lit vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ntw;wp ehafd; ,uhN[e;jpuDf;F khjz;l ehafd;
vd;w nghWg;Gkpf;f gjtpia mspj;Jg; ngUikg;gLj;jpdhu; je;ij
,uh[uh[d;.
4.3.5. ,yq;ifg; gilnaLg;G
Nruu;> ghz;baiug; Nghd;Nw ,yq;ifr; rpq;fstUk;
Nrhou;fSf;Fg; guk;giug; giftu;fs;. vg;Nghnjy;yhk; Nrhou;fs;
Nruu; kw;Wk; ghz;bau;fSld; Nghupl;ldNuh mg;Nghnjy;yhk;
rpq;fstu; mtu;fis Mjupj;Js;sdu;. vdNt ,uh[uh[d;
,yq;ifia ntd;W> Nrho ehl;Lld; ,izj;J rpq;fstu;
vjpu;g;Gf;F epue;jukhf KbT fl;lj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;. mjw;fhd
tha;g;ig vjpu;Nehf;fpapUe;jhu;. mtu; vjpu;ghu;j;j tha;g;Gk; te;jJ.
,yq;if kd;dd; Ie;jhk; kNfe;jpuDf;F vjpuhf mtuJ
gilapdNu fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;. ,f;fpsu;r;rpia vjpu;f;nfhs;s
Kbahj ,yq;if murd; ,yq;ifapypUe;J jg;gp ghz;ba
ehl;Lf;F te;jhu;. ,e;j tha;g;igg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l
,uh[uh[d; ,yq;if kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;. Mapuk; Mz;Lfhy
,yq;ifj; jiyefuhd mDuhjGuk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;L> mopf;fg;gl;lJ.
mijaLj;J ,yq;ifapy; tlf;Fg; gFjpAk; tPo;e;jJ. mg;gFjpf;F
Kk;Kb Nrho kz;lyk; vd;W ngauplg;gl;lJ. uhZtf; fhty;
jiyefuhapUe;j nghydUit ,g;Gjpa kz;lyj;jpd;
jiyefukhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;efUf;F [fd;dhj kq;fyk; vd;W
ngauplg;gl;lJ. mq;F xU rptd; NfhapYk; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,jd;
%yk; ,yq;ifapd; tlgFjp Nrho ehl;Lld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
,yq;if ntw;wpapd; tpisthf Nru-ghz;ba-,yq;if uhZtf;
$l;likg;G Kw;wpYkhf Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ.
4.3.6. rhSf;fpag; Nghu;
Nkiyr;rhSf;fpag; Nghu;
,uh\;bu$lu;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;l rhSf;fpau;
Nkiyr; rhSf;fpau;> fPior; rhSf;fpau; vd;W ,U gpuptpduhfg;
gpupe;J Ml;rp mikj;J> jdpj;jdpNa nray;gl;L te;jdu;. Nkiyr;
rhSf;fpau; fy;ahzp (ikR+u;)iaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;Lk;> fPior;
rhSf;fpau; ntq;fpiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;Lk; Ml;rp nra;J
te;jdu;. ijyg;gDf;Fg; gpwF Nkiyr;rhSf;fpa kd;duhd
rj;jpahrpuad; fPior; rhSf;fpaiu ntd;W jd;Dila ehl;Lld;
,izj;Jtpl tpUk;gpdhu;. ijyg;gdpd; Nehf;fk; epiwNtwpdhy;
xd;Wgl;l rhSf;fpau; jdf;F rthyhf ,Ug;ghu;fs; vd;gij
czu;e;j ,uh[uh[d; Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa kd;ddpd; Kaw;rpia
73
KisapNyNa fps;sptpl Ntz;Lnkd;W KbT nra;jhu;. fPior;
rhSf;fpaupilNa Vw;gl;l thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lj;ij tha;g;ghf;fpf;
nfhz;l ,uh[uh[d; mtu;fsJ tptfhuj;jpy; jiyapl;L
rf;jptu;kd; vd;gtiu muruhf;fpdhu; (fp.gp.999). mjw;F
ed;wpf;fldhf rj;jpatu;kd; Nrho kd;dupd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lhu; ,e;j Vw;ghl;ilf; fLikahf vjpu;j;jhu; Nkiyr;
rhSf;fpa kd;dd; rj;jpahrpuad;. ,e;j vjpu;g;Ng Nkiyr;rhSf;fpa-
Nrhog; NghUf;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W. Nkiyr; rhSf;fpaUf;F vjpuhf
,uhN[e;jpud; jiyikapy; typikahd Nrhou; gilia
mDg;gpdhu; ,uh[uh[d;. Nkiyr; rhSf;fpau; gil
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ (1007). mtu;fSila jsgjp Nfrtd; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhu;. ,g;Nghupd; tpisthf Nkiyr;rhSf;fpa ehL
epu;%ykhf;fg;gl;lJ. rj;jpahrpuadpd; kw;nwhU Nghu; Kaw;rpAk;
Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;Nghupd; tpisthf Jq;fgj;jpiu MW Nrhog;
NguuRf;Fk; Nkiy rhSf;fpa ehl;Lf;Fk; ,ilNaahd
vy;iyahapw;W.
fPior;rhSf;fpag; Nghu;
fPior; rhSf;fpa ehl;by; epytpa thupRupikg; Nghl;bapy;
,uh[uh[d; jiyapl;L rf;jptu;kid kd;duhf;fpa NghjpYk; mq;F
mikjp epyttpy;it Nrhoupd; Mjpf;fj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;l
rf;jpatu;kid Nkiyr;rhSf;fpa kd;dd; rj;jpahrpuad; kd;dpf;fj;
jahuhapy;iy. uh[uh[dplk; Njhy;tpaile;j rj;jpahrpuad; ntq;fp
kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;. mg;gilia ,uhN[e;jpud; jiyikapyhd
Nrhou; gil Njhw;fbj;jJ. NkYk;> rf;jptu;kid mLj;J
gl;lj;Jf;F te;j tpkyhjpj;jDf;F jd; kfs; Fe;jitia
kzKbj;J itj;J ,uh[uh[d; fPior; rhSf;fpaUldhd cwitg;
gyg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,jd; %yk; jQ;irf;Fk; ntq;fpf;FkpilNaahd
njhlu;G cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjd;gpd; fPior; rhSf;fpau;
ntq;fpiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L %d;W E}w;whz;Lfs; Ml;rp
nra;jdu;.
4.3.7. khyj;jPTfs; gilnaLg;G
,uh[uh[dpd; gilnaLg;Gfs; njd;dpe;jpah jhz;b
khyj;jPTfs; tiu nrd;wd. Ke;ePu;g; goe;jPT gd;dPuhapuk; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;l khyj;jPTfs; ,uh[uh[dhy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;ld.
,g;gilnaLg;Gf;Fg; ngupJk; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ ,uh[uh[dpd;
typikkpf;f flw;gilahFk;. Nrhou; flw;gil ,uh[uh[Df;F
%d;W kfj;jhd ntw;wpfisg; ngw;Wj; je;jJ: 1) Nruu;
flw;gilia ntw;wp fz;lJ; 2) ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;w cjtpaJ;
3) khyj;jPTfis Nrho ehl;Lld; Nru;j;jJ. khyj;jPT gilnaLg;G
,uh[uh[dpd; ,Wjpr; rhjidahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. khyj;jPT
74
ntw;wpf;Fg;gpd; ,uhN[e;jpud; Kiwg;gb Atuh[hthf
KbR+l;lg;gl;lhu;.
4.3.8. ,uh[uh[dpd; Ml;rpf;fhy rhjidfs;
,uh[uh[d; Nrho kd;du;fSs; khkd;duhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;.
,e;jpahtpd; Kw;fhy khkd;du;fs; tupirapy; ,lk; ngwj;
jFjpahdtu;. MSik Mw;wYk;> Ml;rpj; jpwikAkpf;ftu;. ,tuJ
Kg;gjhz;L Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Nrhog; NguuR gjpa vy;iyiaj;
njhl;lJ; rhjidfs; gy nra;ag;gl;ld. mtw;Ws; rpwg;ghdit
tUkhW: 1) fy;ntl;Lfspy; nka;f;fPu;j;jp vd;Dk; tuyhw;W
mwpKfk; nra;Ak; tof;fk; ,tu; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Jjhd;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 2) eLtz; muir ikakhff; nfhz;L Nrho ehL
gy epu;thfg; gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L mjpfhuf; Ftpika
Kbahl;rp (Centralized Monarchy) cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 3) Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpNyNa thupR ,sturu; (Heir-apparent) gjtpia Vw;gLj;jp
,izahl;rpf;F (Joint-rule) top tFf;fg;gl;lJ. 4) fpuhk kw;Wk;
cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspd; Rje;jpuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jhky; mtw;wpd;
epytUtha; fzf;F kj;jpa jzpf;iff; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F
cl;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 5) Nrho ehL KOtJKs;s epyq;fs;
juthupahfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L> rupahf msf;fg;gl;L> Kiwahd epjp
epu;thff; fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gf;Fs; nfhz;L ghug;gl;lJ. 6) Nrhog; Nguurpd;
tpupthf;fj;Jf;Fk;> ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;> guhkupg;Gf;Fk;> ntspAwTj;
njhlu;GfSf;Fk; Njitahd epiyahd ,uhZtj;ijAk;> gykpf;f
cw;gilAk; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. 7) ,uh[uh[d; rpwe;j rptgf;juhf
,Ue;jNghjpYk; rkag; nghiwiaf; filg;gpbj;jhu;. midj;J
rkaq;fSk; rkkhf kjpf;fg;gl;L kupahij nra;ag;gl;lJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Rkj;jpuhtpd; kd;du; irNye;jpuu; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy;
xU Gj;j tpfhuj;ijf; fl;bf; nfhs;tjw;F mDkjpj;J
cjtpaNjhld;wp mJ fl;b Kbf;fg;gLtjw;Fj; Njitahd KO
xj;Jiog;igAk; nfhLj;jhu;. 8) ,uh[uh[d; Nfhapy; fl;blf;
fiyf;F Kd;khjpupahfj; jpfo;e;jhu;. ,tu; fhyj;jpy; jQ;irapy;
fl;lg;gl;l ngUTilahu; (gpufjP];tuu;) Myak; ,jw;fhd
jiyrpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. 9) gy;fiy ty;ytuhd ,k;kd;du;
rpwe;j ftpQuhf ,Ue;jNjhL kl;Lkd;wp fiy> ,yf;fpag;
Gytu;fSf;Fg; GutyuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. 10) ,uh[uh[dpd;
rhjidfis epidT+l;Lk; tifapy; ,tu; gy gl;lq;fis R+l;bf;
nfhz;lhu;. mtw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. Kk;Kbr;Nrhod;>
NrhNoe;jpu rpk;kd;> rpq;fshe;jfd;> n[ak; nfhz;lhu;> njypq;f
Fyhfyd;> utpFy khzpf;fd;> rptghj Nrfud; Mfpait. 11)
,uh[uh[dpd; njhiyNehf;F ,tu;fhy Nrhog; NguuR ghiwapd;
kPJ vOg;gg;gl;lJ. mijf; fl;bf; fhf;f mtu; Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpNyNa mtuJ kfd; ,uhN[e;jpuidj; jahu; nra;jhu;.
75
mjdhy;jhd; ,uh[uh[d; njd;dpe;jpahit Ml;rp nra;jtu;fspy;
jiyrpwe;jtu; vd;W ghuhl;lg;gLfpwhu;.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. ,uh[Nfrup vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;?
2. fhe;jShu; rhiy vq;F mike;Js;sJ?
3. ve;j ehl;by; rjak; jpUtpoh Jtf;fg;gl;lJ?
4. nghydUit vq;F mike;Js;sJ?
4.4. ,uhN[e;jpud;
,uh[uh[dpd; xNu kfd; ,uhN[e;jpud;. ,tuJ ,aw;ngau;
kJuhe;jfd;." uh[uh[dpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpNyNa ,tu; gl;lj;J
,sturdhfg; gpufldg; gLj;jg;gl;lTld; (1012) ,uhN[e;jpud; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhu;. jhj;jh Re;ju Nrhoid (,uz;lhk; guhe;jfd;)g;
Nghd;w moFk;> je;ij ,uh[uh[idg; Nghd;w MSikAk; ngw;w
,uhN[e;jpud; je;ijAld; ,ize;Nj Ml;rp elj;jpdhu;. vdNt
,tuJ Ml;rp 1012-ypUe;Nj Jtq;Ftjhff; nfhs;tJ kughf
cs;sJ. je;ijAk;> kfDk; Nrho ehl;ilf; fpl;lj;jl;l 60
Mz;Lfs; njhlu;e;J Ml;rp nra;jdu;. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Nrhog;
Nguurpd; rpwg;Gk;> nry;thf;Fk; cr;rfl;lj;ij vl;baJ.
4.4.1.Gfo; ngw;w Nghu;fs;
4.4.1.1. ,yq;ifg; gilnaLg;G
,uhN[e;jpud; jdJ je;ij ,uh[uh[ NrhodplkpUe;J Nrho
ehl;Lld; gy ehLfspd; gifiaAk; kuGilikahfg; ngw;whu;.
,tuJ jdpahl;rp Jtq;fpagpd; je;ijia Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L
jdJ kfd; Kjyhk; ,uh[hjpuh[Df;F Atuh[h (gl;lj;J
,sturu;) gl;lk; R+l;bdhu; (1018). mjpypUe;J ,UtUNk ,ize;J
Ml;rp nra;jdu;. Nrhou;-rhSf;fpau; gifiag; Nghd;Nw Nrhou;-
rpq;fstUf;FkpilNaahd tpNuhjKk; njhlu; fijiag; Nghd;W
njhlu;e;jJ. ,uh[uh[d; ,yq;ifapd; tlgFjpiaj; jdJ
Mjpf;fj;jpd;fPo;f; nfhz;L te;j NghjpYk;> ghz;ba kd;dd;
,uh[rpk;kd; ,yq;if kd;ddplk; xg;gilj;j mur rpd;dq;fisf;
ifg;gw;w Kbatpy;iy. NkYk; ,yq;if kd;dd; Ie;jhk; kfpe;jd;
Nrhouplk; ,oe;j gFjpfis kPl;gjpy; Kidg;ghf ,Ue;jhu;. vdNt
,uz;L fhuzq;fSf;fhf ,uhN[e;jpud; ,yq;if kPJ
gilnaLj;jhu;: 1) ,yq;if KOtijAk; ifg;gw;wp Nrho ehl;Lld;
,izg;gJ; 2) ghz;ba kd;dd; xg;gilj;j mur rpd;dq;fis
miltJ. Nkw;fz;l ,uz;L Nehf;fq;fisAk; epiwNtw;Wk;
76
nghUl;L ,uhN[e;jpud; %d;whtJ Ml;rp Mz;by; (1017) ,yq;if
kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;. ,g;Nghupy; ,yq;if kd;dd; Ie;jhk; kfpe;jd;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l ,yq;if murd; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;L Nrho ehl;Lf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lhu;. ghz;ba
kd;dd; xg;gilj;jpUe;j mur rpd;dq;fs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld.
,tw;wpd; %yk; ,uhN[e;jpudpd; ,uz;L Nehf;fq;fSk; epiwNtwpd.
,Ug;gpDk; rpq;fstu; kfpe;jhtpd; kfd; jhrg;gh Nrhou;fSf;F
vjpuhd fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. mf;fpsu;r;rp xLf;fg;gl;lJ.
,yq;ifapy; Nrhou; Mjpf;fk; %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; fhyk;
tiu ePbj;jJ.
4.4.1.2. ghz;baUld; Nghu;
,uh[uh[dpd; ghz;ba ehl;Lg; gilnaLg;G KO ntw;wp
ngwtpy;iy. Nrhou; kPjpUe;j ghz;bau; gif tsu;e;jNjad;wp
Fiwatpy;iy. RakupahijAk;> Rje;jpu czu;Tkpf;f ghz;bau;
Nrhoupd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;J fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgl;ldu;.
,f;fpsu;r;rpia xLf;fTk;> ghz;ba ehl;by; Nrhou; Ml;rpia
cWjpg;gLj;jTk; ,uhN[e;jpud; ghz;ba ehl;bd; kPJ
gilnaLj;jhu;. ghz;bau; gil Njhw;fbf;fg; gl;lJ. ghz;ba ehL
kJiuiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;l jdp kz;lykhf;fg;gl;L>
,uhN[e;jpudpd; kfd; ,sturd; ,uh[hjpuh[d; mjd; MSeuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtUf;F [ltu;kd; Re;ju Nrho-ghz;bad; vd;w
gl;lg; ngaUk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
4.4.1.3. NruUld; Nghu;
ghz;bau;fisg; Nghd;Nw Nruu;fSk; Nrhou;fspd;
Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;ftpy;iy. vjpu;j;j tz;zk; ,Ue;jdu;.
mtu;fsJ vjpu;g;ig Kwpabg;gjw;fhf ,uhN[e;jpud; Nru ehl;bd;
kPJ Nghu; njhLj;jhu;. fLikahd NghUf;Fg;gpd; Nru ehL
gzpe;jJ. Nru ehLk; kJiuapypUe;j Nrho MSeupd;
Mjpf;fj;jpd;fPo;f; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
4.4.1.4. rhSf;fpag; Nghu;fs;
Nkiy rhSf;fpag; Nghu;
,uh[uh[d; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Nkiy rhSf;fpa kd;dd;
rj;jpahrpuad; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L Nrhou; Mjpf;fk; epiyehl;lg;gl;lJ.
rj;jpahrpuaDf;Fg;gpd; Ml;rpf;F te;j ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpk;kd;
(1015) je;ij ,oe;j gFjpfis kPl;f Kw;gl;lhu;. vdNt>
,uhN[e;jpud; Nkiy rhSf;fpa ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;. Nrhou;
gilAk; Nkiyr; rhSf;fpag; gilAk; Krq;fp vd;w ,lj;jpy;
re;jpj;jd. Nrhou; gil ntd;wJ. Nkiy rhSf;fpa ehl;by; kPz;Lk;
77
Nrhou; Mjpf;fk; cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ. mNjNghd;W Jq;fgj;jpiu
MW Nrho ehl;Lf;Fk; Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa ehl;Lf;Fk; vy;iyahf
ePbj;jJ.
fPior; rhSf;fpag; Nghu;
Nkiy rhSf;fpa kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpk;kd;
,uhN[e;jpudplk; Njhw;whYk; fPior;rhSf;fpa tptfhuj;jpy;
jiyapLtij epWj;jtpy;iy. fPior; rhSf;fpa ehl;by;
thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lk; ele;jij tha;g;ghff; nfhz;L ,uz;lhk;
,uh[rpk;kd; FWf;fpl;lhu;. ntq;fp Nte;jd; tpkyhjpj;jd; ,we;jgpd;
,uz;lhk; tp[ahjpj;jDf;Fk;> ,uh[uh[ eNue;jpuDf;FkpilNa
thupRupikg; Nghl;b Vw;gl;lJ. tpkyhjpj;jd; kfdhd ,uh[uh[
eNue;jpud; Nrho ehl;L Fe;jitf;Fg; gpwe;jtd;. Fe;jit
,uhN[e;jpudpd; rNfhjup. vdNt mtu; jdJ jq;if kfid
Mjupj;jhu;. ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpk;kd; ,uz;lhk; tp[ahjpj;ad; gf;fk;
,Ue;jhu;. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,uhN[e;jpudpd; ,uhZt cjtpNahL
,uh[uh[ eNue;jpud; ,uz;lhk; tp[ahjpj;jid Njhw;fbj;J
fPior;rhSf;fpa ehl;bd; kd;duhdhu;. ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpk;kd;
fPior; rhSf;fpa ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w Nkw;nfhz;l kw;nwhU
Kaw;rpAk; Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ (1035). ,uhN[e;jpudpd; njhlu;
Nghu;fshy; ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpk;kidAk; mtiu Mjupj;j FWepy
kd;du;fisAk; jiyJ}f;ftplhky; nra;J fd;dl ehL
KOtijAk; jd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; nfhz;L te;jhu;. Kbnfhz;l
Nrhod;> n[arpk;k rhugd;> kd;id nfhz;l Nrhod;> ,ul;lghb
nfhz;l Nrhod;> epUgjpthfud; Nghd;w tpUJg; ngau;fs; mtuJ
ntw;wpfSf;fhd mq;fPfhuq;fshFk;. rhSf;fpag; Nghu;fspd;
tpisthf ,uhN[e;jpudplk; Vuhskhd nry;tk; Ftpe;jJ.
4.4.1.5. fq;if gilnaLg;G
tlehl;L ntw;wp
Nkw;F kw;Wk; fPior; rhSf;fpau;fis Nrho Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd;
fPo; nfhz;L te;j ,uhN[e;jpud; jdJ ftdj;ij tlehl;bd; kPJ
jpUg;gpdhu;. fq;if gs;sj;jhf;F tiu nry;yj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;.
,uhN[e;jpud; jiyikapyhd Nrhou; gil Nfhjhtup tiu nrd;W
Kfhkpl;lJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; mtUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; Vw;gl;l
neUf;fbapd; fhuzkhf jfty; njhlu;G Jz;bf;fg;gl;lNjahFk;.
vdNt> mtu; Nfhjhtupf; fiuapy; jq;fpf; nfhz;L Nrhou; gilia
mtu; jpl;lkpl;lgb tlf;F Nehf;fp mDg;gpdhu;. ,uhN[e;jpud;
jsgjpapd; jiyikapyhd Nrhou; gil Nfhjhtupiaf; fle;J
g];jhu;> xuprh topahf Nkw;F tq;fhsj;ij mile;jJ. mg;NghJ
tq;fhsj;ij Ml;rp nra;j ju;kghyiuAk;> kfghyiuAk;
Njhw;fbj;J Nrhou; Mjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;bdhu;. mjd;gpd; Nrhou;
78
gil fq;if tiu nrd;W mq;F Ml;rp nra;j kd;diuAk; ntd;w
gpd;du; fq;if Mw;W ePiu vLj;Jf; nfhz;L te;J Nfhjhtupf;
fiuapy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j ,uhN[e;jpuDld; Nru;e;J nfhz;ld.
mjd;gpd; ,uhN[e;jpud; jiyikapy; Nrhou; gil jpUr;rp
khtl;lj;jpy; Gjpjhf cUthfpf; nfhz;bUe;j fq;if nfhz;l
NrhoGuk; nrd;wile;jJ. fq;ifg; gilnaLg;ig tpisTfsw;w
ntw;wpnad;Nwh my;yJ Gdpjg; gazk; vd;Nwh> Nfhg;igapy;
vOe;j Gay; vd;Nwh xJf;fptpl KbahJ. tlehl;by; ntw;wp
nfhs;sg;gl;l gFjpfs; eilKiwf; fhuzq;fSf;fhf Nrho
ehl;Lld; ,izf;fg;gltpy;iy. vdpDk; mit Nrho kd;dDf;F
jpiw nrYj;Jk; gFjpfshf ,Ue;jd. tl ,e;jpa ehLfs; Nrhog;
Nguurpd; Mjpf;f typikia czu;e;jd. jkpou;fs; tq;fhsj;jpy;
FbNawp Nrdh Ms;epyg; gFjp cUthtjw;fhd
mbj;jskplg;gl;lJ. mNjNghd;W kpjpiyapy; FbNawpa jkpou;fs;
mq;F fu;dhlFyk; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jdu;. jkpou;fs; tl
,e;jpag; gFjpfspy; FbNawpaijg; Nghd;Nw tl ,e;jpa irtu;fs;
jkpo; ehl;Lf;F te;J jq;fpdu;. fq;ifapypUe;J nfhz;L tug;gl;l
ePu; ,uhN[e;jpud; epu;khzpj;j Gjpa efupy; Nrho fq;if vd;w
Fsj;ij ntl;b mjpy; fq;if ePiuf; fye;J fq;fh [ykak;
raj;jk;gk; vd;W ghuhl;b tpoh vLf;fg;gl;lJ. fq;ifg; gilnaLg;G
Nrhou; tuyhw;wpy; nghd;dhd Kj;Jf;fshy; nghwpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f epidT$wj;jf;f epfo;thFk;.
4.4.1.6. flhuk; gilnaLg;G
,uhN[e;jpudpd; flhuk; gilnaLg;G mtuJ flw;gil
gilnaLg;Gfspy; kpfTk; Gfo; ngw;wjhFk;. njd;fpof;F Mrpa
ehLfspd; kPJ ,uhN[e;jpud; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;j tpUk;gpdhu;. kNyah
jPgfw;gk;> Rkj;jpuh> [hth kw;Wk; mjd; md;ikj; jPTfs;
];uPtp[ag; Nguurpd;fPo; ,Ue;jd. ,e;jpahTf;Fk;
rPdhTf;FkpilNaahd fly;top ];uPtp[a kd;dupd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;
fPo; ,Ue;jJ. ,uh[uh[d; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Nrhog; NguuRf;Fk;
];uPtp[ag; NguuRf;FkpilNa ey;y el;GwT ,Ue;jJ. jkpo;
ehl;bypUe;J rPdhTf;F tu;j;jf J}Jf;FOf;fs; mDg;gg;gl;ld.
Mdhy; ,uhN[e;jpud; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;wTld; Nrhog; NguuRf;Fk;
];uPtp[ag; NguuRf;FkpilNaahd njhlu;gpy; tpupry; tpOe;jJ.
mjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs; ,uz;L: 1) ,uh[uh[dpd; NguuR
tpupthf;fk;; 2) Nrho-rPd tu;j;jfg; ngUf;fj;Jf;F ];uPtp[ag; NguuR
FWf;Nf epd;wJ. vdNt ,uhN[e;jpud; ];uPtp[ag; Nguurpd; kPJ
gilnaLj;jhu; (1025). ];uPtp[ag; NguuRf;Fl;gl;l flhuk; (Rkj;jpuh)
kw;Wk; ];uPtp[ag; Nguurpd; jiyefu; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ];uPtp[ag;
Nguuru; rq;uk tp[Nahj;Jq;ftu;kd; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. Rkj;uh
gilnaLg;GfSk;> kNyahit ntw;wp nfhz;lJk; ,uhN[e;jpudpd;
Nrhog; Nguurpd; ntspehl;L tpupthf;fj;Jf;Fg; Gjpa gupkhzj;ijf;
79
nfhLj;jJ. kNyahTk;> Rkj;jpuhTk; Nrhog; Nguurpd; gFjpfshapd;
Nrhou;fshy; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;ld."
4.4.1.7. gpw gilnaLg;Gfs;
,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; mtu; tpijj;j
tpijfspd; tpisTfis mtNu mWtil nra;a Ntz;bajhapw;W.
Nrhou; gilnaLg;Gfshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfs; jq;fsJ
Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfg; Nghuhlj; Jtq;fpd. ,yq;if Nrhou; Mjpf;fj;ij
vjpu;j;jJ. mNjNghd;W ghz;ba ehLk;> Nru ehLk; fpsu;e;njOe;jd.
Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa kd;dd; Kjyhk; NrhNk];tud; Nrhou;
Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl Kad;whu;. ,tw;iwnay;yhk;
vjpu;f;nfhs;s Ntz;ba nghWg;G ,uhN[e;jpudpd; thuprhd
,uh[hjpuh[dpd; jiyapy; tpOe;jJ.
4.4.2. Ml;rpf;fhy rhjidfs;
,uh[uh[dpd; Ml;rpf; fhyr; rhjidfs; fw;ghiwapd; kPJ
nghwpf;fg;gl;l vOj;Jf;fisg; Nghy; epiyj;J epw;git. fhy
nts;sj;jhy; mopf;fg;gl Kbahjit. tuyhw;W
Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;fit. je;ij ,uh[uh[Dk;> kfd; ,uhN[e;jpuDk;
Nrho ehl;ilj; njhlu;e;J fpl;lj;jl;l mWgJ Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp
nra;jdu;. ,uhN[e;jpud; mtuJ Kg;gjhz;L fhy Ml;rpapd; NghJ
je;ijf;F ,izahf rhjidfs; nra;jhu;. ,tuJ rhjidfspy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit tUkhW: 1) Nrhog; Nguurpd; vy;iyia
ntFthf tpupTgLj;jpdhu;. mtuJ ntw;wpfisf; Fwpg;gjw;fhfNt
Kbnfhz;lhd;> fq;if nfhz;lhd;> flhuq;nfhz;lhd;> gz;bj
Nrhod;> tPuuhN[e;jpud;> NrhNoe;jpurpk;kd; Nghd;w tpUJg;
ngau;fis R+l;bf; nfhz;lhu;; 2) tlehl;L ntw;wpf;Fg; gpwF
jiyefiuj; jQ;irapypUe;J fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;Jf;F
khw;wpdhu;. ,J je;ijf;F epfuhd khw;Wj; jiyefuhfj; jpfo;e;jJ;
3) tptrha tpupthf;fj;jpy; mf;fiw nfhz;l ,uhN[e;jpud; fq;if
nfhz;l NrhoGuj;Jf;fUNf Nrho fq;fk; vd;w ngupa Vupiaf;
fl;bdhu;; 4) Gjpa jiyefupy; fq;ifnfhz;l NrhNor;Ruk; vd;w
rpw;gf; fiyf;Fg; Gfo; ngw;w rpthyaj;ij vOg;gpdhu;; 5) Ntjf;
fy;tpia Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf Ntjf; fy;Y}up xd;iw Vw;gLj;jpdhu;;
6) irtuhf ,Ue;Jk; rkag;nghiwiaf; filg; gpbj;jhu;. fq;iff;
fiuapy; tho;e;j rkzu;fs; fhQ;rpapy; FbNaWtjw;fhd
Vw;ghLfis nra;J nfhLj;jhu;; 7) rpwe;j rpe;jidahsu;; jukhd
gilg;ghsp rptngUkhd; kPJ gy gf;jpg; ghly;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;;
8) jd; gps;isfSf;F rpwe;j Ml;rp gapw;rp mspj;jhu;. mtuJ
kfd;fs; %tUk; xUtu;gpd; xUtuhf Ml;rpf;F te;jdu;; 9) ,tuJ
80
epu;thfk; cjhuzkhf tpsq;fpaJ 19) ntspehLfSld; Fwpg;ghf
rPdhTldhd tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G Nkk;gl;lJ.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1 ,sturd; ,uh[hjpuh[d; ve;j gFjpf;F MSeuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;?
2 ,uhN[e;jpud; jiyefiuj; jQ;irapypUe;J ve;j gFjpf;F
khw;wpdhu;?
4.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
1. ,uh[uh[d;
2. jpUtde;jGuk;
3. Nru ehl;by;
4. ,yq;if
5. kJiuiaj; jiyefuk;
6. fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk;
4.6. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. fhe;jShu;rhiyg; Nghu; Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.
2. ,uh[uh[d; Nkiyr;rhSf;fpag; Nghu; Fwpj;J vOJf.
3. ,uhN[e;jpudpd; flhuk; gilnaLg;G Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.
tpupthd tpdhf;fs;
1. ,uh[uh[d; tsu;r;rpia Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf.
2. ,uhN[e;jpudpd; gilnaLg;Gfs; Fwpj;J Muha;f.
3. ,uh[uh[d; kw;Wk; ,uhN[e;jpud; MfpNahupd; rhjidfis
tpthjp.
4.7. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Subramania N. A History of Tamil Nadu up to 1336
Rajayyan K. History of Tamil Nadu
gps;is Nf.Nf. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW
81
Nilakanda Sastri K.N. A History of South India
Nilakanda Sastri K.N. Cholas
Sathianathair R. History of India
ntq;fNlrd; f. Kw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
nry;tk; Nt. jp. jkpof: tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;
,uhkrhkp m. jkpo; ehl;L tuyhW
myF – 5
epu;thf tsu;r;rp-fiy kw;Wk; fl;blf;fiy- rhSf;fpa Nrhou;fs;
Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;-%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;- rhjidfs;-
,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp
ghl mikg;G
5.1. Kd;Diu
5.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
5.3. murhq;f mikg;G
5.3.1. mur FLk;gk;
5.3.2. mikr;ruit
5.3.3. mjpfhutu;f;fk;
5.3.4. khepy epu;thfk;
5.3.5. kz;ly epu;thfpfs;
5.3.6. cs;shl;rp epu;thfk;
5.3.7. efuhl;rp epu;thfk;
5.3.8. fpuhk epu;thfk;
5.3.9. fpuhk rig
5.3.10. thupa Kiw
5.3.11. FlXiy Kiw
5.3.12. ePjp epu;thfk;
5.3.13. Kbahl;rpapy; kf;fshl;rp
5.3.14.nghUshjhu epiy
5.3.14.1. tptrhak;
5.3.14.2. njhopy;
82
5.3.14.3. tzpfk; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk;
5.3.15. murhq;f tUkhdk;
5.4. fiy-fl;llf; fiy tsu;r;rp
5.4.1. Nfhapy;fs;
5.4.2. jQ;irg; ngUTilahu; Nfhapy;
5.4.3. fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuf; Nfhapy;
5.4.4. gpw Nfhapy;fs;
5.5. rpw;gf;fiy
5.5.1. Xtpaf;fiy
5.5.2. ehlff; fiy
5.5.3. ehl;baf;fiy
5.5.4. ,irf;fiy
5.5.5. mwptpay; epiy
5.6. rhSf;fpa Nrhou;fs;
5.6.1. Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;
5.6.2. Nkiyr; rhSf;fpaUld; Nkhjy;
5.6.3. ghz;bau; gpur;rid
5.6.4. Nruu; rthy;
5.6.5. fypq;fr;rpf;fy;
5.6.6. ntspehl;L cwT
5.6.7. FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; rhjidfs;
5.6.8. filrp fhyk;
5.7. tpf;fpuk Nrhod;
5.8. %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;
5.8.1. ,yq;if vjpu;g;G
5.8.2. ghz;bau; vjpu;g;G
5.8.3. vOr;rpAk; tPo;r;rpAk;
5.9. ,yf;fpak; tsu;r;rp
5.10. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
5.11. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
5.12. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
83
5.1. Kd;Diu
rq;f fhyr; Nrhou;fs; ciwA+iuAk;> G+k;GfhiuAk;
jiyefu;fshff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jdu;. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by;
Nrhou;fs; kPz;Lk; Ml;rp mikf;Fk; tiu ciwA+Nu jiyefuhf
ePbj;jJ. gpd;du; tp[ahya Nrhod; Kj;jiuau;fsplkpUe;J
jQ;iria kPl;lgpd; jQ;ir jiyefuhapw;W. Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d;
fhyj;jpy; jQ;irj; jiyefu; ntFthf tpuptile;jJ. mtu;
jpupGtd rf;futu;j;jp mjhtJ %TyFf;Fk; mjpgu; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhu;. mtuJ kfd; ,uhN[e;jpud; fq;if nfhz;l
NrhoGuj;ijj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp Gupe;jhu;. Nrhou;fhy
cr;rfl;l gug;ngy;iy fpl;lj;jl;l njd;dpe;jpah KOtJk;
gutpapUe;jJ. fpof;Nf tq;ff;fly;> Nkw;Nf mugpf;fly;> njw;Nf
,e;Jkhf;fly;> tlf;Nf Jq;fgj;jpuh tiu Vfhjpgj;jpag; NguuR
msTf;F Nrhog; Nguurpd; gug;ngy;iy tpuptile;jpUe;jJ.
FNyhj;Jq;fd; tpj;jpahrkhd Nrho Nte;ju;. ,uhN[e;jpu
Nrhod; kfd; mk;kq;fhNjtpf;Fk; Fe;jit (uhN[e;jpudpd;
rNfhjup)apd; kfd; fPior; rhSf;fpa kd;dd; ,uh[uh[
eNue;jpuDf;Fk; gpwe;j ,uz;lhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; jhd; FNyhj;Jq;fd;
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. FNyhj;Jq;fd; vd;gJ gl;lg; ngau;. vdNt>
FNyhj;Jq;fd; ,uh[uh[ Nrhodpd; nfhs;Sg; Ngud;.' ,tUk;
,tuJ kugpdUk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; Fyj;jtuhtu;. ,e;j
mj;jpahkhdJ NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l muru;fspd; epu;thf> fiy
kw;Wk; fl;blf;fiy Mfptw;wpw;F mtu;fs; Mw;wpa gq;F Fwpj;J
tptupf;fpwJ.
5.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
ePq;fs; ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapd;w gpd;du; fPo; fz;ltw;iw mwpa
KbAk;
• rhSf;fpa Nrhou;fspd; epu;thf jd;ikia mwpa
cjTfpwJ.
• Nrhou;fspd; fiy kw;Wk; fl;bl fiy tsu;r;rp gw;wp
mwpa cjTfpwJ.
• Kjy; kw;Wk; %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; rhjidfis gw;wp
tpthjpfpwJ.
• Nrhou;fspd; ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp Fwpj;J tpsf;FfpwJ.
84
5.3. murhq;f mikg;G
Nrhou; fhy ika muR jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhf ,Ue;jJ.
mJ tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ikAk;> Fyg; ngUikAk; Fbr;rpwg;Gk;
ngw;wpUe;jJ. Nrho muR kd;didr; Rw;wpNa Rod;wJ. murNd
murhq;ff; NfhGuf; fyrkhff; fhl;rpaspj;jhu;. Kbahl;rpahapDk;>
kd;dd; kf;fspd; kjpg;gPl;by; kpf cau;e;j epiyapy; ,Ue;jhu;.
gilf;F mLj;J Fbkf;fNs murhq;fj;jpd; mLj;j mq;fkhff;
fUjg;gl;lhu;. rl;lkpaw;wy;> rl;lj;ijr; nray;gLj;jy;> ePjp toq;fy;
Mfpa Kg;ngUk; mjpfhuq;fSk; kd;ddplk; Ftpe;jpUe;jd.
kd;dNd gilj; jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. mtNu mjpfhuj;jpd;
Muk;gkhfTk; KbthfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. mtuJ mjpfhuk; tuk;gw;wJ.
guk;giu Kbahl;rp Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lhYk;> kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpNyNa gl;lj;J ,sturDf;F KbR+l;Ltpoh elj;JtJk;>
%j;j kfd; ,Uf;Fk; NghNj ,isa kfidg;
gl;lj;Jf;Fupatdhf;FtJk; Nrhou; fhy thupR Kiwapd;
jdpj;jd;ikahFk;. Nrho kd;du;fisf; Nfhapy;fspy; rpiyfshf
itj;J topgLk; msTf;F kf;fspd; gf;jpiaAk;> kupahijiaAk;
ngw;wpUe;jdu;. mRtNkf ahfk; elj;jhkNy Nrho muru;fs;
khkd;du;fshfj; jpfo;e;jdu;.
5.3.1. mur FLk;gk;
kd;diug; Nghd;Nw kd;dupd; FLk;gKk; Gfo; ngw;Wj;
jpfo;e;jJ. mur FLk;gk; mstpy; ngupaJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; Nrho
kd;du;fs; gpw mur FLk;gq;fNshL kz cwT nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
gy kidtpau;fSf;Fg; gpwe;j gps;isfs; gl;lj;J
,sturu;fshfTk;> Ml;rpg; gFjp MSeu;fshfTk;> gilj;Jiw
mjpfhupfshfTk;> epu;thfj; Jiwj; jiytu;fshfTk;
epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,tu;fs; thupRupikg; Nghl;bfSf;Fk;>
murpay; R+o;r;rpfSf;Fk;> rjpj; jpl;lq;fSf;Fk; fhuzkhf
,Ue;jdu;. gl;lj;jurpfSk; muru;fisg; Nghd;Nw mwf;nfhilfs;
mspj;jdu;. Fwpg;ghff; Nfhapy;fSf;F thup toq;fpdu;. mur
FLk;gj;jpdu; gy rYiffisg; ngw;W muz;kidfspy;
Mlk;gukhf tho;e;jdu;. jQ;rhT+u;> fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuk;>
gioahiw> fhQ;rpGuk;> cj;jpuNk&u;> Ntq;fp> kJiu> rpjk;guk;
Nghd;w efuq;fs; mur FLk;g ikaq;fshff; fhl;rpaspj;jd.
fhQ;rp nghd; khspif ngUk; Gfo; ngw;wpUe;jJ. khspiffspy;
rpj;jpu$l khspifAk;> ngUk;gb khspifAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
muz;kidfisg; guhkupf;fg; gupthuq;fs; ,Ue;jd.
muz;kidfspy; mt;tg;NghJ fiy epfo;r;rpfs; elj;jg;gl;ld;
tpohf;fs; nfhz;lhlg;gl;ld. RUq;ff;$wpd;> mur FLk;gk; tho;e;j
muz;kid Kbahl;rpapd; ngUikiaAk;> mur FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk;
85
md;whl kf;fs; tho;f;iff;FkpilNa ,Ue;j ,ilntspr;
rpWikiaAk; gpujpgypg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ.
5.3.2. mikr;ruit
muru;> Nguuru;> rf;futu;j;jp vd;nwy;yhk; miof;fg;gl;l
Nrho kd;dupd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F vy;iy ,y;iy. vdpDk; mtUf;F
MNyhrid $w Kiwahf mikf;fg;gl;l mikr;ruit
,Ue;jjhfj; njupatpy;iy. vdpDk; mikr;rupd; ,d;wpaikahik
czug;gl;bUe;jJ. Nrho kd;du;fs; mikr;ru;fisf; fye;J
MNyhrpj;J KbntLg;gJ tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. muru;fs; tha;top
cj;juTfisg; gpwg;gpj;jdu;. ,e;j cj;juTfisj; jpUke;jpu Xiy
ehafk; Xiyr; Rtbfspy; vOjp Mtzg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,j;jifa
muR KbTfisAk;> cj;juTfisAk; eilKiwg; gLj;j Ntz;ba
nghWg;G mikr;ru;fSf;F ,Ue;jJ. mikr;ruitapy; nray;ghLk;
nray;jpwDk; kd;ddpd; ePjp> epaha> Neu;ikAzu;itg; nghWj;Nj
,Ue;jJ.
5.3.3. mjpfhutu;f;fk;
muruJ Mizfis mikr;ru;fs; nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
typikkpf;f mjpfhutu;f;fk; (Bureaucracy) ,Ue;jJ. gy;NtW
gzpj;Jiwfspd; mjpfhupfisAk;> mYtyu;fisAk;
Nju;e;njLg;gjpy; rpwg;Gf; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. kiwad;> Xiy
ehafk;> tupf;fzf;F> gpupTtupj;jpizf; fsk;> fz;fhzpfs;>
rhe;Jtpf;fpuk;> ehLtif> ehl;Lf;fz;l fhl;rp Mfpait Kf;fpa
muRg; gjtpfshFk;. cld;$l;lj;J mYtyu;fs; vd;W mwpag;gl;l
muR mYtyu;fs; ngUe;jdk;> rpWjdk;> fUkpfs;> gzpkf;fs;
vd;W gytifg;gl;ldu;. ntspehLfSld; njhlu;G nfhs;tjw;fhfj;
J}Jtu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. mjpfhutu;f;fk; Kiwg;gb ed;F
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. gzp%g;G mbg;gilapy; mjpfhutu;f;fk;
mikf;fg;gl;lNghjpYk; mtu;fsJ gzpf;fhyk; murdpd; Kbitg;
nghWj;Nj ,Ue;jJ. ty;yhl;rp ika muRf;Fk; jd;dhl;rp
Cuhl;rpf;FkpilNaahd rkepiy ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ. ika Ml;rp
cs;shl;rp mikg;gpYk;> nray;ghl;bYk; jiyapLtjpy;iy.
cs;shl;rp Rahl;rp Gdpjkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. murhq;fj;jpd; tuT
nryTfisf; ftdpj;jhy; tUtha;j;Jiw mjpfhupfSk;>
mYtyu;fSk; mjpfhutu;f;fj;jpy; rpwg;gplj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;.
mjpfhupfspd; eltbf;iffs; fLikahff; fz;fhzpf;fg;gl;ld.
5.3.4. khepy epu;thfk;
epu;thf trjp fUjp Nrho ehL gy kz;lyq;fshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifiar; Nru;j;J xd;gJ kz;lyq;fs;
86
,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,k;kz;lyq;fspd; vy;iyfSk;>
ngau;fSk; fhyj;Jf;Nfw;g khw;wkile;jd. xt;nthU kz;lyKk;
gy Nfhl;lq;fshfTk;> xt;nthU Nfhl;lKk; gy $w;wq;fs; my;yJ
tsehLfshfTk; gpupf;fg;gl;ld. $w;wk; vd;gJ gy fpuhkq;fisf;
nfhz;l $l;likg;ghFk;.
5.3.5. kz;ly epu;thfpfs;
kz;lyq;fis tof;fkhf mur Fyj;jpdu; epu;tfpj;jdu;.
gl;lj;J ,sturu;fSk;> neUq;fpa cwtpdu;fSk; kz;ly
MSeu;fshf epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. kz;lyq;fspy; mikjp fhg;gJk;;
kz;ly gilj; jsq;fisg; guhkupj;Jg; ghJfhg;gJk;;
Njitg;gLk;NghJ kd;dDf;Fg; gilAjtp nra;tJk;; Nfhl;l
mjpfhupfisAk;> mYtyu;fisAk; fz;fhzpg;gJk; ,tu;fsJ
gpujhd gzpfshFk;. Nghu;f;fhyq;fspy; ,tu;fs; jsgjpfshfTk;>
Jizj; jsgjpfshfTk; nray;gl;ldu;. tup tR+iyf; fz;Zk;
fUj;Jkhff; ftdpj;jdu;! ,tu;fs; cs;shl;rp epWtdq;fSld;
neUq;fpa njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jdu;. kz;ly Ml;rpau;fs;
mwg;gzpfspYk;> Myaj; jpUg;gzpfspYk; mf;fiw nrYj;jpdu;.
RUq;ff;$wpd;> kz;ly MSeu;fs; FWepy kd;du;fisg; Nghd;W
nray;gl;ldu;.
5.3.6. cs;shl;rp epu;thfk;
Nrhou;fhy tho;tpaypd; njhd;ikr; rpwg;gpay;Gfspy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;W cs;shl;rp epu;thfkhFk;. CUk;> Cu; kd;wk;>
Cutu; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lJk;> Fl;bf; fpuhkf; FbauRfs;
nray;gl;l KiwAk; ghuhl;Lf;Fupait. fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy;
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l cs;shl;rp Kiw Nrhou; Ml;rp kPl;rpf;Fg; gpd;du;
Gj;JapUk;> GJg;nghypTk; ngw;wJ. Fwpg;ghf Kjyhk; guhe;jfd;
(907-950) Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; cs;shl;rp epu;thfk; cr;rfl;lj;ij
vl;baJ. nghJthf Nrhou; fhyk; cs;shl;rpapd; nghw;fhykhFk;.
5.3.7. efuhl;rp epu;thfk;
efuq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; tzpfu; FbapUg;GfshFk;. efuq;fspy;
efuhl;rpfs; nray;gl;ld. ,it jd;dhl;rp epWtdq;fshFk;. efu
mit efuj;Njhk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. Cuitfs;> fpuhk
rigfs; Nghd;w efu; kd;wq;fSk; eilngw;wd. ,j;jifa
kd;wq;fs; jQ;ir> fhQ;rp> kJiu Nghd;w efuq;fspy; rpwg;ghfr;
nray;gl;ld. efu; kd;wq;fspd; mikg;G> mjpfhuq;fs;>
eltbf;iffs; ed;F tiuawf;fg;gl;bUe;jd vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
87
5.3.8. fpuhk epu;thfk;
Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; ,Utifahd fpuhk epu;thf mikg;Gfs;
,Ue;jd. 1) Cu; kd;wq;fs;; 2) fpuhk rigfs;. Cu; vd;gJ fpuhk
kf;fisf; nfhz;l mbg;gil mikg;G. fpuhkk; Cu; vdg;gl;lJ.
Cu; vd;gJ Cu; kd;wj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. Cuf
,ire;j CNuhk; vd;w nrhw;nwhlu; ,ij tpsf;Ftjhf cs;sJ.
fpuhkk; gug;gstpy; rpwpajhf ,Ue;jikahy; Cu; kd;wf; $l;lk;
giw mwptpf;fg;gl;L Cu;g;nghJ kuj;jbapNyh my;yJ nghJ
,lj;jpNyh elj;jg;gl;lJ. Cu; kd;wk; Cu;g; nghJ ,lj;jpy; $b
fpuhk kf;fspd; nghJ tptfhuq;fis tpthjpj;J KbT nra;tJ
vspjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,k;KbTfs; mYtyu;fs; %yk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld. ,j;jifa Neub kf;fshl;rp> kf;fshl;rp Kiw
rq;ffhy fpuhk epu;thf Kiwia epidT+l;Ltjhf cs;sJ.
5.3.9. fpuhk rig
fpuhk rig gpuhkzu;fspd; gpuk;kNja fpuhkq;fspd; fpuhkg;
nghJ kd;wj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. fpuhk rig Cu; kd;wj;ijg;
Nghd;W fpuhk murhq;fj;jpd; mbg;gil mikg;ghFk;. fpuhk rig
cWg;gpdu;fs; rigNahu; vd;W miof;fg; gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs;
fpuhkjhd epyTilikahsu;fs;. trjpAk;> rYifAk;> nry;thf;F
kpf;ftu;fs;. vdNt ,tu;fs; midtUk; rig eltbf;iffspy;
Kidg;Gld; gq;Nfw;wdu;. Vnddpy;> VfNghf epyq;fisAk;>
fpuhkj;Jf;Fg; nghJthd fzNghf epyq;fisAk; guhkupf;f
Ntz;ba nghWg;G ,tu;fSf;F ,Ue;jJ. ,tu;fspd; gpujpepjpfs;
gy FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J gzpahw;wpdu;. ,tu;fs; jkpo;ehl;L
cs;shl;rp tsu;r;rpf;F tpl;Lr; nrd;w epidT$wj;jf;f
ed;nfhilfs; ,uz;L: 1) thupa Kiw; 2) FlXiy Kiw.
5.3.10. thupa Kiw
Nrhou; fyj;jpy; gpuk;kNja fpuhkq;fspy; fpuhk rigapd;
fuq;fshfr; nray;gl;lit thupaq;fs; MFk;. fpuhk rigAk;>
thupaq;fSk; fpuhk epu;thf ehzaj;jpd; ,Ugf;fq;fshFk;. xd;W
fpuhkg; nghJ kd;wkhapd;> kw;wJ mjd; Ml;rpf; fukhFk;.
,j;jifa thupaq;fs; 12 ,Ue;jd:1) Vup thupak;. ,jd; gzpfs;
ePu; epiyfisg; guhkupj;jy;> ePu; tpepNahfk;> ePu;g;ghrdk;> ePu;
epu;thff; fz;fhzpg;G; 2) Njhl;l thupak;. Njhl;lk;> Ntshz;ik>
epy msT> epyj;jPu;it> epyj;jfuhW jPu;j;jy;> rhiyg;
gOJghu;j;jy;> fhy;tha;g; guhkupg;G> ghrd tup tR+ypj;jy;> fPo;f;Fb
kf;fsplkpUe;J fl;lha Ntiy thq;fy; Mfpait ,e;j
thupaj;jpd; Kf;fpa flikfshFk;. 3) rk;tj;ru thupak;. ,jd;
gpujhd gzp Myaq;fs;> klq;fs;> md;dr; rhtbfs;> Ntjg;
88
gs;spfs; Mfpatw;iw epu;tfpj;jy;> Nkw;ghu;itaply;; 4) gQ;rtj
thupak;. gQ;r epthuz eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lJ; 5) nghd;
thupak;. jq;fj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;jy;; 6) FLk;G thupak;. fpuhkj;
njhFjpfs;> mtw;wpd; gpujpepjpfisj; Nju;e;njLj;jy; gw;wpaJ; 7)
fodp thupak;. tptrha epyq;fisf; ftdpj;jy;. 8) tlfodp
thupak;. tlg;Gw epyg; guhkupg;G Fwpj;jJ; 9) fzf;F thupak;. jd;
Kf;fpa flikfs;: epjp epu;thfk;> tup tR+y;> Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;F>
jzpf;if Mfpait; 10) ftpq;f thupaj;jpd; Ntiy fz;kha;
guhkupg;G; 11) jltop thupak;. ghijfs; guhkupg;G gw;wpaJ; 12)
cjhrPd thupak;. fpuhkj;Jf;Fs;tUk; maytu;fisf;
fz;fhzpj;jJ. xt;nthU thupaj;jpYk; Fiwe;jJ MW
cWg;gpdu;fs; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. thupa Kiw Nrhou; fhyj;J
tpaj;jF Gy;ypjo; [dehafg; gq;fspg;ghFk;.
5.3.11. FlXiy Kiw
thupaq;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fisj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhf xt;nthU
fpuhkKk; gy FUk;Gfs; my;yJ njhFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
thupa cWg;gpdu;fs; ,f;FUk;GfspypUe;J FlXiy Kiwapy;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j Kiwapd;gb FUk;Gf;Fupa
Ntl;ghsu;fspd; ngau;fs; gid Xiyj; Jz;Lfspy; vOjg;gl;L>
fl;lg;gl;L> FUk;Gf;Fupa Flj;jpy; ,lg;gl;lJ. Nju;T ehsd;W
fpuhk kf;fSk;> muR mYtyu; xUtUk;> KjpNahUk; $bapUf;f
Flq;fspy; fplg;gl;l Xiyf;fl;Lfs; xt;nthd;whff; fiyf;fg;gl;L>
rpWtd; xUtdhy; xU xiyj;Jz;L vLf;fg;gLk;. mtNu
mf;FLk;gpd; cWg;gpduhf mwptpf;fg;gLthu;. ,t;thW FLk;Gfspd;
gpujpepjpfs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLtu;. ,tu;fNs fpuhk rigapd;
cWg;gpdu;fshtu;. ,tu;fspd; jFjp> jpwik mbg;gilapy; thupa
cWg;gpdu;fshfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLtu;. thupa cWg;gpdu;fspd;
jFjpfs; vt;tpj Iaj;Jf;Fk; ,lkpd;wpj; njspthf
tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUe;jd: 1) ,tu;fs; rhu;e;j fpuhkj;jpy; nrhe;j
tPl;by; trpf;f Ntz;Lk;; 2) epytupia xOq;fhfr; nrYj;jpapUf;f
Ntz;Lk;; 3) 35 tajpypUe;J 70 taJf;F cl;gl;ltuhf ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;; 4) Ntjq;fs;> Ntj ke;jpuq;fs;> gpuhkzq;fs;> gh\;aq;fs;
gw;wp mwpe;jpUj;jy; mtrpak;. ,t;Ntj mwpNthL tu;j;jf
mDgtKk;> ed;dlj;ijAk;> xOf;fKk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;; 5)
epytup nrYj;jhNjhu;> Coy; nra;Njhu;> Nkhrbapy; <Lgl;Nlhu;>
Nju;jy; mjpfhupia mZfpj; jtwhfg; gad;ngw;Nwhu;> Fw;wk;
Gupe;Njhu;> jpUe;jhg; ghtpfs;> jpUbNahu;> tpgr;rhuk; nra;Njhu;> $lh
xOf;fj;jpy; <Lgl;Nlhu;> ifA+l;L ngw;Nwhu;> Fbfhuu;fs; MfpNahu;
jFjp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;ldu;; 6) xUKiw thupa cWg;gpduhf
,Ue;jtu; gj;jhz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;dNu kPz;Lk; cWg;gpduhf KbAk;.
,j;jFjpfs; fLikahff; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;ld. ngz;fs;
89
Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fshfg; Nghl;baplj; jFjp ngw;wpUe;jdu;. thupa
Kiwiag; Nghd;Nw FlXiy KiwAk; ngUikf;Fupa Nrhou;fhyg;
gq;fspg;ghFk;. NknyOe;j thupahfg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ Cu;
kd;wq;fSk;> fpuhk rigfSk; ntt;Ntwhdit Nghy; njupfpd;wd.
Mdhy; eilKiwapy; ,t;tpU fpuhk epu;thf epWtdq;fSk; xNu
Kiwiaj;jhd; gpd;gw;wpd. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; gy fpuhkq;fspy; Cu;
kd;wKk; fpuhk rigAk; xNu ,lj;jpy; nray;gl;ld. NkYk; Gjpa
gpuhkz FbapUg;Gfshy; cUthd fpuhkq;fspy; ,t;tpUtif
kd;wq;fSk; ,Ue;jd. rpy fpuhkq;fs; ,U mitfshYk;
epu;tfpf;fg;gl;ld. RUq;ff;$wpd;> gpuk;kNja> gpuk;kNjaky;yhj
fpuhkq;fspy; fpl;lj;jl;l xNu cs;shl;rp KiwNa gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
vdpDk; thupa cWg;gpdu;fspd; jFjpfis itj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk;
NghJ Cu;kd;w epu;thfj;Jf;Fk;> fpuhkrig epu;thfj;Jf;FkpilNa
kiyf;Fk; kLTf;Fkhd NtWghL ,Uf;fNt nra;jJ.
5.3.12. ePjp epu;thfk;
Nrho kd;du;fs; ePjp epu;thfj;Jf;F cupa Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLj;jdu;. kd;du; cr;r ePjpgjpahapDk; fpuhk kd;wk;
tof;Ffis tprhupj;Jj; jPu;g;G toq;Fk; cupik ngw;wpUe;jJ.
epahaj;jhu; Fw;w tof;Ffis tprhupj;J KbT nra;jdu;.
mjpfhupfs; jz;lidia epiwNtw;wpdu;. thupak; %yk; ePjp
toq;fg;gl;ljhy; Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; Kiwkd;w Mak; my;yJ
mwq;$whak; (Jury System) ,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. nfhiyf;
Fw;wq;fs; (Homicide) ghFgLj;jg;gl;L mjw;Nfw;g jz;lidfs;
toq;fg;gl;ld. kuz jz;lid Kjy; fOij NkNyw;wy; tiu
jz;lidfs; jug;gl;ld. Nrhou; fhy ePjp epu;thfk;
fLikahdjhfNth my;yJ nfhLikahdjhfNth ,Ue;jjhfj;
njupatpy;iy.
cj;jpuNk&u; fy;ntl;Lfs; mbg;gil Mtzk;
cj;jpuNk&u; fhQ;rp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,q;Fs;s %d;W
Nfhapy;fspy; fpuhkrig epu;thfk; gw;wp Vuhskhd fy;ntl;Lf;
Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd: 1) Re;ju tujuh[g; ngUkhs; Nfhapy;;
2) Rg;gpukzpau; Nfhapy;; 3) ifyhrehju; Nfhapy;. fy;ntl;Lf;
Fwpg;Gfs; ,f;Nfhapy;fspd; Rtu;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
jkpo;ehl;by; fpuhk kd;wq;fs; njhd;Wnjhl;L eilKiwapy;
,Ue;jNghjpYk; ,it guhe;jf Nrhod; fhyj;jpy;jhd;
Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L> mikg;G uPjpahf KOik ngw;wJ. jkpo;
ehl;by; NtW gy Nfhapy;fspYk; Cuhl;rp mikg;Gfs; gw;wpa
jfty;fs; fhzg;gbDk;> cj;jpuNk&u; gl;laq;fs; (Uttaramerur
90
Charters 919 and 921) jhd; fpuhk epu;thfj;jpd; murpay;
mikg;Gf;fhd (Constitution) mbg;gil MtzkhFk;.
5.3.13. Kbahl;rpapy; kf;fshl;rp
cj;jpuNk&u; fy;ntl;Lfs; KOikahf tsu;r;rpaile;j fpuhk
murhq;f mikg;Gfisg; gw;wp tptupf;fpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf thupa>
fpuhkrig gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F ,it kjpg;gw;w
Mtzq;fshFk;. Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G jkpo;ehl;by;
vOjg;gl;l murpay; mikg;Gk; (Written Constitution) KOikahd
Nju;jy; Kiw (Perfect Electoral System)Ak; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ
tpae;J ghuhl;Ljw;FupaJ. ,e;jpa cs;shl;rp tuyhw;wpy;
cj;jpuNk&u; fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kjy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;j KOikahd MtzkhFk;. ,J Kbahl;rpapd; fPo;
kf;fshl;rp nray;gl;ljw;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
5.3.14.nghUshjhu epiy
5.3.14.1. tptrhak;
rq;f fhyj;jpypUe;J Nrhou; fhyk; tiu tptrhaNk
kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj; njhopyhf ,Ue;jJ. kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikahd
kf;fs; tptrhaj;ijNa ek;gpapUe;jdu;. tptrhak; epyk; rhu;e;jjhf
,Ue;jikahy; epycilik tptrhaj;jpd; tsj;ijAk;> tPr;irAk;
jPu;khdpj;jJ. epycilik jdpahu; ngaupYk;> rKjhaj;jpd;
ngaupYk; ,Ue;jJ. epyj;ij cOj tptrhapfNs epyr;
nrhe;jf;fhuu;fshf ,Ue;j tiu tptrhak; tsNkhL ,Ue;jJ.
gpuk;kNja fpuhkq;fs; mjpfupj;jikahy; ,e;epiyapy; khngUk;
khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.
tptrha tsk; ePu;g;ghrd epu;thfj;ijg; nghWj;jpUe;jJ.
vdNt ePu;g;ghrdj;Jf;F Kd;Dupik nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. rq;f
fhyj;jpy; fupfhy; Nrhod; fl;ba fy;yiz fhyj;ijf; fle;J
Kd;khjpupahfj; jpfo;e;jJ. mijj; njhlu;e;J Nrhou;fs; fhtpupf;
fopKfj;ij KOJkhf ePu;g;ghrdj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. tPu
ehuhaz Vup> Nrho fq;f Vup> fz;luhjpj;jg; NgNuup> Nrho fq;fk;>
nrk;gpad; khNjtpg; NgNuup> Re;juNrhog; NgNuup Mfpa Vupfs;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy; ,Ue;j
Nrhofq;fk; Vupf;F 60 iky; ePsf; fhy;tha; ntl;lg;gl;lJ. Vupg;
ghrdj;NjhL fpzw;Wg; ghrdKk; ifnfhLj;jJ. Gwk;Nghf;F
epyq;fSk;> fhLfSk;$l tptrhaj;ij tpupTgLj;Jtjw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jg; gl;ld. ePu;g;ghrdk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l NghJ Nrho
ehl;by; gQ;rk; jiyJ}f;fpaJ. tpf;fpuk NrhoDk;> %d;whk;
FNyhj;Jq;fDk; Ntshz;ikia cjhrPdg; gLj;jpaikahy; kf;fs;
91
gQ;rj;jhy; thl Ntz;bajhapw;W! mtu;fSila gf;jpahy;
gQ;rj;ijg; Nghf;f Kbatpy;iy.
5.3.14.2. njhopy;
tptrhaKk;> njhopYk; nghUshjhu ehzaj;jpd; ,uz;L
gf;fq;fshFk;. xd;iwnahd;W rhu;e;J ,Ug;git. tptrhakpd;Nwy;
njhopy; tho KbahJ; njhopypd;Nwy; tptrhak; tsu ,ayhJ.
Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; rpW njhopy;fSk;> Fbirj; njhopy;fSk;
nropg;Gw;wpUe;jd. tptrhaj; njhopy;; khL Nka;j;jy;; kPd; gpbj;jy;;
Mguzj; njhopy;; nerTj; njhopy;; cg;ngLj;jy;; fg;gy; fl;ly;;
nts;sp> ntz;fyk;> nrk;G> gpj;jis Nghd;w cNyhfq;fisf;
nfhz;L nra;ag;gl;l gz;lk;> ghj;jpuk;> gbkj; njhopy;fs;
ehnlq;Fk; gutyhf ,Ue;jd. fhQ;rp nerTj; njhopypd; ,jakhf
tpsq;fpaJ. Mguzj; njhopy; mur FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk;>
nry;te;jUf;Fk; Njitahd fpuPlk;> Fz;lyk;> fz;bif> Muk;>
tisay;> rpyk;G Nghd;w eiffs; nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahf
,Ue;jJ. ,itad;wp moF myq;fhug; nghUl;fisj; jahupj;jy;>
fl;llk; fl;Ljy;> Xtpak; Nghd;w fiyj; njhopy;fs; gpugykhf
,Ue;jd.
5.3.14.3. tzpfk; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk;
cs;ehl;by; jahupf;fg;gl;l rpWnjhopy; kw;Wk; Fbirj;
njhopy; nghUl;fs; re;ijfspy; tpw;fg;gl;ld. ,it gz;lkhw;W
kw;Wk; gzkhw;W Kiwapy; tpw;fNth thq;fNth gl;ld. tl;bf;Ff;
fld; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. nghUl;fis xU ,lj;jpypUe;J gpw
,lq;fSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;y neLQ;rhiyfs; mikf;fg;
gl;bUe;jd. cWjpg; gj;jpuq;fs; Gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jd. vz;zy;>
vOj;jy;> Kfj;jy;> ePl;ly; Mfpa msitfs; nghUl;fis
msf;fg; gad;gl;ld. jq;fk;> nts;sp> nrg;G ehzaq;fs; tu;j;jfg;
gupkhw;wj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. re;ijfspy; tu;j;jfk;
RWRWg;ghf eilngw;wJ. Nrhou;fsplk; typikkpf;f flw;gil
,Ue;jikahy; tu;j;jff; fg;gy;fs; %yk; ntspehl;L tzpfk;
rpwg;ghf eilngw;wJ. Rkj;jpuh> [hth> kNyah> ];uPtp[ak;> rPdh
Kjypa ehLfSld; tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G ,Ue;jJ. Kj;J> gtsk;>
ahidj; je;jk;> fz;zhbf;fy;> ghf;F> mfpy; ml;il> Vyk;>
fpuhk;G> Jzp> rhag; gl;L E}y;> kUe;Jfs;> thrid jputpaq;fs;
Mfpatw;iw Vw;wpr; nrd;w Nrho ehl;L tu;j;jff; fg;gy;fs;
njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfspd; JiwKfq;fis mile;jd. tzpf
rq;fq;fs; %yk; ntspehl;L tzpfk; nropg;Gld; nray;gl;lJ.
Fwpg;ghf muG ehLfspypUe;J Fjpiufs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld.
khky;yGuk;> nfhw;if> nfhy;yk; Mfpait Kf;fpa tzpfj;
JiwKfq;fshFk;.
92
5.3.15. murhq;f tUkhdk;
epy tUtha;
epy tUkhdk; (Land Revenue) murhq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa
tUthahFk;. vdNt ,jw;fhf murhq;fk; mjpf mf;fiw
nrYj;jpaJ. tup fzf;fpLtjw;fhf epyk; ,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ:
1) tup tpjpg;gjw;Nfw;w tpis epyq;fs;; 2) tupapy;yh jupR
epyq;fs;. ,it ,iwapyp my;yJ jukpyp vd;W mwpag;gl;ld.
Nfhapy;fSf;Fk;> gpuhkzu;fSf;Fk; jhdkhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l
fpuhkq;fs; ,iwapyp fpuhkq;fshff; fUjg;gl;ld. ,it epytup
tpyf;F ngw;wit. epy msit epyj;ijj; juk; gpupg;gjw;fhf
tpupthd epyf; fzf;nfLg;G (Land Survey) vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
Fwpg;ghf Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpy; epy mstha;T
tpupthf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,jw;nfd epy Ma;thsu;fs; (Land
Surveyors) ,Ue;jdu;. ,tu;fisf; nfhz;L jdpahu; epyq;fs;>
nghJ epyq;fs;> fpuhkq;fspd; vy;iy> Nka;r;ry; epyq;fs; gw;wpa
jfty;fs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L> Mtzq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld.
epytup
epy Mtzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; epytup tpjpf;fg;gl;L
tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ. epytupad;wp> njhopy; tup> Rq;ftup> tdtup>
fdpkts tup Nghd;w tupfSk; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. tpisr;rypy; Mwpy;
xU gq;F my;yJ %d;wpy; xU gq;F epytupahf tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;tup tpisnghUshfNth my;yJ gzkhfNth ngwg;gl;lJ.
ika murhq;fk; tpjpf;Fk; tupfsy;yhJ cs;shl;rp epWtdq;fSk;
tuptpjpj;J tR+ypf;Fk; cupik ngw;wpUe;jd.
tUtha; Jiw
tUtha;j;Jiw mjpfhupfs; (Revenue Officials) tup
tR+Yf;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;fs;. Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; tupfs; kpfr;
rupahfTk;> epahakhfTk;> KiwahfTk; tR+ypf;fg;gl;ld.
,wf;FkjpahFk; nghUl;fSf;F Rq;ftup ngwg;gl;lJ. epy
cilikfs;> epy mikg;Gfs;> epy cupikfs;> epytupfs; kw;Wk;
gpw tupfs; gw;wpa Mtzq;fs; ftdkhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;L>
guhkupf;fg;gl;L> ghJfhf;fg;gl;ld. tUtha;j;Jiw mjpfhupfSf;F
tup tR+yd;wp NkYk; gy nghWg;Gfs; ,Ue;jd: Nfhapy;fspd; tuT-
nryTf; fzf;F itj;jy;; fpuhk kd;wq;fs; rhu;ghf epyj;ij
thq;fy;> tpw;wy;; fpuhk kd;wq;fspd; epy rk;ke;jg;gl;l
Mtzq;fSf;Fr; rhd;W toq;fs;; Njitg;gl;lhy; jyePjpgjpfshfr;
nray;gly;. Nrhou; fhyj;jpypUe;J tUtha;j; Jiw mjpfhupfs;
kf;fs; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; mYtyu;fshfNt ,Ue;Js;sdu;.
93
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. muru;fs; tha;top cj;juTfis vt;thW Mtzg;gLj;jpdu;?
2. Kf;fpa muRg; gjtpfs; vd;d vd;d?
5.4. fiy-fl;llf; fiy tsu;r;rp
gy;ytu; fhyNk fl;llf; fiyapd; njhlf;f fhyk; vdyhk;.
mtu;fs; Jtf;fpa ,f;fiy Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; KOik mile;jJ.
Nrhou;fs; Mlk;gug; gpupau;fs;; tpsk;gu tpUk;gpfs;; gpuk;khz;lj;ijg;
Nghw;wpatu;fs;! ,jd; ntspg;ghNl Nrhou;fs; tho;e;j Mlk;gu
muz;kidfs;. Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; jiyefuq;fspYk;> Jizj;
jiyefuq;fspYk; muz;kidfs; fl;lg;gl;ld. muz;kidapd;
tshfNk xU efuk; Nghy; fhl;rp mspj;jJ. Nrho kd;ddpd;
Mlk;guk; muz;kidfshy; mwpag;gl;lJ. xt;nthU muz;kidAk;
kjpw;Rtu;fshYk;> mfopahYk; R+og;gl;bUe;jJ. muz;kidf;Fs;
me;jg;Guk;; cs;$lk;> rpw;gf;$lk;; nghopy;fs;; ee;jtdk;; vopy;
khlq;fs;; fiyf; $lq;fs;; myq;fhu tpz;z fuq;fs;; Xtpar;
Rtu;fs;> J}z;fs;; jpiur;rPiyfs;; epiyf; fz;zhbfs;; Nghu;fshy;
jpul;lg;gl;l nry;tq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; miw; mzpfyd;fSf;fhd
rpwg;giwfs;; gilf;fyq;fs; ghJfhg;giw; fhtyu; tpLjpfs; Nghd;w
gy;tif mikg;Gfs; ,Ue;jd. RUq;ff;$wpd;> muz;kid
ftpd;fiyf; fhl;rpafkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.
5.4.1. Nfhapy;fs;
Nrhou;fhy fl;llf; fiyapy; rpfuk; Nghy; fhl;rpaspg;gJ
Nfhapy;fshFk;. ,tu;fs; fhyj;jpy; Nfhapy; fl;llf;fiy
cr;rfl;lj;ij vl;baJ. Nfhapy;fspy; fl;llf; fiyapd; Kjpu;r;rp
ntspg;gl;lJ. ngupNj mofhdJ' vd;w Nehf;fj;NjhL fz;Nlhu;
tpaf;Fk; Nfhapy;fs; vOg;gg;gl;ld. Fwpg;ghf> jQ;irg;
ngUTilahu; NfhapYk;> fq;ifnfhz;l NrhNor;Ruj;jpYk; ,f;fiy
tbtj;ij KOikahff; fhz KbfpwJ.
5.4.2. jQ;irg; ngUTilahu; Nfhapy;
,uh[uhN[];tuk; vd;w ngUTilahu; ngupa Nfhapy;
Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; fw;gidapy; cUthfp fpuhidl; fw;fshy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Vohz;Lfspy; fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;l ,f;Nfhapy;
ed;F ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Rtu;fSf;fpilNa fk;gPukhff;
fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. 500 mb ePsKk; 250 mb mfyKk; cs;s
mfd;w ,lj;jpy; ,f;Nfhapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,f;NfhapYf;Fs;
tpaj;jF tpkhdk;> mu;j;j kz;lgk; kfh kz;lgk;> ee;jp kz;lgk;
Nghd;w fUj;ijAk;> ftdj;ijAk; <u;f;Fk; gFjpfs; cs;sd.
94
fpof;Fg; Gwj;jpy; ,UngUk; NfhGu thapy;fs; cs;sd. cau;e;J
epw;Fk; tpkhdNk ,f;Nfhapypd; rpwg;ghd cWg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
fUtiwapd; Rtu;fspy; Nrhou; fhy Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
NfhapYf;Fs; cs;s ypq;fKk;> NfhapYf;F Kd;Nd cs;s ee;jpAk;
GJKiwf; fl;blf; fiyapd; ntspg;ghLfshFk;.
5.4.3. fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuf; Nfhapy;
,uh[uh[dpd; kfDk; thupRkhd Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud;
Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ed;F jpl;lkpl;L cUthf;fg;gl;l ,uz;lhtJ
jiyefuk; fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGul; fpl;lj;jl;l 250 Mz;L fhyk;
Nrhoj; jiyefuhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,j;jiyefupy; vOg;gg;gl;lJ
jhd; ,uh[uhN[];tuk; vd;w rptd; Nfhapy;. ,J jQ;irf;
Nfhapiytplg; ngupaJ; Mdhy; cauj;jpy; FiwthdJ. ,f;Nfhapy;
jQ;irf; Nfhapypd; ngz; tbtNk vdf; $WNthUk; cz;L.
,uh[uhN[];tuk; Nfhapypd; 186 mb cauj;jpy; 340f;F 110 mb
mstpyhd ePz;l rJuj;jpd; Nky; Nfhapy; fk;gPukhff;
fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. ,jd; Eiothapy; fpof;Fg; gf;fj;jpy;
mike;Js;sJ. ,f;Nfhapy; kfhkz;lgj;jpy; 180 J}z;fSf;F Nky;
cs;sd. xt;nthU J}Zk; ehd;fb cauKs;s gPlj;jpd; kPJ
epw;fpwJ. ,e;j Nfhapypd; tpkhdk; jQ;irf; Nfhapypy;
cs;sijtpl NtWgl;Ls;sJ. jQ;irf; Nfhapiytpl ,f;Nfhapypy;
myq;fhu Ntiyg;ghLfs; mjpfk;. ,q;Fs;s rz;Nl];tuu; Myak;
%yf;Nfhapypd; kWtbtkhFk;.
5.4.4. gpw Nfhapy;fs;
jQ;ir ngupa NfhapiyAk;> fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGu
,uh[uhN[];tuk; NfhapiyAk; Kd;khjpupfshff; nfhz;L
,uz;lhk; ,uh[uh[d; fl;ba jhuhRuk; IuhtNj];tuu; Nfhapy;
fiyr; rpwg;Gf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,NjNghd;W %d;whk;
FNyhj;Jq;fd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; jpupGtdj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l
fk;gfNu];tuu; NfhapYk; fiyr; rpwg;GilajhFk;.
kjpg;gPL
Nrhog; Nguuru;fs; vijAk; ngupa mstpy; nra;tij> rhjpg;gij
tpUk;gpdu;. me;j tpUg;gj;jpd; ntspg;ghNl mtu;fs; vOg;gpa
gpuk;khz;lkhd Nfhapy;fshFk;. ,uh[uh[d; jQ;irapy;
ngUTilahu; ngupa Nfhapiyf; fl;bdhy;> mtUila thuprhd
,uhN[e;jpud; fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy; ,uh[uhN[];tuk;
Nfhapiy vOg;gpdhu;. ,tu;fs; Nghu;fisg; Nghd;W Nfhapy;fisf;
fl;Ltjw;Fk; Kd;Dupik (Priority) nfhLj;jdu;. Nfhapy;fspd;
Njhw;wk;> cauk;> mikg;G> fl;Lkhdk;> rpw;gr; rpwg;G> Xtpa vopy;
95
Nghd;witg; ghu;g;Nghiug; ngupJk; ftu;e;jd. Nrhog; Nguuru;fs;
,tw;wpd; nghUshjhu> rKjha tpisTfisg; gw;wpf; nfhQ;rKk;
ftiyg;gl;ljhfj; njupatpy;iy. Nghu;f;ifjpfisg; gpujhdkhff;
nfhz;L ,f;Nfhapy;fs; fl;lg;gl;ld. fl;Lkhdg; gzpapd; NghJ
Ntiy nra;j gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd njhopyhsu;fSk;>
fiyQu;fSk; Nfhapy; fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;lgpd; Ntiyapoe;jdu;.
,tu;fs; midtUf;Fk; vt;thW kWtho;tspf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ
Ma;Tf;FupaJ. gilnaLg;Gfspd; NghJ ifg;gw;wg;gl;l nry;tk;>
kf;fspd; tupg;gzk;> fl;lha Ntiy (Forced Labour) Mfpatw;iw
tpiyahff; nfhLj;J jq;fs; ngUikiaAk;> GfioAk;
giwrhw;wpf; nfhz;ldu; Nrhog; Nguuru;fs;. fiyg; gilg;Gfs;
fhyk; fle;jit; gQ;rq;fs; jw;fhypfkhdit. Nrhou; fhyf;
Nfhapy;fs; fl;llf; fiyapd; gupzhk tsu;r;rpia mwpa
cjTfpd;wd. ,f;Nfhapy; mikg;G ,e;jpaf; fl;llf; fiy
tuyhw;wpy; ngUikf;Fupa jpUg;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
5.5. rpw;gf;fiy
Nfhapy; topghl;Lj; jyq;fs; kl;Lkd;wp rpw;gf;
$lq;fshfTk; jpfo;e;jd. ,f;Nfhapy;fspy; jdpj;jd;ikkpf;ff;
flTs; rpiyfNshL kdpjr; rpiyfSk; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jl;rpzh%u;j;jp> ypq;Nf];tuu;> Ju;f;if > rptd;> rpt-ghu;tjp>
jpupGuhe;jfu;> jpupGuRe;jup Nghd;w tbtq;fs; nrk;kuG rpw;gf; fiyr;
rhd;Wfs;. rpjk;guk; Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk; eluh[u; rpiy rpw;gr;
rpfuk;. irtf; Nfhapy;fspy; rptdbahu;fspd; rpiyfs; cs;sd.
itzt Myaq;fspy; jpUkhypd; %tiff; Nfhyq;fs; - epd;w>
mku;e;j> fple;j jpUNkdpfs;-fhzf; fplf;fpd;wd. fy;> ntz;fyk;>
nghd;> nts;sp Mfpa cNyhfq;fisf; nfhz;L> gbkf;fiy
tpjpfspd;gb tbtikf;fg;gl;l rpw;gq;fs; rpw;gf;fiy mw;Gjq;fs;;
rpw;gf; ftpijfs;. ngz; cUtr; rpiyfs; Mghrkw;w mjpraq;fs;.
Cu;tyq;fspy; nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhf ngupa ntz;fyr; rpiyfs;
tbf;fg;gl;ld. rpiyfspd; tz;z cilfSk;> Ntiyg;ghLkpf;f
eiffSk; gpuj;Nafkhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. ntz;fy thu;g;glf;
fiyapy; gapw;rp mspg;gjw;nfd xU gs;sp ,Ue;jJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
5.5.1. Xtpaf;fiy
Nrhou; fhyj;J rpw;gf;fiyiag; Nghd;Nw Xtpaf; fiyAk;
rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jJ. Fwpg;ghf RtNuhtpaq;fs; (Frescos). ,it
Nfhapypd; eilghij Rw;Wr; Rtu;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jQ;irg;
ngUTilahu; Nfhapypd; fUtiwapy; jPl;lg;gl;l fapiyf;fhl;rp>
96
gy;tif ,d;dpirf; fUtpfisf; nfhz;L Njtfzq;fs;
,irnaOg;g ehl;ba eq;ifau; eldkhLk; fhl;rp Xtpaf; fiyapd;
khl;rpia ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf cs;sd. jQ;ir gpufjP];tuu;
Nfhapyd;wp fhQ;rp ifyhrehju; Nfhapy;; ehu;j;jhkiy tp[ahya
Nrhopr;Ruk;; khkz;^u;> jpUnka;ak;> kiyabg;gl;b> rpj;jd;dthry;
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Xtpaq;fSk; Gfo; ngw;wit. Nrhgh
fhy Xtpaq;fs; ngUk;ghyhdit Guhzf; fijfs; fhl;rpfis
rpj;jupg;gdtha; cs;sd. ,itahTk; ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfisg;
gpujpgypf;Fk; Xtpaq;fSk; RtNuhtpaq;fSk; Xtpaf;fiyf;
Nfhyq;fshFk;. rpw;gf; fiyNahL Mguzf fiyAk;
rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jJ.
5.5.2. ehlff; fiy
rq;f fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpd;du; Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; jhd; ehlff;
fiyAk;> ehl;bak; fiyAk; Gj;Japu; ngw;wd. jpUtpohf;
fhyq;fspy; uh[uhN[];tu ehlfk;> uh[hJ tp[ak; Nghd;w ehlf
epfo;r;rpfs; eilngw;wd. ehlf muq;fpy; Mupaf;$j;J rhf;iff;
$j;J> jkpo;f;$j;J> rhe;jpf;$j;J Nghd;w $j;J epfo;r;rpfs;
kf;fspilNa ngUk; tuNtw;igg; ngw;wd. ehlf ebfu;
clyirTfs;> Ngr;R xg;gid> iriffs; Mfpatw;wpy; Nju;r;rp
ngw;wpUe;jdu;. ,jw;nfd ehlfrhiy ,Ue;jJ.
5.5.3. ehl;baf;fiy
ehlff; fiyAk; ehl;baf; fiyAk; xU ehzaj;jpd; ,U
gf;fq;fisg; Nghd;wit. jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy; eld epfo;r;rp
jtwhky; eilngw;wJ. Nfhapy;fspy; eldj;Jf;nfd jdpahf
xUtiff; $j;Jk; ,Ue;jJ. epUj;j kz;lgq;fs; ed;F
guhkupf;fg;gl;ld. eldj;Jf;nfd Mly; ngz;bu; mku;j;jk; gl;ldu;.
,uh[uh[d; jQ;ir ngupa NfhapYf;F kl;Lk; 400 Mlyofpfis
mku;j;jpajhfr; rhrdr; rhd;Ws;sJ. Njtubahu;fs; jdpr;Nrupg;
ngz;bu;fshf Mbg;ghbf; fiyfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdu;. eldg;
ngz;kzpfs; G+q;Nfhapy; ehl;ba jiyf;Nfhyp Nghd;w gl;lq;fs;
mspj;J rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ldu;. Nfhapy;fspy; ebf;fTk;> MlTk;>
ghlTk; mspf;fg;gl;l epte;jq;fs; my;yJ epyf;nfhilfs;
vz;zw;wit.
5.5.4. ,irf;fiy
Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; ehlf> ehl;baf; fiyfNshL ,irf;
fiyAk; ,ize;J tsu;e;jJ. gz;ila ghzu; kuG
GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ehlfj;Jf;Fk;> ehl;baj;Jf;Fk; gpd;ghlfu;fSk;>
,irf; fUtpfSk; ,d;wpaikahjit. Njhw;fUtpfSk;> Jizf;
97
fUtpfSk;> euk;Gf; fUtpfSk; rpwg;ghfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
ahOk;> tPidAk; gf;f Nksq;fSk; ,irf;F ,ir Nru;j;jd.
irtj;jpUKiwfs; gz;Zld; ghlg;gl;ld. ehlf> eld> ,ir
epfo;r;rpfis kd;dUk; kf;fSk; fz;L Nfl;L kfpo;e;jdu;.
5.5.5. mwptpay; epiy
Nrhou; fhyg; Nguuru;fSk;> nghJkf;fSk; Md;kPfj;jpy;
mf;fiw nfhz;l msTf;F mwptpaypy; ehl;lk; fhl;ltpy;iy.
mwptpd; ,lj;ij ek;gpf;if gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. mwptpay;
kdg;ghd;ik mupjhfNt ,Ue;jJ. vdpDk; thdpay;> kUj;Jtk;
gw;wp XusT mwpag;gl;bUe;jJ. thd;kz;lyf; Nfhs;fspd; ngau;fs;
njupe;jpUe;jJ. rpj;jpiuapypUe;J gq;Fdp tiuapyhd gd;dpnuz;L
khjq;fspd; ngau;fs; gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jd. ,Ugj;NjO tpz;kPd;fs;
fzf;fplg;gl;ld. R+upa re;jpu fpufzq;fs; njupe;jpUe;jd.
,uh[uh[Nrhodpd; el;rj;jpuk; rjak;. Foe;ij kUj;Jtk;> nghJ
kUj;Jtk;> kpUf kUj;Jtk; Jtf;f epiyapy; ,Ue;jd. kUe;J>
kUj;Jtk;> kUj;Jtu; gw;wpa njspT fhzg;gl;lJ.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
3. ,uh[uhN[];tuk; vd;w rptd; Nfhapy; vq;F mike;Js;sJ?
4. Nrhou;fs; fhyj;jpy; vj;jid tpz;kPd;fs; fzf;fplg;gl;ld?
5.6. rhSf;fpa Nrhou;fs;
fPior; rhSf;fpa ehl;by; gpwe;j FNyhj;Jq;fd; fq;if
nfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy; tsu;e;jhu;. vdNt mtUf;Fr; Nrho
FLk;gj;jpdUld;> Fwpg;ghf Nrho kd;du;fSld; neUf;fkhd
njhlu;G ,Ue;jJ. tPuuhN[e;jpud; (1064-1067) Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;'
eilngw;w flhug; gilnaLg;gpd; nghWg;igf; FNyhj;Jq;fdplk;
xg;gilj;jhu;. flhuf; flw;gilapd; ntw;wpahy; Gfo; ngw;w
FNyhj;Jq;fd; Nrhog; Nguurpd; J}Jtuhf rPdhtpd; muritf;F
mDg;gg;gl;lhu;. mjd;gpd; fPior; rhSf;fpa ehl;bd; ntq;fpapd;
FWepy kd;duhdhu;. tPuuhN[e;jpud; thuprpd;wp ,we;jjhy; Nrho
ehl;by; thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lk; ntbj;jJ.' mg;Nghuhl;lj;ijj;
jdf;F rhjfkhf;fpf; nfhz;l FNyhj;Jq;fd; fq;if nfhz;l
NrhoGuk; nrd;W Nrho kd;duhf KbR+l;bf; nfhz;lhu;. jkpo; ehl;L
kf;fs; ,e;epfo;it Mf;fpukpg;ghff; fUjtpy;iy. khwhf> thuprpd;wp
,we;j tPuuhN[e;jpudpd; ,ay;ghd thuprhfNt fUjpf;
nfhz;lhbdu;. thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lj;jhy; Nrho ehl;by; Vw;gl;l
muR thupR neUf;fb ePq;fpaJ. gpd;du; jpy;iy tho; gpuhkzu;fs;
rpjk;guk; Nfhapypy; FNyhj;Jq;fDf;F NtjitjPf rk;gpujha
98
Kiwg;gb Kiwahf KbR+l;bdu;. fPior; rhSf;fpa ehL Nrho
ehl;Lld; ,ize;jJ. FNyhj;Jq;fDk; mtuJ topte;NjhUk;
rhSf;fpa Nrhou;fs; vd;W mwpag;gl;ldu;.
5.6.1. Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;
FNyhj;Jq;fd; jdJ %jhijau;fshd ,uh[uh[d;>
,uhN[e;jpud; Nghd;w tuyhw;W khkd;du;. khngUk; Nghu; tPuu;;
Mdhy; Nghu; ntwpauy;yu;. Nghupd; ngUikiaAk;> mikjpapd;
Nguhw;wiyAk; ed;fwpe;jtu;. murpd; mwnewpAk;> murpay;
tpNtfKk;> epu;thfj; jpwikAk; xUq;Nf ngw;wtu;. ifapy; ,Uf;Fk;
xU gwit $l;by; ,Uf;Fk; ,U gwitfistpl rpwe;jJ vd;w
eilKiw cz;ikia czu;e;jtu;. fpilj;j tha;g;ig
nrk;ikahfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sj; njupe;jtu;. Nrho ehl;bd;
gyj;ijAk; gytPdj;ijAk; ed;fwpe;j FNyhj;Jq;fd; jd;idtpl
jd;ehl;L kf;fspd; eyDk;> Nrho ehl;bd; ghJfhg;Gk; mikjpAk;
NkyhdJ vd;W vz;zpa FNyhj;Jq;fd; mjw;Nfw;g jdJ
Fwpf;NfhisAk;> nfhs;ifiaAk; tFj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. rkurj;jpd;
%yk; kWrPuikg;G (Policy of Reconciliation and Reconstruction)
vd;gNj FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; Fwpf;NfhshfTk; nfhs;ifahfTk;
,Ue;jJ. FNyhj;Jq;fd; jPu;T ,yq;if tpLjiy> ,yq;if
kd;du;fSk;> kf;fSk; Nrhou; Nkyhjpf;fj;ijAk;> Ml;rpiaAk;
Jtf;fj;jpypUe;Nj vjpu;j;J te;jdu;. Nrhou; mlf;FKiwf;F
vjpuhfg; Nghuhbdu;. tYthf vOe;j tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij
,Uk;Gf;fuk; nfhz;L xLf;fpdhu; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;. tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;lj;ij xLf;f KbANkad;wp xopf;f KbahJ.
,uhN[e;jpuDf;Fg; gpd;du; Nrho ehl;by; Vw;gl;l muR
neUf;fbiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l ,yq;if kd;dd; tp[aghF
<oj;jpypUe;j Nrhog; giliaj; Njhw;fbj;J> nghyd;dUthitf;
ifg;gw;wp> ,yq;ifiar; Rje;jpu ehlhfg; gpufldk; nra;jhu;.
FNyhj;Jq;fd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;wgpd; ,yq;if tpLjiyia
Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. mJkl;Lky;y. mtuJ kfs; Rj;jky;ypia
,yq;if kd;dd; tPughFTf;F kzKbj;J itj;J ,yq;if-Nrho
ehl;L ey;Ywit Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. neLq;fhykhf Nrhoehl;L clypy;
Fj;jpa Ks;shf ,Ue;j ,Uehl;L tpNuhjj;Jf;F KbT
fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,e;epfo;r;rp FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; murpay; Kjpu;r;rpf;Fk;>
mur je;jpuj;Jf;Fkhd vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
5.6.2. Nkiyr; rhSf;fpaUld; Nkhjy;
Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; Nrhog; Nguuruhdjd; tpisthf
fPior; rhSf;fpa ehL Nrho ehl;Lld; ,ize;jJ. Mdhy; Nkiyr;
rhSf;fpaupd; gif ePbj;jJ. mtu;fs; Nrhou;fisj; jq;fsJ
guk;giug; giftu;fshfNt fUjpdu;. vdNt> Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa
99
kd;dd; Mwhk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jd; Nrho ehl;Lf;F vjpuhd
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. Mdhy; mtuJ mz;zd;
,uz;lhk; NrhNk];tud; Nrho ehl;Lld; el;GwNthL ,Ug;gijNa
tpUk;gpdhu;. vdpDk;> ehJ epiyapy; gpbthjkhf ,Ue;j Mwhk;
tpf;fpukhjpj;jd; Nrho ehl;Lf;F vjpuhfg; gil jpul;bdhu;. vt;tpj
rkurj;Jf;Fk; jahuhf ,y;iy. FNyhj;Jq;fd; Nrhou;fSld;
,zf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpa ,uz;lhk;
NrhNk];tuDld; njhlu;G nfhz;L rkurj; jPu;Tf;F Kaw;rp
nra;jhu;. Mwhk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jDf;Fj; njupe;j nkhopapy; Ngrpdhu;.
Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa kd;dDf;Fj; njupe;j xNu nkhop Nghu;jhd;.
vdNt> njw;fpypUe;J FNyhj;Jq;fDk;> tlf;fpypUe;J
NrhNk];tuDk; Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa ehl;ilj; jhf;fpdu;. ,f;$l;Lj;
jhf;Fjiy vjpu;f;nfhs;s Kbahj tpf;fpukd; Njhy;tpiaj;
jOtpdhu;. tPo;e;j cwtpdiuj; jz;bf;f tpUk;ghj FNyhj;Jq;fd;
mtiuNa Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa ehl;il Ml;rp nra;a mDkjpj;jhu;.
,jd; %yk; Nkiyr; rhSf;fpau;--Nrhou; cwT rPuhdJ. ,J
FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; murpay; tpNtfj;Jf;Ff; fpilj;j mLj;j
ntw;wpahFk;.
5.6.3. ghz;bau; gpur;rid
,yq;ifiag; Nghd;Nw kJiug; ghz;ba kd;du;fSk;>
kf;fSk; Nrhoupd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;jdu;; njhlu;e;J Nghuhbdu;.
,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; ,we;jgpd; mtu;fsJ tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk;
jPtpukile;jJ. tpLjiy tpUk;gpfshd mtu;fs; ghz;bau;
Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;j Itu; ghz;ba ehl;il Ie;J gFjpfshfg;
gpupj;Jf; nfhz;L Rahl;rp nra;jdu;. FNyhj;Jq;fd; ghz;ba
ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W> ghz;bau; vjpu;g;ig
Kwpabj;jhu;. mjd;gpd; ghz;bau; mtiuAk; kPz;Lk; mtu;fsJ
gFjpfis Ml;rp nra;a mDkjpjhu;. Itu; Ml;rpiaf;
fiyf;fhky; Nrhou; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;fr; nra;jhu;. ,jd;%yk;
ghz;bau; Rje;jpukhf ,Uf;fTk;> ngaustpy; Nrhou; Mjpf;fj;ij
Vw;fTkhd rkurj; jPu;T fz;lhu;. ghz;baupd; guk;giug; gif
jzpe;jJ. ghz;bau; gpur;ridf;Fj; jw;fhypfj; jPu;T fhzg;gl;lJ.
5.6.4. Nruu; rthy;
,yq;ifr; rpq;fstu;> kJiug; ghz;bau; Nghd;W Nfusj;J
NruUk; Nrhoupd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhb te;jdu;.
ePUG+j;j neUg;ghf ,Ue;j ,g;Nghuhl;lk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;
kd;duhdTld; neUg;ghf ntspg;gl;lJ. fpsu;r;rpj;jP Ntfkhfg;
gutpaJ. Ntzhl;L kd;dd; ,uhku;jpUtbapd; jiyikapy; Nruu;
tpLjiyg; gil jahuhapw;W. ,g;gilAk;> Nrhou; gilAk;
Nfhl;lhw;wpy; Nkhjpd. FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; Nrhou; gil ntw;wp
100
ngw;wJ. ,uhku;jpUtb nfhy;yj;Jf;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;whu;. mtu;
nfhy;yj;jpy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. ifJ nra;ag;gl;l ,uhku;jpUtb
kPz;Lk; Nru ehl;Lf;F kd;duhf ,Ug;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisr;
nra;jhu; FNyhj;Jq;fd;. ,e;j Vw;ghLk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; rkurf;
nfhs;iff;Ff; fpilj;j kw;nwhU ntw;wpahFk;.
5.6.5. fypq;fr;rpf;fy;
FNyhj;Jq;fDf;Ff; fypq;fk; Gjpjy;y. Vnddpy; njd; fypq;fk;
ntq;fp ehl;bd; gFjpahf ,Ue;jNghJ mq;F ntbj;j fpsu;r;rpia
mlf;fpatu; FNyhj;Jq;fd;. mjd; tpisthfj; njw;F fypq;fk;
ntq;fp ehl;Lld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; tlf;F fypq;fk; Nrhou;
Mjpf;fj;Jf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl kWj;jJ. tlfypq;f kd;dd;
mde;jtu;kd; jpiw nrYj;j kWj;jNj Nrhou; gilnaLg;Gf;Ff;
fhuzkhapw;W. mde;jtu;kd; Nrhlfq;fd; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; kfs;
,uh[Re;jupapd; kfd;. FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhodpd; J}uj;J cwtpdu;.
vdNt> fypq;fg; gpur;rid rpf;fy;kpf;f ghrg; Nghuhl;lkhf
cUntLj;jJ. fypq;fr; rpf;fiyj; jPu;f;f FNyhj;Jq;fd;
fypq;fj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W ntw;wp ngw;whu;.
mde;jtu;kd; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. vdpDk; tl fypq;fj;ijr; Nrho
ehl;Lld; ,izf;fhky; mNj rkak; Nrhou; Mjpf;fj;ij
tlfypq;fk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;SkhW nra;jhu;. ,e;j rkurj; jPu;tpd;
%yk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; Gfo; thdsht cau;e;jJ.
5.6.6. ntspehl;L cwT
FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; Gfo; ntspehLfSf;Fk; gutpaJ.
fpof;fhrpa ehLfSld; murpay;> gz;ghl;L> tu;j;jf> mur je;jpuj;
njhlu;Gfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; FNyhj;Jq;fd; rpwg;G ftdk;
nrYj;jpdhu;. Fwpg;ghf rPdhTf;F rpwg;Gj; J}Jtu; mDg;gg;gl;lhu;
(1077). me;ehl;Lldhd tu;j;jfk; gy klq;F ngUfpaJ. kyha;
jPgfw;gk;> ];uPtp[ak;> fk;G+r;rpah> gu;kh Mfpa ehLfSldhd cwT
rpwg;Gw;wJ.
5.6.7. FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; rhjidfs;
Nrhou; tuyhw;wpy; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; xU Gjpa
rfhg;jk; MFk;. ,g;Gjpa fhyg; gFjpapy; gy rhjidfs;
epfo;j;jg;gl;ld. FNyhj;Jq;fd; Nrhog; Nguurpd; Nehf;fpYk;
Nghf;fpYk; Gjpa khw;wj;ijg; GFj;jpdhu;. Nrhog; NguuRf;Fg; Gjpa
gupkhzj;ijf; nfhLj;jhu;. fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk; jiyefuhf
ePbj;jJ. fhQ;rpGuk; rpwg;gplk; ngw;wJ. ,tuJ rkur kWrPuikg;Gf;
nfhs;if Nrhog; Nguuir neUf;fbapypUe;J fhg;ghw;wpaNjhld;wp
Njitahd ghJfhg;igAk;> mikjpiaAk;> rl;lk; xOq;ifAk;
101
cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ. FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; miw E}w;whz;L fhy
Ml;rpapy; NghuopTfistpl kf;fs; eyg; ngUf;fNk mjpfkhf
,Ue;jJ. murhq;f tUtha; fz;Nlhu; tpaf;Fk; Nfhapy;fisf;
fl;Ltjpy; tpuakhf;fhky; kf;fs; eyg; gzpfspy; nrytplg;gl;lJ.
Rq;f tupfis ntFthff; Fiwj;J cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;ijAk;>
ntspehl;L thzpgj;ijAk; Cf;Ftpj;jhu;. mjdhy; FNyhj;Jq;fd;
‘Rq;fk; jtpu;j;j Nrhod;' vd;W ed;wpg; ngUf;NfhL ghuhl;lg;gl;lhu;. Nrho ehL KOtJk; epyq;fs; msf;fg;gl;L> epyj; jPu;itfs;
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;L tptrha tsu;r;rp cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
FNyhj;Jq;fd; gy;fiy tpj;jfu;. gd;nkhopg; Gytu;. ,ir
E}nyhd;iw ,aw;wpdhu;. ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfj; jkpOf;F Cf;fk;
je;J ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpf;F cjtpdhu;. ,tw;wpd; tsu;r;rpf;F epyf;
nfhilfs; toq;fg;gl;ld. irtuhf ,Ue;Jk; gpw rkaq;fis
kjpj;jhu;. ,tu; ehifapYk;> GJf;Nfhl;ilapYk; fl;ba ,uz;L
Nfhapy;fSk; R+upaf; flTSf;F mu;g;gzpf;fg;gl;lit.
FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; rkak; rhuh Ml;rp mtuJ fhyj;ij kPwpa
rhjidahFk;. ,JNt ,tuJ rhjid fSf;nfy;yhk; ngupa
rhjid. ,yq;ifiaj; jtpu ,tuJ NguuR epiyahf ,Ue;jJ.
Jq;fgj;jpiu MW Nrho ehl;Lf;Fk; Nkw;F rhSf;fpa ehl;Lf;Fk;
,ilNaahd vy;iyahf ,Ue;jJ. ntq;fpAk;> fypq;fKk; Nrhog;
Nguurpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;jd. ,k;kd;dupd; ngauhy;
fl;lg;gl;l FNyhj;Jq;f NrhoGuKk; mjd; tPjpfSk; kJiuia
epidT+l;Ltjhf cs;sJ. FNyhj;Jq;fDf;F %d;W kidtpau;:
kJuhe;jfp> jpahfty;yp> Vopir ty;ygp. Kjy; kidtpf;Fg;
gpwe;Njhu; VO gps;isfs;. ehd;fhtJ kfd; tpf;fpuk Nrhod;
FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; thuprhf mupaiz Vwpdhu;. FNyhj;Jq;fDf;Fk;
guhe;jtd;> FyNrfud;> ,uh[Nfrup> ghz;ba Fyhe;jfd;> jpupGtd
rf;futu;j;jp Nghd;w gy gl;lg; ngau;fs; ,Ue;jd.
5.6.8. filrp fhyk;
gy ehLfis ntw;wp nfhz;l FNyhj;Jq;fdhy; taij ntw;wp
nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. kdk; kiyNghy; ,Ue;jhYk; cly;
,iyNghyhapw;W. tPuj;ij tpahjp ntd;wJ. FNyhj;Jq;fdpd;
,Wjp Mz;Lfs; neUf;fbfs; epiwe;jit. ntq;fp ehl;L
MSeuhf ,Ue;j mtuJ ehd;fhtJ kfd; tpf;fpuk Nrhoid
Nrhog; Nguurpd; thuprhf epakpj;jhu; FNyhj;Jq;fd;.
ntq;fpapypUe;J fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk; te;j tpf;fpuk
NrhoDf;F KbR+l;Ltpoh elj;jg;gl;lJ. tpf;fpuk Nrhod; ntq;fpia
tpl;Lr; nrd;wijj; jdf;Fr; rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l
Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa kd;du; Mwhk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jd; ntq;fpiaf;
ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;> ntq;fp tPo;e;jJ. tp\;Ztu;j;jd;
n`ha;rhsu; fq;fthbiaAk;> jyf;Nfhl;iliaAk; mgfupj;Jf;
102
nfhz;lhu;. Nru> ghz;ba ehLfspd; kPjpUe;j Nrhou; Mjpf;fg; gpb
jsu;e;jJ. FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; thuprhd tpf;fpuk Nrhod;
,e;neUf;fbfis vjpu;f;nfhs;s Ntz;bajhapw;W.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. ahiu ‘Rq;fk; jtpu;j;j Nrhod;' vd;W mioj;jdu;?
2. tpf;fpuk NrhoDf;F KbR+l;Ltpoh vq;F elj;jg;gl;lJ?
5.7. tpf;fpuk Nrhod;
FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; kfd; tpf;fpuk Nrhod; je;ijapd; Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpNyNa gl;lj;J ,sturuhf KbR+l;lg;gl;lhu; (1118).
,uz;lhz;L fhyk; je;ijAld; Nru;e;J Ml;rp nra;J mDgtk;
ngw;whu;. ,uh[Nfrup FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; kfd; guNfrup tpf;fpuk
Nrhod; vd;w ngaupy; je;ijf;Fg; gpd; Nrhog; Nguuir Ml;rp
nra;jhu;. Rahl;rp cupik Nfhuj; Jtq;fpdu;. rk;Gtuhau;>
fhltuhau;> kyakhd;> ney;Y}u; njYq;F Nrhlu;fs; MfpNahu;
jdpahfTk; $l;lhfTk; tl Nrhog; Nguurpy; jdpf;fhl;L
,uh[hf;fshfr; nray;glj; Jtq;fpdu;. thy; ehia Ml;Lk; epiy
cUthapw;W. ,jd; tpisthf Nrhog; NguuR gytPdg;gl;lJ;
NguuRg; gFjpfs; tpyfpr; nry;yj; jiyg;gl;ld. ,uz;lhk;
,uh[hjpuh[d; ,tw;iwg; gw;wpf; ftiyg;glhky; G+e;Njhl;lq;fs;
mikg;gjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;bdhu;.
5.8. %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;
,uz;lhk; ,uh[hjpuh[d; ,wf;FKd; %d;whk;
FNyhj;Jq;fidj; jdJ thuprhfj; Nju;e;njLj;jhu;. FNyhj;Jq;fd;
gy neUf;fbfis vjpu;f;nfhs;s Ntz;ba ,f;fl;lhd epiyapy;
,Ue;jhu;. Kjypy; rupTg; ghijapy; tpiue;J nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j
Nrhog; Nguuirj; jLj;J epWj;j Ntz;Lk;. mLj;J NguuRf;F
vjpuhd ehLfis topf;Ff; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk;. ,it %d;whk;
FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; cldb rthy;fshf ,Ue;jd. vdNt> Nrhog;
NguuRf;F vjpuhd rthy;fis vjpu;f; nfhz;L> gpuptpid rf;jpfis
xLf;fp> Nguurpd; gok; ngUikia kPl;f Ntz;ba nghWg;G %d;whk;
FNyhj;Jq;fDf;F ,Ue;jJ.
,ul;ilr; rthy;
kJiug; ghz;baUk;> ,yq;if rpq;fstUk; vd;WNk Nrhou;
Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljpy;iy. mtu;fs; Rje;jpukhf
103
,Ug;gijNa tpUk;gpdu;. tha;g;G fpilf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk; ,t;tpU
ehLfSk; jdpahfTk;> $l;L Nru;e;Jk; Nrhog; Nguuir vjpu;j;J
te;jd. Mdhy; Nrhog; Nguuru;fs; mtu;fsJ vjpu;g;igj; Njrj;
JNuhfkhff; fUjp gil typik nfhz;L mlf;fp xLf;fpdu;.
%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fDk; Vfhjpgj;jpa kdg;ghd;ikAld; ,e;j
,ul;ilr; rthiy vjpu;f;nfhs;sj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;.
5.8.1. ,yq;if vjpu;g;G
Nrhog; Nguurupd; MjuNthL Ml;rpapy; ePbj;j tPughz;bad;
,yq;if kd;dd; guhf;fpukghFTld; Nru;e;J nfhz;L Nrhou;
Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgLtjw;fhd Kaw;rpapy; Kidg;Gld;
<Lgl;lhu;. tPughz;baDf;F vjpuhff; FyNrfug; ghz;baDf;F
cwtpduhd tpf;fpuk ghz;bad; thupRupik Nfhupdhu;. ,jdhy;
ghz;ba ehl;by; kw;nwhU thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lk; ntbf;Fk;
neUf;fb Vw;gl;lJ. %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; ,e;j neUf;fbia
tha;g;ghff; nfhz;L> ghz;ba ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;J> rpq;fs-
ghz;bag; giliaj; Njhw;fbj;J. tPughz;baid ehL flj;jp>
tpf;fpuk ghz;baid kJiu rpk;khrdj;jpy; mku;j;jpdhu; (1182).
ghz;ba ehL Nrhog; Nguurpd; Nguhjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;f; nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ.
5.8.2. ghz;bau; vjpu;g;G
ehL flj;jg;gl;l tPughz;bad; Nrho Mjpf;f
vjpu;g;ghsu;fshd ,yq;ifiaAk;> Ntzhl;ilAk; xd;W jpul;b
kJiu mupaiziaf; ifg;gw;Wk; Kaw;rpapy; ,wq;fpdhu;. Mdhy;
,k;Kaw;rpAk; nel;̂ u;g; Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;tpuz;lhk; gilnaLg;G ntw;wpiaf; Fwpf;f 'kJiuAk;
ghz;bad; Kbj;jiyAk; nfhz;lUspa' FNyhj;Jq;fd; vd;W
ghuhl;lg;gl;lhu;. tPughz;bad; ,yq;iff;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;whu;.
%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fDf;F kJiuapy; tPuhgpN\fk; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
,t;ntw;wpf;Fj; Jizahf ,Ue;Njhu; ghuhl;lg;gl;ldu;.
ghz;bau; Njhy;tp
vdpDk; %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; ntw;wp neLq;fhyk;
ePbf;ftpy;iy. tpf;fpukDf;Fg; gpd; ghz;ba kd;duhd mtuJ kfd;
rilatu;kd; FyNrfu ghz;bad; Nrho ehl;Lf;Ff; fPo;g;gbaTk;
jpiw nrYj;jTk; kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. vdNt> %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;
%d;whtJ Kiwahfg; ghz;ba ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W>
kJiuia Kw;Wifapl;L> muz;kidiaAk; KbR+l;L
kz;lgj;ijAk; ,bj;Jj; js;sp ngUQ;Nrjk; tpistpj;jhu;.
104
,t;ntw;wpapd; epidthf %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; Nrho ghz;bad;
vd;w gl;lg; ngaiu R+l;b kfpo;e;jhu;.
ghz;bau; gif
Njhy;tp fz;l FyNrfu ghz;bad; Nrhou; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij
Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljhy; kPz;Lk; mtNu ghz;ba kd;duhf ePbj;jhu;.
vdpDk; ghz;bau; gif Nghftpy;iy. ghz;bau; Nrho
Mjpf;fj;Jf;nfjpuhff; fpsu;e;njo jf;f jUzj;Jf;fhff;
fhj;jpUe;jdu;. ,jw;fpilNa nfhq;F ehL n`ha;rhsu;fspd;
CLWtypypUe;J fhg;ghw;wg;gl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk; Nrhog; Nguurpd;
gytPdj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhz;l FWepy kd;du;fs; Nrhou;
Nkyhjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLglj; Jtq;fpdu;. “mizag; Nghfpw
tpsf;F Rlu;tpl;L vuptJ Nghy; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;Jr; Nrhog;
NguuR tpsq;fpaJ”.
Ntjid rhjid
%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuj;ijj;
jiyefuhff; nfhz;Nl Ml;rp nra;jhu;. ,r;Nrho kd;dUk; jiug;
giliaAk;> flw;giliaAk; gyg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gjpyhff;
Nfhapy;fisf; fl;LtjpYk;> fl;lg;gl;l Nfhapy;fspd;
jpUg;gzpfspYk;> guhkupg;gpYk; mjpf mf;fiw fhl;bdhu;. ,tuJ
Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; kJiu> rpjk;guk;> fhQ;rp> jpUth&u;>
jpUtpilkUJ}u;> ,uh[uh[Guk; Nfhapy;fs; ngupJk; gadile;jd.
jpUnthw;wpA+upy; xU tpahfuzg; gs;sp ,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
ghrd trjpfSk;> tptrhaKk; njhlu;e;J Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ljhy;
Nrho ehl;by; kPz;Lk; ,UKiw gQ;rk; Vw;gl;lJ (1201-1202).
,g;gQ;rfhyq;fspy; murhq;fj; Jiwiatpl jdpahu; mikg;GfNs
gQ;r epthuzg; gzpfspy; Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;ld. %d;whk;
FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; jdpg;gl;l jpwikfNs Nrhog; NguuR
tPo;r;rpailahky; ghJfhj;jd. %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;jhd; filrp
Nrho khkd;dd;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyk; NrhouJ fl;blf;fiy
kw;Wk; fiy tuyhw;wpd; filrp rfhg;jkhFk;. %d;whk;
FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; ntw;wp Ntjid fye;j rhjidahFk;. Nrhog;
NguuR tPohky; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;lNj ,tuJ gq;fspg;ghFk;.
FNyhj;Jq;fd; ngUikghba xl;lf;$j;ju; ,k;kd;did
'fUtPuNkfk;'> 'fhl;lhz;ik tPud;' vd;nwy;yhk; tu;zpj;Js;shu;.
%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fDf;F jpahf tpNdhjd; vd;w tpUJg; ngaUk;
cz;L.
5.8.3. vOr;rpAk; tPo;r;rpAk;
jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; Nrhoupd; vOr;rpAk; tPo;r;rpAk;
vupkPid (Meteor) Nghd;W vOe;J> gpufhrpj;J> kiwe;jJ.
105
,tu;fsJ cau;Tk; rupTk; gy tuyhw;Wg; gbg;gpizfisf;
nfhLf;fpd;wd. Nrho ehl;il KiwNa tp[ayhad;> ,uh[uh[d;>
FNyhj;Jq;fd; topte;Njhu; khngUk; Nguuir cUthf;fp>
tpupTgLj;jp> ngUik Nru;j;jdu;. IE}W Mz;LfSf;F Nky; Ml;rp
nra;jdu;. tp[ayhad;> ,uh[uh[d;> ,uhN[e;jpud;> FNyhj;Jq;fd;
Mfpa khkd;du;fs; jq;fsJ njhiyNehf;fhYk;> mwpthw;wyhYk;>
tPuj;jhYk; rthy;fis vjpu;f;nfhz;L ntw;wp ngw;wdu;. vdpDk;
tp[ayhad; cUthf;fpa Nrhog; Nguuir mtuJ topte;j
,uz;lhk; guhe;jfd; vd;w Re;juNrhod; fl;bf;fhf;f Nkw;nfhz;l
Kaw;rp tpoYf;fpiwj;j ePuhapw;W. ,uh[uh[Dk;> ,uhN[e;jpuDk;
tpupTgLj;jpa Nrho ty;yuR MjpuhN[e;jpud; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;
epiyFiye;J Nghapw;W. mNjNghd;W FNyhj;Jq;fd; GJg;gpj;j
Nrhog; NguuR %d;whk; ,uhN[e;jpud; fhyj;jpy; Kw;wpYk; %o;fpg;
Nghapw;W. Mf;f Mw;wy; ngw;w kd;du;fs; (Creative
Monarchs) ntw;wp ngWfpwhu;fs;; kf;fs; mtu;fisg;
gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdu;. Mdhy; jpwikaw;w thupRfspd; fPo; cl;gifAk;
(Internal Proletariat)> Gwg;gifAk; (External
Proletariat) GJg;gyk; ngw;W Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;F
toptFj;JtpLfpd;wdu;.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
.1 ahUf;F Nrho ghz;bad; vd;w gl;lg; ngaiu R+l;bdu;?
2. FNyhj;Jq;fid 'fUtPuNkfk;'> 'fhl;lhz;ik tPud;' vd;nwy;yhk;
tu;zpj;j Gytu; ahu;?
5.9. ,yf;fpak; tsu;r;rp
,yf;fpak;
gy;ytu; fhyj;jpy; gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd;NghJ gilf;fg;gl;l
,yf;fpaq;fs; ahTk; Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; njhFf;fg;gl;ld.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> Nrhou; fhyj;jpy;jhd; ek;gpahz;lhu; ek;gp gd;dpU
jpUKiwfisj; njhFj;jhu;. ,NjNghd;W. ehjKdp Mo;thu;
ghRuq;fis ehyhapuj; jpt;agpuge;jkhfj; njhFj;jhu;. fhg;gpaq;fs;
Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fs; ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; Ie;J: 1) rpyg;gjpfhuk;;
2) kzpNkfiy; 3) tisahgjp 4) rPtf rpe;jhkzp; 5) Fz;lyNfrp.
,tw;Ws; Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;lit.
mLj;j %d;Wk; Nrhou; fhyj;jit. ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;
fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa jz;bayq;fhuk; ngUq;fhg;gpak; kw;Wk;
rpWfhg;gpak; Mfpatw;Wf;F ,yf;fzk; $WfpwJ.
106
IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fs;
rpWfhg;gpaq;fs; Ie;J: 1) R+shkzp; 2) ePyNfrp; 3)
cjazFkhu fhtpak;; 4) aNrhju fhtpak;; 5) ehfFkhu fhtpak;.
,it Ie;Jk; rkzf; fhg;gpaq;fshFk;. Njhyhnkhopg; Gytuhy;
gilf;fg;gl;l R+shkzp (jiyapy; R+Lk; mzp) kz;Zyf kd;dd;
jptpl;ld; tpz;Zyf kq;if Rak;gpuigiaj; jpUkzk; nra;J
nfhz;lijg; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. ePyNfrp rkz rka ju;f;f E}y;
cjazFkhu fhtpaj;jpd; fjhehafd; nfsrhk;gp kd;dd;
cjazd; esfpup vd;w ahidia mlf;fp mte;jp kd;dd; kfs;
thrtjj;ijf;F aho; thrpf;ff; fw;Wf; nfhLj;J> fhjypj;J>
kze;J gpd; tho;f;ifapy; rypg;Gw;W Jwtwk; Nkw;nfhs;tijg;
gw;wpr; nrhy;fpwJ. tlnkhopj; jOtyhd aNrhju fhtpak; mjd;
fhtpa ehafd; aNrhjud; %yk; MirNa Jd;gj;Jf;Ff; fhuzk;
vd;w ePjpia tpsf;FfpwJ. gbg;gjw;F Ritahd fij.
ehfFkhufhtpak; kfj ehl;L kd;dd; ehfFkhudpd; fijiaf;
$WfpwJ. ,itad;wp ngUq;fijAk; rkzf; fhg;gpakhFk;.
gpw fhg;gpaq;fs;
Nrhou; fhyj;Jg; gpw fhg;gpaq;fshtd: tpk;gprhu fij> NkU
ke;jpu Guhzk;; fk;guhkhazk;; ngupa Guhzk;; jpUtpisahly;
Guhzk;; mupr;re;jpu Guhzk;; esntz;gh ; ieljk;;
tpy;ypGj;J}uho;thu; ghujk;; uFtk;rk;; tR rupj;jpuk;; ey;yhg; gps;is
ghujk;; m\;lg; gpuge;jk;; uhkhD[u; E}w;we;jhjp; Njrpfg; gpuge;jk;;
fypq;fj;Jg; guzp; jf;fahfg; guzp; cyh.
kjpg;gPL
jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Nrhou; fhy ,yf;fpak; gy
GJikfisf; fz;lJ. ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy;jhd; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
kPJ rk];fpUj rhay; gykhfg; gbe;jJ. jkpo; ,yf;fpag;
gilg;Gfs; tlnkhop ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa E}y;fisj; jOtp
vOe;jd. ,jd; tpisNt ,yf;fz E}y;fSk;> epfz;LfSk;
MFk;. jkpo; ehl;L ,yf;fpa ee;jtdj;jpy; GJtif ,yf;fz
E}y;fs; G+j;jd. ,yf;fzk; gilg;gjpy; rkzu;fs; Kd;dpiy
ngw;wdu;. ,tw;NwhL jj;Jt ,yf;fpaq;fSk; gy;fpg; ngUfpd.
ngW> rpW fhg;gpaq;fSk;> guzp> gps;isj; jkpo;> Nfhit> cyh
Nghd;w fw;gidf; fsQ;rpaq;fSk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. kd;duJ
rhrdq;fSk; ,yf;fpa tbtk; ngw;wJ. ciueil eilNghlj;
Jtq;fpaJ. ,jd; tpisthf kzpg;gpuths eil gpwe;jJ. ,g;GJ
eil tpiutpy; gpugykile;jJ. rk];fpUj nrhw;fs; jkpio
Mf;fpukpj;jd. nghUs; Gwk; js;sg;gl;L nrhy;yhl;rp
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. tlf;fpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l
fijfSk; Guhz neLq;fijfSk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;ij
107
Ml;nfhz;lJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy;jhd; jkpo; ehl;by; ,uhkhaz
kfhghujf; fijfs; Nt&d;wp tsu;e;jd. tlnkhopapd; nry;thf;F
kiljpwe;j nts;sk; Nghy; gha;e;jJ. Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; jkpo;
,yf;fz ,yf;fpa KfNk khwpg;Nghapw;W. jkpo; ,yf;fpa
tuyhw;wpy; Nrhou; fhyk; GJik fz;l fhykhFk;.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fs; vj;jid?
2. ehfFkhufhtpak; ahUila fijiaf; $WfpwJ?
5.10. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
1. jpUke;jpu Xiy ehafk; Xiyr; Rtbfspy; vOjpdu;.
2. kiwad;> Xiy ehafk;> tupf;fzf;F> gpupTtupj;jpizf; fsk;>
fz;fhzpfs;> rhe;Jtpf;fpuk;> ehLtif> ehl;Lf;fz;l fhl;rp
Mfpait Kf;fpa muRg; gjtpfs;.
3. fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuk;.
4. ,Ugj;NjO tpz;kPd;fs;.
5. FNyhj;Jq;fd;.
6. fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk;.
7. %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;.
8. xl;lf;$j;ju;.
9. Ie;J
10. kfj ehl;L kd;dd; ehfFkhud;
5..11. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. Nrhou; fhy mikr;ruitia Fwpj;J vOJf.
2. fpuhk epu;thfk; Fwpj;J xU rpW Fwpg;G vOJf
3. Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; ntspehl;L cwT Fwpj;J vOJf.
tpupthd tpdhf;fs;
1. Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; rhjidfis Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu
vOJf.
2. Fl Xiy Kiw Fwpj;J tpthjp.
108
3. ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu vOJf.
4. Nrhou;fhy fiy kw;Wk; fl;bl fiy Fwpj;J tpthjp
5.12. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Subramania N. A History of Tamil Nadu up to 1336
Rajayyan K. History of Tamil Nadu
gps;is Nf.Nf. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW
Nilakanda Sastri K.N. A History of South India
Nilakanda Sastri K.N. Cholas
Sathianathair R. History of India
ntq;fNlrd; f. Kw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
nry;tk; Nt. jp. jkpof: tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;
,uhkrhkp m. jkpo; ehl;L tuyhW
Upinder Singh. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India:
From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
myF – 6
gpw;fhyg; ghz;ba NguuR
ghl mikg;G
6.1. Kd;Diu
6.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
6.3. Kjyhk; Re;jughz;bad;
6.3.1. xa;rhsu; vjpu;g;G
6.4. ,uz;lhk; Re;jughz;bad;
6.5. Kjyhk; rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;
6.6. khwtu;kd; FyNrfu ghz;bad;> 1268-1310
6.7. ghz;bau; fhy tho;tpay;
6.7.1. nghUshjhu epiy
6.7.2. rKjha epiy
6.7.3. tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
6.8. gazpfspd; ghu;itapy; ghz;ba ehL
109
6.9. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
6.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
6.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
6.1. Kd;Diu
xU ehL kw;nwhU ehl;il mbikg;gLj;jyhk;; Mdhy; ePz;l
fhyk; Ml;rp nra;a KbahJ. %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod;
ghz;bag; Nguuir Nrho Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jhu;.
kJiuia mopj;Jg; ghz;baiu tPo;j;jpdhu; vdpDk; mtuhy;
ghz;bau; kPz;Lk; capu;g;gpj;J vOtijj; jtpu;f;fNth> jLf;fNth
,aytpy;iy. kPz;Lk; FyNrfug; ghz;baiu kJiu
kd;duhf;Ftjw;fhd R+o;epiyf; fl;lhaj;Jf;Fs;shdhu;. jpUk;gTk;
kJiu ehl;Lf;F kd;duhd mtu; ghz;baupd; tpLjiy
Ntl;iff;fhd tbfhyhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtuJ jk;gp Re;jughz;bad;
ghz;ba ehl;L tpLjiyf;F toptFj;jhu;. ghz;bau; kPl;rpf;Ff;
fhuzkhf ,Ue;j ,tu; ,uz;lhtJ ghz;bag; NguuRf;Fj;
jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. ghz;bauJ ghuk;gupag; ngUik kPl;fg;gl;lJ.
ghz;bag; Nguurpd; mjpfhuKk;> Ml;rpAk;> Mjpf;fKk; Me;jpuhtpd;
Nfhjhtupf;fiu tiu nrd;wJ. ,yq;ifapd; tlgFjpapYk;
ghz;bau; nfhb gwe;jJ. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,WjpapypUe;J 14
Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjp tiuj; jkpo;ehl;by; ghz;baupd;
,uz;lhk; NguuR ePbj;jJ.
6.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
ePq;fs; ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapd;w gpd;du; fPo; fz;ltw;iw mwpa
KbAk;
• gpw;fhyg; ghz;ba Nguurpd; vOr;rp gw;wp tptupfpwJ.
• Kjyhk; Re;ju ghz;bad; kw;Wk; mtiuj;njhlu;e;J Ml;rp
nra;j kd;du;fspd; rhjidfs; gw;wp tpthjpfpwJ.
• gpw;fhy ghz;ba muRfspd; fiy kw;Wk; fl;blf; fiy
tsu;r;rp gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.
• ghz;bau;fspd; tPo;r;rp gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.
110
6.3. Kjyhk; Re;jughz;bad;
rilatu;kd; FyNrfu ghz;badpd; jk;gp Re;jughz;bad;.
FyNrfh ghz;bad; kPz;Lk; kd;duhdgpd; ghz;baehL Gj;Japu;
ngw;W ,uz;lhtJ Nguurhf capu;j;njOtjw;fhd GJg;ghijia
tFj;Jf; nfhLj;jhu;. mg;ghijapy; gazpj;j Re;jughz;bad;
ghz;ba Vfhjpgj;jpa rfhg;jj;ijj; Jtf;fp itj;jhu;. ,k;kd;du;
Vw;wpitj;j ghz;ba tpLjiy tpsf;F gjp%d;whk; E}w;whz;bd;
Kw;gFjptiu Rlu;tpl;L vupe;jJ.
gifg;Nghu;
jd;dpdk; gifj;j gz;G jkpoupd; FUjpNahL fye;Jtpl;l
FzkhFk; gopthq;Fk; Nghf;F ,tu;fsJ guk;giu nrhj;J.
ghz;bag; Nguuir mopj;j Nrhoid mopf;fj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;
Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;. 'fz;Zf;Ff; fz;; gy;Yf;Fg;
gy;' vd;gJ mtuJ nfhs;ifahf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt mtu; Nrho
ehl;il %u;f;fj;jdkhfj; jhf;f KbntLj;jhu;. mtuJ
Mj;jpuj;Jf;F ,yf;fhdtu; kJiuia epu;%ykhf;fpa %d;whtJ
FNyhj;Jq;f NrhoDf;Fg; gpd; kd;duhd %d;whk; ,uh[uh[d;
Mthu;. ,r;Nrho kd;du; jpwikapd;ikf;Fk;> mwptPdj;Jf;Fk;>
murpay; ,ayhikf;Fk; ngau; Nghdtu;. jpwikahd kd;dupd;
jpwikaw;w thupR ,tu;.
ghz;bag; NguuRf;F Gj;Jap&l;ba Re;jughz;bad; %d;whk;
FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; Ml;rpf;fhy ,Wjpapy; fz;il kw;Wk;
kzg;ghiwg; Nghu;fspy; Nrhou; giliaj; Njhw;fbj;jhu;. jpUr;rp>
];uPuq;fk;> jQ;ir ghz;bau; trkhapd. vdpDk; xa;rhsupd; MjuT
Nrhou; gf;fk; ,Ue;jikahy; Re;jughz;bad; jdJ ntw;wpia
Kd;nfhz;L nry;tJ vspjhapy;iy. vdpDk; gopthq;Fk; Nghf;fhy;
ce;jg;gl;l Re;ju ghz;bad; %d;whk; ,uh[uh[idg; Gwq;fz;lhu;.
jQ;irAk;> ciwA+Uk; jPf;fpiuahf;fg;gl;ld. Re;ju ghz;bad;
ntw;wpg; ngUkpjg;NghL gioahiwapy; tPuhgpN\fk; nra;J
nfhz;lhu;. kJiu jpUk;Gk; topapy; jd;dplk; ruzile;j %d;whk;
,uh[uh[id kPz;Lk; Nrho rpk;khrdj;jpy; mkur; nra;jhu;. Nrho
ehL ghz;bag; Nguurpd; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd;fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
ghz;ba kd;duplk; Njhw;W> Rahl;rp ,oe;J> ghz;ba
Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd;fPo; ,Uf;f tpUk;ghj %d;whk; ,uh[uh[d;
xa;rhsupd; Mjuit vjpu;ghu;j;J ghz;baUf;Fj; jpiw
nrYj;Jtij epWj;jptpl;lhu;. ,ij ed;wp nfhd;w nrayhff;
fUjpf; fLq;Nfhgk; nfhz;l Re;jughz;bad; kPz;Lk; Nrho ehl;bd;
kPJ gilnaLj;jhu; (1231). ghz;bag; gilia vjpu;f;nfhs;s
Kbahj %d;whk; ,uh[uh[d; Nghu;f;fsj;jpypUe;J jg;gpr; nrd;whu;.
111
jg;gpr; nrd;w Nrho kd;dd; FWepy kd;dd; Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fdhy;
ifJ nra;ag;gl;L Nre;jkq;fyj;jpy; rpiw itf;fg;gl;lhu;.
ntw;wpthif R+ba khwtu;kd; Re;jughz;bad; NrhzhL
nfhz;lUspa> NrhzhL toq;fUspa Mfpa tpUJg; ngau;fisg;
ngw;whu;.
6.3.1. xa;rhsu; vjpu;g;G
Nrhou;fis kPz;Lk; jiyJ}f;f tplhky; nra;j
Re;jughz;bad; Nrhou;fSf;Fj; JizNghd xa;rhsu;fisAk;
jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J xopj;Jf;fl;l KbT nra;jhu;. Vnddpy;
xa;rhsu;fs; Nrhou;fSf;F cjtp nra;jNjhL jpUr;rp> ];uPuq;fk;
gFjpfspy; fhy; gjpj;jdu;. rupTg; ghijapy; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j
Nrhou;fisf; Nflakhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L mtu;fs; jkpo;
ehl;by; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd Mgj;J Vw;gl;lJ. vdNt>
xa;rhsupd; Mjpf;fr; nrbia KisapNyNa fps;sp vwpe;Jtpl
KbT nra;jhu; Re;jughz;bad;. rhSf;fpaiuj; jiynaLf;f
tplhky; nra;J uhZt gyj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l typikkpf;f
xa;rhsg; Nguuir vjpu;g;gJ Fd;W Kl;ba FUtpf;fijahFk;.
vdNt> Re;jughz;bad; fhltiuau; Nfhkhd; Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fdpd;
el;igAk; MjuitAk; ngw;whu;. ghz;bau;-fhltiuau; $l;Lg; gil
%d;whk; ,uh[uh[id njs;shW Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;jJ
(1231). %d;whk; ,uh[uh[d; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,t;ntw;wpf;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ
Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fd; Re;jughz;baDf;Ff; fhyj;Nj nra;j
NgUjtpahFk;. Mdhy; ,t;ntw;wp ePbf;ftpy;iy. xa;rhsg; Nguurd;
,uz;lhk; eurpk;kd; Nrho kd;dd; %d;whk; ,uh[uh[id
tpLtpg;gjw;fhf mg;gz;zh> fhrpag;gh Mfpa ,U jsgjpfis
mDg;gpdhu;. ,tu;fs; jiyikapy; te;j xa;rhsg;gil fhltu;
jiytd; Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fid vspjpy; Njhw;fbj;jJ. %d;whk;
,uh[uh[d; kPz;Lk; Nrho rpk;khrdj;jpy; mku;j;jg;gl;lhu;. xa;rhsg;
Nguuru; ,uz;lhk; eurpk;kd; jiyikapy; nrd;w kw;nwhU gil
Re;jughz;baid kNfe;jpu kq;fyj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;jJ. ntw;wp ngw;w
xa;rhs kd;dd; ghz;ba mur FLk;gj;NjhL kz cwT' nfhz;L
ghz;bau; vjpu;g;ig KidkOq;fr; nra;jhu;. mNjrkak; Nrhog;
Nguuir NguoptpypUe;J fhg;ghw;wp Nrho ehl;by; jd; Mjpf;fj;ij
epiy ehl;bdhu;. ,tw;wpd; tpisthfj; jkpo; ehl;by; xa;rhsu;
Mjpf;fk; rpwpJ fhyk; Gypj;jiyf; nfhb fl;bg; gwe;jJ.
xa;rhs mur FLk;gj;Jld; kz cwT nfhz;L ghz;ba-
xa;rhs vjpu;g;igj; jzpj;j Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;
kf;fspilNa kpFe;j nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;jhu;. nfhq;F ehl;by;
Vw;gl;l murpay; neUf;fbiaj; jPu;j;J itj;J me;ehl;bd; xU
gFjpia ghz;ba ehl;Lld; ,izj;jhu;. Re;ju ghz;bad; murpay;
112
ey;YwT fhuzkhfg; gyiu kze;J nfhz;lhYk;> mtuJ
gl;lj;jurpahfj; jpfo;e;jtu; cyfKOtJilahs; MFk;.
fypAfuhkd;> mjpra ghz;bj; Njtd;> NrhzhL nfhz;lhd;>
NrhzhL nfhz;lUspatd; Mfpait Re;jughz;badpd; tpUJg;
ngau;fshFk;. Nrhog; Nguurpd; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;j ghz;ba
muirg; Nguurhf;fpajd; %yk; Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;
gpw;fhy ghz;ba tuyhw;wpy; ngUikf;Fupa ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Js;shu;.
6.4. ,uz;lhk; Re;jughz;bad;
Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; Re;jughz;baDf;Fg; gpd; kJiu
kd;duhd ,uz;lhk; khwtu;kd; Re;jughz;bad; Nrhou; gifia
vjpu;f;nfhs;s Ntz;bajhapw;W ,g;ghz;ba kd;duJ rkfhyr; Nrho
kd;du; %d;whk; ,uhN[e;jpud;. tpiuthf tPo;e;J nfhz;bUe;j
Nrhog; Nguuirf; fhg;ghw;wpa ,r;Nrho kd;du; jpwikf;Fk;.
jPuj;Jf;Fk; jPu;f;fkhd murpay; tpNtfj;Jf;Fk; ngau; ngw;wtu;.
%d;whk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; ney;Y}u;j; njYq;F Nrhou;fspd;
MjuNthL ,uz;lhk; Re;jughz;baidj; Njhw;fbj;jhu;. ,e;j
,f;fl;lhd neUf;fb Neuj;jpy; xa;rhs kd;dd; tPuNrhNk];tud;
ghz;bau; gf;fk; Nru;e;J kPz;Lk; ,uz;lhk; Re;jughz;baid
kJiu kd;duhf ePbf;f cjtpdhu;. me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;jhd;
ghz;ba ehL xa;rhsu; jatpy; ,Ue;jJ.
6.5. Kjyhk; rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;
,uz;lhk; Re;jughz;baDf;Fg; gpd; muRg; nghWg;Ngw;w
Kjyhk; rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad; NguuRg; ngUf;fj;jpy;
Nguhu;tk; nfhz;lhu;. tpupthf;fthjpahd mtu; jkpo; ehl;by; ,Ue;j
gy;NtW muRfis ntd;W jkpo; ehL KOtijAk; ghz;bau;
Mjpf;ff; Filapd; fPo;f; nfhz;Ltu tpUk;gpdhu;. ,e;j tpUg;gj;ij
epiwNtw;w mtu; gy Nghu;fis epfo;j;j Ntz;bajhapw;W.
Nruiuj; Njhw;fbj;jy;
jkpo;ehL KOtijAk; ghz;bau; Ml;rpapd; fPo;f; nfhz;Ltu
Ntz;Lk; vd;w ,yl;rpaf; fdNthL fskpwq;fpdhu; Re;jughz;bad;.
,tuJ NguuRg; ghu;it Kjypy; mz;il ehlhd Nru ehl;bd; kPJ
tpOe;jJ. Nru ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W Nru kd;dd;
cjakhu;j;jhz;lidj; Njhw;fbj;jhu;. jpUthq;$u; kd;dd;
Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; capupoe;jhu;. NruehL ghz;bau; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;f;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
113
xa;rhsiu ntw;wp nfhs;sy;
Nru ehl;ilg; gzpaitj;j rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;
jkpo; ehl;by; epiynfhz;bUe;j xa;rhsiu clypy; Fj;jpa
Ks;shff; fUjpdhu;. Ks;is vLf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; Kidg;Gld;
,wq;fpdhu;. fhNtupf; fiuapy; ,Ue;j xa;rhsu; gil
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. fz;zD}u;f; Nfhl;il ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
,g;gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ xa;rhsu; jsgjpfs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;.
Vuhskhd nghUl;fs; nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;ld. ahidfs;>
Fjpiufs; ftu;e;J tug;gl;ld. ,j;Njhy;tpf;Fg; gpd; jkpo; ehl;by;
xa;rhsu; Mjpf;fj;ijg; GJg;gpg;gjw;F NrhNk];tud; Nkw;nfhz;l
Kaw;rpAk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. xa;rhs kd;du; Nghu;f;fsj;jpNyNa
nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. ,jd; tpisthf xa;rhsupd; fd;dlg; gFjpfs;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;L ghz;bau; NguuRld; Nru;f;fg;gl;ld. [ltu;kd;
tPughz;bad; mg;gFjpfSf;F MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,j;Jld;
jkpo;ehl;by; Xa;rhsu; Mjpf;fk; KbTf;F te;jJ. ghz;bag;
Nguurpd; gug;ngy;iy fd;dl ehL tiu tpuptile;jJ.
Nrhoiug; gzpaitj;jy;
xa;rhsiu xLf;fpa Kjyhk; rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;
Nrhoiug; ghz;bau; Mjpf;fj;Jf;Fg; gzpa itf;Fk; Kaw;rpia
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. mg;NghJ tpiue;J tPo;e;J nfhz;bUe;j Nrhog;
NguuRf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpatu; jpwikaw;w %d;whk; ,uhN[e;jpud;.
ntw;wpg; ghijapy; tpiue;J Kd;Ndwpf; nfhz;bUe;j rilatu;kd;
Re;jughz;badpd; vjpu;g;ig vjpu;f;nfhs;s Kbahj %d;whk;
,uhN[e;jpud; NtWtopapd;wp ghz;bau; Vfhjpgj;jpa
Nkyhjpf;fj;Jf;Fg; gzpe;J Nghf ,zq;fpdhu;. ,tNuhL Nrhog;
NguuR KbTf;F te;jJ. Nrho ehL ghz;ba ehl;bd; gFjpahapw;W.
ghz;ba ehl;il ntw;wp nfhz;l Nrho ehl;il> ghz;ba ehL
ntw;wp nfhz;lJ. tuyhw;Wr; rf;fuk; KOikahf xU Rw;W
Rw;wpaJ.
fhltiuaiu mlf;fy;
Kw;fhyj; jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; fhltiuaupd; gq;F
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jkpo; ehl;by; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhfg;
ghz;bau;> Nrhou;> xa;rhsu; Mfpa %d;W ty;yuRfSf;fpilNa
vOe;j Kk;Kidg; Nghl;bapy; fhltiuau; Kf;fpa gq;Nfw;wdu;.
fhltiuaupd; <Lapizaw;wj; jiytuhfj; jpfo;e;j
Nfhg;ngUq;rpq;fd; gy;ytu; kugpy; te;jtu;. ,tu; Nre;jkq;fyj;ijj;
jiyefuhff; nfhz;l fhltf; FWepy kd;duhapUe;jhu;. Nrhoupd;
Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;l NghjpYk; Rje;jpu Ntl;ifia
tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fd; Re;jughz;baDld;
Nru;e;J %d;whk; ,uh[uh[ Nrhoiuj; Njhw;fbj;J rpiwg;gpbj;jij
114
Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;Nlhk;. xa;rhsupd; FWf;fPl;lhy; Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fd;
kPz;Lk; Nrhou; Mjpf;fj;ij Vw;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. vdpDk;
,f;fhltiuau; NfhNte;jd; xa;rhsiu jpUr;rpf;fUNf nguk;gY}upy;
Njhw;fbj;jhu; (1252-53). fhltiuaupd; vOr;rpahy; ghz;bag;
NguuRf;F tuf;$ba mr;RWj;jiy mwpe;j rilatu;kd;
Re;jughz;bad; fhltu; giliaj; Njhw;fbj;J> Nre;jkq;fyj;ijf;
ifg;gw;wp ghz;bag; NguuRf;F fPo;gzpa itj;jhu;. fhltehL
ghz;ba ehl;Lf;Ff; fg;gk; fl;Lk; epiyf;F mlf;fg;gl;lJ.
fhltiuaupd; tpLjiy Ntl;if epiwNtwhf; fdthapw;W. jkpo;
ehl;bd; neUf;fbahd Neuj;jpy; Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fd; jdJ
MSikiaAk;> mjpfhuj;ijAk; me;j];ijAk; epiyehl;bajhfg;
Gfohuk; R+l;bdhd;.
njYq;F Nrhoiuj; Njhw;fbj;jy;
fhlt kd;dd; Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fid mlf;fpa Re;jughz;bad;
fhQ;rpia njYq;F Nrhou; tp[afz;l Nfhgdpd; gpbapypUe;J
tpLtpf;fj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;. mj;jPu;khdj;jpd;gb ghz;bau; gil
Me;jpuh gFjpf;Fs; nrd;W njYq;F Nrhoiuj; Njhw;fbj;J> fhQ;rp
kPl;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;ntw;wpiaf; nfhz;lhLk; nghUl;L Re;jughz;bad;
tPuhgpN\fk; nra;J nfhz;lhu;. ,g;gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ fhfjpa
kd;du; ,uz;lhk; fzgjpAk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. fhQ;rp> ney;Y}u;>
tp[athlh gFjpfs; ghz;bag; NguuRld; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.
,g;NguuR fpU\;zh ejpapd; njd;gFjp tiuapyhd gFjpfs;
KOtJk; ghz;bau; Nguhjpf;fj;jpd;fPo;f; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld.
,yq;ifg; gilnaLg;G
,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l thupRupikg; Nghl;bia tha;g;ghff;
nfhz;L Re;ju ghz;bad; ,yq;if kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;whu;.
thupRupik Nfhup rpq;fs Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;l re;ughF
Re;jughz;bad; Rkj;jpa epge;jidfis Vw;Wf; nfhz;L ghz;ba
ehl;Lf;Fj; jtwhky; fg;gk; fl;l rk;kjpj;jjhy; re;ughF Ml;rp
gPlj;jpy; ePbf;f mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ghz;bau; Mjpf;fj;ijj;
jkpo;ehL gl;Lkd;wp ,yq;ifAk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.
rhjidfs;
Kjyhk; rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad; Vfhjpgj;jpa
tpupthf;fthjp. Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; Re;jughz;bad; ghz;ba
Vfhjpgj;jpa rfhg;jj;ijj; Jtf;fp itj;jtu; vd;why; ,g;ghz;ba
kd;du; me;j rfhg;jj;ij cWjp nra;J epiyg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,tuJ
gilnaLg;Gfs; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; vy;iyiaj; njw;Nf
fd;dpahFkup tiuapYk;> tlf;Nf ney;Y}u;-flg;ig tiuapYk;
tpupTgLj;jpd. ,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ghz;bag; NguuR
115
gug;ngy;iyapYk;> Ml;rp Kiwr; rhjidfspYk;> murpay;
nry;thf;fpYk; Gjpa cr;rj;ijj; njhl;lJ. mNjrkak; Mjpf;f
tpupthf;fj;jhy; ntspg;Gw tpNuhjpfspd; vjpu;g;Gk; tsu;e;jNjad;wp
Fiwatpy;iy. rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad; Nghu;fshy;
ftu;e;Jtug;gl;l ngUQ; nry;tj;ijf; Nfhapy; jpUg;gzpfspy;
jhuhskhfr; nrytpl;lhu;. rpjk;guk; rptd; Nfhapy; kw;Wk; ];uPuq;fk;
jpUkhy; Nfhapy; $iufs; jq;fj;jhy; Ntag;gl;ld. Nru> Nrho>
gy;yt> ghz;bag; NguuRg; ngau;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l ];uPuq;fk;
Nfhapypd; EioT thtpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. muq;fY}u; Nfhapy;
,g;ghz;ba kd;duhy; vOg;gg;gl;ljhFk;. kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd;
Nfhapypy; fpof;Ff; NfhGuk; Gjpjhff; fl;lg;gl;lJ. NrhNd];tuk;
Nfhapy; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. jpUr;rp> jQ;ir> fhQ;rp Nfhapy;fSf;F
epyf;nfhilfs; toq;fg;gl;ld. Nfhapy; rhu;e;j gzpfSf;F
Kd;Dupik mspf;fg;gl;ljhy;> nghJeyg; gzpfs; ngupJk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpwg; Nguuru;fisg; Nghd;Nw Kjyhk; rilatu;kd;
Re;jughz;baDk; Nfhapy; nghd;Nta;e;j ngUkhs;> kfhuh[hjpuh[h>
fhQ;rp nfhz;lhd;> vk;kz;lyKk; nfhz;lUspa> kufjg;
gpUjptpgpupj;> vy;yhj; jiyahdhd; Mfpa tpUJg; ngau;fisr;
R+l;b kfpo;e;jhu;.
6.6. khwtu;kd; FyNrfu ghz;bad;
ghz;ba ehl;il ehw;gjhz;LfSf;F Nky; Ml;rp nra;j
filrpg; Nguuru; Kjyhk; rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;badpd; kfd;
Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; FyNrfu ghz;bad; Mthu;. je;ij tpl;Lr;
nrd;w gzpia epiwT nra;j ngUik ,tUf;F cz;L.
jpUr;rpapy; epiy nfhz;bUe;j xa;rhsiug; NghUf;F ,Oj;J
tPuNrhNk];tuidg; Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; nfhd;W jpUr;rpia xa;rhsu;
gpbapdpd;Wk; tpLtpj;jhu;. jkpo;ehl;by; xa;rhsu; Mjpf;fk; Xa;e;jJ.
jpUr;rpia xa;rhsu; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J tpLtpj;jNjhL kl;Lkd;wp
ghz;bau; gil fd;dl ehl;Lf;Fs; Eioe;J nfhq;fdf; flw;fiug;
gFjp tiu ifg;gw;wpaJ. ifg;gw;wg;gl;l fd;dlg; gFjpf;F
ghz;ba kd;ddpd; kfd; tPughz;bad; Ml;rpauhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
mopTg; ghijapy; tpiue;J nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j Nrhog; NguuRf;Fj;
jiyik jhq;fpa %d;whk; ,uhN[e;jpud; xa;rhsupd; Mjuit
vjpu;ghu;j;J ghz;bau; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl Kaw;rpj;jhu;.
jpUr;rpapypUe;J xa;rhsiu tpul;ba ghz;ba kd;du; jQ;irapYk;>
Fk;gNfhzj;jpYk; jdJ epiyiag; gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L
fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuj;ijf; Fwpitj;jhu;. xa;rhsupd; cjtpia
vjpu;ghu;j;g; ghz;baDf;F vjpuhfj; Jtf;fpa Nghupy; %d;whk;
,uhN[e;jpud; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. xa;rhsuhy; iftplg;gl;l Nrho
kd;dd; jdpikg;gLj;jg; gl;lhu;. Nghu;f;fsj;jpypUe;J jg;gpr; nrd;w
116
%d;whk; ,uhN[e;jpuNdhL Nrhog; NguuR KbTf;F te;jJ;
ghz;bag; Nguurpd; gFjpahapw;W.
jkpo;ehl;ilj; jd; Mjpf;fj;jpd;fPo;f; nfhz;L te;j Kjyhk;
khwtu;kd; FyNrfud; ,yq;ifia KOJkhfg; ghz;bag;
Nguurpd;fPo;f; nfhz;LtUk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. ,yq;ifapy;
Vw;gl;l murpay; neUf;fbiaj; jdf;F rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;l ghz;ba kd;dd; jdJ jsgjp Mupa rf;futu;j;jpapd; fPo;
xU typikkpf;f gilia mDg;gpdhu; (1284). ,yq;if kd;dd;
%d;whk; guhf;fpukghF vspjpy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;.
,yq;ifapypUe;J ifg;gw;wg;gl;L kJiuf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l
Vuhskhd nghUl;fspy; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ Gj;jupd;
gy; rpd;dkhFk;. ,yq;if ghz;bau; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;f;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; FyNrfud; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Nrho
ehL> Nru ehL> nfhq;F ehL> njhz;il ehL> ,yq;if Mfpait
NguuRg; gFjpfshf ,Ue;jd. mjhtJ ghz;bag; NguuRf; Filapd;
fPo; jkpo;ehL KOtJk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa tpupthd
Nguuirf; fl;bf;fhf;f typikkpf;f ika Ml;rpAk; murFy
xw;WikAk; ,d;wpaikahjit. khwtu;kd; FyNrfuDf;F
tPukpUe;j msTf;F tpNtfkpy;iy.
R+o;epiyf; fl;lhaj;jhy; ghz;ba kd;du; ,sturu;fs; 1) ,uz;lhk;
rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;; 2) khwtu;kd; tpf;fpuk ghz;bad;; 3)
,uz;lhk; rilatu;kd; tPughz;bad;; 4) rilatu;kd;; 5) %d;whk;
Re;jughz;bad; Mfpa ItNuhLk; Ml;rpiag; gfpu;e;J nfhz;lhu;.
Ie;J FjpiufSk; ntt;NtW jpirfspy; ,Oj;j ghz;ba Ml;rp
ujj;ij Xl;br; nrd;w rhujpahf ,Ue;jhu; khwtu;kd; FyNrfud;.
,e;j mWtu; Ml;rpahy; eLtz; muR gytPdg;gl;Lg; Nghapw;W.
Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; FyNrfuDf;F fhjy; fpoj;jpaUk;>
fhkf;fpoj;jpaUk; gyu;. mtu;fSf;Fg; gpwe;j gps;isfSk; gyu;.
,tu;fSf;Fs; muR Mir ,Ue;jjpy; tpag;gpy;iy. Re;jughz;bad;
gl;lj;jurpapd; kfd;. tPughz;bad; fhkf; fpoj;jpapd; kfd;.
,t;tpUtUs; tPughz;baidg; gl;lj;J ,sturuhfg;
gpufldg;gLj;jpdhu; ghz;ba kd;du; (1296). ,r;nray; Fstpf;
$l;by; iftpl;l fijahapw;W. ghz;ba ehl;by; thupRupikg;
Nghuhl;lk; Jtq;fpaJ. Vkhw;wkile;j Re;jughz;bad; je;ijiaf;
nfhd;Wtpl;L mupaiziaf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhu; (1310)
tPughz;bad; kJiuapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;lhu;.
myhTjPd; fpy;[papd; tyf;fukhd khypf;fhG+u;
jkpo;ehl;bw;Fs; gilnaLj;J te;jijg; gw;wp ,t;tpU
rNfhjuu;fSk; ftiyg;gltpy;iy. kJiuapypUe;J ntspNawpa
117
tPughz;bad; thupRupikg; Nghl;biag; Nghuhf khw;wp>
Re;jughz;baidj; Njhw;fbj;J Ml;rpiag; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
Ml;rpia ,oe;j Re;jughz;bad; khypf;fhG+upd; cjtpia ehbdhu;.
,e;j miog;G khypf;fhG+u; Nghd;w Kfyha xl;lfk; ghz;bag;
NguuR vd;w $lhuj;Jf;Fs; Eiotjw;fhd ngha;g;ig toq;fpaJ.
ghz;ba rNfhjuu;fSf;fpilNaahd cl;gif jkpo;ehl;by;
Kfyhau; Mjpf;fk; Vw;gLtjw;fhd Eiothapiyj; jpwe;Jtpl;lJ.
6.7. ghz;bau; fhy tho;tpay;
murpay; epiy
ghz;ba ehl;bYk; Kbahl;rp KiwNa gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
je;ijf;Fg;gpd; %j;j kfNd thupR vd;gJ kuG. %j;j kfd;
,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,isatid thuprhf epakpg;gJ tpjptpyf;fhFk;.
murdpd; FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;Njhu;> Fwpg;ghf ,sturu;fs;> ehl;bd;
gy gFjpfspy; MSeuhfNth> Ml;rpj; jiytuhfNth> gilj;
jsgjpahfNth my;yJ FWepy nghWg;G tfpg;gtuhfNth
epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ghz;ba kd;du;fs; gfl;Lf;Fk; glhNlhgj;Jf;Fk;
Gfo; ngw;wtu;fs;. ,tu;fs; nghd;Dk;> kzpAk;> Kj;Jk; kpd;Dk;
tpiy kjpg;Gkpf;f Mguzq;fis mzpe;J nfhz;ldu;. murdpd;
muritapy; gpuGf;fSk;> Gytu;fSk;> tPuu;fSk;> fiyQu;fSk;
,lk; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. me;jg;Guk; fhjy; fpoj;jpauhYk;> fhkf;
fpoj;jpauhYk; epiwe;jpUe;jJ. muz;kid MNyhrid kz;lgkhf
kl;Lkd;wp ghtif epfo;r;rpfs; eilngwTk;> tpohf;fs;
nfhz;lhlTk; gad;gl;lJ. muz;kid fiyf;fhl;rpf; $lkhfTk;
jpfo;e;jJ. gyj;j ghJfhg;Gf;fpilNa kd;dd; muz;kidapy;
Mlk;gu tho;f;if tho;e;jhd;. gl;lg; ngau;fisr; R+l;bf;
nfhz;ldu;.
kd;duit
ghz;bau; fhyj;jpy; mikr;ruit vd;w mikg;G
,Ue;jjhfj; njupatpy;iy. Mdhy; mikr;ru;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.
mtu;fs; murupd; MNyhrfu;fshf nray;gl;ldu;. cj;jk
ke;jpupjhd; Kjyikr;ru;. ,tiu Vfke;jpup vd;Wk; mwpag;gl;lhu;.
Nrdhgjp gilj; jiytu; my;yJ jsgjp. mikr;ru;fs; jtpu gy
mYtyu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. epyk; msg;Nghu;> tup tR+ypg;Nghu;>
tUtha;j; Jiwapdu;> muru; Mizfisg; gjpT nra;Nthu;>
ju;Nkhgjrk; nra;Nthu;> Mgj;Jjtpfs; Nghd;Nwhu; mlq;fpa
mjpfhutu;f;fk; ,Ue;jJ. ,tu;fs; Kiwahf ele;J nfhz;l NghJ
kf;fshy; kjpf;fg;gl;ldu;; newpjtwp nray;gl;l NghJ kf;fshy;
ntWf;fg;gl;ldu;.
118
kj;jpa murhq;fg; gFjpfs;
eLtz; murpd; epu;thf trjpf;fhfg; ghz;ba ehL gy
Ml;rpg; gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ; ,it ,d;iwa khfhzq;fisg;
Nghd;wit Jtf;fj;jpy; ghz;ba ehL njd; khtl;lq;fshd-kJiu>
uhkehjGuk; jpUney;Ntyp> fd;dpahFkup-cs;slf;fpajhf ,Ue;jJ.
gpd;du; nfhy;yk; ney;Y}u; Mfpa epyg;gFjpfisf; nfhz;L
tpuptile;jJ. jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; Nfusg; gFjpfs; khghu; (Mabar)
my;yJ ,uh[uh[ tsehL vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ." ghz;ba
ngUehL gy kz;lyq;fshfTk;> xt;nthU kz;lyKk; gy
ehLfshfTk;> $w;wq;fshfTk;> fpuhkq;fshfTk; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
fpuhkf; Fbahl;rp
ghz;bau;fhy cs;shl;rp Kiw gy;ytu; fhy> Nrhou; fhy
fpuhkf; Fbahl;rp mikg;G Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpajhfNt ,Ue;jJ.
jkpo;ehl;L kuGtop te;j cs;shl;rpg; nghJkd;wk; gy
thupaq;fisf; nfhz;l kfhrigahFk;. Cuhl;rp kd;wq;fs; Cu;
tptfhuq;fisf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,k;kd;wq;fs; kf;fshy;
Nju;e;njLf;fg; gl;lit. thupaq;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fSk; kf;fshy;
Nju;T nra;ag;gl;ldu;. nrhj;J> fy;tp> xOf;fk; Mfpait
Ntl;ghsu;fspd; jFjpfshff; fUjg;gl;ld. cWg;gpdu;fs; FbXiy
Kiwapy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. kd;w eltbf;iffs; Cu;g; nghJ
,lq;fspy; eilngw;wd. cs;shl;rp epWtdq;fs; Rje;jpukhfr;
nray;gl;ld. ,it mjpfhug; guty; Kiwf;Fr; rpwe;j
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.
ghz;bau; gil
Nguuir tpupTgLj;jTk;> fl;Lg;gLj;jTk;> ghJfhf;fTk;
ngUk;gil ,d;wpaikahjJ. ghz;bau; uhZtk; ahidg;gil>
Fjpiug;gil> Nju;g;gil fhyhl;gil Mfpa ehd;F ngUk;
mq;fq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,itad;wp Nfhl;ilf; fhty;
gilfs; ,Ue;jd. ehl;bd; Kf;fpa ,lq;fspy; ,g;gilfs;
epWj;jg;gl;bUe;jd. ngUk;gilahu;> tyq;if kfhNridau;
MfpNahu; gilg; gpuptpdUs; rpyu;. kwtu;> fs;tu; Nghd;w tFg;ghu;
jq;fisg; Nghu;j; njhopYf;F mu;g;gzpj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
6.7.1. nghUshjhu epiy
tptrhak;
NguuRg; guhkupg;Gf;Fk; ngUf;fj;Jf;Fk; nghUNs
MjhukhFk;. ehl;bd; nghUshjhuk; tptrhaj;ijAk;> njhopiyAk;
nghWj;Js;sJ. gpw ehLfisg; Nghd;Nw ghz;ba ehLk; tptrha
119
ehlhfNt ,Ue;jJ. itifAk;> jhkpuguzpAk; tptrha ePu;ts
euk;G kz;lyq;fshf ,Ue;jd. vdpDk;> gUtkioNa Ntshz;ik
tsj;ijj; jPu;khdpj;jJ. vdNt Gd;nra; gapu;fs; ngupJk;
kioiaNa ek;gpapUe;jd. vdNt> ePu;tsj;ijg; ngUf;Ftjpy;
ghz;ba kd;du;fs; rpwg;Gf; ftdk; nrYj;jpdu;. Vupfs;> Fsq;fs;>
fhy;tha;fs; Mfpatw;iw nrg;gdpLtjw;Fk;> ngUf;Ftjw;Fk;>
ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;> ghrd ePiu tptrhaj;Jf;F Kiwahfg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd jf;f Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl;ld; ,tw;Wf;nfd
mjpfhupfSk;> mYtyu;fSk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. nfhs;slj;jpy;
nts;sj;jLg;Gf;fhff; fiufis cau;j;jp tYg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ghrd
trjpfs; ngUfg; ngUf fuk;G epyq;fSk; tpis epyq;fshf
khw;wg;gl;ld. epy clikAk;> cupikAk; epy clikAk;
cupikAk; jhd; tptrhapfspd; cz;ikahd nghUshjhu
tho;f;ifiaAk;> ghJfhg;igAk; jPu;khdpj;jd. epy cilik ehd;F
tifg;gl;lJ. 1) ghuk;gupakhf mDgtpj;J te;j
ngUepyf;fpohu;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyk;. ,J Ntshz; tif
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j epyj;ij epyr; nrhe;jf;fhuu;fs;
NeubahfNth my;yJ cotu;fSf;Ff; Fj;jiff;F tpl;Nlh rhFgb
nra;jdu;. 2) gpuhkzu;fSf;F ,iwapypahff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l
nropg;ghd Njtjhd> gpukjhd epyq;fs;. ,itahTk; tuptpyf;F
mspf;fg;gl;l epyq;fshFk;. 3) Nfhapy;fSf;Fk;> klq;fSf;Fk;
jhdkhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l epyq;fs;. ,itahTk; tuptpyf;F ngw;w
epyq;fshFk;. 4) gilj; jsgjpfs;> cau; murhq;f mjpfhupfs;
MfpNahUf;F mspf;fg;gl;l epyq;fs;. ,tu;fSk; epytup nrYj;j
Ntz;bajpy;iy. ,itad;wp muz;kid kw;Wk; muR
nryTfSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l epyq;fs; Vuhsk;. RUq;ff;$wpd;>
tpisepyq;fs;ahTk; rYif tFg;ghu; trk; ,Ue;jd.
cOgtDf;Nf epyk; vd;w vz;zk; vohj fhyk; mJ.
njhopy;fs;
tptrhaj;jpy; <Lgl;Nlhu; jtpu vQ;rpapUe;Njhu; gy;NtW
njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;jdu;. ghz;ba ehl;bd; gpujhd njhopy;
Kj;Jf;Fspj;jy;. Kj;Jf; Fspj;jYk;> rq;nfLj;jYk; kf;fspd;
VfNghf njhopyhf ,Ue;jJ. fhay;gl;bdk; ,j;njhopy; ikakhfj;
jpfo;e;jJ. Kj;Jf; Fspj;jYf;F mLj;jgbahf kPd;gpbj;jy;
Kf;fpaj; njhopyhf ,Ue;jJ. flNyhuq;fspy; cg;gsj; njhopy;
rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jJ. ghz;ba ehL nerTj; njhopYf;Fg; gpurpj;jp
ngw;wJ. ,NjNghd;W nrq;fhiyj; njhopy; Kf;fpa njhopyhFk;.
,itad;wp> jr;R Ntiy> cNyhf Ntiy> nty;y cw;gj;jp>
kz;ghz;lk; jahupj;jy;> fl;ll Ntiy Nghd;w njhopy;fSk;
Kiwrhuhj; njhopy;fshf ,Ue;jd.
120
efuq;fs; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jf ikaq;fshfj; jpfo;e;jd.
fpuhkr; re;ijfspYk;> efu;g;Gw mq;fhbfspYk; gz;lkhw;W
tu;j;jfk; gpugykhf ,Ue;jJ. gUj;jp kw;Wk; gl;lhilfs;>
etkzpfs;> uj;jpdf; fw;fs;> re;jdk;> rt;thJ Nghd;w eWkzg;
nghUl;fs;> Vyk;> ,ytq;fk;> kpsF> ,Q;rp Nghd;w fwptifg;
nghUl;fs; kUe;J %ypiffs; Nghd;wit Kf;fpa tu;j;jfg;
nghUl;fshFk;. ,tw;Wf;F ntspehLfspy; ey;y tuNtw;gpUe;jJ.
cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;ijf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf kzpfpuhkk;>
mQ;Rtz;zj;jhu;> Fjpiu tzpfu;fs;> ehdh Njrpfs; Nghd;w
njhopy; mikg;Gfs; nray;gl;ld.
ghz;ba ehL cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;ijg; Nghd;Nw ntspehl;L
thzpgj;jpYk; Gfo; ngw;wpUe;jJ. fhay;gl;bdk; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp
ikakhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. ,j;JiwKfj;jpy; cs;ehl;Lf; fg;gy;fSk;>
ntspehl;L ehtha;fSk; RWRWg;Gld; nray;gl;ld. Fwpg;ghf
Kj;J> Jzp tiffs;> kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;F
ntspehLfspy; ey;y tuNtw;G ,Ue;jJ. ghz;ba ehl;L tzpfu;fs;
rPdh kw;Wk; mNugpa ehLfSld; neUq;fpa thzpgj; njhlu;G
nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
tup tUtha;
ghz;ba muR tup tUthiag; ngupJk; ek;gpapUe;jJ.
tupfspy; Kf;fpakhdJ epytupahFk;. ,t;tupiaf; fzf;fpl;L
tR+ypg;gjw;fhf epyq;fs; Kiwahf msf;fg;gl;L>
tpisr;rYf;Nfw;g tup tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjyhk; rilatu;kd;
Re;jughz;bad; fhyj;jpy; nfhs;splj;jpy; nts;sj; jLg;Gf;fhff;
fiufis cau;j;jp tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mUfhikapy; tho;e;j
kf;fspilNa rpwg;G tup tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ. epytup nghUshfNth
my;yJ gzkhfNth tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ. ghrd tup jdpahf
tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ. mr;Rtup> fupatur;rp ntl;bg;ghl;lk;> gQ;Rg;gpyp>
rhe;jp tpf;fpufg; NgW> thry; NgW> ,odp eha;g;NgW> jwpapiw>
nrf;fpiw> ghrpg;gl;lk; Nghd;wit gpw njhopy; tupfshFk;.
Nfhapy;fisr; Nru;e;j Njtubahu;fsplkpUe;Jk; tup
tR+ypf;fg;gl;ljhfj; njupfpwJ. gpuhkzu;fSf;Fk;> Nfhapy;fSf;Fk;>
klq;fSf;Fk; mspf;fg;gl;l ,iwapyp epyq;fs; tuptpyf;F ngw;wd.
,jdhy; muRf;F tUtha; ,og;G Vw;gl;lJ.
gzg;Gof;fk;
thzpgf; FOf;fspd; Kidg;ghd nray;ghLfshy; ghz;ba
ehl;by; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfKk;> ntspehl;L thzpgKk;
rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jd. midj;J tu;j;jfk; gupkhw;wj;jpYk; jq;fNk
gpujhd gupkhw;wg; nghUshf ,Ue;jJ. ehzaq;fs; Gof;fj;jpy;
121
,Ue;jd. ,tw;wpy; vOj;Jf;fNshL ,ul;ilj;jiy fPo;kPd;fs;
fhzgl;ld. gytiff; fhRfSk; gupkhwpf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
6.7.2. rKjha epiy
rhjPa rpe;jid
gy;ytu;fs; fhyj;jpy; Nt&d;wpa rhjPa rKjhak; ghz;bau;
fhyj;jpy; ,Wf;fKw;wJ. rhjPa rpe;jid> nrhy;> nray; Mfpait
jkpou;fspd; %r;rhfp tpl;ld. ,tu;fspd; tho;tpaypd; gpupf;fKbahj
gFjpahapw;W. ghz;ba rKjhaf; $u;Kidf; NfhGu cr;rpapy;
gpuhkzu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. ,tu;fs; gy rYiffNshLk;>
cupikfNshLk; Njtjhd fpuhkq;fspYk;> mf;fpufhuq;fspYk;
tho;e;jdu;. mtu;fSf;F mLj;jgbahf ,Ue;j tskpf;f tzpfu;fs;
nropg;Gkpf;f Mw;Wg; gLiffspy; tho;e;jdu;. cau; tFg;ghupd;
njhopy; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;j tptrhapfs;> tptrhaj;
njhopyhspfs;> njhopyhsu;fs; rhjpthupahfg; gpupe;J vt;tpj
rYiffSkpd;wp gpw;gl;l tFg;gpduhf ,Ue;jdu;. ,tu;fshy;
Gwf;fzpf;fg; gl;Nlhu; jPz;lj;jfhjtu;fshf Nrupfspy; trpj;jdu;.
,g;gy;NtW rhjpfSf;Fs; gpuhkzu;fisj; jtpu gpw tFg;gpdu;
midtUk; cly; ciog;ghspfs; Mtu;.
rhjp Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;
rhjp Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;> rhjpf; nfhLikfs;> rhjPa rkj;Jtk;
gw;wp irt ehad;khu;fSk;> itzt Mo;thu;fSk; neQ;RUfg;
ghbdhu;fNsad;wp rhjp xopg;Gf;fhd vt;tpj eltbf;iffisAk;
Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iy. NtjitjPf mbg;gilapy; mikf;fg;gl;l rhjp
mikg;GKiw ,ay;ghf Vw;Wf; nfhz;l ghz;ba kd;du;fSk; gf;jp
khu;f;fj;jpy; nrd;whu;fNsad;wp rhjpa rkj;Jtk; gw;wpNah rhjp
xopg;G Fwpj;Njh nfhQ;rKk; ftiyg;gltpy;iy. ,g;Gwf;fzpg;gpd;
tpisthf rKjhaj;jpy; gy neUf;fbfs; Vw;gl;ld.
,e;neUf;fbapd; $l;L tpisNt tyq;if-,lq;if rhjp
Nkhjy;fshFk;.
rhjp Nkhjy;fs;
itjPf rdhjd ju;kk; fw;gpj;j ehd;F tu;z rhjp
NtWghl;bd; tpisthf njhopy; thupahfg; gpupe;jpUe;j kf;fs; rhjp
thupahf NtWgl;ldu;. ,e;j ehd;F tu;z ,Uk;G tisaj;Jf;Fs;
mDNyhku;> gpujpNyhku; vd;w ,U fyg;Gg; gpupTfs; cUthapd.
,jd; fhuzkhfg; ghz;bau; rKjhak; tyq;if rhjpapdu;>
,lq;if rhjpapdu; vd ,UngUk; gpupTfshfg; gpsTgl;lJ.
gpsTgl;l ,Ugpuptpdu; gy;NtW rhjpr; rz;ilfspy; <Lgl;ldu;.
,r;rz;ilfspy; gy td;Kiwr; rhjp Nkhjy;fspy; Kbe;jd.
122
jkpo;ehl;by; rhjp kdg;ghd;ik rhRtjkhfptpl;lJ. kz;zpd;
ike;ju;fshfTk;> cly; ciog;ghspfshfTkpUe;j giwau;> gs;su;>
rf;fpypau; Nghd;w kuG tFg;gpdu; rKjhaj;jpd; rhgf;Nflhf
epe;jpf;fg;gl;L cau; rhjpapduhy; neUq;fj;jfhj jPz;lj;jfhNjhuhf
xJf;fp itf;fg;gl;ldu;. R+j;jpuu; vd;w Kj;jpiu Fj;jg;gl;L
jPz;lhikg; gLFopapy; gpwg;Gupikfis epiyehl;bf; nfhs;s
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rhjpg; Nghuhl;lNk tyq;if-,lq;if rhjp
Nkhjy;fshFk;.
ngz;fs; epiy
nghJthf jkpou; rKjhak;> gpw rKjhaq;fisg; Nghd;Nw
Mz; Mjpf;f rKjhakhFk;. ngz;fisg; Gfo;e;J ,opTgLj;Jk;
Mz;fspd; kdepiyapy; ve;j khw;wKk; Vw;gltpy;iy.
tof;fk;Nghy; mur FLk;gg; ngz;fSf;F XusT rKjha Rje;jpuk;
,Ue;jJ. mtu;fSk; fztd; ,we;jgpd; cld;fl;il VWtijf;
fw;ghff; fUjpdu;> fw;gpf;fg;gl;ldu;. Nfhapy;fSf;F
mu;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l Njtubahu;fs; gy;fiy ty;ytu;fshfTk;>
rKjha Rje;jpuk; ngw;wtu;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdu; trjpNahL
tho;e;jdu;. gpw ngz;fs; midtUk; tPl;by; Gwhf;fshf> Nghfg;
nghUl;fshfNt fUjg;gl;ldu;; elj;jg;gl;ldu;. ngz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp
cupik Kw;wpYkhf kWf;fg;gl;lJ. fw;Gf;Fk;> fhkj;Jf;Fk;
Kd;Dupik nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;> Nfhapy;
rpw;gq;fspYk;> Xtpaq;fspYk; ghypay; Fwpg;GfSk; Fwpg;NgLfSk;
Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;lg;gl;ld. ,tw;iwg; gbj;J> ghu;j;J kf;fs;
gutrg;gl;ldu;. RUq;ff;$wpd; ghz;bau; fhyj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiy
Nghw;wj; jf;fjhapy;iy.
rkaq;fspd; epiy
rhjpfisg; Nghd;Nw rkaq;fspd; epiyAk; jkpo;ehl;Lf;Fg;
nghJthdJ. gy;ytu; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; jhf;fk;
gpw;fhyg; ghz;bau; fhyj;jpYk; ePbj;jJ. ghz;ba kd;du;fSk;
irtu;fs;; irtj;ijg; Nghw;wpg; gpd;gw;wpatu;fs; NrhkRe;jug;
ngUkhisf; Fynja;tkhff; nfhz;ltu;fs;; irtj;ij murhq;f
rkakhf Mf;fpatu;fs;; Nfhapy;fisf; fl;b tiuahJ
toq;fpatu;fs;. ghz;bah fhyj;jpYk; itzt tlfiy>
njd;fiyg; gpuptpdupilNa xw;Wik Vw;gltpy;iy. jpUkhy;
ngauhy; gpupe;Nj nray;gl;ldu;.
Jtf;f fhyg; ghz;ba ehl;by; rkzk; nfhbfl;bg; gwe;jJ.
kJiu rkzf; Nfhl;ilahfj; jpfo;e;jJ. Fwpg;ghf ghz;bad;
epd;wrPu; neLkhwd; fhyj;jpy; rkzk; nropg;Gw;wpUe;jJ. gf;jp
,af;fg; Gayhy; ghz;ba ehl;by; rkz> Gj;j rkaq;fspd;
nry;thf;F rupe;J tPo;e;jJ. rKjhaj;jpd; midj;Jj; JiwfSk;
123
rkakakhf;fg;gl;lJ. rkar; rhu;gpd;ik fle;jfhy rKjha
Nehf;fhapw;W. rkar; rhu;Gilik jkpou; gz;ghl;bd; gpupf;fKbahj
gFjpahfptpl;lJ. gFj;jwpTf;Fg; gjpyhf rka ek;gpf;if Kd;dplk;
gpbj;jJ. kdpjg; gpur;ridfSf;Ff; flTs; jPu;Tz;L vd;w vz;zk;
kf;fs; kdjpy; Mokhfg; gjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Md;kPf tsu;r;rpapd; %yk;
,iwawpitAk;> epiw NgUz;ikiaAk; ngwKbAk; vd;w
,iwAzu;T my;yJ nka;Azu;Tf; Nfhl;ghL (Mysticism)
nry;thf;F ngw;wJ. ,f;Nfhl;ghL kf;fs; tWikiag;
nghWikNahL Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; kdg;gf;Ftj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
RUq;ff;$wpd;> itjPf rdhjd rkak; rpj;jhe;j nray;tbtk;
ngw;W jkpou; gz;ghl;by; gy khw;wq;fisr; nra;Jtpl;lJ.
fiyAk;> fiyg;ghzpAk;
ghz;bau; fl;llf; fiyg; gq;fspg;G mtu;fs; gpd;gw;wpa
fiyg;ghzpNa (Architectural Style)ahFk;. ghz;bag; Nguuru;fspd;
fhyj;jpy; Nfhapypd; ikag; gFjpapypUe;J Nfhapypd; ntspg;Gw
mikg;Gfspd; kPJ mf;fiw mjpfk; nrYj;jg; gl;lJ. Nfhapy;
gpufhuq;fs; NguoFgLj;jg;gl;ld. kjpw;Rtu;fs; fz;izf; ftUk;
NfhGuq;fs; vOg;gg;gl;ld. NfhGuq;fspy; rpiyfs; itj;J moF
nra;ag;gl;ld. ,NjNghd;W J}zpd; ,jo;fspd; Xuq;fs; rpg;gp
tupNghy; moF nra;ag;gl;ld. Nghjpiffs; NkNy ftpo;e;J
njhq;Fk; mikg;ghf cs;sd. Kd;dNkNa fl;lg;gl;l
Nfhapy;fspd; kz;lgq;fSk;> Jizf; Nfhapy;fSk; fl;Ltjpy;
rpwg;Gf; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.
jpUthidf;fhty; cs;s rptd; Nfhapypd; ,uz;lhk; Rw;wpy;
fhzg;gLk; NfhGuk; ghz;bau; fhy fl;blf;fiyg; ghzpf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; $wyhk;. rpjk;guk; fpof;Ff; NfhGuKk;>
jpUthidf;fhty; Re;jughz;bad; NfhGuKk; ,f;fiyg; ghzpapd;
Kjpu;e;j epiyiag; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; myq;fhu
Ntiyg;ghLfs; kpFjpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ghz;bau;
gilg;Gfspy; fiyr;rpwg;Gkpf;f NfhGuq;fis kJiu> rpjk;guk;>
Fk;gNfhzk;> jpUthidf;fhty;> jpUtz;zhkiy> ];uPitFz;lk;>
];uPtpy;ypGj;J}u; ngUq;Nfhapy;fspy; ,d;Wk; fhzyhk;.
gy;ytu;fs;> Nrhou;fisg; Nghd;Nw ghz;bag; Nguuru;fSk;
Nfhapy;fisf; fl;Ltjpy; Nguhu;tk; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
];uPtpy;ypGj;J}u; tlgj;urhap Nfhapy;> uhjhGu tuFNz];tuu;
Nfhapy;> mk;ghrKj;jpuk; rptd; Nfhapy;> jpUg;gj;J}u; jpUj;jtP];tuu;
Nfhapy;> ehq;FNeup tp[aehuhazu; Nfhapy;> vupr;rTilahu;
jpUthkP];tuu; Nfhapy;> rpd;dkD}u; ,yl;Rkp ehuhazu; Nfhapy;>
Mj;J}u; jpUehuhazg; ngUkhs; Nfhapy; Mfpait ghz;bag;
Nguuru;fshy; vOg;gg;gl;l Myaq;fshFk;. jpUney;Ntyp
124
ney;iyag;gu; NfhapYk;> njd;fhrp kw;Wk; Fw;whyf; Nfhapy;fs;
gpw;fhyg; ghz;bag; Nguuru;fshy; fl;lg;gl;litahFk;. mofu;
NfhapypYs;s jpUkhy; NfhapYk;> kJiu $lyofu; NfhapYk;
jpUg;gzp nra;ag;gl;ld. “ghz;bau; Mjpf;fj;jpy; njd;dpe;jpaf;
fiy jdJ cau;e;j epiyia va;jpaJ”.
6.7.3. tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
rq;f fhyj;Jf;Fg;gpd; fsg;gpuupd; gpbapypUe;J ghz;ba
ehl;il kPl;l ngUik ghz;bau;fSf;F cz;L. Mw;wy;kpF
muru;fs; Kjyhk; ghz;bag; Nguuirj; Njhw;Wtpj;jdu;.
Nrhou;fsplk; ehl;il ,oe;j ghz;bau;fs; kPz;Lk; jiyJ}f;fp
Nguuirg; GJg;gpj;jdu;. Kjyhk; FyNrfuDk;> mtuJ jk;gp Re;ju
ghz;baDk; fl;ba ,uz;lhtJ ghz;baf; fw;Nfhl;il filrpapy;
kzy; khspif Nghd;W rupe;J tPo;e;jJ. ghz;baupd; vOr;rpiag;
Nghd;Nw mtu;fsJ tPo;r;rpAk; gpukpf;fj;jf;fJ. Re;jughz;bad;
vOg;gpa ghz;bag; Nguuir mtUf;Fg;gpd; te;j rlatu;kd;
fl;bf;fhj;j NghjpYk; gilg; ngUf;fj;Jf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba
ftdj;ijf; Nfhapy;fisf; fl;Ltjpy; nrytpl;lhu;. mtUf;Fg;gpd;
te;Njhupd; Ml;rpf; fhyq;fspy; cl;gif tsuyhapw;W.
cl;gifNahL jd;dpdk; gifj;j guk;giug; gz;Gk; Nru;e;jJ.
ghz;baUk; NrhoUk; xU ,dj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fs; vd;w
czu;tpd;wp xUtiunahUtu; mopj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Nghu;fspy;
<Lgl;ldu;. khwtu;kd; FyNrfu ghz;badpd; tpNtfkw;w Kbthy;
mtuJ gps;isfshd Re;jughz;baDf;Fk; tPu ghz;baDf;Fk;
,ilNa jw;nfhiyf;nfhg;ghd thupRupikg; Nghl;bAk;> Nghuhl;lKk;
Vw;gl;lJ. mJNt Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;F toptFj;Jtpl;lJ. ghz;ba
,sturu;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; xw;Wikapd;wp ehl;ilg; gy gFjpfshfg;
gpupj;Jf; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jJ Nguuirg; gytPdg;gLj;jpaJ.
jiug;gilAk;> flw;gilAk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ld.
ghz;bag; NguuR gytPdg;gl;likf;F NtWrpy r%f> rkaf;
fhuzq;fSk; ,Ue;jd. rq;fk; itj;Jj; jkpo; tsu;j;j ghz;ba
kd;du;fs; jkpiotpl tlnkhopf;F Mf;fKk; Cf;fKk; Cl;bdu;.
NtjitjPf rdhjd ju;kj;jpd; fhtyu;fshf ,Ue;j
gpuhkzu;fSf;F rpwg;Gr; rYiffSk; cupikfSk; toq;fpajhy;
gbKiw rhjp mikg;G NkYk; ,Wf;fKw;wJ. rKjha
Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; mjpfupj;jd. ,jd;tpisthf rhjp Nkhjy;fs;
Vw;gl;ld. rhjp Nkhjy;fNshL rkar; rr;ruTfSk; Nru;e;J
nfhz;ld. ehl;bd; tsq;fs; rPuhfr; nrytplg; glhikahy;
nghUshjhuj; Njf;fkile;J gQ;rq;fshy; kf;fs; mtjpg;gl
Ntz;bajhapw;W. mj;jifa rKjha> rka> nghUshjhuf;
fhuzq;fshy; Nguurpd; gyk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ghz;bag; NguuR
gytPdg;gl;likahy; FWepy kd;du;fSk;> rpw;wuru;fSk;
125
RNal;irahf nray;glyhapdu;. mtu;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j>
mlf;ff;$ba Mw;wy; kpf;f kd;du;fNsh> kj;jpa muNrh ,y;yhj
epiy Vw;gl;lJ. cl;gifahYk;> gjtpg; Nghl;bahYk; NehAw;w
ghz;bag; NguuR md;dpa Mjpf;f Neha;f;fpUkpfshy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. typikkpf;f Kfyhag; gilia tYtpoe;j
ghz;bag; gilahy; vjpu;f; nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. Nguuru;fshfj;
Jtq;fpa ghz;ba kd;du;fs; rpw;wuru;fshfp tuyhw;W
xl;lj;jpypUe;J xJf;fg; gl;ldu;. ghz;bag; Nguurpd; vOr;rpAk;
tPo;r;rpAk; kiy> kiy vypahd fijahapw;W.
6.8. gazpfspd; ghu;itapy; ghz;ba ehL
khu;f;Nfh NghNyh
,j;jhypa gazp khu;f;Nfh NghNyh (Marco Polo 1254-1324)
khghUf;F tUif je;j NghJ fz;LNfl;l jfty;fisf; nfhz;L
ghz;ba ehl;ilg; gw;wp mtuJ gazf; Fwpg;Gfshtd: khghu;
,e;jpahtpNyNa rpwe;j mUikahd> ngUe;jd;ikkpf;f
khepyq;fspy; xd;whFk;. FyNrfu ghz;ba Njth khghupd;
kd;duhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;. fhay; JiwKfk; caupa> mUikahd
efukhFk;. ,jd; JiwKfj;jpy; mNugpa ehl;Lf; fg;gy;fs; te;J
epd;wd. ,e;efupy; ngupa mstpy; thzpgk; eilngw;wJ. Fjpiufs;
Vld; kw;Wk; mNugpa ehLfspypUe;J ,q;F tpw;gidf;fhff;
nfhz;L tug;gl;ld. ghz;ba ehl;by; cau;ju Kj;Jf;fs;
fpilf;fpd;wd. kJiu kd;duplk; tpiykjpg;Gkpf;f mUk; nghUl;
fUT+yk; ,Ue;jJ. muru; cly; KOtJk; tpiy cau;e;j
Mguzq;fshy; myq;fupj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. ,tu; ehl;il
eLepiy jtwhJ Neu;ikAld; Ml;rp nra;jhu;. tzpfu;fSf;Fk;>
ntspehl;ltUf;Fk; gupRg; nghUl;fs; nfhLj;Jg;
ghuhl;lg;gl;likahy; mtu;fs; ghz;ba ehl;Lf;F kfpo;r;rpAld;
tUif je;jdu;. murUf;F IE}Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kidtpau;
,Ue;jdu;. kf;fs; miuFiw MilfisNa cLj;jp ,Ue;jdu;.
kJiu ehl;by; ijay;fhuu;fNs ,y;iy. rhjp KiwAk;> ngz;fs;
cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fKk; ,Ue;jd. kf;fs; rFdq;fspYk;>
[hjfk; ghu;g;gjpYk; ek;gpf;if itj;jpUe;jdu;. eld khju;fs;
Nfhapy;fSf;F mu;g;gzpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l
ngUk;ghd;ikahd Fjpiufs; Nghjpa guhkupg;G> gapw;rp>
Ngh\hf;fpd;ikahy; ,we;Jtpl;ld. ,jdhy; muRf;F ngupa ,og;G
Vw;gl;lJ. gil tPuu;fspd; gilf;fyd;fs; jukpd;wp gupjhgkhf
,Ue;jd. khu;f;Nfh NghNyhtpd; Fwpg;Gfs; Kjy; ju Neub Mtzr;
rhd;WfshFk;. vdpDk; ,f;Fwpg;Gfs; gpw Mjhuq;fSld; rupghu;j;J>
xg;gpl;L> jpwdha;T nra;j gpd;du; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
126
tuyhw;whsu; thrg; Kfkjpa tuyhw;whsu; thrg; (Wassaf)gpd;
Fwpg;Gfs; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;fit. FyNrfug; ghz;bad;
ehw;gjhz;L fhyk; Ml;rp nra;jhu;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
tpNuhjpfs; vtUk; ghz;ba ehl;Lf;Fs; Eioatpy;iy. ,k;kd;du;
Neha;tha;g;gl;L gLf;ftpy;iy. ,tuJ fUT+yk; epiwe;J
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; 1200 Nfhb jq;fk; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,Jjtpu tpiy kjpg;gw;w Kj;Jf;fs;> nrk;G (rptg;Gf;fy;)>
ePyg;gr;irf; fw;fs;> kufjk;> kzpfs; Vuhskhf cs;sd.
,tw;iwg; gw;wp tptupf;f thu;j;ijfNs ,y;iy. tof;fkhf ,e;jpa
kd;du;fs; mwpthw;wYf;Fk;> murpay; tpNtfj;Jf;Fk; ngau;
ngw;wtu;fs; vd;W mwpe;Js;Nsd;. gpwF Vd; ,e;j FyNrfug;
ghz;bad; ,tuJ tho;ehspNyNa %j;j kfid epuhfupj;Jtpl;L
KiwNflhfg; gpwe;j ,isa kfid thuprhf epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;?
,jd;%yk; kzg;ngz; Nghd;W fhl;rpaspf;Fk; ,tuJ ehl;bd;
Nghf;ifNa khw;wptpl;lhu;.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. ahiu fypAfuhkd;> mjpra ghz;bj; Njtd;> NrhzhL
nfhz;lhd;> NrhzhL nfhz;lUspatd; ,t;thW mioj;jdu;?
2. [ltu;kd; tPughz;bad; ve;jg;gFjpfSf;F MSeuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;?
3. ahuhy; rpjk;guk; rptd; Nfhapy; kw;Wk; ];uPuq;fk; jpUkhy;
Nfhapy; $iufs; jq;fj;jhy; Nkag;gl;ld?
4. ,yq;ifapypUe;J ifg;gw;wg;gl;L kJiuf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l
nghUl;fspy; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ?
5. cj;jk ke;jpup vd;W miof;fg;gLtu;?
6. ghz;ba kd;du;fs; ahiu Fynja;tkhff; nfhz;ldu;?
7. jpUthidf;fhty; rptd; Nfhapypd; ,uz;lhk; Rw;wpy; fhzg;gLk;
NfhGuk; ahUila fhy fl;blf;fiyg; ghzpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
tpsq;FfpwJ?
6.9. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
1. Kjyhk; khwtu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;.
2. fd;dlg; gFjpfs;.
3. Kjyhk; rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;bad;.
4. Gj;jupd; gy; rpd;dk;.
127
5. Kjyikr;ru;.
6. NrhkRe;jug; ngUkhs;.
7. ghz;bau; fhy.
6.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. ,uz;lhk; Re;ju ghz;badpd; xa;rhsu; gilnaLg;G gw;wp rpW
Fwpg;G tiuf.
2. gpw;fhy Nrhou;fspd; nghUshjhu epiy Fwpj;J vOJf.
3. gpw;fhy Nrhou;fspd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.
tpupthd tpdhf;fs;
1. Kjyhk; rilatu;kd; Re;jughz;badpd; epu;thfj;ij Fwpj;J
fl;Liu vOJf.
2. Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk; Re;ju ghz;badpd; gilnaLg;Gfs; gw;wp
tpthjp.
3. gpw;fhy Nrhou;fspd; rKjhak; kw;Wk; fiyfspd; tsu;r;rp
Fwpj;J tptup.
6.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Subramania N. A History of Tamil Nadu up to 1336
Rajayyan K. History of Tamil Nadu
gps;is Nf.Nf. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW
Nilakanda Sastri K.N. A History of South India
Nilakanda Sastri K.N. Cholas
Sathianathair R. History of India
ntq;fNlrd; f. Kw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
nry;tk; Nt. jp. jkpof: tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;
,uhkrhkp m. jkpo; ehl;L tuyhW
Krishnaswamy Aiyyangar S. South India and her Mohammadan
Invaders
thdkhkiy> eh. jkpou; tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;
128
myF – 7
jkpo;ehl;by; K];ypk; gilnaLg;Gfs;
ghl mikg;G
7.1. Kd;Diu
7.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
7.3. khypf;fhG+u; gilnaLg;G
7.4. KfkJ Jf;sf; gilnaLg;G
7.4.1.,izg;Gf; nfhs;if
7.4.2. tpisTfs;
7.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
7.6. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
7.7. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
7.1. Kd;Diu
14-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy;
kw;nwhU Kf;fpa jpUg;GKid Vw;gl;lJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; ghz;ba
ehl;by; ,U rNfhjuu;fSf;F ,ilNa Vw;gl;l thupRupikg;
Nghuhl;lNkahFk;. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJjhd; myhTjPd; fpy;[papd;
Nghu;thshd khypf;fhG+u; jkpo; ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;.
mg;NghJ thupRupikg; Nghl;bapl;l kJiu kd;dd; tPughz;badpd;
miog;ig Vw;W ghz;ba ehl;bd; cs; tptfhuj;jpy; FWf;fpl;l
khypf;fhG+u; kJiuiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. khypf;fhG+upd; Nehf;fk;
ghz;ba ehl;bd; nry;tj;ij mgfupg;gNjahFk;. ,J Nghd;w
tuyhw;W epfo;Tfis ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; fhzyhk;
7.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
ePq;fs; ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapd;w gpd;du; fPo; fz;ltw;iw mwpa
KbAk;
• kJiuapy; K];ypk; gilnaLg;ig gw;wp tptupfpwJ.
• khypf;fhG+u; gilnaLg;G kw;Wk; mjd; jhf;fk; gw;wp
tptupfpwJ.
• KfkJ Jf;sf; gilnaLg;G gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.
129
7.3. khypf;fhG+u; gilnaLg;G
khypf;fhG+u; (1296-1316) myhTjPd; fpy;[papd; uhZtj;jpy;
mbikahfr; Nru;e;J jsgjpahdtu;. khypf;fhG+u; jsgjpahdgpd;
njd;dhl;bd; kPJ %d;whz;Lfspy; ,uz;L gilnaLg;Gfis
Nkw;nfhz;lhu; (1309> 1311). KjyhtJ gilnaLg;G thuq;fy;Yf;F
vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,uz;lhtJ gilnaLg;G khghu;
(kJiu) kPJ njhLf;fg;gl;lJ. kJiuiaf; ifg;gw;wy;
khypf;fhG+upd; khghu; gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ ghz;ba ehl;by; ,U
rNfhjuu;fSf;fpilNaahd thupRupikg; Nghl;b cr;rfl;lj;ij
vl;baJ. khwtu;kd; FyNrfu ghz;badpd; gps;isfshd
Re;jughz;baDk;> tPughz;baDk; kJiu mupahrdj;jpy; mkug;
Nghl;bapl;ldu;. Kiwthuprhd Re;jughz;baidg; Gwk; js;sptpl;Lf;
fhkf;fpoj;jpaupd; kfdhd tPughz;bad; thuprhf;fg;gl;lhu;.
Vkhw;wkile;j Re;jughz;bad; je;ijiaf; nfhd;Wtpl;L>
tPughz;baid tpul;bagpd; kJiu kd;duhdhu;. tpul;lg;gl;l
tPughz;bad; muRf;nfjpuhfg; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. me;j
fhyfl;lj;jpy;jhd; tPughz;bad; khypf;fhG+upd; cjtpia
ehbajhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. khghu; gilnaLg;gpy; Kk;Kukhf ,Ue;j
khypf;fhG+u; ,e;j thupRupikg; Nghiuj; jdf;Fr; rhjfkhf;fpf;
nfhz;L kJiu kPJ gilnaLj;J me;efiuf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;.
ifg;gw;wg;gl;l kJiuapy; xU uhZt Kfhik mikj;Jtpl;L
nly;yp jpUk;gpdhu; khypf;fhG+u; (1311). mtu; nly;yp jpUk;Gk; NghJ
Vuhskhd nry;tj;ij vLj;Jr; nrd;whu;.
7.4. KfkJ Jf;sf; gilnaLg;G
myhTjPd; fpy;[pf;Fg; gpd; nly;yp rhk;uh[;aj;ijf;
ifg;gw;wpa KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf; (1325-1351) njd;dhl;bd; kPjpUe;j
Kfyhag; Nguurpd; gpbia NkYk; gyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kaw;rpia
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. myhTjPd; fpy;[piag; Nghyd;wp KfkJ Jf;sf;
ifg;gw;wpa njd;dpe;jpa gFjpfis Kfyhag; NguuRld;
,izj;jhu;.
7.4.1.,izg;Gf; nfhs;if
KfkJ Jf;sf;fpd; ,izg;Gf; nfhs;if (Policy of
Annexation)apd;gb Kjypy; thuq;fy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;L
,izf;fg;gl;lJ (1327). JthurKj;jpuk; Kw;wpYkhf
mopf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpo; ehl;ilg; gilnaLj;Jj; jhf;fpa Kfyhag;
gil ];uPuq;fj;ij R+iwahbagpd; kJiuiaf; ifg;gw;wpaJ.
ifg;gw;wg;gl;l kJiuf;F [yhYjPd; mrd; \h MSeuhf
130
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ghz;ba ehL KfkJ Jf;sf;fpd; 23 khepyq;fspy;
xd;whdJ.
7.4.2. tpisTfs;
KfkJ Jf;sf;fpd; khghu; gilnaLg;gpd; tpisthf 1) ghz;ba
ehL kPz;Lk; jiyJ}f;f Kbahj msTf;F nehWf;fg;gl;lJ. 2)
kJiu nly;yp Ry;jhdpa Ml;rpapd; fPo;f; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. 3)
Kfyhag; NguuR 5 ngUk; gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ: Njtfpup;
jpypq;; JthurKj;jpuk;; kJiu (khghu;). kJiuapd; MSeuhf
KfkJ Jf;sf;fhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l [yhYjPd; mrd; \h
nly;ypf;Fk; kJiuf;FkpilNaahd J}uj;ijAk;> Kfyhag; Nguurpd;
,ayhikiaAk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L> nly;ypapd; Mjpf;fg;
gpbapypUe;J jd;id tpLtpj;Jf; nfhz;L kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;ij
(Madurai Sultanate)j; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu; (1335). kJiu
Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; Kjy; Ry;jhd; [yhYjPd; mrd; \h jhd;.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. khghu; vd;why;?
2. kJiuapy; thupRupikg; Nghupy; <Lgl;l ,U ,sturu;fs; ahu;?
3. KfkJ Jf;sf; ahiu kJiuf;F MSeuhf epakpj;jhu;.
7.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
1. kJiu.
2. Re;jughz;b> tPughz;b.
3. [yhYjPd; mrd; \h.
7.6. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. KfkJ Jf;sf;fpd; ,izg;Gf; nfhs;if gw;wp vOJf.
2. K];yPk; gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ kJiuapd; epiy Fwpj;J xU rpW
Fwpg;G vOJf.
tpupthd tpdhf;fs;
1. khypf;fhG+upd; gilnaLg;G gw;wp fl;Liu vOJf.
2. K];yPk; gilnaLg;Gfspd; tpisTfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
131
7.7. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Subramania N. A History of Tamil Nadu up to 1336
Rajayyan K. History of Tamil Nadu
gps;is Nf.Nf. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW
Nilakanda Sastri K.N. A History of South India
Sathianathair R. History of India
ntq;fNlrd; f. Kw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
nry;tk; Nt. jp. jkpof: tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;
,uhkrhkp m. jkpo; ehl;L tuyhW
Krishnaswamy Aiyyangar S. South India and her Mohammadan Invaders
thdkhkiy> eh. jkpou; tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;
myF – 8
kJiu Ry;jhd;fs;- r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epiy
ghl mikg;G
8.1. Kd;Diu
8.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
8.3. [yhYjPd; mrd; \h
8.4. fpahRjPd; jhkd; \h
8.5. erPUjPd; KfkJ
8.6. Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; rPuopT
8.7. kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rpAk; tpisTk;
8.8. r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epiy
8.9. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
8.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
8.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;;
8.1. Kd;Diu
ghz;bag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd;
vOr;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W. ,r;Ry;jhdpak; ehw;gJ Mz;LfSf;F
Nky; (1335-1378) jkpo;ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jJ. jkpo;ehL kPz;Lk;
132
maytu; Ml;rpapd; fPo;f; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. jkpo; kd;du;fspilNa
xw;Wikapd;ikNa kJiu Ry;jhdpak; cUthf toptFj;jJ.
gjpdhd;fhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l K];yPk;
gilnaLg;Gfspd; $l;L tpisNt kJiu Ry;jhdpakhFk;. ,ijj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; [yhYjPd; mrd; \h. ,tNu Kjy; kJiu Ry;jhd;.
8.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
ePq;fs; ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapd;w gpd;du; fPo; fz;ltw;iw mwpa
KbAk;
• kJiu Ry;jhd;fspd; gilnaLg;ig gw;wp tpthjpf;fpwJ
• kJiu Ry;jhd;fspd; epu;thfk; kw;Wk; mjd; tPo;r;rp
Fwpj;J tpsf;FfpwJ.
• kJiu Ry;jhd; fhy fiy kw;Wk; kUj;Jt tsu;r;rpfis tpsf;FfpwJ.
8.3. [yhYjPd; mrd; \h
kJiuapd; MSeuhf ,Ue;j [yhYjPd; mrd; \h nly;yp
Kfyha Nkyhjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;L Rje;jpu kJiu
Ry;jhdpaj;ijg; gpufldk; nra;jhu;. ,tNu kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd;
Kjy; Ry;jhd;. jdJ Rahl;rpia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L ,tuJ
ngauhy; ehzaq;fis ntspapl;lhu; (1335). NkYk;> ,tu; jd;id
Kfyhau;fspd; jPu;f;fjuprpahd KfkJ (Prophet Mohammed)tpd;
topj;Njhd;wy; vd;W $wpf;nfhz;lhu;. ,jd; fhuzkhf ,tu; rapj;>
`hrd; my;yJ {`R+d;> fhd; vd;nwy;yhk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;. mrd;
\h> mrd; fhd; Mdhu;. ngUk; Gfo; ngw;wpUe;j tuyhw;W Nkij
,gd; gj;J}jhTf;Fj; jd; kfisj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhLj;J
mtUf;F khkdhu; vd;W ngUkpjj;Jld; $wpf;nfhz;lhu;.
Jf;sf;fpd; Njhy;tp
jd;dhy; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;l [yhYjPd; mrd; \h
kJiu Ry;jhd; vd;W mwptpj;jjhy; Mj;jpukile;j KfkJ Jf;sf;
mtuplk; f[hdh fhg;ghsuhfg; gzpahw;wpa [yhYjPdpd; kfd;
,g;uh P̀ikf; nfhd;Wtpl;lhu;. NkYk;> [yhYjPidj; jz;bj;J
kJiuia kPl;gjw;fhfg; gilnaLj;J te;jhu; KfkJ Jf;sf;. mtu;
tUk; topapy; Neha;tha;g;gl;ljhy; nly;yp jpUk;g Neupl;lJ. rpy
133
khjq;fNs kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;ij Ml;rp nra;j [yhYjPd; mrd;
\h mtupd; fPopUe;j gpuGf;fs; xUtuhNyNa nfhy;yg;gl;lhu; (1340).
8.4. fpahRjPd; jhkd; \h
[yhYjPd; mrd; \h nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ljhy; myhTjPd;
cjh[p kJiu Ry;jhdpa kd;duhdhu;. mtUk; tpiutpNyNa
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhu;. clNd mtuJ kUkfd; Fj;GjPd; ngNuh];
\h kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;. ,tUk; ehw;gJ
ehl;fSf;Fs; fpahRjPd; jhkd; \h vd;gtuhy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.
nfhiy nra;J kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;ij mgfupj;Jf; nfhz;l
fpahRjPd; jhkd; \h ,uz;lhtJ Ry;jhd; Mdhu;.
xa;rhsu; rthy;
fpahRjPd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;wTld; mtu; re;jpj;j Kjy;
rthy; xa;rhs kd;dd; %d;whk; tPuty;yhsupd; vjpu;g;Gjhd;.
Kjypy; tPuty;yhsuplk; Njhw;Wg;Nghd fpahRjPd; gpd;du; xa;rhs
ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W> fz;zD}u; nfhg;gj;ij
Kw;Wifapl;L> xa;rhs kd;diuj; Njhw;fbj;Jf; nfhd;Wtpl;lhu;.
xa;rhsupd; nrhj;J KOtJk; mgfupf;fg;gl;lJ. Fzf;Nflu; kJiu
jpUk;gpa [yhYjPd; khyj; jPTfs; kPJ gilnaLf;fj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;.
Mdhy; mjw;FKd; Neha;tha;g;gl;L ,we;jhu;. mjw;FKd; mtu;
,ioj;j nfhLikfSf;F vy;iyapy;iy. kj ntwpauhd
[yhYjPd; ,e;J rpiwf; ifjpfisr; rpj;utij nra;jhu;.
,f;nfhLikfisg; gw;wp tpupthf vOjpAs;shu; Mg;gpupf;fg; gazp
,gpd; gJ}jh. ,k;kd;didf; Fzf;Nfld;> kdpj cUtj;jpy; te;j
Nga; vd;W vOjpAs;shu;. ghz;ba ,sturu;fSf;fpilNaahd
tpNtfkw;w thupRupikr; rz;ilf;fhd tpiyia kJiu kf;fs;
nfhLf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W.
8.5. erPUjPd; KfkJ
fpahRjPDf;Fg; gpwF mtuJ rNfhjuu; kfd; erPUjPd; KfkJ \h
kJiu Ry;jhd; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. nly;yp Kfyhauplk; gzpahsuhf
,Ue;j ,tu; gbg;gbahf Kd;Ndwp> ngUk; nghUs; Nru;j;J> Nru;j;j
nghUis thup toq;fp> kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; Kf;fpakhNdhiu
tpiyf;F thq;fp Ml;rpiag; gpbj;jhu;. Ml;rpiag; gpbg;gjw;F
khu;f;fj;ijtpl KbNt Kf;fpakhdJ vd;w khf;fpanty;ypapd;
thf;if nka;g;gLj;jpdhu;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf
,Ue;Njhiunay;yhk; ,Uf;Fk; ,lk; njupahky; nra;jhu;. kf;fspd;
134
kjpg;ig Kw;wpYkhf ,oe;j erPUjPdpd; ,uz;lhz;L Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpy; cs;ehl;Lf; fyfKk; Fog;gKk; NkNyhq;fpapUe;jd.
8.6. Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; rPuopT
erPUjPd; KfkJTf;Fg; gpd;du; gf;UjPd; Kghuf; \hTk;>
rpf;fe;ju; \hTk; kJiu Ry;jhd;fshf Ml;rp nra;jdu;. tpiuthf
rupe;J nfhz;bUe;j kJiu Ry;jhdpak; ,tu;fsJ Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpy; tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. kJiu Ry;jhd;fspd; muh[f Ml;rpf;F
Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;jhu; tp[aefuj;J Fkhufk;gzu;. jkpo;ehL xU
maytu; Ml;rpapypUe;J kw;nwhU maytu; Ml;rpf;Ff; ifkhwpaJ.
14 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tPo;r;rpAw;w kJiu Ry;jhdpak; 17 Mk;
E}w;whz;by; Gjpa cUg;ngw;W ntspg;gl;lJ.
8.7. kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rpAk; tpisTk;
kJiu Ry;jhidg; gw;wpa Mtz Mjhuq;fs; tp[a efug;
gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ mopf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ljhy; Ry;jhdpaj;ijg;
gw;wpNah> Ry;jhd;fisf; Fwpj;Njh Nfhu;itahf vOj Kbahky;
Nghapw;W. ,tu;fs; fhy tuyhw;wpy; gy ,ilntspfs; cs;sd.
kJiu Ry;jhdpa ehzaq;fSk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. vdNt> kJiu
Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; 43 Mz;L fhy tuyhW (1335-1378) KOikahf
vOjg;ngwhky; cs;sJ.
%d;W R+o;epiyfs;
kJiu Ry;jhdpak; Njhd;Wtjw;F %d;W R+o;epiyfs;
rhjfkhf ,Ue;jd: 1) kJiu ehl;Lf;fhf khwtu;kd; FyNrfu
ghz;badpd; Fkhuu;fshd tPughz;baDf;Fk;>
Re;jughz;baDf;FkpilNa Vw;gl;l thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lk;. 2)
myhTjPd; fpy;[papd; jsgjp khypf;fhG+upd; kJiu (khghu;)
gilnaLg;G. ,g;gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ kJiu rpk;khrdj;Jf;fhfg;
Nghuhb te;j ,U rNfhjuu;fSk; Mgj;jpd; Moj;ij mwpe;J
xd;Wgl;L vjpu;g;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf mg;NghJ kJiu kd;duhf ,Ue;j
Re;jughz;bad; kidtpaNuhL jiykiwthfp tpl;lhu;. ehl;iltpl;L
tpul;lg;gl;l tPughz;bad; fhl;Lf;Fr; nrd;W> rpwpa giliaj;
jpul;b> khypf;fhG+iu vjpu;j;Jj; Njhy;tpaile;jhu;. kJiu
ifg;gw;wg;gl;L R+iwahlg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; nly;yp Ry;jhdpaj;NjhL
,izf;fg;gltpy;iy. 3) KfkJ Jf;sf;fpd; gilnaLg;gpd;
tpisthf kJiu Ry;jhdpak; nly;yp Ry;jhdpaj;Jld;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ. kJiu MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;l [yhYjPd; mrd;
\h KfkJ Jf;sf;fpd; gpbapypUe;J tpLgl;L Rje;jpu kJiu
135
Ry;jhdpaj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;. vdNt> kJiu Ry;jhdpak;
R+o;epiyfspd; fl;lhaj;jhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l rkNahrpj
Vw;ghNlahFk;. kJiu Ry;jhdpak; by;yp Ry;jhd;fshy; jpl;lkpl;L
cUthf;fg;gl;l mury;y. ,J mtu;fsJ Kfyhag; NguuR
tpupthf;fj;jpd; fpis tpisNtahFk;. khypf;fhG+upd; khghu;
gilnaLg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fs; ,uz;L: 1) ghz;ba ehl;il myhTjPd;
fpy;[papd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;f; nfhz;L tUtJ; 2) ghz;ba ehl;by;
Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;l nry;tj;ij mgfupg;gJ. KfkJ Jf;sf;fpd;
gilnaLg;G Nehf;fq;fSk; ,uz;L: 1) ghz;ba ehl;il nly;yp
Ry;jhdpaj;Jld; ,izg;gJ; 2) ,izf;fg;gl;l ehl;bd;
nry;tj;ijf; nfhz;L Kfyhag; Nguuirg; gyg;gLj;jy;. kJiu
Ry;jhd;fspd; Nehf;fk; vg;gbahtJ gjtpapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L mur
tho;f;ifia mDgtpj;jy;.
vjpu;kiw tpisTfs;
kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; tpisTfs; vjpu;kiwahdit. jkpo;
ehl;by; epiyahd Ml;rp ,y;yhky; Nghapw;W. kJiu Ry;jhd;fs;
fhyj;jpy; murpay; epiyaw;w epiy (Political
instability) epytpw;W. njhd;Wnjhl;L te;j murhq;f
mikg;Gfs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ld. kJiu Ry;jhd;fSf;F myhTjPd;
fpy;[pf;F ,Ue;j Ml;rpj; jpwNdh my;yJ KfkJ Jf;sf;fpUe;j
njhiyNehf;Fld; $ba mwpthw;wNyh ,y;iy. vdNt> kJiu
Ry;jhdpak; kzy;Nky; fl;lg;gl;l Nfhl;ilahapw;W. cyfg; Gfo;
ngw;w kJiuapd; tu;j;jfKk; tsKk; tpuakhf;fg;gl;ld.
tptrhaKk;> thzpgKk;> njhopy;fSk; erpe;J Nghapd. ,tu;fs;
Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ngUk; nghUshjhug; gpd;dilT Vw;gl;lJ.
kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; rKjha tpisT ePz;lfhy ghjpg;ig
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Kfkjpau;fspd; Gjpa gof;f tof;fq;fs;
GFj;jg;gl;ld. ,tu;fsJ gof;f tof;fq;fSf;Fg; gzpe;J
Nghfhjtu;fs; Jd;GWj;jg;gl;ldu;. Fwpg;ghf gpuhkzu;fspd;
Njtjhd epyq;fSf;Ff; fLikahd tup tpjpf;fg;gl;ljhYk;>
,tu;fsJ tho;tpay; ek;gpf;iffSk; gof;ftof;fq;fSk; Kw;wpYk;
khWgl;bUe;jikahy; kpFe;j ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shapdu;. gpuhkzu;fs;
rKjhaj;jpd; jiyik me;j];ij ,oe;jdu;. kJiu Ry;jhdpa
rkaj;jpd; jhf;fk; Nguhgj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. fl;lha kjkhw;wk;
kf;fspilNa ntWg;ig tsu;j;jJ. kjkhw;wj;jpd; ngauhy; gy
nfhLikfs; epfo;j;jg;gl;ld. ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf jkpo; ehl;by;
nfhiyntwp fyhr;rhuk; fl;ltpo;j;J tplg;gl;lJ. njd;id kuq;fs;
,Ue;j Njhg;Gfspnsy;yhk; kdpjj; jiyfisj; jhq;fpa R+yq;fs;
elg;gl;ld.
kJiu Ry;jhd;fspd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; jkpo; ehl;by;
fyhr;rhuj; Njf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. fy;tp> ,yf;fpak;> fl;llk;> rpw;gk;>
136
rpj;jpuk;> ehl;bak; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; tsu;r;rpapy;iy.
rk];fpUjj;Jf;Fg; gjpy; cUJ-ghurPf nkhopfs; nry;thf;F
ngw;wd. ngz;fSf;F fy;tp kWf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpo;-Kfyha
fyhr;rhu fyg;G Vw;gl;lJ. gof;f tof;fg; gupkhw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
Ry;jhd;fs; rhjp Ntw;Wikfisg; ghuhl;lhikahy; rhjpr;
nry;thf;F Fiwe;jJ. Nfhapy;fSf;Fg; gjpy; kR+jpfSk;>
ju;f;fhf;fSk; fl;lg;gl;ld. ,tw;wpd; tpisthf jkpou; gz;ghl;by;
khngUk; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.
8.8. r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epiy
khypf;fhG+u;> KfkJ Jf;sf;> kJiu Ry;jhd;fs; MfpNahupd;
mopT eltbf;iffs; gw;wp tpupthf vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. vdpDk;
kJiu Ry;jhdpfspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; jkpo; ehl;by; Vw;gl;l
Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd khw;wq;fs; gw;wpAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;baJ
mtrpak;. rNfhju Neaj;ij fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;l ,];yhk;
rkak; rhjp NtWghLfshYk;> nfhLikfshYk;> rz;ilfshYk;
rPu;nfl;Lg; NghapUe;j jkpo;ehl;L kf;fSf;F khw;W khu;f;fkhf
mike;jJ. rhjpg; ghFghLfisg; nghUl;gLj;jhj ,];yhkpa
rkaj;jpy; gyu; Nru;e;jdu;. Fwpg;ghf fPo;r;rhjp kf;fs; ,g;GJ
rkaj;ijj; jOtpdu;. ,jd; %yk; ,tu;fs; Ntj itjPf rdhjd
rka rhjpj; jisfspypUe;J tpLgl;ldu;. jkpo; ehl;by; rhjpf;
nfhLikfs; Fiwe;jd.
fiy tsu;r;rp
Kfkjpaupd; njhlu;ghy; jkpo; ehl;by; fiy tsu;r;rpapy;
tpUk;gj;jf;f khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. jkpo; ehl;by; fl;lg;gl;l
kR+jpfSk;> gs;sp thry;fSk;> ju;f;fhf;fSk; Gjpa fl;llf;
fiyia mwpKfg;gLj;jpd. ,NjNghd;W ghuk;gupa ,irf;fiy
kuNghL ,];yhkpa ,ir kuGk; ,ize;jJ. jk;Guh> rpjhu; Nghd;w
Gjpa ,irf; fUtpfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. jkpo; nkhopapy;
cUJ> ghurPf muhgpar; nrhw;fs; fye;jd. ,r;nrhw;fyg;ghy;
jkpo;nkhop NkYk; tsk; ngw;wJ. ifnaOj;Jf;fiy
(Calligraphy) rpwg;Gw;wJ.
Nfhl;ghLfs;
Kfkjpa rkaj;jpd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfshd xNu flTl;
Nfhl;ghL rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; Mfpait jkpo; ehl;Lr;
rpe;jidahsu;fsplKk;> rPu;jpUj;jthjpfspilNaAk; Gul;rpfukhd
kdkhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ vdyhk; ,jd; tpisthf gy flTs;
topghl;Lf;Fg; gjpy; ,iwtidg; nghJ topghl;Lg; nghUshff;
fUJk; epiy cUthdJ. ,uhkhD[upd; tprp\;lhJitjKk;> rhjp
137
vjpu;g;Gg; Nghf;Fk;> mtuJ gpujk rPluhd ,uhkhde;ju; midj;Jr;
rhjpfspd; khztu;fis Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJk;> rpj;ju;fs; jPtpu
rPu;jpUj;jthjpfshf tpsq;fpaJk; ,];yhk; rkaj; jhf;fj;jpd;
tpisTfNs vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.
jj;Jtk;> kUj;Jtk;
,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaq;fSk;> xOf;f E}y;fSk;> ju;f;fg;
Gj;jfq;fSk; nghJ xOf;fk;> fl;Lg;ghL> mwnewp gw;wp
typAWj;jpd. Kfkjpa jj;Jtk; fUj;jhokpf;fJ. ,tw;wpd;
topahfj; jkpou;fs; ,];yhkpaupd; tuyhw;iwAk;> rkar;
rpwg;igAk;> rKjha rkj;Jtj;ijAk;> tho;f;if xOf;f
tof;fq;fisAk;> jdpkdpj fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s
Kbe;jJ. NkYk;> Adhdp kUj;Jt Kiw jkpo;ehl;L Kfkjpaupd;
rpwg;Gf;Fupa gq;fspg;ghFk;. vdNt jkpo; ehl;bd; nkhop>
,yf;fpak;> rKjhak;> rkak;> fiyfs;> kUj;Jtk; Nghd;w gy
JiwfspYk; ,];yhkpaupd; gzpfSk;> gq;fspg;GfSk;
ngUikf;Fk;> ghuhl;Lf;FKupait.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; Kjy; Ry;jhd; ahu;?
2. kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;ij mgfupj;Jf; nfhz;l ,uz;lhtJ Ry;jhd;
ahu;?
3. Mg;gpupf;fg; gazp ,gpd; gJ}jh ahiu Fzf;Nfld; vd;W
vOjpAs;shu;?
4. rk];fpUjj;Jf;Fg; gjpy; ve;j nkhopfs; nry;thf;F ngw;wd?
5. Kfkjpaupd; fhyj;jpy; ve;j Gjpa ,irf; fUtpfs;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld?
6. vJ jkpo;ehl;L Kfkjpaupd; rpwg;Gf;Fupa kUj;Jt Kiw?
8.9. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
1. [yhYjPd; mrd; \h
2. fpahRjPd; jhkd; \h
3. [yhYjPd;
4. cUJ-ghurPf
138
5. jk;Guh> rpjhu;
6. Adhdp kUj;Jt Kiw
8.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. [yhYjPd; mrd; \h gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf.
2. erPUjPd; KfkJ gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
3. kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; fiy tsu;r;rp Fwpj;J vOJf
tpupthd tpdhf;fs;
1. fpahRjPd; jhkd; \h gw;wp fl;Liu vOJf.
2. kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rpAk; tpisTk; gw;wp tpthjp.
8.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Subramania N. A History of Tamil Nadu up to 1336
Rajayyan K. History of Tamil Nadu
gps;is Nf.Nf. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW
Nilakanda Sastri K.N. A History of South India
Sathianathair R. History of India
ntq;fNlrd; f. Kw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
nry;tk; Nt. jp. jkpof: tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;
,uhkrhkp m. jkpo; ehl;L tuyhW
Krishnaswamy Aiyyangar S. South India and her Mohammadan Invaders
Briggs John. History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India: Till
the year AD 1612
thdkhkiy> eh. jkpou; tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;
139
myF - 9
kJiu ehaf;fu;fs;
ghl mikg;G
9.1. Kd;Diu
9.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
9.3. ehfk ehaf;fu;
9.4. tpRtehj ehaf;fu;
9.4.1. ghz;bau; fpsu;r;rp
9.4.2. kJiu ehaf;fk;
9.5. Fkhu fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;> 1563-1573
9.5.1. ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rp
9.5.2. ,yq;ifg; gilnaLg;G
9.6. tPug;g ehaf;fu;
9.6.1.kJiu kp\d;
9.6.2. rkag;gzp
9.7. ,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
9.8. %d;whk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
9.8.1. ,uhgu;l; nehgpyp
9.8.2. fy;tpr; rpwg;G
9.9. ,uz;lhk; tPug;g ehaf;fu;
9.10. jpUkiy ehaf;fu;
9.10.1. ,uhkehjGug; gpuptpid
9.10.2. %f;fWg;Gg; Nghu;
9.11. nrhf;fehj ehaf;fu;
9.12. Kj;J tPug;g ehaf;fu;
9.13. ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;
9.13.1. Mf;fg;gzpfs; kf;fs; eyj;jpl;lq;fs;
9.14. tp[auq;f nrhf;fehju;
9.15. ,uhzp kPdhl;rp
9.16. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
9.17. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
140
9.1. Kd;Diu
kJiuia tp[aefuk; ifg;gw;Wtjw;FKd; ghzj;
jiytu;fs; Ml;rp nra;J te;jdu;. mtu;fs; Nrhou;fSf;Fk;>
ghz;bau;fSf;Fk; KiwNa fl;Lg;gl;L FWepy muru;fshf Ml;rp
nra;J te;jdu;. 13-Mk; E}w;whz;by; Re;ju ghz;baDf;Fk;
FNyhj;Jq;f NrhoDf;FkpilNa Vw;gl;l Nghupy; ghzu; jiytd;
ghz;baUf;Fj; Jizahf ,Ue;jikahy; Nrho ehl;bd;
xUgFjpia mtUf;Fg; guprhf toq;fpdhu;. 14-Mk; E}w;whz;by;
kJiu tp[aefu Ml;rpapd;fPo; te;jgpwF kJiuAk; ghzu; gFjp
cl;gl gpw Rw;Wg;gFjpfSk; tp[aefug; Nguuru; trk; te;jd.
,g;gFjpfis epu;tfpg;gjw;fhf tp[aefug; Nguuru; gy
ehaf;fu;fis epakpj;jhu;. mtu;fSs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd ,tu;
ehfk ehaf;fu;> mtuJ kfd; tpRtehj ehaf;fu; Mtu;. tpRtehj
ehaf;fu; topte;Njhu; kJiu ehaf;fu;fs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. fpU\;zNjtuhau; Ml;rpf;fhy ,Wjpapy;
kJiu ehaf;fk; (Nayakship of Madurai) Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; ehfk ehaf;fupd; kfd; tpRtehj ehaf;fu;.
,tiu njhlu;e;J Ml;rp nra;aj ehaf;fu;fspd; Ml;rpiaAk;
mtu;fspd; tPo;r;rpiaAk; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; fhzyhk;.
9.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
ePq;fs; ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapd;w gpd;du; fPo; fz;ltw;iw mwpa
KbAk;
• ehaf;fu;fspd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tPo;r;rp Fwpj;J mwpa
cjTfpwJ.
• tp[a efug; Nguuurpd; fPo; kJiu ehaf;fu;fs; vt;thW
Ml;rp nra;jd vd;gij njupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
• jpUkiy ehaf;fu; kw;Wk; ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; Nghw;w epu;thf
jpwik nfhl;l kd;du;fspd; tuyhiwAk; fhz KbAk;.
9.3. ehfk ehaf;fu;
ehfk ehaf;fupd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ tp[aefug;
Nguhjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gl;bUe;j tPuNrfu NrhoUf;Fk; re;jpuNrfu
ghz;baUf;FkpilNa Vw;gl;l Nghupd;NghJ Njhy;tpaile;j
ghz;bau; tp[aefug; Nguuru; fpU\;zNjtuhauplk; Kiwapl;lhu;.
Nguuru; ,j;jfuhiwj; jPu;j;Jitf;FkhW ehfk ehaf;fUf;Ff;
141
fl;lis gpwg;gpj;jhu;. ehfk ehaf;fu; Nrho kd;du;
ghz;bauplkpUe;J Mf;fpukpj;j gFjpfisg; ghz;bauplk;
xg;gilf;fhky; jd; Nkyhz;ikapd;fPo; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. NkYk;>
tp[aefu Ml;rpapypUe;J tpLgLtjhfTk; mwptpj;jhu; ehfku;. ehfk
ehaf;fupd; fPo;g;gzpahik fz;L fpU\;zNjtuhau; Nfhgk;
nfhz;lhu;. vdNt mtuJ ek;gpf;iff;Fg; ghj;jpukhd tpRtehj
ehaf;fiu kJiuf;F mDg;gp fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu; ehfk ehaf;fiu
ifJ nra;AkhW Mizapl;lhu;. Nguurupd; guk tpRthrpahd
tpRtehj ehaf;fu; gykpf;fg; gilAld; kJiuf;F te;J je;ij
ehfk ehaf;fiuf; ifJ nra;J jdJ flikia epiwNtw;wpdhu;.
,e;j ,uh[tpRthrj;ijg; ghuhl;b tp[aefug; Nguuru;
fpU\;zNjtuhau; tpRtehj ehaf;fiu kJiu ehaf;fuhf
epakpj;jhu; (1529). je;ijiaf; ifJ nra;J kJiuapd; Kjy;
ehaf;fuhdhu; tpRtehj ehaf;fu;.
9.4. tpRtehj ehaf;fu;
fpU\;zNjtuhauhy; kJiu ehl;L ehaf;fuhf epakpf;fg;gl;l
tpRtehj ehaf;fu; mtUf;Fg;gpd; te;j mr;Rjuhauhy; Kiwahf
KbR+l;lg;gl;lhu;. Kiwahf kJiuapd; Kjy; ehaf;f kd;duhfg;
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpRtehj ehaf;fu; kJiuiaj; jiyefuhff;
nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jhu;. Kjypy; jiyefiu gyg;gLj;jpdhu;. jdJ
Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gFjpfspd; epu;thfj;ijj; jpUj;jp mikj;jhu;.
tpRtehj ehaf;fupd; epu;thfr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;F mtuJ
ek;gpf;iff;Fupa tyf;fuj; jsgjpahd mupaehj Kjypahu;
Njhd;whj; Jizahf ,Ue;jhu;; mtuJ epoyhfr; nray;gl;lhu;.
mjpfhuj;ijg; gfpu;e;J nfhz;ljhfTk; $wg;gLfpwJ.
9.4.1. ghz;bau; fpsu;r;rp
tpRtehju; kJiu ehaf;fuhdijg; ghz;bau; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;stpy;iy. njd;ghz;bg; ghz;bau; kJiu ehaf;fu; Ml;rpia
vjpu;j;Jf; fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;. ,f;fpsu;r;rpia KisapNyNa fps;sp
vwpAk; Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lhu; tpRtehju;. ghz;bau; fpsu;r;rpia
Kwpabf;f tpRtehj ehaf;fu; mtuJ Nghu;thshd mupaehj
Kjypahiu mDg;gpdhu;. mtu; ghz;baf; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fisj;
Njhw;fbj;J mtu;fsJ Nfhl;iliaAk;> mfopiaAk;
jfu;j;Jtpl;lhu;. tpRtehj ehaf;fu; ghz;bau; Nfhl;il ,Ue;j
,lj;jpy; ,uz;L Rtu;fisf; nfhz;l tpupthd Nfhl;ilia
vOg;gpdhu;. mij 72 gilg; gpupTfs; ghJfhj;jd. NkYk;> itif
Mw;wpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; tha;f;fhy;fis ntl;b> mtw;wpd;
topahf itif ePiug; ghrdj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
,f;fhy;tha;j; jpl;lNk gpd;du; NguizahfTk;> rpw;wizahfTk;
142
rpwg;Gw;wJ. tpRtehj ehaf;fupd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; jpUthq;$u;
kd;du; tp[aefug; NguuRf;Ff; fg;gk; fl;l kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. Nguuru;
mr;Rjuhau; jpUthq;$u; kd;diug; gzpaitf;Fk; nghUl;L
gilnaLj;J te;J ];uPuq;fj;jpy; Kfhkpl;bUe;jhu;. mg;NghJ
tpRtehj ehaf;fu; NguurUf;Fg; gil cjtpAk;> nghUs; cjtpAk;
nra;jhu;. fhyj;Nj nra;j tpRtehjupd; cjtpAld; jhkpuguzp
Mw;wq;fiuapy; eilngw;w Nghupy; jpUthq;$u; kd;du;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;; jpiw nrYj;j rk;kjpj;jhu;. tpRtehj ehaf;fu;
tp[aefug; Nguuru; mr;RjuhaUf;Fr; nrYj;jpa ed;wpf;fld; ,J.
9.4.2. kJiu ehaf;fk;
tpRtehj ehaf;fu; Njhw;Wtpj;j kJiu ehaf;fk;
jdpj;jd;ikAilaJ. ,J nrQ;rp> jQ;ir> ehaf;fq;fspypUe;J
NtWgl;lJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzq;fs; %d;W: 1) ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf;Fg;
ghz;bau; njhlu;e;J fhl;ba vjpu;g;G; 2) kJiuf;F mz;ikapy;
,Ue;j jpUthq;$u; kd;dupd; NguuRf;F vjpuhd Nghf;F; 3) Nguurpd;
jiyefUf;Fk; kJiuf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l J}uk;. ,k;%d;W
R+o;epiyfSk; kJiu ehaf;fk; jdpj;jd;ikAld; cUthff;
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jd. vdNt> tpRtehj ehaf;fupd; epiy gpw
ehaf;fu;fspd; epiyiatpl cau;thf ,Ue;jJ.
tpRtehj ehaf;fu; tp[aefug; Nguurpd; tpRthrp; murpay;
tpNtfp; njspthd jPu;f;fjuprdKilatu;; gpwu; jpwikia ed;F
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sj; njupe;jtu;; GJikfisg; GFj;Jk;
Neu;ikahd epu;thfp; ehaf;fj;ij ikag;gLj;jp kf;fs; eyj;
jpl;lq;fis tFf;fj; njupe;j kjpA+fp; kdpj tsj;ij Kiwahf
newpg;gLj;jpa Nkyhsu;. tpRtehj ehaf;fu; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa
ghisag;gl;L Kiw (Poligari System) fhyj;ij ntd;W
epd;wJ. ,tuJ epiyahd epu;thfr; rPu;jpUj;jkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
9.5. Fkhu fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
tpRtehj ehaf;fUf;Fg;gpd; kJiu mupaizNawpa mtuJ
kfd; fpU\;zg;gu; Kjyhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwhu;. ,tUila Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpYk; mupaehj
Kjypahu; ,tUf;Fg; gf;fgykhf ,Ue;jhu;. mupaehju;
jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; Nghupy; (1565) gq;Nfw;fr; nrd;wpUe;jNghJ>
ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ. ehaf;fu; Ml;rpia mtUf;Ff;
fPopUe;j ghisaf;fhuu;fNs Vw;f kWj;jdu;. ehaf;fiug; Nghd;Nw
mtu;fSk; Rje;jpukhfr; nray;gl tpUk;gpdu;.
143
9.5.1. ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rp
Jk;gr;rp ehaf;fu; vd;w ghisaf;fhuu; gpw
ghisaf;fhuu;fSld; Nru;e;J nfhz;L kJiu ehaf;fUf;F
vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;jhu;. fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; gukf;Fbiaf;
ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;. fpsu;r;rp nts;sk; jiyf;FNky; nry;tjw;F
Kd; mijj; jLf;f Kw;gl;lhu; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;. jsgjp
mupaehju; jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; Nghupy; gq;Nfw;wikahy; mtUf;Fg;
gjpy; ngj;J Nfrtg;g ehaf;fu; jiyikapy; xU gilia
mDg;gpdhu; tp[aefug; Nguuru;. Mdhy; Nfrtg;g ehaf;fu; gil
fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fshy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ; Nfrtg;gUk;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. vdNt Nfrtg;gupd; kfd; rpd;d Nfrtg;gd;
jiyikapy; xU ngUk;gil mDg;gg;gl;lJ. ,g;gil
ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rpia Kwpabj;jJ. Jk;gpr;rp ehaf;fu;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fspd; gFjpfs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld.
9.5.2. ,yq;ifg; gilnaLg;G
tp[aefug; Nguurpd; Mjpf;fk; ,yq;if tiu nrd;wpUe;jJ.
,yq;if tp[aefuj;Jf;Ff; fg;gk; fl;bf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. kJiu
ehaf;fk; Vw;gl;lgpd; ,f;fg;gj;ij kJiu ehaf;fu;fs; tR+ypj;J
te;jdu;. Jk;gpr;rp ehaf;fupd; ez;guhd ,yq;ifapd; fz;b kd;du;
jpiw nrYj;Jtij epWj;jptpl;lhu;. vdNt fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
,yq;if kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W fz;b kd;diuj;
Njhw;fbj;jhu;. fz;b nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;lJ. fz;b kd;du; fg;gk;
fl;l rk;kjpj;jjhy; ,e;j ntw;wpfukhd gilnaLg;G tpyf;fpf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
fiyg;gzp
fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fupd; fiyg;gzp Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,tuJ
Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ghisaq;Nfhl;ilf;fUNf fpU\;zhGuk; vd;w
efu; vOg;gg;gl;lJ. me;efupy; Myak; xd;Wk; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
,j;jifa xU efu; filaj;jpYk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;tpuz;by;
ghisaq;Nfhl;il fpU\;zhGuj;J jpUNtq;flehju; Myak;
rpw;gf;fiyf;Fg; ngau; ngw;wJ. ,f;Nfhapypd; rpw;gq;fs; ehaf;fu;
fhyj;J fiyf;F tpsf;fkspf;fpd;wd. ,k;kd;du; kJiu kPdhl;rpf;
NfhapYf;Fk; jpUg;gzpfs; nra;Js;shu;. Myag; guhkupg;Gf;fhf gy
rpw;W}u;fis ,iwapypahf toq;fpdhu;. fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fupd;
tp[aefu tpRthrKk;> Nghu; ntw;wpfSk;> fiyj; njhz;Lk;
kf;fspilNa kpFe;j ghuhl;ilg; ngw;wd. kf;fspd; kfj;jhd
kjpg;igg; ngw;w kJiu ehaf;fu;fspy; xUtu; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;.
144
9.6. tPug;g ehaf;fu;
fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fUf;Fg; gpwF mtuJ ,uz;L kfd;fSk;-
tPug;gd;> tpRtehjd;-$l;lhf Ml;rp nra;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
vdpDk; tPug;g ehaf;fNu kJiu kd;duhfTk;> mtUf;Fj;
Jizahf mtuJ ,stYk; ,Ue;jdu;. mupaehj Kjypahu;
njhlu;e;J tPug;g ehaf;fUf;F tyf;fukhfNt tpRthrj;Jld;
ePbj;jhu;; gpujhdpahfTk;> jsthahfTk; nray;gl;lhu;. tPug;g
ehaf;fUk; tp[aefu tpRthrpahfNt ,Ue;jhu;. ngZ
nfhz;lhitj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;j Kjyhk;
];uPuq;fUf;F ed;wpAzu;NthL ,Ue;jhu;. ,Ug;gpDk; tPug;gehaf;fu;
Nguuru; Kjyhk; ];uPuq;fUf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;jjhfTk;
(1583)> jpiwnrYj;j kWj;jjhfTk;> tp[aefug; Nguuru; jQ;ir
ehaf;fupd; cjtpNahL tPug;giu ty;yj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;jjhfTk;
$wg;gLfpwJ.
9.6.1.kJiu kp\d;
tPug;g ehaf;fupd; Ml;rpf;fhy ,Wjpapy; ngu;zhz;l];
ghjpupahu; jiyikapy; Gfo;ngw;w kJiu kp\d; (Jesuit
Mission) Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. tPug;gu; ,ijj; jil
nra;atpy;iy. kJiu kp\dpd; rkag; gpur;rhug; gzp gpd;du; te;j
,uhgu;l; nehgpyp (Robert de Nobili> 1606) kfj;jhd ntw;wp
ngWtjw;F toptFj;jhu;.
9.6.2. rkag;gzp
tPug;gupd; rkag;gzp rpwg;ghdJ. tPug;gu; jdf;F Kjyhk;
];uPuq;fuhy; mspf;fg;gl;l mkuehaf fpuhkj;ij fpU\;zhGuk;
jpUNtq;flehju; NfhapYf;F mu;g;gzpj;Jtpl;lhu;. ,tuJ Ml;rpapd;
NghJ rpjk;guk; eluh[u; Nfhapypy; nts;isak;gyKk;> tlf;Ff;
Nfhapy; Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgKk;> kJiu kPdhl;rpf; Nfhapy;
J}z;fSk; jq;ff; fyrq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. jpy;iy Myaj;ijr;
Rw;wp muz; vOg;gg;gl;lJ. Ntjpau; Fyj;jtUf;Ff; FbapUg;Gfs;
fl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. ,tw;NwhL mUg;Gf;Nfhl;ilf;F muZk;>
jpUr;rpf;Nfhl;il rPuikg;Gk; eilngw;wd.
9.7. ,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
tPug;g ehaf;fiuj; njhlu;e;J kJiu kd;duhd ,uz;lhk;
fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; tp[aefug; Nguuru; Kjyhk; ntq;fluplk;
,tUf;F Kd;gpUe;j ehaf;fiutpl mjpf tpRthrj;Jld; ,Ue;jhu;.
vdpDk; ,tuJ Ml;rpf;fhy ,Wjpf; fl;lj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;by;
145
nghJthf midj;J ehaf;fu;fSNk fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;. ,uz;lhk;
fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; tpjptpyf;fy;y. jQ;ir mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fiug;
Nghd;Nw ,tUk; jpiw nrYj;Jtij epWj;jptpl;lhu;. ,tu;fisg;
Nghd;Nw nrQ;rp> NtY}u; ehaf;fu;fSk; fg;gk; fl;ltpy;iy.
,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; kJiu> jQ;ir>
nrQ;rp ehaf;fq;fspy; Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;j Nguhau; gpikd;lh
(Father Pimenta) Nguuru; Kjyhk; ntq;flu; kJiu ehaf;fUld;
Nghupy; <Lgl;Ls;sjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; (1599). vr;rk ehaf;fu;
cj;jpuNk&iu Kw;Wifapl;lhu;. ,f;fpsu;r;rpfis mlf;f Kjyhk;
ntq;flu; kj;th Mde;jh jiyikapy; xU ngUk; giliaj;
jkpo;ehl;Lf;F mDg;gpdhu;. mtUld; mtuJ kfd;fs;
ntq;flehjUk;> jNku;th nrd;dh gpwUk; te;jdu;. ,g;gil jQ;ir
ehaf;fu; gilia $lyhj;J}upYk;> fhNtupiaf; fle;J nrd;W
kJiu ehaf;fiuAk; Njhw;fbj;jJ. kJiu ehaf;fu; fg;gk; fl;l
rk;kjpj;jhu;. gpd;du; nrQ;rp> NtY}u; ehaf;fu;fSk;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldu;. jkpo;ehl;L ehaf;fu;fs; midtUk; tp[aefug;
Nguuru; Kjyhk; ntq;flupd; Nkyhz;ikia Vw;Wf; nfhz;L jpiw
nrYj;jpdu;. ,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf;fhy ,Wjpapy;
mupaehj Kjypahu; ,aw;if va;jpdhu; (1601).
9.8. %d;whk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;giuj; njhlu;e;J kJiu kd;duhd
mtuJ jk;gp %d;whk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;jhd;
NrJgjpfs; jiyikapy; Kiwahf mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J xU
tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f epfo;r;rpahFk;. NrJgjp' vd;why;
'NrJtpd; fhtyd;' vd;W nghUs;. mjhtJ NrJgjpapd; flik
,uhNk];tuk; NghFk; ghijiaf; fhg;gjhFk;. Fwpg;ghf
,uhNk];tuj;Jf;F tUk; gazpfisg; ghJfhg;gJ NrJgjpapd;
nghWg;ghFk;. NghfY}u; mjpgjp rilaj;Njt cilahu; NrJgjpahf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu; (1605). ,tu;jhd; Kjy; NrJgjp. ,tu; kwtu;
tho;e;j gFjpf;Fj; jiytuhdhu;. NrJ ehl;bd; fhtyu;. ,tu;
NrJgjpahf;fg;gl;ljhy; %d;whk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fUf;F %d;W
ed;ikfs; tpise;jd: 1) ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; jpUlu;
njhy;iy jtpu;f;fg;gl;lJ; 2) flw;fiug; gFjpapy; tpiuthfg;
gutpte;j Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpauJ Mjpf;fk; jLf;fg;gl;lJ; 3)
,uhNk];tuk; ahj;uPfu;fSf;Fg; ghJfhg;G fpilj;jJ. kJiu
kz;lyj;jpy; mikjp epytpaJ.
9.8.1. ,uhgu;l; nehgpyp
,uhkehjGuj;jpy; rilaf;fNjtu; NrJgjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;l mLj;j
Mz;L (1606) ,j;jhypa rkag;gug;ghsu;> fj;Njhypf;fg; ghjpupahu;
146
,uhgu;l; Nehgpyp (Robert de Nobili) mtuJ mUk; gzpiaj;
Jtf;fpdhu;. nehgpyp jkpo;> njYq;F> tlnkhopfspy; Gyik
ngw;wtu;. jkpiog; gOjwg; gapd;W kzpg;gpuths eilapy; ruskhf
vOjpdhu;. jkpo; ciueilapd; Kd;Ndhb. ,tu; jkpopy; vOjpa
E}y;fs; gy.
9.8.2. fy;tpr; rpwg;G
%d;whk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;j fy;tp
epiy gw;wp n[];A+l; ghjpupahu;fspd; fbjq;fspypUe;J XusT
mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ. kJiuapypUe;j fy;tpf; $lq;fspy;
10>000 khztu;fs; fy;tp fw;whu;fs;. ,tu;fs; midtUk;
gpuhkzu;fs;. khztu;fs; tFg;Gthupahfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L fw;gpf;fg;
gl;ldu;. xt;nthU tFg;gpYk; 200ypUe;J 300 khztu;fs; tiu
,Ue;jdu;. ,g;gs;spfisg; guhkupg;gjw;Fk;> Mrpupau;fSf;F Cjpak;
toq;fTk;> Mrpupau;fSk; khztu;fSk; ciwAYk;> cz;bAk;
,ytrkhf toq;Ftjw;Fk; Njitahd trjpfisAk; tp[aefug;
NguurUk;> ehaf;fUk; nra;J nfhLj;jpUe;jdu;."
gujtupd; ghJfhtyu;
%d;whk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; flw;fiug; gFjpapy; kPd;gpbj;
njhopiy tho;thjhukhff; nfhz;bUe;j gujtu;fis ntspehl;ltu;
nry;thf;fpypUe;J kPl;L jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jhu;.
fd;dpahFkup gftjp NfhapYf;F epyf;nfhil mspj;jhu;.
9.9. ,uz;lhk; tPug;g ehaf;fu;
%d;whk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fupd; kfd; ,uz;lhk; tPug;g
ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,uz;L tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f
epfo;Tfs; eilngw;wd: Kjyhtjhf> tp[aefug; Nguurpd;
thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jiyapl;lJ. ,uz;lhk; ];uPuq;fu;
muz;kidg; Gul;rp'apy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lijj; njhlu;e;J
Nguuru; ntq;flupd; ikj;Jdu; [f;fuhkUf;Fk;> ];uPuq;fupd; kfd;
,uhkNjtUf;Fk; ,ilNa thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;wJ.
,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; tPug;g ehaf;fu; [f;fuhkiu Mjupj;jhu;.
Mdhy; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ntw;wp ngw;w ,uhkNjtu; Nguuruhf
KbR+l;bf; nfhz;lhu;. vdNt> Gjpa Nguuru; ,uhkNjtUf;Fk;
,uz;lhk; tPug;g ehaf;fUf;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlu;gpy; tpupry;
Vw;gl;lJ.
147
jiyefu; khw;wk;
,uz;lhtjhf> ,uz;lhk; tPug;g ehaf;fu; jiyefiu
kJiuapypUe;J jpUr;rpf;F khw;wpdhu; (1616). jiyefiuj;
jpUr;rpf;F Vd; khw;w Ntz;Lk;? ,j;jiyefu; khw;wj;Jf;Ff;
fhuzk; kJiu-jQ;ir ehaf;fu;fSf;fpilNa eilngw;w NghuhFk;.
,g;Nghiu ntw;wpfukhf Kbg;gjw;fhd murpay; cj;jpNa jiyefu;
khw;wk;. ,e;j khw;wj;Jf;Fg; NgUjtpahf ,Ue;jtu; njd;fhrpg;
ghz;bau; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
fpwpj;Jt gpuhkzu;
,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,uhgu;l; nehgpyp kJiuf;F te;J
,e;J re;epahrpiag; Nghd;W fhtp cil mzpe;J>
nkhl;ilabj;Jf; nfhz;L> FLkp itj;Jf; nfhz;L> G+Z}y;
mzpe;J> new;wpapy; re;jdg; nghl;bl;L> xU ifapy; jz;lj;ijAk;>
kWifapy; fkz;lyj;ijAk; itj;Jf; nfhz;L fpwpj;Jtg;
gpuhkzuhfp rkar; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhu;. kJiu ehaf;fu;
rkag;nghiw fhj;jhu;.
9.10. jpUkiy ehaf;fu;
jpUkiy ehaf;fu; kJiu ehaf;fu;fSld; NkUntdj;
jpfo;e;jhu;. ,tu; rpwe;j tPuu;> tpNtfp> njhiyNehf;Fila
fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;. ,tu; Kj;JfpU\;zg;g ehaf;fupd; ,uz;lhtJ kfd;.
Kj;J tPug;g ehaf;fu; ,tuJ mz;zd;. mz;zZf;Fj; Jizahf
,Ue;J epu;thf mDgtk; ngw;whu;. ,uz;lhk; tPug;gu; ,we;jTld;
kJiu kd;duhdhu;.
jiyefu; khw;wk;
jpUkiy kJiu kd;duhdTld; Nkw;nfhz;l Kjy; fhupak;
jiyefiuj; jpUr;rpapypUe;J kPz;Lk; kJiuf;F khw;wpaNjahFk;
(1634). gjpndl;L Mz;LfSf;Fg;gpd; ,j;jiyefu; khw;wk;
Vw;gl;lJ. ,j;jiyefu; khw;wk; jpUkiy ehaf;fupd; njhiyg;
Nehf;Fg; ghu;itNahL njspthf KbntLf;Fk; jpwikf;fhd
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,k;Kf;fpa KbTf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ,uz;L: 1)
kJiuapd; Guhjdg; Gdpjj;ijg; GJg;gpj;jy;; 2) tlf;fpypUe;J te;j
neUf;fbfs; Fiwe;jd.
jpz;Lf;fy; kPl;G
jkpo;ehl;il Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rp nra;j NghJ epfo;e;j Kjy;
ikR+u; Nghupd; NghJ ikR+u; kd;dd; rhkuh[ cilahu;
kJiuiaj; jhf;fpdhu;. ikR+u; gil jpz;Lf;fy;iy
148
Kw;Wifapl;lJ. jpUkiy ehaf;fu; rJu;Ntjpkq;fy fpuhkg;ga;ad;
jiyikapy; xU gilia mDg;gp> ikR+u;g; giliaj;
Njhw;fbj;J> jpz;Lf;fy;iy kPl;lhu;. jpz;Lf;fy; ikR+u;
Mf;fpukpg;gpypUe;J fhg;ghw;wg;gl;lJ (1634).
jpUthq;$iug; gzpa itj;jy;
jtwhJ fg;gk; fl;bte;j jpUthq;$u; kd;dd; cd;dp
Nfustu;kd; jpUkiy ehaf;fupd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; jpiw nrYj;j
kWj;Jf; fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. jpUkiy ehaf;fu; ,uhkg;ga;adpd;
jiyikapy; gilia mDg;gp jpUthq;$u; kd;dDf;Fj; jf;f
ghlk; fw;gpj;jhu;. ruzile;j jpUthq;$u; kd;dd; jpiw nrYj;j
rk;kjpj;jhu;.
9.10.1. ,uhkehjGug; gpuptpid
,uhkehjGuk; NrJgjpfs; Rakupahij kpf;ftu;fs;. Mdhy;
jq;fSf;Fs; xw;Wikaw;wtu;fs;. kz;zpd; ike;ju;fSf;NfAupa
,g;gz;G ,tu;fsplKk; ,Ue;jJ. %d;whtJ NrJgjpahd ,uz;lhk;
rilaf;fj; NjtUk; jk;gp vd;gtUk; thupRupikf;fhfg;
Nghl;bapl;ldu;. Nghl;b> Nghuhl;lkhfp> Nghuhl;lk; Nghu; vd;w
epiyia vl;baJ. jk;gp jpUkiy ehaf;fupd; cjtpia ehbdhu;.
typa te;j ,e;j tha;g;ig ed;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l jpUkiy
ehaf;fu; ,uhag;gd; jiyikapy; xU gilia mDg;gpdhu;.
rilaj; Njtu; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. jk;gp NrJgjpahf;fg;gl;lhu;
(1637). ,uhkehjGuk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ifg;gw;wg;gl;l ,uhkehjGuk;>
rptfq;if> jpUthlhid Mfpa %d;W jdpg; gFjpfshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. gpupf;fg;gl;l ,uhkehjGuk; ,uFehjUf;Fk;>
rptfq;if jk;gpf;Fk;> jpUthlhid jf;fNjtUf;Fk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. xd;whf ,Ue;j ,uhkehjGuk; %d;whfg;
gq;fplg;gl;lJ. xw;Wikapd;ikf;fhf NrJgjpfs; nfhLj;j tpiy
,J. ,g;gpuptpid gpupj;J Ml;rp nra;Ak; (Divide and Rule)
murpay; fiyf;fhd rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,J jpUkiy
ehaf;fupd; murpay; rhzf;fpaj;Jf;fhd rhd;whFk;.
NguuRf;nfjpuhd fpsu;r;rp
jd;idg; gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l jpUkiy ehaf;fu;
tp[aefug; NguurpypUe;J tpLgLtjw;fhd jf;f jUzj;ij
vjpu;ghu;j;jpUe;jhu;. me;j tha;g;Gk; typa te;jJ. NtY}iuj;
jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;J te;j %d;whk; ];uPuq;fu; jdJ
Nkyhjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;bf; nfhs;sTk;> tpiue;J typik
ngw;Wte;j jpUkiy ehaf;fiu mlf;fTk; gilnaLj;jhu;.
,g;gilnaLg;igj; jdf;F rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l
jpUkiy ehaf;fu; Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhdpd; cjtpAld;
149
];uPuq;fiuj; Njhw;fbj;jhu; (1646). Njhy;tpaile;j Nguuru;
];uPuq;fd; ikR+Uf;Fr; nrd;Wtpl;lhu;. kJiu fhg;ghw;wg;gl;lJ.
Mdhy; Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhd; topahf Kfyha xl;lfk;
jkpo;ehl;Lf; $lhuj;Jf;Fs; Eioe;jJ. jpUkiy R+o;r;rpahy; jdJ
jiyefiuf; fhg;ghw;wpdhu; vd;whYk; xU nghJ mghaj;ijj;
jkpofj;Jf;F tutioj;j jtiwr; nra;jhu;.
Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhdpd; cjtpAld; tp[aefug; Nguuru;
];uPuq;fiu ntw;wp nfhz;ljw;fhd tpiyia tpiutpNyNa
nfhLf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. jkpo; ehl;Lf;Fs; Eioe;j
Nfhy;nfhz;lh Kfyhag; gil NtY}iuf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;L
nrQ;rpia Nehf;fp Kd;NdwpaJ. nrQ;rpiaf; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf
jpUkiy ehaf;fu; gP[g;G+u; Ry;jhdpd; cjtpia ehbdhu;.
jkpo;ehl;Lf;F te;j gP[g;G+u; gil Nfhy;nfhz;lh gilAld; Nru;e;J
nfhz;L nrQ;rpia R+iwahbd; mq;F Nru;j;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;j
nry;tk; midj;Jk; Kfkjpau; trk; te;jJ. nrQ;rpiaf;
ifg;gw;wpa Nfhy;nfhz;lh-gP[g;G+u; $l;Lg;gil jQ;ir topahf
kJiuf;F Kd;NdwpaJ. kJiu jhf;fg;gl;lJ. jpUkiy ehaf;fu;
Ry;jhd;fisj; jpUg;jp nra;J kJiuiaf; fhg;ghw;wpdhu;.
9.10.2. %f;fWg;Gg; Nghu;
jpUkiy ehaf;fuplk; Njhy;tpAw;W ikR+u; nrd;w
tp[aefug; Nguuru; ];uPuq;fUf;F milf;fyk; nfhLj;j ikR+u;
kd;dd; cilahu; fe;ju;t euruh[h kJiu ehaf;fiuj;
jz;bg;gjw;fhf xU gopthq;Fk; gilia mDg;gpdhu;. mg;gil
tpiue;J te;J rj;jpakq;fyj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaJ (1656). ikR+u;
gilapdu; fpuhkq;fisf; nfhs;isabj;jdu;; tPLfis vupj;jdu;;
jg;gpNahbNahupd; %f;Ffis mWj;Jf; nfhLikg;gLj;jpdu;.
Nguopit Vw;gLj;jpa ikR+u; gil kJiuia Nehf;fp Kd;NdwpaJ.
,e;j neUf;fbahd Neuj;jpy; jpUkiy ehaf;fu; ,uhkehjGuk;
NrJgjp ,uFehjupd; MjuTld; jpz;Lf;fy;ypy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j
ikR+u; gilia %u;f;fj;Jld; jhf;fpdhu;. Njhw;W Xba ikR+u;g;
gilapdupd; %f;fWj;Jg; gopf;Fg; gop thq;fpdhu;. ,g;gilnaLg;gpd;
NghJ %f;fWg;G Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; gpbj;jikahy; %f;fWg;Gg; Nghu;
vd;W tu;zpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tpaj;jF ntw;wpf;Fg; ngupJk;
fhuzkhd ,uFehjUf;F jpUkiy NrJgjp vd;W gl;lg; ngaupl;Lg;
ghuhl;bdhu; jpUkiy ehaf;fu;.
rhjidfs;
kJiuia Ml;rp nra;j ehaf;f kd;du;fSf;Fs; jpUkiy
ehaf;fUf;F epiyahd ,lk; cz;L. ,tuJ rhjidfs; gy: 1)
,tu; tp[aefug; Nguurpd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J Kw;wpYkhf tpLgl;L
150
Rje;jpu Ml;rpia mikj;j Kjy; kJiu ehaf;f kd;du;. 2)
njhiyNehf;Fld; jiyefiu jpUr;rpapypUe;J kJiuf;F
khw;wpdhu;. 3) gy;NtW cl;Gw> ntspg;Gw neUf;fbfSf;Fs;shd
kJiu ehaf;fj;ijg; ghJfhj;J mjd; gyj;ijAk;> GfioAk;>
ngUikiaAk; cau;j;jpdhu;. 4) Nghu; ehafuhd ,tu; Nghu;fspd;
%yk; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fis mlf;fp kJiu ehaf;fj;ijf;
fl;Lf;Fiyahky; fhj;jhu;. ,jw;fhf ,tu; ve;j topiaAk;
ifahsj; jtwtpy;iy. 5) ,uh[je;jpuKk;> rhzf;fpaKk;> re;ju;g;g
rhku;j;jpaKk; ,tuJ ntspAwTf; nfhs;if ntw;wpngw cjtpd.
6) ,tu; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l muz;kid> GJkz;lgk;> jKf;fk;
muz;kid> njg;gf;Fsk;> rj;jpuq;fs;> neLQ;rhiyfs;> Myaj;
jpUg;gzpfs; Mfpait ,tuJ fiy Mu;tj;Jf;Fk;> kf;fs; ey
ehl;lj;Jf;Fkhd vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;. jpUkiy ehaf;fu;
rk];fpUj Nkij ePyfz;l jPl;rpjupd; Gutyu; vd;gJ epidT
$wj;jf;fJ.
kjpg;gPL
jpUkiy ehaf;fu; gy gupkhz kJiu kd;du;. ,tu;
mbg;gilapNyNa Nghu; tPuu;; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;. ,tuJ gilnaLg;Gfs;
midj;Jk; kJiu ehaf;fj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;litahFk;. ,tu; epfo;j;jpa Nghu;fs; ,tu;
,lu;ghLfisr; rkhspf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ikf;Fk;> kdj;jpz;ikf;Fkhd
rhd;WfshFk;. NrJgjpfis ,tuJ Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf;
nfhs;sg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;. jpUkiy jd;idf; fhj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhfg; NguuirAk; vjpu;f;fj; jaq;ftpy;iy. %f;fWg;Gg;
Nghu; ,tuJ gopthq;Fk; Nghf;Ff;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. kdpjdpd;
kpUf czu;r;rpapd; ntspg;ghlhFk;. jpUkiy ehaf;fu;
lr;Rf;fhuu;fistpl Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpaUf;Nf Mjuthf ,Ue;jhu;. ,tuJ
Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;by; fpwpj;Jt rkak; gutpaJ. ,tu;
Nfhy;nfhz;lh> gP[g;G+y; Ry;jhd;fspd; cjtpia ehbaJ
re;ju;g;gthj murpayhFk;. ,J ,tuJ murpay; tpNtfj;jpd; kPJ
gbe;j fsq;fkhFk;. ,NjNghd;W ,tuJ xOf;ff;NfLfs; ,tuJ
elj;ij kPJ gbe;j fiuahFk;. ,tuJ RaeyKk;> JNuhfKk;
kiwf;f Kbahjit. vdpDk; jpUkiy ehaf;fu; vOg;gpa
fl;blq;fSk;> kf;fs; eyg; ngUf;fj;Jf;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l
jpl;lq;fSk; tuyhw;Wg; ghiw kPJ nrJf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;LfshFk;.
ve;j msTNfhiyf; nfhz;L kjpg;gpl;lhYk; jpUkiy ehaf;fu;
kJiu ehaf;fu;fspNyNa jdpj;J xspuf;$batu; vd;gjpy;
Iakpy;iy.
151
9.11. nrhf;fehj ehaf;fu;
jpUkiy ehaf;fUf;Fg;gpd; kJiu mupaizNawpa mtuJ
Ngud; nrhf;fehju; jhj;jh nra;j jtiwj; jpUj;j Kw;gl;L gy
neUf;fbfSf;F cs;shdhu;. jpUkiy ehaf;fu; tp[aefug;
NguurUf;F tpRthrkpy;yhJ> mtUf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;jJ
ngupa jtW vd;W fUjpdhu; nrhf;fehju;. ,stajpy; kd;duhd
,tu; jhj;jhtpd; nfhs;ifiag; Gwf;fzpj;J tp[aefug; Nguuru;
%d;whtJ ];uPuq;fdupd; Nkyhz;ikia tpRthrj;Jld; Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lhu;. kPz;Lk; kJiu ehaf;fk; tp[aefug; Nguurpd;
Mjpf;fj;jpd;fPo;f; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. kJiu ehaf;fk; mjd;
Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;jJ.
jpUr;rp Kw;Wif
gP[g;G+u; trkpUe;jJ nrQ;rp. nrQ;rpapd; MSeu; \h[p
jpUr;rp kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W Kw;Wifapl;lhu;. mtUf;Fj;
JizNghdhu; jQ;ir ehaf;fu;. nrhf;fehju; jf;f jUzj;jpy;
jiyapl;L ,f;$l;L Kw;Wifia Kwpabj;jhu;. \h[p nrQ;rpf;Fj;
jg;gpr; nrd;whu;. kJiu ehaf;fu; nrhf;fehjUf;Ff; fpilj;j Kjy;
ntw;wp ,JthFk;.
jQ;irg; gilnaLg;G
jpUr;rp Kw;Wiff;Fj; JizNghd jQ;ir ehaf;fiuj;
jz;bf;fj; jPu;khdpj;j nrhf;fehju;> jQ;ir kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;.
,g;gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ jQ;ir tp[auhft ehaf;fu;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. jQ;ir kJiuAld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. mofpup
ehaf;fu; jQ;ir MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mofpup nrhf;fehjupd;
tsu;g;Gr; rNfhjud; (rpd;dk;khtpd; kfd;). ,j;jQ;ir ntw;wp
nrhf;fehju; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; eilngw;w epidT$wj;jf;f
epfo;r;rpahFk;.
NrJgjpapd; fpsu;r;rp
kwtu; ehl;L jpUkiy NrJgjp kJiu ehaf;fj;Jf;Ff;
fPo;g;gzpa kWj;Jf; fpsu;r;rp nra;jhu;. neUf;fbahd Neuj;jpy;
nrhf;fehjUf;F cjtp nra;a kWj;jhu;. vdNt NrJgjpiag;
gzpa itg;gjw;fhf nrhf;fehju; kwtu; ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr;
nrd;whu;. jpUg;gj;J}u;> GJf;Nfhl;il> khdhkJiu> fhisahu;
Nfhapy; Nfhl;ilfs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld. vdpDk; ,Wjpapy; ehaf;fu;
gil Njhy;tpiaj; jOtpaJ.
152
jiyefu; khw;wk;
jhj;jh jpUkiy ehaf;fu; jiyefiuj; jpUr;rpapypUe;J
kJiuf;F khw;wpdhu;. Ngud; nrhf;fehj ehaf;fu; jiyefiu
kPz;Lk; jpUr;rpf;Nf khw;wpdhu; ,j;jiyefu; khw;wk; vjw;fhf?
tltu; gilnaLg;GfspypUe;J kJiu ehaf;fj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk;
nghUl;Nl ,j;jiyefu; khw;wk; nra;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpg;ghf ikR+u; gilnaLg;igj; jLf;fNt ,k;khw;wkhFk;.
<Nuhl;Lg; Nghu;
tp[aefug; Nguuriuj; jd; Nkyhsuhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;l
nrhf;fehju; nrQ;rp ehaf;fj;ij Kfkjpau; gpbapypUe;J tpLtpj;J
tp[aefu Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;f; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;! ,k;Kaw;rpapd; Kjy; fl;lkhf nrhf;fehju;
jkpo;ehl;by; ikR+upd; Mjpf;fj;ij mfw;w KbT nra;jhu;.
,jw;nfd xU $l;likg;ig cUthf;fpdhu;. ,f;$l;likg;ig
jQ;ir ehaf;fUk;> jhnku;yh ma;ag;ghTk;> gP[g;G+u; jsgjpAk;
Mjupj;jdu;. ,f;$l;likg;Gg; gilAk; ikR+u; gilAk; <Nuhl;by;
Nkhjpd. ,g;Nghupy; ,f;Nfup ehaf;fUk; gq;Nfw;wjhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. <Nuhl;Lg; Nghupy; nrhf;fehjupd; $l;Lg;gil
Njhw;wJ. ,j;Njhy;tpapd; tpisthf tp[aefug; Nguuru; %d;whk;
];uPuq;fu; ,f;Nfupapy; jQ;rk; mile;jhu;. jkpo;ehl;by; tp[aefug;
Nguurpd; Mjpf;fk; KOJkhf mfw;wg;gl;lJ. nrhf;fehj ehaf;fupd;
tpRthr Mir epuhirahapw;W.
kuhj;jpau; EioT
nrhf;fg;guhy; jQ;ir MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;l mofpup ed;wp
nfhd;W kJiu ehaf;fUf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;jhu;. fg;gk;
fl;l kWj;jhu;. RNal;irahf nray;glj; Jtq;fpdhu;.
nrhf;fehjUf;Fk; mofpupf;FkpilNa Nkhjy; Vw;gLk; R+o;epiy
cUthapw;W. ,r;R+o;epiyiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l mofpupapd;
Kd;dhs; ,uhark; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;w R+o;r;rp nra;jhu;. mofpup
jQ;irapypUe;J Juj;jg;gl;lhu;. mofpupf;Fg; gjpyhf tp[auhft
ehaf;fupd; kfd; nrq;fkyjhir mupaizapy; mku;j;j gP[g;G+u;
Ry;jhdpd; cjtpia ehbdhu; ntq;fz;zh. Njbte;j tha;g;igg;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l gP[g;G+u; Ry;jhd; VNfh[p vd;w ntq;fh[p
vd;w kuhj;jpa jsgjpapd; jiyikapy; xU gilia mDg;gpdhu;.
jQ;irf;F te;j ntq;fh[p ntq;fz;zhTf;F cjthky;
jQ;iriaf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;. jQ;irapy; ehaf;fu; Ml;rp
Kbe;J kuhj;jpau; Ml;rp Jtq;fpaJ.
153
nrhf;fehjupd; Nrhfk;
nrhf;fehj ehaf;fu; Ml;rpapd; ,Wjpf;fl;lk;
Nrhfg;glykhFk;. nrhf;fehjupd; eltbf;iffshy; fUT+yk;
fhypahapw;W. kJiu ehaf;fpak; nghUshjhu neUf;fbapy;
rpf;fpaJ. jQ;ir ntq;fh[p trkhapw;W. kJiu Fog;gf; fhlhapw;W.
,f;Fog;gj;Jf;fpilNa URJk;fhd; vd;w Fjpiu tPud; jpUr;rp
muz;kidiaf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;. ,uz;lhz;L fhyk; Ml;rp
nra;jhu;. ikR+u; gil jpUr;rpia Kw;Wifapl;lJ (1680).
mLf;fLf;fhf Vw;gl;l neUf;fbfis vjpu;f;nfhs;tjpNyNa
nrhf;fehjupd; filrp fhyk; fope;jJ. kJiu ehaf;fuhl;rp typTk;
nghypTk; ,oe;jJ. Nrhfj;jpy; Mo;e;j nrhf;fehjiu mtuJ
,sty; Kj;Jypq;f ehaf;fu; mupaizia tpl;L mfw;wpdhu; (1678).
U];jk;fhd; vd;w K];yPk; jsgjp Kj;Jypq;fj;ij tpul;btpl;L
nrhf;fehjiu kPz;Lk; kJiu kd;duhf;fptpl;L Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig
jd;dplk; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. nray;glh ehaf;fuhf nray;gl;l
nrhf;fehju; 1682 Mk; Mz;L khuilg;ghy; kuzkile;jhu;.
kjpg;gPL
nrhf;fehj ehaf;fupd; vOr;rpAk; tPo;r;rpAk; mtUf;Fg;gpd;
te;NjhUf;Fg; gy ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;ff; $baitaha; ,Ue;jJ.
nrhf;fehju; Ml;rpapd; Kw;gFjp ntw;wpapy; Jtq;fpdhYk; gpw;gFjp
Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ. nrhf;fehju; mtuJ jhj;jh Nghl;Lf;nfhLj;j
Rje;jpug; ghijapypUe;J tpyfpr; nrd;wJ mtu; nra;j jiyaha
jtwhFk;. ,j;jtwpd; tpisTfis nrhf;fehju; mtu; tho;ehs;
KOtJk; vjpu;f;nfhs;s Ntz;bajhapw;W. kJiu kuhj;jpau;
trkhapw;W. ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; fpotd; NrJgjp jd; epiyiag;
gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;. jkpo;ehl;by; fpwpj;Jt rkak; tpiue;J
gutpaJ. kJiu ehaf;fu; jQ;ir ehaf;fupd; kWgjpg;ghf
khwptpl;lhu;. tPuKk; tpRthrKk; ,tUf;Ff; ifnfhLf;ftpy;iy.
Gypahf tho Ntz;batu; vypahfj; jho;e;jhu;. kf;fspd; kjpg;ig
,oe;j nrhf;fehj ehaf;fu; R+o;epiyf; ifjpahdhu;.
9.12. Kj;J tPug;g ehaf;fu;
,Ugj;jp %d;whz;Lfhy nrhf;fehj ehaf;fupd;
nfhe;jspg;Gkpf;f Ml;rpf;Fg; gpwF mtuJ kfd; Kj;J tPug;gu;
kJiu ehaf;fuhdhu;. nrhf;fehjUf;Fk; kq;fk;khSf;Fk; gpwe;jtu;
Kj;J tPug;gu;. ,tu; nrhf;fehju; tpl;Lr; nrd;w gpur;ridfNshL
Nghuhbdhu;. jkpo;ehl;bd; tlgFjp ikR+u; kd;ddpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by;
,Ue;jJ. jQ;ir kuhj;jpa kd;dd; rhk;gh[papd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;
154
te;jJ. kJiuiaf; ifg;gw;w ikR+u; kd;dDk;> jQ;ir kd;dDk;
Nghl;b Nghl;ldu;.
mikjpahd Ml;rp
Kjypy; ikR+u; gil kJiuia Nehf;fp Kd;NdwpaJ. ,ij
mwpe;j jQ;ir kuhj;jpa kd;dd; rhk;gh[p ikR+iuj; jhf;fpdhu;.
kJiuapypUe;j ikR+u; gil ikR+Uf;Fg; gpd;thq;fpr; nrd;wJ.
kJiuf;F kiyNghy; te;j Mgj;J gdpNghy; kiwe;jJ. vjpu;ghuhj
,j;jpUg;gj;jhy; kJiuapy; mikjp epytpaJ. me;j mikjpiaf;
Fiyf;Fk; tifapy; fpotd; NrJgjp kJiuiaf; ifg;gw;w
Kaw;rpj;jhu;. Mdhy; mk;Kaw;rp Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ.
neUf;fbapypUe;J tpLgl;l Kj;J tPug;g ehaf;fu; cs;ehl;L
tptfhuq;fspy; mf;fiw nfhz;lhu;. GaYf;Fg; gpd; mikjp vd;W
$Wtijg; Nghy mikjpahf Ml;rp nra;J mkuuhdhu; Kj;J
tPug;g ehaf;fu;.
9.13. ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;
nrhf;fehj ehaf;fu; ,we;j NghJ mtuJ thupR kfd;
tp[auq;f nrhf;fehjDf;F taJ %d;W khjk;. %d;W khjf;
Foe;ijia Kiwg;gb kJiu ehaf;fuhf;fptpl;L mtUf;Fg;
gjpyhl;rpauhfg; (Regent) nghWg;Ngw;whu; mf;Foe;ijapd; ghl;b
kq;fk;khs;. gjpNdohz;Lfs; kJiu ehaf;fj;ij Ml;rp nra;J
Gjpa rfhg;jk; gilj;Jr; rpwg;Gr; rhjid nra;jhu; khju; Nkij
kq;fk;khs;. jpUr;rpiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jhu;.
,uhzp kq;fk;khs; Kfyhag; Nguuru; xsuq;frPg;gpd; (1658-
1707) rkfhyj;jtu;. tajpy; %j;jtUk; Ml;rp mDgtj;jpYk;
Nghuhw;wypYk; rpwg;Gw;w Kfyhag; Nguuru; jf;fhzj;ij mtuJ
Mjpf;fj;jpd;fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jhu;. me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; mtu;
mtuJ jsgjp Ry;gpfu;fhid jkpo;ehl;Lf;F mDg;gpdhu;.
jkpo;ehl;Lf;F te;j jsgjp nrQ;rpiaAk;> jQ;iriaAk; vspjpy;
ifg;gw;wpdhu;. tpid typAk;> jd; typAk; khw;whd; typAk;
JiztypAk; J}f;fpr; nray; Nglj; njupe;j ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;
Kfyhaj; jsgjpia tpiy cau;e;j nghUl;fis md;gspg;ghff;
nfhLj;J> cgrupj;J> tuNtw;gspj;jhu;. Kfyhag; Nguuru;
xsuq;frPg;Gf;Ff; fg;gk; fl;l rk;kjpj;jhu;. gjpYf;F kuhj;jpauplk;
,oe;j gFjpfisj; jpUk;gg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. ngz; rhzf;fpau;
ntw;wp ngw;whu;. ngUikg; gz;G vf;fhyj;jpYk; gzpe;J elf;Fk;.
jpUthq;$u; gilnaLg;G
155
,uhzp kq;fk;khspd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ kJiu ehaf;fj;ijr;
Rw;wpYk; tpNuhjpfs;. mtu;fspy; xUtu; jpUthq;$u; kd;du;.
kq;fk;khspd; jpwikiaf; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl;l mtu; jpiw nrYj;j
kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. mtUf;Fj; jf;f ghlk; fw;gpf;fj; jPu;khdpj;j
kq;fk;khs; mtuJ Nghu;f;fukhf ,Ue;j eurg;ga;adpd; jiyikapy;
xU gilia mDg;gpdhu;. mg;gilaplk; Njhy;tpaile;j
jpUthq;$u; kd;du; kq;fk;khspd; Nkyhd;ikia epge;jidapd;wp
Vw;Wf; nfhz;L jpiw nrYj;j rk;kjpj;jhu;. NkYk;> jstha;
eurg;ga;adplk; Vuhskhd nghd;idAk;> nghUl;fisAk;>
gPuq;fpfisAk; xg;gilj;jhu;. jpUthq;$upypUe;J nfhz;L tug;gl;l
gPuq;fpfisf; nfhz;L kJiu> jpUr;rp fhg;guz;fisg;
gyg;gLj;jpdhu; ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;.
jQ;irg; gilnaLg;G
jQ;iria Ml;rp nra;j kuhj;jpa kd;dd; \h[p kJiu
ehaf;fj;jpd; clypy; Fj;jpa Ks;shfNt ,Ue;jhu;. gifik
ghuhl;b te;jhu;. kJiuf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gFjpfisf; ifg;gw;wpf;
nfhz;lhu;. mg;gFjpfis kPl;Fk; nghUl;L ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;
eurg;ga;ad; jiyikapy; xU gilia mDg;gpdhu;. mg;gil
kuhj;jpag; gilia jiyefUf;fUNf Njhw;fbj;jJ. ,j;jpBu;j;
jhf;Fjyhy; epiyFiye;J Nghd kuhj;jpa kd;dd; \h[p
Vuhskhd nghUl;fisf; nfhLj;J rkhjhdk; nra;J nfhz;lhu;.
ikR+Uld; Nkhjy;
ikR+u; kd;du;fSk; kJiu ehaf;fu;fSk; neLq;fhyg;
giftu;fs;. Mz;Lf;fhz;L gif ngUfpaNjad;wp Fiwatpy;iy.
kq;fk;khs; jQ;ir kPJ gilnaLj;j Neuk; ghu;j;J ikR+u; kd;dd;
rpf;fNjtuhau; mDg;gpa gil jkpo; ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;J
te;J Nryk;> Nfhit> jpUr;rp Mfpa gFjpfisf; ifg;gw;wpf;
nfhz;L kJiu Nehf;fp Kd;NdwpaJ. vdpDk; kJiuia
Kw;Wifapl;l ikR+u; gil Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. Njhy;tpiaj;
jOtpa ikR+u; kd;dd; fhNtup Mw;Wf;Ff; FWf;Nf xU
miziaf; fl;b jQ;irf;Fk; kJiuf;Fk; ePu; neUf;fbiaf;
nfhLj;jhu;. jQ;ir kd;dUld; rkhjhdk; nra;J nfhz;bUe;j
,uhzp kq;fk;khs; kJiu-jQ;ir $l;Lg;gilia ikR+u; kd;dd;
rpf;fNjtuhaUf;F vjpuhf mDg;gpdhu;. Mdhy; mg;gil ikR+iu
miltjw;FKd; Nga;kio nga;J ikR+u; kd;dd; fl;ba miz
mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lJ. ikR+u; gilnaLg;Gf;F mtrpakpy;yhky;
Nghdikahy; mg;gilnaLg;G iftplg;gl;lJ. NrJgjpAld; Nkhjy;>
1702 jd;khdkpf;f NrJgjpfs; Jtf;fj;jpypUe;Nj kJiu
ehaf;fpaj;Jf;Ff; fPo;g;gzpe;jpUg;gij tpUk;gtpy;iy. fhyj;jpd;
fl;lhaj;jhy; kJiuapd; Nkyhz;ikiag; nghWj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
156
tha;g;G fpilj;jNghnjy;yhk; fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;. ,uhzp
kq;fk;khspd; Ml;rpf;fhy ,Wjpapy; kwtu; ehl;L fpotd; NrJgjp
vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,uFehj NrJgjp KO Rahl;rpNfhup fg;gk;
fl;l kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. mJkl;Lky;y. kq;fk;khs; jQ;ir kPJ
gilnaLj;jNghJ fpotd; NrJgjp jQ;ir kuhj;jpa kd;did
Mjupj;jhu;. ,tw;why; Mj;jpukile;j ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; tof;fk;
Nghy; jstha; eurg;ga;adpd; jiyikapy; xU gilia
mDg;gpdhu;. kJiug; gil kwtu; gilaplk; gLNjhy;tp mile;jJ.
jsgjp eurg;ga;ad; Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; capupoe;jhu;. fpotd; NrJgjp
kJiu ehaf;fj;jpd; gpbapypUe;J tpLgl;lhu;. Mj;jpuf;fhuUf;Fg;
Gj;jp kl;L vd;w NgUz;ikia ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; Gupe;J
nfhz;lhu;. kq;fk;khs; elj;jpa ,Wjpg; Nghu; ,Jjhd;.
9.13.1. Mf;fg;gzpfs; kf;fs; eyj;jpl;lq;fs;
,uhzp kq;fk;khs; kf;fs; eyg; gzpfspy; ehl;lk; nfhz;l
jpwikahd epu;thfp. ey;y ciog;ghsp. mtu; kf;fs;
Nkk;ghl;Lf;Fk;> tptrha tsu;r;rpf;Fk;> tu;j;jf tpupthf;fj;Jf;Fk;>
njhopy; ngUf;fj;Jf;Fk;> ePu;ts trjpf;Fk;> nra;jpj; njhlu;Gf;Fk;>
cl;fl;Lkhdj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs; gy;
ghuhl;Lf;Fupait.
rhjidfs;
kJiu murp kq;fk;khs; tptrhaj;Jf;F Kd;Dupik
nfhLj;jhu;. ePu; epiyfs; rPuikf;fg;gl;ld. epoy; jUk; kuq;fNshL
rhiyfs; Nghlg;gl;ld. Fkup KidapypUe;J mikf;fg;gl;l
neLQ;rhiy kq;fk;khs; rhiy vd;W kf;fshy; miof;fg;gl;lJ.
,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; trjpf;fhff; fl;lg;gl;l
fl;blq;fs; gy. mtw;Ws; kf;fspd; kdijf; nfhs;is nfhz;lJ
kq;fk;khs; rj;jpuk; MFk;. kJiu> jpUney;Ntyp kw;Wk;
jkpo;ehl;bd; rpw;W}u;fspy; fhzg;gLk; nghJf; fl;blq;fs;
midj;Jk; kq;fk;khthy; fl;lg;gl;litahFk; vd;W kf;fs;
fUJfpd;wdu;. neLQ;rhiyg; gazpfSf;fhf trjpahd rj;jpuq;fs;
fl;lg;gl;ld. topg;Nghf;fu;fSf;Ff; FbePu; trjp nra;J jug;gl;lJ.
,jw;nfd cUthf;fg;gl;l fhg;gfj;Jf;F khdpak; toq;fg;gl;lJ
(1701). ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; vOg;gpa mtuJ
muz;kid tshfj;jpy; mike;jpUj;j jKf;fk; ikjhdj;jpy;
ahidg; Nghu; Nghd;w nghOJNghf;F epfo;r;rpfs; eilngw;wd;
tpohf;fs; nfhz;lhlg;gl;ld.
rka rkj;Jtk;
,uhzp kq;fk;khspd; kjkdg;ghd;ik tpag;Gf;FupaJ. rka
rkj;Jtj;Jf;fhd rhd;W mtu;. rkag; nghiw gw;wp murpapd;
157
thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhapd; rpyu; rhjk; rhg;gpLfpd;wdu;; rpyu;
khkprk; cz;fpd;wdu;; mNjNghd;W xt;nthUtk; mtUf;Fg; gpbj;j
rkaj;ijj; Nju;e;njLg;gJk;> gpd;gw;WtJk; rl;lg;gb rupahdjhFk;.
,e;j kdg;ghd;ik ,Ue;jikahy;jhd; uhzp kq;fk;khs; fpwpj;Jtg;
ghjpupahu;fis Mu;tKld; Mjupj;jhu;. milf;fyk; Njbte;j
fpwpj;Jtu;fSf;Fg; Gfyplk; nfhLj;jhu;. NkYk;> jpUr;rp ju;f;fhTf;F
fpuhkq;fisj; jhdkhff; nfhLj;jhu;. kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd;
NfhapYf;Ff; fzprkhd eiffisAk;> gy;yf;FfisAk;
nfhLj;jhu;. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; Mdp khjj;jpy; kJiuapy;
nfhz;lhlg;gLk; CQ;ry; jpUtpoh ,tuhy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhFk;. vz;zpwe;j Nfhapy;fSf;Fk;
mwf;nfhilfs; mspj;jhu;. RUq;ff;$wpd; ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; rka
rkj;Jtj;jpd; kdpj mtjhukhff; fhl;rpaspj;jhu;.
ku;k kuzk;
ntspg;gilahf Ml;rp nra;j ,uhzp kq;fk;khtpd; kuzk;
ku;kkhf cs;sJ. ,tuJ kuzk; mtpo;f;fg;glhj tuyhw;W
Kbr;Rfspy; xd;whf cs;sJ. taJf;F te;j ,uhzpapd; Ngud;
tp[auq;f nrhf;fehjdplk; Ml;rpia xg;gilf;fhikNa ,tuJ
rhTf;Ff; fhuzk; vd;W $wg;gLtJ rhd;ww;wf; Fw;wr;rhl;lhFk;.
,uhzp kq;fk;khSf;Fg;gpd; kJiu ehaf;fk; tPo;r;rpg; ghijapy;
tpiue;J nrd;wJ.
kjpg;gPL
,uhzp kq;fk;khs; jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; epiyahd
,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;s ngz;zurp Mthu;. ,tu; jpUkiy ehaf;fiu
Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jhu;. kq;fk;khs; kJiu
ehaf;fj;ij tp[aefu Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLtpj;J Rje;jpukhf
muir elj;jpdhu;. Nghupd; vy;iyia ed;fwpe;j ,tu;
,uh[je;jpuj;ijf; ifahz;lhu;. yl;rpaf; fdT fhzhky;
eilKiw rhj;jpakhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
xsuq;frPg;gpd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F tise;J nfhLj;J kJiu
ehaf;fj;jpd; eyidf; fhg;ghw;wpaJ ,tuJ mZFKiwf;fhd
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; kdj;jpd;ikAk;> ,uf;f
FzKk;> kf;fs; ey ehl;lKk; cilatu;. ,tuJ nghJg;gzpfs;
,f;Fzq;fSf;F rhl;rpaq;fshf cs;sd. ,tuJ ngz;Zs;sk;
Vio vspNahupd; gf;fk; nrd;wJ. ,tuJ gue;j kdg;ghd;ik rka
rkj;Jtj;ij ehbaJ. ,tuJ gjpNdohz;L fhy Ml;rpapy; ,tu;
nra;j jtW fpotd; NrJgjpf;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhz;l Mj;jpu
eltbf;ifahFk;. ,jd; %yk; mtrug;gl;L KbntLj;jhy;
epjhdkhf tUj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w tuyhw;W cz;ikia
mwpe;J nfhz;lhu;. ,tUf;F vjpuhf vOg;gg;gLk; rpy
158
Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; Ritahf ,Uf;fyhk;; Mdhy; Mjhukw;wit.
,uhzp kq;fk;khtpd; Mf;fg; gzpfNs ,tUf;F tuyhw;wpy;
epiyahd ,lj;ijj; Njbj;je;Js;sd. jpUkiy ehaf;fUf;Fg;gpd;
Ml;rp Gupe;j ehaf;fu;fSs; kpfg; Gfo; ngw;wtu; kq;fk;khs;
vd;gjw;F Iakpy;iy. xU ngz;zhy; rpwg;ghf Ml;rp nra;a
KbahJ vd;w kdg;ghd;ikiag; ngha;g;gpj;jhu;.
9.14. tp[auq;f nrhf;fehju;
,uhzp kq;fk;khSf;Fg;gpd; kJiu mupaizNawpa mtuJ
gjpNdO taJ Ngud; tp[auq;f nrhf;fehju; jpwikahd murpia
mLj;J te;j jpwikaw;w muru;. ,uz;lhk; nrhf;fehju; mtuJ
ghl;baplkpUe;J ve;jg; ghlj;ijAk; fw;fTkpy;iy; kwf;fTkpy;iy
gpQ;rpy; gOj;j gokhd nrhf;fehju; Ml;rpia Gwf;fzpj;J
rkaj;jpy; ruzile;jhu;. rkathjp xUehSk; Ml;rpahsuhf
KbahJ vd;w tuyhw;W cz;ikia ,tu; mwpe;jhupy;iy.
tp[auq;f nrhf;fehjupd; gytPdj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhz;l
jstha; f];J}up nuq;ifahTk;> gpujhdp ntq;fpl fpU\;za;ahTk;
Ml;rpiaj; jq;fs; trkhf;fpf; nfhz;L murhq;f tUthapy;
jq;fsJ nrhe;j eyd;fisg; ngUf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;. kJiu
ehaf;fj;jpy; thy; ehia Ml;Lk; epiy cUthapw;W. mikr;ru;
muh[fk; fl;ltpo;e;J tplg;gl;lJ. nrhf;fehju; nfhLikfspd;
Ftpikakhdhu;. kf;fs; nrhy;nyhdhj; Jd;gq;fSf;Fs;shapdu;.
rl;lk; xOq;F rPu;Fiye;J kJiu ehaf;fk; Fog;gf;fhlhapw;W.
RUq;ff;$wpd; tp[auq;f nrhf;fehjupd; ,Ugj;jhwhz;L fhy Ml;rp
tPzhf;fg;gl;l tha;g;ghFk;. kJiu ehaf;fk; tPo;r;rpg; ghijapy;
gazpj;jJ.
9.15. ,uhzp kPdhl;rp
tp[auq;f nrhf;fehju; thuprpd;wp ,we;jikahy; mtuJ
tpjit kidtp kPdhl;rp Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. gjpdhwhz;Lfhy
mty Ml;rpf;Fg;gpd; te;j kPdhl;rp jpUkiy ehaf;fUf;F
cwtpduhd gq;fhU jpUkiy vd;gtuJ kfd; tp[aFkhuid
jj;J vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. kPdhl;rp ,j;jj;Jg;gps;isapd; rhu;ghf
Ml;rp nra;jhu;. ,uhzp kq;fk;khSf;F ,Ue;j kdj;jpd;ikAk;>
jd;dk;gpf;ifAk;> vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wYk; ,tUf;fpd;ikahy;
kPdhl;rp R+o;r;rp tiyapy; rpf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;. Nguhir gpbj;j
gq;fhU jpUkiy kPdhl;rpia mfw;wptpl;L> jd; kfidf;
Nflakhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;aj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;. ,j;jpl;lj;ij
epiwNtw;w Mu;f;fhL ethG Njh];j; mypapd; cjtpia ehbdhu;.
159
typa te;j tha;g;ig eOttpl tpUk;ghj Mu;f;fhL ethG
re;jhrhfpgpd; jiyikapy; xU gilia mDg;gpdhu;. jiyefu;
jpUr;rpf;F te;j re;jhrhfpigr; rhku;j;jpaj;jhy; jd; gf;fk;
,Oj;Jf; nfhz;l kPdhl;rp gq;fhU jpUkiyapd; R+o;r;rpia
Kwpabj;jhu;. gq;fhU jpUkiyapd; R+o;r;rpia Kwpabj;j ,uhzp
kPdhl;rp re;jhrhfpgpd; R+o;r;rpapy; rpf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;.
jpz;Lf;fy;Yf;fUNf mk;ikaehaf;fD}upy; ele;j Nghupy; gq;fhU
jpUkiyiaf; nfhd;Wtpl;l re;jhrhfpG kPdhl;rpaplk; te;J xU
cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhu;. Mdhy; re;jhrhfpNg ,e;j
cld;gbf;ifia kPwp kPdhl;rpiaf; ifJ nra;J rpiwapl;lhu;.
mtkhdk; nghWf;fhky; ,uhzp kPdhl;rp jw;nfhiy nra;J
nfhz;lhu;. kPdhl;rpNahL kJiu ehaf;fk; KbTw;wJ.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. kJiuapd; Kjy; ehaf;fu; ahu;?
2. ahuhy; ghisaq;Nfhl;ilf;fUNf fpU\;zhGuk; vd;w efu;
vOg;gg;gl;lJ?
3. ahUila Ml;rpf;fhy ,Wjpapy; kJiu kp\d; (Jesuit
Mission) Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ?
4. Kjy; NrJgjp ahu;?
5. jpUkiy ehaf;fu; ahUila cjtpAld; ];uPuq;fiuj;
Njhw;fbj;jhu;?
6. tp[aefug; Nguurpd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J Kw;wpYkhf tpLgl;L
Rje;jpu Ml;rpia mikj;j Kjy; kJiu ehaf;f kd;du; ahu;?
7. Fkup KidapypUe;J mikf;fg;gl;l neLQ;rhiy vt;thW
kf;fshy; miof;fg;gl;lJ?
9.16. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
1. tpRtehj ehaf;fu;.
2. Fkhu fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;.
3. tPug;g ehaf;fu;.
4. NghfY}u; mjpgjp rilaj;Njt cilahu;.
5. Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhd;.
6. jpUkiy ehaf;fu;.
7. kq;fk;khs; rhiy.
Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. ehfk ehaf;fu; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.
2. tPug;g ehaf;fupd; rkag;gzp Fwpj;J RUf;fkhf vOJf.
160
3. ehaf;fu;fspd; tPo;r;rp Fwpj;J vOJf.
tpupthd tpdhf;fs;
1. tpRtehj ehaf;fu; Ml;rp Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf.
2. Fkhu fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; gilnaLg;ig tptup.
3. ,uhzp kq;fk;khspd; epu;thf jpwik Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf
9.17. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Subramania N. A History of Tamil Nadu up to 1336
Rajayyan K. History of Tamil Nadu
gps;is Nf.Nf. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW
Nilakanda Sastri K.N. A History of South India
Sathianathair R. History of India
ntq;fNlrd; f. Kw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
nry;tk; Nt. jp. jkpof: tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;
,uhkrhkp m. jkpo; ehl;L tuyhW
Krishnaswamy Aiyyangar S. South India and her Mohammadan Invaders
myF - 10
nrQ;rp> jQ;ir ehaf;fu;fs;- ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; epu;thfk;
ghl mikg;G
10.1. Kd;Diu
10.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
10.3. nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fs;
10.3.1. itag;g ehaf;fu;
10.3.2. kfh ehaf;fu;
10.3.3. Jghfp fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
10.3.4. R+ug;g ehaf;fu;
10.3.5. Kjyhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
10.3.6. ,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
10.3.6.1.cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu;
161
10.4. nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fspd; tPo;r;rp
10.4.1. tPo;r;rpapd; tpisT
10.5. jQ;ir ehaf;fu;fs;
10.6. nrtg;g ehaf;fu;
10.7. mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fu;
10.8. ,uFehj ehaf;fu;
10.9. tp[auhft ehaf;fu;
10.10. jQ;irapd; tPo;r;rp
10.11. ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; epu;thfk;
10.12. ghisaf;fhuu;
10.12.1. ghisaf;fhuu; Ml;rp Kiw
10.12.2. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ghisaf;fhuu;fs;
10.12.3. Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfspd; fPo; ghisaf;fhuu;fs;
10.13. Nghuhsp G+ypj;Njtd;
10.13.1. Mq;fpNyaupd; vjpu;j;jpl;lk;
10.14. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
10.15. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
10.16. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
10.1. Kd;Diu
mupfud;> Gf;fd; Mfpa rq;fk rNfhjuu;fshy; 1336 Mk;
Mz;L tp[a efuk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. tp[a efuj;ij rq;fk>
rhSt> JSt mur Fyq;fisr; Nru;e;j kd;du;fs; Ml;rp
nra;jdu;. ,tu;fs; fhyj;jpy; tp[aefuk; tsu;e;J> Nguurhf
tpuptile;J> Gfo;aile;jJ. JSt rjhrptuhad; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
(1542-1570) eilngw;w jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; NghU (1565)f;Fg;gpd;
tp[aefuk; tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. tPo;r;rpaile;j tp[aefug; Nguuir
mutPL mur Fyj;jpdu; RtPfupj;Jf;nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jdu;. mutPL
muru;fs; fhyj;jpy; jhd; nrQ;rp> jQ;ir> kJiu ehaf;fu;fs;
tp[aefu Nkyhjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;J Rahl;rp
ngw;wdu;. tpRtehj ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; (1529-1564) mtuJ
jstha; mupaehj Kjypahuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l 72 ghisaq;fs;
kJiu ehaf;fu;fs; fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dUk; ePbj;jd. Jtf;fj;jpy;
ngUk;ghd;ikahd ghisaf;fhuu;fs; Me;jpuhtpypUe;J te;j
,uhZtj; jiytu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,ilg;
gFjpapy; tp[a efug; NguuR gytPdg;gl;l NghJ
162
,g;ghisaf;fhuu;fs; Rje;jpukhfr; nray;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs; jq;fsJ
Rje;jpuj;jpy; Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfSk; Mq;fpNyaUk; jiyapl;lij
tpUk;gtpy;iy; vjpu;j;jdu;. ,e;j mj;jpahkhdJ nrQ;rp> jQ;ir
ehaf;fu;fs;- kw;Wk; ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; epu;thfk; Fwpj;J
tpsf;FfpwJ .
10.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
ePq;fs; ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapd;w gpd;du; fPo; fz;ltw;iw mwpa
KbAk;
• nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; epu;thfk; gw;wp
mwpa cjTfpwJ.
• jQ;ir ehaf;fu;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; epu;thfk; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fpwJ.
• ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; epu;thfk; gw;wp tptupf;fpwJ.
10.3. nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fs;
10.3.1. itag;g ehaf;fu;
nrQ;rp njhz;il kz;lyj;jpd; uhZt Kf;fpaj;JtKila
fhty; Nfhl;lkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. Nrhou;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd ,e;j
,lj;jpy; tp[auq;f ehaf;fu; vd;gtu; xU Nfhl;iliaf;
fl;bajhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. Fkhufk;gzu; fhyj;jpypUe;J nrQ;rp
njhz;il kz;lyj;jpd; jiyikafkhf ,Ue;J te;jJ.
tpUg;gz;z cilahu; vd;gtu; ,jd; kfhkz;lNy];tuuhf
,Ue;jhu;. ,uhZt Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f nrQ;rp fpU\;zNjtuhaupd;
ftdj;ijf; ftu;e;jJ. mtuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; njhz;il
kz;lyk; gy FWepyg; gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L> mur Fyj;ijr;
Nru;e;jtu;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld. Mdhy; mtu;fs;
fpU\;zNjtuhaupd; Nkyhz;ikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;s kWj;jdu;.
Mj;jpukile;j mtu; itag;g ehaf;fu;> Jghfp fpU\;zg;g
ehaf;fu;> tp[auhft ehaf;fu;> ntq;flg;g ehaf;fu; Mfpa ehy;tuJ
jiyikapd; fPo; xU typikahd giliaj; njhz;il
kz;lyj;Jf;F mDg;gpdhu;. ,g;ngUk;gil NtY}upy; Kfhkpl;lJ.
,ijawpe;j fpsu;r;rpj; jiytu;fs; fpU\;zNjtuhaupd;
Nkyhz;ikia Vw;Wf; nfhz;L> fg;gk; nrYj;j xg;Gf; nfhz;ldu;.
itag;g ehaf;fu; ,tu;fs; nrYj;j Ntz;ba jpiwiaj;
jPu;khdpj;jhu;.
163
%d;W kz;lyq;fs;
mjd;gpd; tp[aefug; gil NtY}upypUe;J nrQ;rp nrd;W
Kfhkpl;lJ. mg;NghJ Nrho kz;lyf; FWepyj; jiytu;fs;
nrYj;j Ntz;ba fg;gj;njhif KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
mJkl;Lky;y. jkpo;ehL KOtJk; %d;W kz;lyq;fshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;L MSeu;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. me;j %d;W
kz;lyq;fshtd: 1) nrQ;rp kz;lyk;. ,g;gFjp
nfhs;splj;jpypUe;J ney;Y}u; tiu ,Ue;jJ; 2) jQ;ir kz;lyk;.
ePu;tskpf;f gFjp; 3) kJiu kz;lyk;.. rpd;d jpk;ka;a ehaf;fupd;
kfdhd itag;g ehaf;fu; nrQ;rp kz;lyj;Jf;F ehaf;fuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. vdNt fpU\;zNjtuhauhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l
itag;g ehaf;fNu nrQ;rp kz;lyj;jpd; Kjy; ehaf;fu; Mthu;.
10.3.2. kfh ehaf;fu;
itag;g ehaf;fu; nrQ;rpapNyNa jq;fp Ie;jhz;L fhyk;
Ml;rp nra;jhu;. jd;id nrQ;rp ehaf;fuhf;fpa
fpU\;zNjtuhaUf;F ed;wpf;fld;gl;L tpRthrj;NjhL Ntiy
nra;jhu;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; nrQ;rp ehaf;fk; epiy ngw;wJ;
Gfo; ngw;wJ. itag;g ehaf;fu; [k;ig rptd; NfhapYf;F khdpak;
toq;fpdhu; (1530). tlMu;f;fhL khtl;l khjpupkq;fyj;jpy;
gpuhkzu;fSf;F xU mf;fpufhuj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhu; (1532). itag;g
ehaf;fupd; fPo; gzpahw;wpa NtY}u; nghk;K ehaf;fiu tupapy;yh
epyj;ijj; jpUf;NfhtpY}u; jhYf;fhtpypUe;j gs;spr;re;jy;
NfhapYf;Fj; jhdkhff; nfhLf;f Mizapl;lhu;. trtg;g ehaf;fu;
vd;gtu; itag;g ehaf;fu; ngaupy; ,U fpuhkq;fisf;
nfhilahff; nfhLj;jhu; (1538). itag;g ehaf;fu; tyaj;J}u;
Myaj;Jf;F ,uz;L fpuhkq;fis khdpakhf toq;fpdhu; (1541).
,tu; kfhehaf;fu; vd;W Gfo; ngw;whu;. itag;g ehaf;fu;
fpU\;zNjtuhaUf;Fk;> mtUf;Fg;gpd; te;j mr;RjUf;Fk; ed;wp
tpRthrj;NjhL ele;J nfhz;lhu;.
10.3.3. Jghfp fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
itag;g ehaf;fu; nrQ;rp ehafj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;J mjd;
Kjy; ehaf;fuhf Ie;jhz;L fhyk; Ml;rp nra;jgpd; mtuJ
ek;gpf;iff;Fg; ghj;jpukhd fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fiu nrQ;rpapd;
Ml;rpauhf epakpj;jhu;. fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; itag;g ehaf;fUf;F
mLj;j epiy ,uhZtj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtu;. ,tu; Jghfp
fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tuJ ngaUf;Fg;gpd;
cs;s Kw;Nru;f;if (Prefix)ahd Jghfp vd;gJ gl;lg;ngau;. ,tu;
ngj;j fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tu;
tp[aefu kd;du; mutPL mupa ,uhkuhaupd; rkfhyj;jtu;.
164
ngau; khw;wk;
Jghfp fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; NfhNdup nrl;bapd; kfdhff;
fUjg;gLfpwhu; nrl;b Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;j ,tuJ gjp%d;whz;L fhy
Ml;rpapy; nrQ;rp ehaf;fk; gyk; ngw;W tpuptile;jJ. nrQ;rp muR
tljkpo; ehl;bd; nrd;id> ghz;br;Nrup> ney;Y}upd; ngUk;gFjp>
rpj;J}u;> NtY}u;> re;jpufpup Mfpa gFjpfis cs;slf;fpaJ. ,jd;
njd; vy;iy nfhs;splf; fiu tiu nrd;wJ. ,e;j vy;iyNa
nrQ;rp kz;lyj;ijj; jQ;ir> kJiu kz;lyq;fspd; vy;iyg;
gFjpahf ,Ue;jJ. fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; nrQ;rpf; Nfhl;ilia
NkYk; gyg;gLj;jp Mde;jfpup vd;w ngaiu ,uh[fpup vd;W
khw;wpdhu;.
thupR
fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fUf;F yl;Rkhk;gh> ntq;fyhk;gh vd;W
,uz;L kidtpau; ,Ue;jdu;. yl;Rkhk;ghtpd; kfd; Kjyhk;
fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;. ntq;fyhk;ghtpd; gps;isfs; %tu;: 1) R+ug;g
ehaf;fu;; 2) jpthfud;; 3) igutd;. ,k;%tUs; R+ug;g ehaf;fu;
Jghfp fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fupd; thuprhf mupaizNawpdhu;.
10.3.4. R+ug;g ehaf;fu;
R+ug;g ehaf;fu; Jghfp fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fupd; ,uz;lhtJ
kidtp ntq;fyhk;ghTf;Fg; gpwe;jtu;. Kjy; kidtp
yl;Rkhk;ghTf;Fg; gpwe;j fpU\;zg;gh ,stajpduhf ,Ue;jikahy;
R+ug;g ehaf;fu; nrQ;rpapd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;whu; ,ij
tp[aefug; Nguuru; rjhrptuhau; (1542-1570) mq;fPfupj;jhu;. vdNt
R+ug;gu; rjhrptuhaUf;F ed;wpAzu;NthL gzpahw;wpdhu;. gpd;du;
,tuJ khw;whe;jha; kfdhd fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fUld; ,ize;J
nrQ;rpia Ml;rp nra;jhu;. ,UtUk; rjhrptuhaUf;F
tpRthrj;Jld; ,Ue;jdu;.
mq;fPfhuk;
jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; Nghupd; NghJ (1565) R+ug;g ehaf;fu;
rjhrptuhaUf;Fg; gilAjtp nra;jhu;. mjd; fhuzkhf
gtdGUN\hj;jkd; R+ug;gUf;F fu;ehlf rpk;khrd
gpujP\;lghzhr;rhupah vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpg; ngUikg;gLj;jpdhu;.
,J mtu; jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; Nghupd; NghJ tp[aefug; NguuRf;Fr;
nra;j cjtpf;Fr; fpilj;j mq;fPfhukhFk;. R+ug;g ehaf;fu;
fyhurpfu;; fiyQu;fspd; Gutyu;. ,tu; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j gpugy
,uj;dNfl;lh ];uPdpthr jPl;rpjiu Mjupj;jhu;. jPl;rpju; gjpndl;L
ehlfq;fisAk;> mWgJ ghly;fisAk; gilj;jtu;. ,tu; vOjpa
165
gtdhGUN\hj;jkh vd;w ehlfj;ij mtUf;Fg; Gutyuhf ,Ue;j
R+ug;g ehaf;fUf;F mu;g;gzpj;jhu;.
10.3.5. Kjyhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
R+ug;gUf;Fg;gpd; mtuJ khw;whe;jha; kfDk; rNfhjuDkhd
fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf;F te;jhu;. ,tiug; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;
,uz;L fy;ntl;Lfspy; (1546> 1575) fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,it
,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg;
gad;gLtjhapy;iy. tl Mu;f;fhl;by; fpilj;j kw;nwhU
fy;ntl;Lk; (1570) rpije;j epiyapy; cs;sJ. kpFe;j Kaw;rpNahL
,f;fy;ntl;il Muha;e;Njhu; xU jftiyj; jUfpd;wdu;. mjhtJ
Kjyhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; gr;rkfd; vd;gtUf;F epyj;ij
cjpug;gl;bahff; nfhLj;jhu;. Nghupy; gq;Nfw;wikf;fhff;
nfhLf;fg;gLtJ cjpug;gl;b epykhFk;. jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; Nghupy;
rpwg;ghfg; gq;Nfw;wikf;fhf fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; gQ;rkfDf;F
epyf;nfhil nfhLj;J ngUik nra;jhu; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.
10.3.6. ,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; ita;ag;g fpU\;zg;g
njhz;lk; ehaf;fu; vd;W fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhu;. ,jd;
%yk; ,tu; Kjyhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fupd; kfdhfTk;> itag;g
ehaf;fupd; NgudhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W Cfpf;fg; gLfpwJ. ,tu;
MutPL Kjyhk; ];uPuq;fu; (1586-1614)> ,uz;lhtJ ntq;flu; (1614)
Mfpa tp[aefu kd;du;fspd; rkfhyj;jtu;. fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
mutPL tp[aefu kd;du; ntq;flupd; Nkyhz;ikia Vw;f
kWj;jhu;. fg;gk; fl;lhky; fpsu;r;rp nra;jhu;. ,f;fpsu;r;rpia
Kwpabf;Fk; nghUl;L ntq;flu; xU gilia mDg;gpdhu;. mg;gil
fpU\;zg;giuj; Njhw;fbj;J> ifJ nra;J> rpiwapy; milj;jJ.
gpd;du; jQ;ir ehaf;fu; ,uFehju; jiyapl;L ,uz;lhk;
fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fiu rpiwapypUe;J tpLtpj;jhu;.
vjpu;g;ig vjpu;nfhz;lhu;
,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; jPtpu itztu;. vz;zpaij
Kbf;Fk; kdj;jpz;ik ngw;wtu;. ,tu; rpjk;guk; Nfhtpe;juh[g;
ngUkhs; Nfhapiyg; GJg;gpg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
Mdhy; mjw;F rpjk;guk; Nfhapy; jPl;rpju;fs; Ml;Nrgk;
njuptpj;jdu;; jPtpukhf vjpu;j;jdu;. ,e;j vjpu;g;igg;
nghUl;gLj;jhky; Gduikg;Gg; gzpiaj; njhlu;e;jhu; fpU\;zg;g
ehaf;fu;. jPl;rpju;fs; td;Kiwapy; ,wq;fpdu;. jw;nfhiy nra;J
nfhs;sg;Nghtjhf kpul;bdu;. mtu;fsJ kpul;ly;fSf;F ehaf;fu;
nrtprha;f;ftpy;iy. xU ngz; cl;gl rpy vjpu;g;ghsu;fs;
jPf;Fspf;f Kad;wdu;. nghWikapoe;j fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
166
Jg;ghf;fpr;R+L elj;jp epiyikia fl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L te;jhu;.
,j;Jg;ghf;fpr; R+l;by; rpyu; khz;ldu;. Nfhtpe;juh[u; Myaj;
jpUg;gzp ntw;wpfukhf Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ.
rka Rje;jpuk;
,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; nts;shw;wpd;
Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; fpU\;zgl;bdk; vd;w JiwKfg; gl;bdj;ijj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;. mJNt gpd;du; Nghu;Nlh NehNth (Porto Novo)
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa
rkag; gug;ghsu;fshd n[];A+l;fs; (Jesuits) rkag; gzpahw;wp
te;jdu;. fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; jPtpukhd itztuhf ,Ue;j
NghjpYk; fpwpj;Jt kjg; gpur;rhuj;ijj; jil nra;atpy;iy. rkag;
nghiwiaf; filg;gpbj;jhu;.
kf;fspd; nry;thf;F
,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; kf;fspilNa kpFe;j
nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;jhu;. NtY}u; ehaf;fu; cl;gl gy Jiz
ehaf;fu;fs; ,tUf;F MjuthfTk; ,tuJ Ml;rpf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;Lk;
,Ue;jdu;. ,ijf; fz;L nghwhj MutPL tp[aefu kd;du;
ntq;flu; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fiuf; fPo;gzpa itf;fj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;.
mjd;gb xU gilia mDg;gp nrQ;rp ehaf;fiug; gzpa itj;jhu;
(1607-1608). mJkl;Lky;y. fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;
flY}upy; xU njhopw;$lj;ijf; fl;bf; nfhs;tjw;fhff; nfhLj;j
cj;juitAk; jpUk;gg; ngwr; nra;jhu;. tp[aefu kd;dupd;
,r;nray; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fUf;F kpFe;j Vkhw;wj;ijAk;>
kdtUj;jj;ijAk;> lr;Rf;fhuu;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;j thf;iff;
fhg;ghw;w Kbahky; Nghdjhy; mtkupahijiaAk; nfhLj;jJ.
kd;dUf;Fk; ehaf;fUf;Fk; ,ilNaahd ,ilntsp mjpfupj;jJ.
10.3.6.1.cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu;
ntq;flUf;Fg; gpwF ,uz;lhk; ];uPuq;fu; tp[aefu
kd;duhdhu; (1614-1632). ,tu; fhyj;jpy; cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu; (Civil
War) vOe;jJ. nrQ;rp ehaf;fu; ,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;gu; fg;gk; fl;l
kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. ,tupd; MSiff;Fl;gl;l NtY}u; rq;fu ehaf;fu;
];uPuq;fUf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;jhu;. ,f;fpsu;r;rpia nrQ;rp
fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fUk;> kJiu Kj;J tPug;g ehaf;fUk; Mjupj;jdu;.
tp[a efu kd;du; rhu;ghf vr;rk ehaf;fUk; jQ;ir ,uFehj
ehaf;fUk; ,g;Nghupy; gq;Nfw;wdu;. ,e;j cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu;
%d;whz;Lfs; eilngw;wJ. ,Wjpapy; 1616 Mk; Mz;L
jpUr;rpf;fUNf Njhg;G+upy; eilngw;w Nghupy; NtY}u; rq;fu ehaf;fu;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. gpd;du; rpjk;guj;Jf;fUNf eilngw;w NghupYk;
fpsu;r;rpg;gil Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,ul;ilj; Njhy;tp
167
fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fUf;Fg; ngUk; gpd;dilit Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; gpd;thq;fpr; nrd;W nrQ;rpf; Nfhl;iliaj;
jf;f itj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. ,Wjpapy; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fUk;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L> kd;dpf;fg;gl;L> kPz;Lk; nrQ;rp ehaf;fuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,e;j cs;ehl;Lg; Nghupy; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhYk;> tp[aefug; Nguurpd; gytPdKk; rupTk;
njspthfj; njupe;jd. Nguurpd; gytPdj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L
nrQ;rp> jQ;ir> kJiu ehaf;fu;fs; Nghu;f;nfhb cau;j;jj;
njhlq;fpdu;.
10.4. nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fspd; tPo;r;rp
gP[g;G+u;> Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhdpaq;fs; tp[aefug; NguuRf;F
epue;ju rthy;fshf ,Ue;jd. MutPL tp[aefu muru;fspd;
mf;fiwnay;yhk; ,tu;fsJ Mf;fpukpg;gpypUe;J Nguuirf;
fhg;ghw;WtjpNyNa ,Ue;jJ. Mq;fpNyauJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
tp[a efug; NguuRf;F vjpuhf kJiu jpUkiy ehaf;fu; jQ;ir>
nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fSld; Nru;e;J nfhz;L tp[aefug; NguuRf;F
vjpuhff; $l;Lr; rjpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. Mdhy; ,r;rjpia jQ;ir
tp[aehaf;fu; tp[aefug; Nguuru; ];uPuq;fUf;Fj; njuptpj;Jtpl;lhu;.
Ry;jhdplk; ruz;
tp[aefug; Nguuru; ];uPuq;fu; nrQ;rp kPJ gilnaLj;Jr;
nrd;W (1645) nrQ;rpg; giliaAk;> kJiug; giliaAk;
Njhw;fbj;jhu;. NtWtopapd;wp kJiu> nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fs;
Nfhy;nfhz;lh> gP[g;G+u; Ry;jhd;fspd; cjtpia ehbdu;. ,ijj;
jq;fSf;Fr; rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Nfhy;nfhz;lh
Ry;jhd; flw;fiu topahfg; gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W lr;Rf;fhuu;
trkpUe;j Gypf;fhl;ilAk; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhu; (1646).
mNjNghd;W gP[g;G+u; Ry;jhdpd; gil NtY}iuAk;> nrQ;rpiaAk;
ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ (1649). ,g;gP[g;G+u; gilnaLg;G nrQ;rp
ehaf;fj;Jf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;jJ.
10.4.1. tPo;r;rpapd; tpisT
nrQ;rp ehaf;fj;jpd; tPo;r;rp jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; tpguPj
tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpaJ. nrQ;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpa gP[g;G+u; gil
nrQ;rpf; Nfhl;ilapy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fisAk;>
nry;tj;ijAk; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. gyNfhb &gha; nuhf;fKk;
fzf;fpylq;fh jq;fKk;> eiffSk; nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;ld.
mJkl;Lky;y. nrQ;rp ehaf;f kf;fs; nfhLikfSf;Fs;shapdu;.
kf;fs; fl;lha kjkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;ldu;. kR+jpfs; fl;lg;gl;ld.
mJkl;Lky;y. gP[g;G+u; gil njw;F Nehf;fpr; nrd;W jQ;iriaAk;>
168
kJiuiaAk; R+iwahb gzpar; nra;jJ. jkpo;ehL gP[g;G+u;>
Nfhy;nfhz;lh jatpy; ,Ue;jJ. Kfkjpau; Mjpf;fk; nfhbfl;bg;
gwe;jJ. ,tw;wpd; $l;L tpisthfj; jkpo;ehl;by; njYq;fu;
nry;thf;F gytPdkile;jJ.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. ahu; kfhehaf;fu; vd;W Gfo; ngw;whu;?
2. ahu; Mde;jfpup vd;w ngaiu ,uh[fpup vd;W khw;wpdhu;?
3. nts;shw;wpd; Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; fpU\;zgl;bdk; vd;w JiwKfg;
gl;bdj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; ahu;?
10.5. jQ;ir ehaf;fu;fs;
13-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; filg;gFjpapy; Nrhou; Nguurpd;
tPo;r;rpf;Fg;gpwF jQ;rhT+u; jho;r;rpAw;wJ. mq;F epiyahd Ml;rp
,y;iy. ghz;bag; Nguurpd; gpbf;Fs; rpf;fpaJ Nrho ehL.
mjd;gpwF kJiu Ry;jhd;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpd;fPo;f;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;ij tPo;j;jpa tp[aefu;
Nrhoehl;il tp[aefug; Nguurpd; gFjpahf;fptpl;lJ.
fpU\;zNjtuhau; fhyj;jpy; (1509-1530) Nrho ehL kJiu
ehaf;fj;jpd; gFjpahf ,Ue;jJ. mtuJ thuprhd mr;Rjuhau;
fhyj;jpy; (1530-1542) Nrho ehL kJiu ehaf;fj;jpypUe;J
gpupf;fg;gl;L jQ;ir ehaf;fkhf;fg;gl;lJ.
10.6. nrtg;g ehaf;fu;
jQ;ir ehaf;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; nrtg;g ehaf;fu;.
mtNu mjd; Kjy; ehaf;fu;. jpk;kg;g ehaf;fupd; kfd; nrtg;g
ehaf;fu;. jpk;kg;g ehaf;fu; tl Mu;f;fhL neLq;Fd;wj;ijj;
jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jtu;. mtu; fpU\;z Njtuhaupd;
thapy; fhg;ghsuhfTk;> jsthahfTk; tpRthrj;Jld;
gzpahw;wpatu;. jpk;kg;g ehaf;fUf;Fk; gahk;gpiff;Fk; kfdhfg;
gpwe;jtu; nrtg;g ehaf;fu;.
ciog;ghy; cau;e;jtu;
nrtg;g ehaf;fu; fpU\;zNjtuhau;> mr;Rjuhau; Mfpa
Nguuru;fspd; fPo;g; gzpahw;wpatu;. mtu;fspd; ek;gpf;ifiaAk;>
ed;kjpg;igAk; ngw;wtu;. mwpTj; jpwikahYk;> Neu;ikahYk;>
mauh ciog;ghYk; cau;e;jtu;. mr;Rjuhaupd; ikj;Jdp
%u;j;jpkhk;ghitj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;ljd; %yk; mur
169
FLk;gj;Jld; cwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;. tp[aefug; Nguuru;
mr;Rjuhau; mtuJ rfiy nrtg;gdiu jQ;ir ehaf;fuhf
epakpj;jhu; (1532). nrtg;g ehaf;fu; jQ;ir kz;ly ehaf;fuhdjd;
%yk; jQ;ir ehaf;f tk;rhtspiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;. jQ;ir
ehaf;fk; jQ;rhT+u;> njd; Mu;f;fhL khtl;lj;jpd; gFjp> jpUr;rp
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.
nra;j Nritfs;
nrtg;g ehaf;fu; rpwe;j epu;thfp> murpay; tpNtfp> nghJey
ehl;l Kilatu;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; gy nghJeyg;
gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. Fwpg;ghf ePu;g;ghrd trjpiag;
ngUf;Ftjw;fhfj; jQ;irapy; ngupa Fsk; xd;iw ntl;lr;
nra;jhu;. mjw;F rptg;gNdup vd;W ngauplg;gl;lJ. ,tu; rka
rfpg;Gj; jd;ikiaf; filg;gpbj;jhu;. K];yPk; mUl;njhz;lu;fis
Mjupj;J mtu;fSf;Fj; jhdq;fs; nfhLj;jhu;. mNjNghd;W nrtg;g
ehaf;fu; Nghu;r;Rf;fPupaupd; eltbf;iffis Cf;Ftpj;jhu;. mtu;fs;
ehifapy; FbapUg;Gfis mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
cjtpfisr; nra;jhu;. ehifj; JiwKfj;ijr; nrg;gdpl;lhu;.
lr;Rf;fhuu;fSlDk; el;GwNthL ,Ue;jhu;. jQ;irf; Nfhl;il
fl;lg;gl;lJ. Nfhapy; jpUg;gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
Myaq;fSf;Fg; gy fpuhkq;fs; jhdkhf mspf;fg;gl;ld. nrtg;g
ehaf;fu; ,yf;fpa ehl;lKilatu;. jj;Jt rpe;jidahsu;. gpugy
,yf;fpag;Gyik gilj;j jj;Jtu; kj;th FU tp[apd;jpu jPu;j;ju;
,tuJ muritia myq;fupj;jhu;. RUq;ff;$wpd;> nrtg;g ehaf;fu;
jQ;ir ehaf;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;J> gyg;gLj;jp> Gfo; ngwr;
nra;jhu;.
10.7. mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fu;
nrtg;g ehaf;fiug; Nghd;Nw mtUf;Fg;gpd; jQ;ir
ehaf;fuhd mr;Rjg;gUk; tp[aefu tpRthrp. tp[a efug; Nguuru;
mr;Rjg;guhaupd; epidthf ,tUf;F ,g;ngau; R+l;lg;gl;lJ. nrtg;g
ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpNyNa ,tu; gl;lj;J ,sturuhapUe;J
epu;thf mDgtk; ngw;whu;. jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; Nghupd; NghJ (1565)
mr;Rjg;gu; tp[aefuj;Jf;Fg; gil cjtpAk;> nghUs; cjtpAk;
nra;jhu;. gpd;du; ty;yj;jpy; kJiu-nrQ;rp fpsu;r;rpf; $l;Lg;
gilf;Fk; tp[aefug; gilf;Fk; Nghu; %z;l NghJ mr;Rjg;g
ehaf;fu; tp[aefu; NguurUf;Fj; Jizahf ,Ue;jhu;. ,JNt
kJiu-jQ;ir ehaf;fu;fSf;fpilNa jPuh tpNuhjj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;lJ.
,yq;iff;Fk; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpaUf;FkpilNa eilngw;w Nghupy; ,tu;
170
,yq;ifia Mjupj;jhu;. ,g;Nghupy; Njhy;tpAw;w ,yq;if
kd;dUf;F jQ;irapy; milf;fyk; nfhLj;jhu;.
mwg; gzpfs;
mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fupd; gpujk mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jtu; Nfhtpe;j
jPl;rpju;> rpwe;j mwpthsp. mwpTf;$u;ikkpf;f epu;thfp. mr;Rjg;guplk;
Nghu;j; jpwikAk; rkag; gw;Wk; xUq;Nf mike;jpUe;jd. ,tuJ
Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Fk;gNfhzk; kfhkf Fsk; J}u;thug;gl;lJ. gy
Nfhapy;fspd; cl;fl;Lkhdg; gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld; jhdq;fs;
jhuhskhf toq;fg;gl;ld. Fwpg;ghf ];uPuq;fk; Nfhapy;. je;ijiag;
Nghd;Nw ,tUk; ePu;g;ghrdg; ngUf;fj;Jf;Fr; rpwg;gplk; nfhLj;jhu;.
mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fu; jpUthbf;fUNf fhNtupf;Ff; FWf;Nf fl;ba
miz Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. gpuhkzu;fSf;Fg; gy mf;fpufhuq;fs;
fl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. ,tuJ kfd; ,uFehj ehaf;fu;
Atuh[hthf ,Ue;J mr;Rjg;gUf;F cjtpahf ,Ue;jhu;. vdpDk;
mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fupd; filrp fhyj;jpy; mbf;fb Nghu;fSk;
Fog;gq;fSk; Vw;gl;ld. re;jpufpupapYk;> NtY}upYk; ,Ue;j
ehaf;fu;fs; jQ;irf;F thupRupik Nfhupajhy; ,f;Fog;gq;fs;
Vw;gl;ld.
10.8. ,uFehj ehaf;fu;
,uFehj ehaf;fu; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;wTld; je;ij
mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fu; tpl;Lr; nrd;w mur ghuj;ij Rkf;f
Ntz;bajhapw;W. ,tu; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu;
Jtq;fpw;W. NtY}iuj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;j
tp[aefug; NguuRf;fhd thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lk; Nghupy; Kbe;jJ.
,g;Nghupy; tp[aefu tpRthrpahd ,uFehj ehaf;fu; gq;Nfw;f
Ntz;ba fl;lhak; Vw;gl;lJ. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Nguurpd; rhu;ghfg;
Nghl;bapl;l vr;rk ehaf;fiu Mjupj;jhu; jQ;ir ehaf;fu;. vr;rk
ehaf;fiu vjpu;j;Jg; Nghl;bapl;l [f;fuhaiu kJiu> nrQ;rp
ehaf;fu;fs; Mjupj;jdu;. ,t;tpU jug;gpdUf;FkpilNa Njhg;G+upy;
eilngw;w Nghupy; (1616) uFehj ehaf;fupd; cjtpAld; NguuRg;
gil ntw;wp ngw;wJ.
Nghupd; tpisT
Njhg;G+u; Nghupd; tpisthf ,uFehj ehaf;fUf;Fg; ngupa
gad; VJk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Njhg;G+u; Nghu; tp[aefug; Nguuir
NkYk; gytPdg;gLj;jpaNj ad;wp ,uFehj ehaf;fupd; epiyia
cau;j;jtpy;iy. jQ;ir ehaf;fUf;Fk; kJiu ehaf;fUf;Fk;
,ilNaahd tpNuhjKk; FNuhjKk; mjpfupj;jdNtad;wp
Fiwatpy;iy. jkpo;ehl;by; ,UngUk; ehaf;fpaq;fspd;
171
jiytu;fshapUe;j ehaf;fu;fs; njYq;fu;fshf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;
,tu;fSf;fpilNa fLikahd nghwhikg; Nghl;b epytpaJ.
gy;fiy ty;ytu;
,uFehj ehaf;fu; gy;fiy ty;ytu;. ,tu; rk];fpUjj;jpYk;
njYq;fpYk; Gyikkpf;ftu;. ,tuJ murit Gytu;fshYk;
,yf;fpag; gilg;ghspfshYk; epiwe;jpUe;jJ. ,uFehju; ,irQhdp.
,tu; Gjpa ,uhfq;fisAk;> jhsq;fisAk;> Nksq;fisAk;
cUthf;fpdhu;. ,tuJ rq;fPj Rjh ,ir gw;wpa tlnkhop
E}yhFk;. ,tuJ kidtp gj;uhk;gh rpwe;j ftpQu;. ,uFehjupd;
,ir kw;Wk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfs; gy. Nfhtpe;j jPl;rpjupd; kfd;
aQ;dehuhazh mtuJ rhfpj;a ,uj;dhfuh vd;w E}ypy;
,uFehjupd; Ml;rpr; rpwg;igg; gw;wp tptupj;Js;shu;. ,uFehju;
kj;Jt Nkijfshd Rjpd;uh> ,uhfNte;uh MfpNahUf;Fg; Gutyu;.
,tuJ muz;kid E}yfNk gpd;du; ru];tjp kfhy; E}yfkhf
tpupTgLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,uFehju; jpwikkpf;f ths; tPr;rhsUk;$l.
Fjpiu rthupapy; ty;ytu;. juq;fk;ghbapy; Nldp\; FbapUg;G
cUthf cjtpatu; (1620). ,JNt gpd;du; Mq;fpNyau; jQ;ir
ehaf;fu;fsplk; tu;j;jf cjtpNfhu toptFj;jJ. ,uFehj ehaf;fu;
jQ;ir ehaf;fu;fspy; jiyrpwe;jtu; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
10.9. tp[auhft ehaf;fu;
,uFehj ehaf;fiuaLj;J jQ;ir ehaf;fuhd tp[auhft
ehaf;fu; tp[aefug; NguuRf;F tpRthrkhf ,Ue;J tpNuhjpahdtu;.
gopghgj;Jf;F mQ;rhjtu;. tp[aefug; Nguuru; %d;whk; ];uPuq;fu;
jdJ Nkyhjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;Lk; nghUl;L jkpo;ehl;bd; kPJ
gilnaLj;J te;j NghJ kJiu> nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fs; fLikahf
vjpu;j;jdu;. Mdhy; tp[auhftu; Nguuriu Mjupj;jhu;. mg;NghJ
kJiuia Ml;rp nra;j jpUkiy ehaf;fu; Nfhy;nfhz;lh
Ry;jhdpd; cjtpNahU ];uPuq;fiuj; Njhw;fbj;jhu;. ];uPuq;fu;
Njhy;tpaile;jij mwpe;j tp[auhft ehaf;fu; kdij khw;wpf;
nfhz;lhu;. Njhy;tpAw;W milf;fyk; Nfl;L te;j ];uPuq;fupd;
Ntz;LNfhis epuhfupj;Jtpl;lhu; tp[auhftu;. vdNt> ];uPuq;fu;
ikR+upy; milf;fyk; Nfl;L nry;yNtz;bajhapw;W.
tp[auhft ehaf;fupd; ,ayhikiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l
gP[g;G+u; Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhd;fs; jQ;ir kPJ gilnaLj;jdu;.
Kjypy; gilnaLj;J te;j Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhdplk;
ruzile;jhu; tp[auhf ehaf;fu;. mjd;gpd; gilnaLj;Jte;j
gP[g;G+u; Ry;jhDf;Fg; gae;J fhl;Lf;Fs; nrd;Wtpl;lhu;. gP[g;G+u;
gil jQ;ir> kd;dhu;Fb> ty;yk; Mfpa ,lq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpaJ.
172
Nrkpj;J itj;jpUe;j nry;tnky;yhk; R+iwahlg;gl;lJ. njhw;W
Neha;f;F mQ;rpa gP[g;G+u; gil gpd;thq;fpr; nrd;wJ.
ghJfhg;G Gwf;fzpg;G
gP[g;G+u; gil gpd;thq;fpr; nrd;wgpd; tdthrj;jpypUe;J
jpUk;gpa tp[auhft ehaf;fu; G+i[ nra;jhy; Ml;rpiaf;
fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;syhk; vd;W ek;gpdhu;. ngUk; nghUl;nrytpy;
etuhj;jpup G+i[ elj;jg;gl;lJ. gpuhkzu;fspd; topfhl;Ljypd;
Ngupy; rkar; rlq;Ffspy; f[hdhitf; fhyp nra;jhu;. murpay;
gpur;ridf;F rkaj;jPu;T vJTkpy;iy vd;gij mwpahj
tp[auhftu; ghJfhg;igg; Gwf;fzpj;jhu;. mjw;fhd tpiyia
tpiutpNyNa nfhLf;f Neupl;lJ.
10.10. jQ;irapd; tPo;r;rp
tp[aefug; Nguuru; %d;whk; ];uPuq;fu; jkpo;ehl;bd; kPJ
gilnaLj;J te;j NghJ kJiu jpUkiy ehaf;fUf;F vjpuhfg;
Nguuriu Mjupf;fhjij kwf;fNth kd;dpf;fNth jahuhapy;iy.
tp[auhftiuj; jz;bf;Fk; nghUl;L kJiu nrhf;fehj ehaf;fu;
jQ;irkPJ gilnaLj;jhu;. tp[auhft ehaf;fu; Nghu;f;fsj;jpNyNa
nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. jQ;ir ehaf;fk; kJiu ehaf;fj;Jld;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ. kJiu nrhf;fehj ehaf;fupd; rNfhjuu; mofpup
jQ;ir MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. jQ;ir ehaf;fk; KbTf;F
te;jJ. mjd;gpd; jQ;ir kuhj;jpau; trkhapw;W.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
4. jQ;ir ehaf;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; ahu;?
5. mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fupd; gpujk mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jtu; ahu;?
6. rq;fPj Rjh ,ir gw;wpa tlnkhop E}iy vOjpatu; ahu;.
10.11. ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; epu;thfk;
jkpo; ehL tp[a efug; Nguurpd; gFjpahf ,Ue;j NghJ
,uhZt MSeu;fspd; fPo; gy gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
MSeu;fs; mkuehaf;fu;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;. mtu;fs;
Ml;rp nra;j gFjpfs; mkuehaf;fjhdq;fs; vd;W ngau; ngw;wd.
tpRtehj ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; (1529-1564) mtuJ jstha;
mupaehj Kjypahuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l 72 ghisaq;fs; kJiu
ehaf;fu;fs; fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dUk; ePbj;jd. nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fSk;
,e;j ghisag;gl;L KiwiaNa gpd;gw;wpdu;. ,j;jifa
epyg;ghFghl;L Kiw jkpo; ehl;Lf;Fg; GjpJ; ghisaf;fhuu;fSk;
173
Gjpatu;. Jtf;fj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd ghisaf;fhuu;fs;
Me;jpuhtpypUe;J te;j ,uhZtj; jiytu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. 16-Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; ,ilg; gFjpapy; tp[a efug; NguuR gytPdg;gl;l
NghJ ,g;ghisaf;fhuu;fs; Rje;jpukhfr; nray;glyhapdu;. ,tu;fs;
jq;fsJ Rje;jpuj;jpy; Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfSk; Mq;fpNyaUk;
jiyapl;lij tpUk;gtpy;iy; vjpu;j;jdu;.
ghisak;
Me;jpu ehaf;fu;fs; Ml;rp nra;tjw;F trjpahfj; jkpo; ehL
gy ghisaq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. ghyK vd;W njYq;fpYk;>
ghisak; vd;W jkpopYk; ifahsg;gLk; ,r;nrhy; Jtf;fj;jpy;
,uhZt Kfhikf; Fwpj;jJ. gpd;du; khtl;lj;Jf;F ,izahd
,g;ghisaq;fs; Ms; epyg; gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gjhapw;W. ghisaq;fs;
ed;F ghJfhf;fg;gl;l epu;thf ikaq;fshfj; jpfo;e;jd. ,it
Gjpa murpay; mikg;Gfshf (Political Units) cUg;ngw;wd.
,uhkehjGuk;> rptfq;if> cilahu;gisak;> mupaY}u;>
ghQ;rhyk;Fwpr;rp Mfpait typikkpf;f Kf;fpa ghisaq;fshFk;.
nghJthf ,tw;iwj; njYq;F ghisaq;fs;> jkpo; ghisaq;fs;
vd;W gpupg;gJz;L. ney;fl;Lk;nrty;> rptfpup> rhj;J}u;> mofhGup
Nghd;w Nkw;Fg; ghisaq;fis jkpo; NgRk; ghisaf;fhuu;fs;
Ml;rp nra;jdu;. khwhf> vl;laGuk;> ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp> fly;Fb
Nghd;w fpof;Fg; ghisaq;fs; njYq;F NgRk; ghisaf;fhuu;fspd;
Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;jd.
10.12. ghisaf;fhuu;
ghisaj;jpd; nrhe;jf;fhuj; jiytu; ghisaf;fhuu; vd;W
miof;fg; gl;lhu;. ,tu;fs; ghisaq;fs; kPJ guk;giu cupik
ngw;wpUe;jdu;; Nfhl;ilfisf; fl;bf; nfhz;L ghJfhg;Gld;
,Ue;jdu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf kJiuia Ml;rp nra;j tpRtehj
ehaf;fu; kJiuia kWrPuikj;j NghJ kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Nfhapy;
cs;spl;l efiur; Rw;wp mfopfSld; $ba ,ul;ilr; Rtu;fSld;
Nfhl;iliaf; fl;bdhu;. Nfhl;iliar; Rw;wp ghisaf;fhuu;fspd;
mYtyfq;fSf;fhf 72 ,ul;il mLf;Ff; fl;llq;fisAk;
fl;bdhu;. 1841 ,y; gpupl;b\; fnyf;lu; gpshf; ngu;d; (Black Burn)
kJiu efiu tpupTgLj;Jtjw;fhf ,f;Nfhl;il muz;fis
mfw;wptpl;lhu;. gisaf;fhuu;fs; ehaf;fupd; gpujpepjpfshf
nray;gl;ldu;. mtu;fs; jq;fsJ eltbf;iffSf;F ehaf;fSf;Fg;
nghWg;ghdtu;fs;. ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; gpujhd gzp tup tR+ypj;jy;
MFk;. tR+ypj;j tupj;njhifapy; %d;wpy; xU gq;if ehaf;fUf;F
jpiwahfr; nrYj;jptpl;L vQ;rpa gq;iff; nfhz;L ghJfhty;
giliag; guhkupj;J nrhe;j nryTf;Fk; itj;Jf; nfhs;s
174
Ntz;Lk;. ghisaj;ij epu;tfpj;jy;> kf;fSf;Fg; ghJfhg;G
mspj;jy;> rl;lk; xOq;if epiyehl;ly;> ePjp toq;fy;>
ehaf;fUf;Fj; Njitg;gLk;NghJ gil tPuu;fis mDg;Gjy;
Nghd;wit ghisaf;fhuupd; gpw nghWg;GfshFk;.
10.12.1. ghisaf;fhuu; Ml;rp Kiw
xt;nthU ghisaKk; fpuhkq;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;.
ghisaj;jpd; mjpguhd ghisaf;fhuu; jdf;F cjtp nra;a
mikr;ru;fisAk;> mjpfhupfisAk; epakpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
mikr;ru;fs; NrdhjpgjpfshfTk; ,Ue;jdu;. jstha;
NrdhjpgjpfSf;Fj; jiytu;. ghisaf;fhuu; jstha; %ykhf
ehaf;fUld; njhlu;G nfhz;lhu;. eilKiwapy; xt;nthU
ghisaf;fhuUk; ju;ghupy; mku;e;J fhl;rpaspj;J xU kd;diug;
Nghd;W jd;dpr;irahf glhNlhgkhf ele;J nfhz;lhu;.
ghisaf;fhuu; Ml;rp Kiw xU tifahd ,uhZt Kbahl;rp
vd;W $wyhk;.
epykhdpa Kiw
ghisaf;fhuu; Ml;rp epykhdpa Kiw (Feudalism)ia
ikakhff; nfhz;L Rod;wJ. tpis epyk; jhd; tUthapd; Cw;W;
tho;f;ifapd; Mjhuk;; murhq;fj;jpd; capu; %r;R. vdNt>
ghisaf;fhuu; tskpf;f epyj;ijj; jd; nrhe;j cgNahfj;Jf;F
itj;Jf; nfhz;L vQ;rpatw;iwg; gpw gpuKfu;fSf;Fg; gpupj;Jf;
nfhLj;jhu;. gpuKfu; Fj;jifjhuu;fs; ,UNtW flikfisr; nra;a
Ntz;Lk;: 1) murhq;fj;Jf;F epytup nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;; 2) neUf;fb
Neuj;jpy; ehaf;fUf;F ,uhZt cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. vdNt>
xt;nthU tptrhapAk; xU Nghu; tPuuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ghisaf;fhuu; epyj;Jf;Fr; nrhe;jf;fhuu; MapDk; cotu;fNs
tpisr;rYf;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jdu;. gapu; rhFgb ,tu;fspd;
ciog;igg; nghWj;Nj ,Ue;jJ. cotu;fs;jhd; epyj;ij cOJ>
tpijj;J> gapiu tsu;j;Jg; ghJfhj;J> rhFgb nra;J>
tpisr;riy xg;gilg;gtu;fs;. vdpDk; ,tu;fs; trpg;gjw;Fj;
Njitahd Fiwe;jgl;r tpisnghUis Cjpakhff; nfhLj;J
tpl;L kPjpiag; ghisaf;fhuu; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;. FLk;gj;
NjitfSf;F cotu;fs; ghisaf;fhuuplkpUe;J gzkhfNth
my;yJ nghUshfNth fld; ngw;W> thq;fpa flidf; nfhLf;f
Kbahky; nfhj;jbikfshf tho;f;ifapd; tpspk;gpNyNa ,Ue;jdu;.
RUq;ff;$wpd;> cotu;fs; fldpy; gpwe;J> fldpy; trpj;J> flidj;
jd; thupRfSf;F tpl;Lr; nrd;wdu;.
175
epiw Fiw
tpisepyk; tpisr;riyg; nghWj;J fupry;> nrk;kz;>
nghl;ly;> fspkz; G+kp vd;W tifg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. nghJthf
tpisr;rypy; ghjp ghisaf;fhuupd; gq;fhf ,Ue;jJ. ,g;gq;F
nghJr; nryT vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ nghJf;
fhupaq;fSf;fhfg; ngwg;gl;l gq;fhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. rupahd
tpisr;ry; kjpg;gPl;L KiwAk;> Kiwahd kh%y;' msTk;
,y;yhikahy; ghisaf;fhuu; jd; Njitf;Nfw;g jd; gq;if
aNjr;irahfj; jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. ,jdhy; tptrhapfSk;>
cotu;fSk; gy;NtW KiwNfLfSf;Fg; gypahapdu;.
,r;Ruz;lypypUe;J jg;gpf;f mtu;fs; tpisr;riyg; gw;wpa jtwhd
jfty;fisj; je;jdu;; ngha;f; fzf;iff; nfhLj;jdu;. ,jdhy; tup
Va;g;G tof;fkhfptpl;lJ. ,J Vkhw;WNthUf;Fk;
Vkhw;wg;gLNthUf;Fkhd Nghl;bahf ,Ue;jJ.
Cu;f;fhty; Kiw
Cu;f;fhty; Kiw jkpo; ehl;bd; ghuk;gupa cs;Shu;
ghJfhg;G KiwahFk;. fhty;fhuu;fs; Cu;g; ghJfhg;Gf;Fg;
nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jdu;. vdpDk;> jkpo;ehL tp[a efug; Nguurpd;
Neub Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;jtiu Cu;f;fhty; Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl
tpy;iy. gpd;du; ehaf;fu;fs; Rje;jpukhfr; nray;glj; Jtq;fpa
NghJ ,g;ghuk;gupag; ghJfhty; Kiw GJg;gpf;fg;gl;L
gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. fhty;fSf;fhd Cjpak; gzkhfNth
nghUshfNth nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. Cu;f;fhty; Kiw jyf;fhty; vd;w
ngaupy; nray;gl;lJ. ,f;fhty; Kiwapd; fhuzkhf fpuhk kf;fs;
mr;rkpd;wp ,Ue;jdu;; gapu;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;ld; fpuhkq;fs;
jpUlu;fspd; jhf;Fjypdpd;Wk; tpLtpf;fg;gl;ld.
jw;fhg;Gg; gil
ghisaf;fhuu;fs; jq;fsJ ghJfhg;Gf;fhfTk;> gfl;L
tho;f;iff;Fk;> r%f me;j];Jf;fhfTk; nrhe;j jw;fhg;Gg; gilia
itj;jpUe;jdu;. ghisaf;fhuu; vq;F nrd;whYk; ,g;gilapd; xU
gpuptpdu; mtUld; nry;tu;. jw;fhg;Gg; gilapy; %d;W gpuptpdu;
,Ue;jdu;: 1) mkUk; gzpahsu;fs;. ,tu;fs; ghisaf;fhuu;fspd;
ek;gpf;iff;Fg; ghj;jpukhdtu;fs;. $g;gpl;l FuYf;F Xb tUgtu;fs;.
,tu;fSf;F epyk; khdpakhf toq;fg;gl;lJ. 2) fl;Lg;gb
gzpahsu;fs;. ,tu;fs; ghisaf;fhuu;fSf;Fg; Nghu;j;
jsthlq;fisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhLg;gtu;fs;. ,tu;fSf;Fk; epyk;
khdpakhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. 3) iff; $ypfs;. ,tu;fs;
mtruj;Jf;Fg; gad;glf;$batu;fs;; MAjk; Ve;jp Nghuplf;
$batu;fs;. ,tu;fs; $ypf;F khubg;gtu;fs;'. ,tu;fSf;F Ntiy
176
ghJfhg;G ,d;ikahy;> Ntiyapd;wp ,Uf;Fk; NghJ nfhiy>
nfhs;is> jpUl;L Nghd;w eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;ldu;.
Nghu; Kiw
ghisaf;fhuu;fs; ngausTf;F ehaf;fUf;Ff;
fl;Lg;gl;ltu;fNsad;wp eilKiwapy; ,tu;fs; Rje;jpukhfr;
nray;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fsJ nrhy;Ny rl;lkhf ,Ue;jJ.
ghisaf;fhuu;fs; muz;fNshL $ba Nfhl;ilfisf; fl;bf;
nfhz;L vjpupfspd; jhf;Fjy;fspypUe;J jq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf;
nfhz;ldu;. ngUk; jhf;Fjy;fisAk; Nfhl;ilf;Fs; ,Ue;J
nfhz;Nl vjpu;nfhz;ldu;. Nfhl;ilfisj; jhz;br; nrd;W
,tu;fis nty;tJ fbdk;. ghisaf;fhuu;fs; gy;NtW Nghu;f;
fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. ehl;Lj; Jg;ghf;fpfSk;> Nty; fk;G>
<l;bfSk; ,tu;fsJ gpujhd MAjq;fs;. ,tw;NwhL gPuq;fp>
ifj;Jg;ghf;fp> Nghu; ths;> Fj;J ths;> Nflak;> $u;q;Nfhy;> tpy;-
mk;G> ftz;> <l;b> ce;Jthzk;> jhf;fpj; jpUk;Gk; ths;jb Nghd;w
MAjq;fisAk; ifahz;ldu;.
ghisaf;fhuu;fs; nghJthf vjpupfis NeubahfNth
my;yJ kiwe;jpUe;J jhf;Fk; Nghu; cj;jpfisg; gpd;gw;wpdu;.
mlu;e;j fhLfisg; gJq;fpf; nfhz;L vjpupfs; kPJ vjpu;ghuh
Neuj;jpy; gha;e;J jhf;fpg; Nguopit Vw;gLj;Jtu;. vjpupapd; Fjpiug;
gilia ,tu;fsJ $u;q;Nfhy; tPuu;fs; Rw;wp tisj;Jj; jpBu;j;
jhf;Fjy; elj;jpr; nraypof;fr; nra;tu;. ,tu;fSf;Fj; Jizahfg;
gPuq;fpg; gilapdUk;> Jg;ghf;fp Ve;jpfSk; Nghupy; fye;J nfhs;tu;.
gilg; gpuptpdu; midtUk; $l;Lj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jp vjpupfspd;
gilfisj; jpf;FKf;fhlr; nra;tu;.
jdpf;fhl;L ,uh[hf;fs;
fpl;lj;jl;l xU E}w;whz;L fhyj;Jf;F Nky; (1650-1760)
ghisaf;fhuu;fs; jkpo; ehl;by; jdpf;fhl;L ,uh[hf;fshfr;
nray;gl;L te;jdu;. gy;NtW topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp ,tu;fsJ
jdpj;jd;ikiaAk;> Rje;jpuj;ijAk;> nry;tj;ijAk;>
nry;thf;ifAk; ngUf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;. ,tu;fs; gaj;jhYk;>
eaj;jhYk;> tPujPu guhf;fpukr; nray;fshYk; ghisa kf;fspd;
Mjuitg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. ehaf;fu; Ml;rp gytPdkhf ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ ghisaf;fhuu;fs; murhq;f fpuhkq;fis Mf;fpukpj;Jf;
nfhz;ldu;. cs;shl;rp epu;thfpfisg; gaKWj;jpg; gzpaitj;J
mtu;fsplkpUe;J kh%y;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. murhq;fj;Jf;F
,uhZt cjtp nra;J murhq;fj;jpd; Mjuitg; ngw;wdu;.
murhq;f MjuTld; ghisaq;fis tpupTgLj;jpdu;; giliag;
ngUf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;. fpuhkq;fis ,uhZt Kfhk;fshf
177
cUkhw;wk; nra;jdu;. murhq;fk; neUf;fbapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
vjpu;f;fTk; nra;jdu;.
10.12.2. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ghisaf;fhuu;fs;
jkpo; ehl;by; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd ghisaf;fhuu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.
kJiu ehl;by; kl;Lk; 72 ghisaq;fs; ,Ue;jd. tp[a efu
Ml;rpapd; NghJ kl;Lk; 200f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ghisaf;fhuu;fs;
,Ue;jdu;. kJiu ehaf;fu;fs; fhyj;jpy; (1549-1736) kJiu> jpUr;rp>
jQ;ir> nrQ;rp Mfpa gFjpfspy; ghisaf;fhuu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.
gpd;du; ,tu;fs; jkpo; ehl;bd; ehd;F jpf;FfspYk; jq;fsJ
Ml;rpia mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. nfhq;F ehl;by; kl;Lk; 10
gykpf;f fTz;lu; ghisaf;fhuu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.
njd;dpe;jpahtpNyNa nfhq;F ehl;by; jhd; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy;
ghisaq;fs; ,Ue;jd. ney;fl;Lk;nrty; (kJiu); ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp>
vl;laGuk; (kJiu-jpUney;Ntyp); rpq;fk;gl;b (jpUney;Ntyp);
fd;dpthb> tpUg;ghl;b (kJiu-jpz;Lf;fy); fhsfjp (re;jpufpup);
kJuhe;jfk; (re;jpufpup-NtY}u;) ghisaf;fhuu;fs;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.
10.12.3. Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfspd; fPo; ghisaf;fhuu;fs;
1736-Mk; Mz;L kJiu ehaf;fu; Ml;rp tPo;r;rp mile;j
gpd;du; ghisaq;fs; Fog;gf; fhLfshapd. 1690-fspy; kJiu
ehaf;fu; ehL Mu;f;fhL ethGfspd; Ml;rpapd; fPo;f;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ehaf;fu;fSf;Fg; gjpy; ethGfs;
ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; Nkyjpfhupfshapdu;. ghisaf;fhuu;fs;
ethGfSf;Ff; fg;gk; fl;Lk; fl;lhaj;Jf;Fj; js;sg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j
Ml;rp khw;wj;ijg; ghisaf;fhuu;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy; NtW topapd;wp
Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. 1750-fspy; Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs; Mq;fpNyaupd;
Mjpf;ff; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; te;jNghJ mtu;fs; ghisaf;fhuu;fspd;
GJ Nkyhz;ikf;F xU Nky;epyf;fohuhapdu;. Mq;fpNyau; tup
tR+iyj; jPtpug;gLj;jpa NghJ mtu;fSf;Fk;
ghisaf;fhuu;fSf;FkpilNa Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gl;ld; ,e;j Nkhjy;fs;
fpsu;r;rpfshf khwpd.
10.13. Nghuhsp G+ypj;Njtd;
1715 nrg;lk;gu; Kjy; Njjp jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy;
rq;fud;NfhapYf;F mUfhikapy; cs;s MTilahu;Guk; vd;w
fpuhkj;jpy; rpj;jpuGj;jpu NjtUf;Fk;> rptQhd ehr;rpahUf;Fk;
kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu; G+ypj;Njtd;. ,tUf;F ,sikapNyNa
jkpohu;tKk;> ftpijg;ghLk; jpwDk;> RakupahijAk;> Rje;jpu
178
czu;Tk; ,ay;ghfNt mike;jpUe;jd. tPukpf;f G+ypj;Njtd;
Gypiaf; nfhd;wjhy; ,tUf;Fg; Gypj;Njtd; vd;w ngau;
te;jjhff; $Wtu;. ,tUf;F ,aw;ngaiutpl fhuzg; ngauhd
Gypj;Njtd; vd;w ngaNu kf;fs; kdjpy; epiyj;Jtpl;lJ; mJNt
kuGtopg; gl;lg;ngauhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
ney;fl;lhd; nrty;
G+ypj;Njtd; gpwe;j MTilahu;Guj;J kf;fs; kJiu ehaf;f
kd;du;fSf;F ney;iyf; fg;gkhff; fl;b te;jikahy; me;j Cu;
ney;fl;Lk; nrty; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. G+ypj;Njtd; ney;fl;Lk;
nrty; ghisaf;fhuu; nghWg;Ngw;w gpwFk; jk; kf;fs;
fg;gf;fhzpf;if nrYj;Jtij tpUk;gtpy;iy. vdNt> Mu;f;fhl;L
ethG KfkJ myp Mq;fpNyaupd; Jiznfhz;L epytup tR+iyj;
jPtpug;gLj;jpa NghJ G+ypj;Njtd; tup nrYj;j kWj;jhu;. ,tu;
ney;iyf; fg;gkhff; fl;l kWj;jikahy; ney;fl;Lk; nrty;
ney;fl;lhd; nrty; Mapw;W. ,g;ngau; khw;wk; G+ypj;Njtdpd;
Nghuhl;l czu;tpd; rpd;dkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.
Kjy; Nkhjy;
Mw;fhl;L ethG KfkJ myp kJiuia fu;ehlfj;Jld;
,izj;Jf; nfhz;l gpwF (1736) Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdpapd; MjuNthL
Mjpf;fk; nrYj;j Kw;gl;lNghJ njd;Nfhb jkpo; ehl;Lg;
ghisaf;fhuu;fs; mk;Kaw;rpia vjpu;j;jdu;. me;j vjpu;g;ig
xUKfg;gLj;jp tbtk; nfhLj;jhu;> Jzpe;J ethg;-Mq;fpy
Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;jhu; G+ypj;Njtd;. mtu; xj;j kdg;ghd;ikAila
gpw ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; Jiz nfhz;L rthiy vjpu;f;nfhs;sj;
jPu;khdpj;jhu;. Nkw;Fg;Gwg; ghisaf;fhuu;fisf; nfhz;l Nkw;Ff;
$l;likg;ig (Western Confederacy) cUthf;fpdhu;. Mu;f;fhl;L
ethgpd; kfd; khg fhd; jiyikapyhd gilia G+ypj;Njtdpd;
$l;lzp Njhw;fbj;jJ. G+ypj;Njtdpd; Kjy; Nkhjy; ntw;wp
ngw;wJ. ,jd; %yk; Mq;fpNyaupd; MjuNthL Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l
ethgpd; Mjpf;f Kaw;rpia Kwpabf;f KbAk; vd;gij ep&gpj;jhu;
G+ypj;Njtd;.
Kw;Wif Kwpabg;G
khg fhd; G+ypj;Njtdpd; $l;lzpg; gilaplk;
Njhy;tpaile;j gpd; Mu;f;fhL ethG Mq;fpNyaupd; cjtpia
ehbdhu;. ethgpd; gytPdj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Mq;fpyf;
fk;ngdp jpUr;rpf;Fk; fd;dpahFkupf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
ghisaq;fisj; jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L tUk;
Nehf;Fld; n`uhd; (Heron) jiyikapy; xU gilia
mDg;gpaJ. mg;gil gy ghisaq;fisg; gzpa itj;Jtpl;Lj;
179
jpUk;Gk; topapy; n`uhd; ethgpd; Nkyhjpf;fj;Jf;Fg; gzpa
kWj;j G+ypj;NjtDf;Fg; ghlk; fw;gpf;f KbT nra;jhu;.
ney;fl;lhd; nrty; Kw;Wifaplg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Kw;Wifiag; gw;wp
Kd;$l;bNa xw;wu; %yk; mwpe;jpUe;j G+ypj;Njtd; jf;f
Kd;Ndw;ghl;Lld; n`uhdpd; jhf;Fjiy vjpu;f;nfhz;lhu;. Mq;fpyg;
gilf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fs; fpilf;fhky; nra;jhu;.
ney;fl;lhd;nrty; Kw;Wif Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ. n`uhd;
GwKJfpl;Lg; gpd;thq;fpdhu;. Mq;fpyg; gil G+ypj;Njtdplk;
Njhw;wJ. G+ypj;Njtdpd; mu;g;gzpg;Gg; gil> jPu;f;fkhd jiyik>
,uh[je;jpuk; ,t;ntw;wpf;Ff; ifnfhLj;jd.
fsf;fhL Kw;Wif
G+ypj;Njtdplk; Njhy;tpfz;l khg fhd; kPz;Lk; jd;
mjpfhuj;ij epiyepWj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fj;NjhL kPz;Lk;
ghisag; gilAld; NkhJk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. khg fhd;
jpl;lj;ij Kd;$l;bNa mwpe;j G+ypj;Njtd; Mu;f;fhL ethgpd;
gzpapypUe;j jpwikkpf;f KNlkpah (Mudemiah)> kpahd; (Mian)>
egpfhd; (Nabi Khan) Nghd;Nwhiuj; jd; gf;fk; ,Oj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
NkYk;> jpUtpjhq;$u; kd;du; khu;j;jhz;ltu;khtplk; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij
elj;jp 4000 Nghu; tPuu;fis tutioj;jhu; G+ypj;Njtd;.
tof;fk;Nghy kwtu; gil mtUf;Fj; Jiz epd;wJ.
G+ypj;Njtdpd; $l;lzpg; gil khg fhdpd; Fjpiug; gilia
,ilepWj;jp epiyFiyar; nra;jJ. khg fhd; trkpUe;j fsf;fhL
Nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifapl;lhu;. me;epiyapy; jpUtpjhq;$upy; ntbj;j
fpsu;r;rpia mlf;Ftjw;fhf jd; tPuu;fis tpyf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;
khu;j;jhz;ltu;kh. vdpDk; khg fhd; fsf;fhL Nfhl;iliaj;
jpUk;gg; ngw Kbahky; jLj;Jtpl;lhu; G+ypj;Njtd;. fsf;fhL
Kw;Wif G+ypj;Njtupd; ngUikia NkYk; cau;j;jpaJ.
kPz;Lk; Kw;Wif
khg fhd; fsf;fhl;il G+ypj;NjtuplkpUe;J kPl;fj;
jPu;khdpj;jhu;. mtuJ Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f Mu;f;fhL ethGk;
Mq;fpNyaupd; uhZt cjtpiag; ngw;Wj; je;jhu;. ,k;Kiw
Njitahd czTg; nghUs;fisAk;> $Ljy; gilAlDk; khg
fhd; fsf;fhL Nehf;fp te;jhu;. ,ij Kd;$l;bNa mwpe;j
G+ypj;Njtd; khg fhd; gilkPJ jpBu;j; jhf;Fjiy elj;jpdhu;;
nghUl;fs; nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;ld. ,j;jpBu;j; jhf;Fjy; ethGf;Fk;
Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; mjpu;r;rpiaf; nfhLj;jJ. khg fhd; fsf;fhl;il
Kw;Wifapl;Lf; ifg;gw;Wk; Kaw;rpiaf; iftpl;L jpUney;Ntyp
KfhKf;Fj; jpUk;gpdhu;.
nrtYf;Fr; rthy;
G+ypj;Njtdpd; Nfhl;ilahd ney;fl;lhd;nrtiyf;
ifg;gw;wptpl;lhy; G+ypj;Njtidg; gzpa itj;Jtplyhk; vd;W
180
vz;zpa khg fhd; kPz;Lk; mij Kw;Wifapl;lhu;. G+ypj;Njtd;
$Ljy; gilapdUld; ney;fl;lhd;nrty; Nfhl;iliag;
gyg;gLj;jpapUe;jikahy; khg fhdpd; Kaw;rp ,k;KiwAk; ntw;wp
ngwtpy;iy. me;j Mj;jpuj;jpy; ethgpd; epyq;fis R+iwahba
fs;su; gilapdiu %u;f;fkhfj; jhf;fpr; rpjwbj;jhu; khg fhd;.
,jdhy; G+ypj;Njtdpd; gilgyk; ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
];uPtpy;ypGj;J}u; Kw;Wif
ghisaf;fhuu;fs; kJiu mur guk;giuiar; Nru;e;jtu;fs;
vd;Wk;> Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs; kJiuia Mf;fpukpj;jtu;fs; vd;Wk;
fUjpa G+ypj;Njtd; kJiuia kPl;f KbT nra;jhu;. NkYk; gy
Nkw;Fg; gf;fk; ghisaf;fhuu;fisj; jd; $l;likg;gpy; Nru;j;Jf;
nfhz;lhu;. fpof;fj;jpa ghisaf;fhuu;fs; ethgpd; mlf;F Kiwf;F
mQ;rp G+ypj;NjtDld; Nruj; jaq;fpdhYk;> ghisaf;fhuu;fs;
fu;ehlf ethG-Mq;fpNyaf; $l;lhjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhf xj;Jiof;f
xg;Gjy; mspj;jdu;. mNjNghd;W> kJiug; ghisaf;fhuu;fSk;
G+ypj;NjtDf;F Nerf;fuk; ePl;bdu;. njhlu; ntw;wpfshy; ngupJk;
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l G+ypj;Njtd; tpupTgLj;jg;gl;l ghisaf;fhuu;
$l;likg;Gf;Fj; jiyikg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;.
G+ypj;Njtd; ];uPtpy;ypGj;J}u; topahfr; nrd;W kJiuia
ethgplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;. mj;jpl;lj;jpd;gb mtu;
$l;likg;Gg; gilapdUld; ];uPtpy;ypGj;J}iu mile;J mf;Nfhapy;
efuf; Nfhl;ilia mg;Jy; ,ufPkpd; gpbapdpd;Wk; ifg;gw;wpdhu;.
ve;j ,lj;jpYk; vjpupg; gilAld; Nkhjhky; kiwe;jpUe;J jhf;fp
mtu;fis Mr;ru;aj;jpy; tPo;j;jpdhu; G+ypj;Njtd;. ethgpd; tPuu;fs;
epiyFiye;jdu;; gyu; Nfhl;ilf;Fs; ruzile;jdu;; NkYk; gyu;
jg;gpr; nrd;wdu;. ,t;tPukpF ntw;wp G+ypj;Njtdpd; Gfiog;
gd;klq;F ngUf;fpw;W. kjpy;Nky; G+idfshf ,Ue;j
ghisaf;fhuu;fSk; G+ypj;Njtd; gf;fk; Nru Kd;te;jdu;.
RUq;ff;$wpd;> ];uPtpy;ypGj;J}u; ntw;wp G+ypj;Njtdpd; jiyikf;Ff;
fpilj;j kzp kFlkhFk;.
10.13.1. Mq;fpNyaupd; vjpu;j;jpl;lk;
G+ypj;Njtdpd; kpd;dy;Ntf Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fz;l
Mu;f;fhl;L ethGk;> Mq;fpNyaUk; fyf;fKw;wdu;. ,yl;rpa
ntwpNahL> jpl;lkpl;L Kd;NdWk; G+ypj;Njtidj; jLj;J epWj;j
KbT nra;jdu;. mjw;Nfw;g ,uhZt cj;jpfis tFj;jdu;.
,k;Kiw ,uhZtj; jhf;Fjy; nghWg;ig Mq;fpNyau; Vw;Wf;
nfhz;ldu;. khg fhdpd; jpwikapd;ikia cWjp nra;J nfhz;l
Mq;fpNyau; gy;jpwd;kpf;f fhd;rhfpig jsgjpahf epakpj;J
ghisaf;fhuu;fSf;F vjpuhf mDg;gpdu;. fhd;rhfpG jpUney;Ntyp
nrd;W Kfhkpl;L ghisaf;fhuu; vjpu;g;ig vjpu;f;nfhs;sj;
181
jpl;lkpl;lhu;. ,jd; %yk; Mq;fpNyau; ghisaf;fhuu;fs; rk;ke;jkhf
Neubahfj; jiyapl;ldu;. mjhtJ fhd;rhfpigf; fUtpahff;
nfhz;L> njd; jkpo; ehl;by; rl;lk; xOq;if epiyehl;b> tup
tR+iy Neubahf Nkw;nfhs;sj; jpl;lkpl;ldu; Mq;fpNyau;.
jpUney;Ntyp jhf;Fjy;
kJiuiaf; ifg;gw;WtJ cWjpahfptpl;l epiyapy;
$l;likg;Gg; gilj; jiytu;fs; rpyu; ethgpd; ,uhZt Kfhkhd
jpUney;Ntypiaf; ifg;gw;wptpl;lhy; kJiuia kPl;gJ vspJ vd;w
khw;Wj; jpl;lj;ij Kd;itj;jdu;. njw;Nf jpUney;NtypiaAk;>
Nkw;Nf kJiuiaAk; ifg;gw;wpa gpd;du; ethigAk;
Mq;fpNyaiuAk; xUNru tpul;LtJ vspjhfptpLk; vd;W mtu;fs;
thjpl;ldu;. $l;likg;Gj; jiytu;fspd; fUj;Jf;F kjpg;gspj;j
G+ypj;Njtd; jpUney;Ntypiaf; ifg;gw;Wk; Nehf;Fld;
$l;Lg;gilia topelj;jpr; nrd;whu;. G+ypj;Njtdpd; jpBu;g;
Nghu;j;jpl;l khw;wj;ij mwpe;j fhd;rhfpG fpof;Fg; gFjpg;
ghisaf;fhuu;fSs; rpyiu jd;gf;fk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;L
jpUney;Ntypapy; jd; epiyiag; gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;.
,e;epiyapy; G+ypj;Njtdpd; gil jpUney;Ntypiaj; jhf;fpaJ.
1756 khu;r; 21 Mk; Njjp Jtq;fpa jpUney;Ntyp Nghupy;
G+ypj;Njtdpd; $l;Lg; gilf;F gpd;dilT Vw;gl;lJ. $l;Lg;
gilapdu; gpupe;J gpd;thq;fj; Jtq;fpdu;. Nguopit re;jpf;f
tpUk;ghj G+ypj;Njtd; jd; gil tPuu;fSld; ney;fl;lhd;
nrtYf;Fj; jpUk;gpdhu;.
jpUney;Ntypiaf; ifg;gw;Wjy;
jpUney;Ntypj; jhf;Fjy; Njhy;tpapypUe;J ney;fl;lhd;
nrtYf;Fj; jpUk;gpa G+ypj;Njtd; Gjpa Nghu;f; nfhs;ifia
tFj;jhu;. mjd;gb ethg;-Mq;fpNyaUld; rkurg; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij
elj;jpf; nfhz;L mtu;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gFjpfisj; jhf;fpr;
rPuopg;gJ. ,e;j ,UKidf; nfhs;ifapd;gb kJiuapy; Gjpjhf
epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;j jPu;j;jhug;g KjypAld; fg;gk; fl;lj; jahuhf
,Ug;gjhfg; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;jpf; nfhz;Nl ethgpd; epyq;fisr;
R+iwahl fs;su;fis mDkjpj;jhu; G+ypj;Njtd;. gpd;thq;fpg; Nghd
ghisaf;fhuu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jp kPz;Lk; $l;likg;igg;
GJg;gpj;jhu;. fpof;Fg; gFjpg; ghisaf;fhuu;fs; rpyu; mDg;gpa
giltPuu;fisAk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;L> fhl;L topahfr; nrd;W
jpUney;Ntyp kPJ jpBu;j; jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdhu; G+ypj;Njtd;.
mjpu;r;rpf;Fs;shd vjpupg; gilapdu; nraypoe;jdu;. jpUney;Ntyp
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
182
ghisaq;Nfhl;il Kw;Wif
jpUney;Ntypiaf; ifg;gw;wp tYthd epiyapy; ,Ue;j
G+ypj;Njtdpd; ftdj;ijj; jpir jpUg;Gk; nghUl;L Mq;fpyg;
gilj; jsgjp fhd;rhfpG ghisaq;Nfhl;ilf;F tpiue;J nrd;W
Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. ,ij mwpe;j G+ypj;Njtd;
ghisak;Nfhl;ilf;F tpiue;J nrd;W Nfhl;iliar; Rw;wp
tisj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. Nfhl;ilf;Fs;spUe;j vjpupg; gilapdUf;F
czTg; nghUl;fs; nry;tijj; jLj;J epWj;jpdhu;. gpd;du; mtuJ
giltPuu;fs; Nfhl;ilapd; kPJ Vw Kw;gl;lNghJ Mq;fpyg;
gilapd; gPuq;fpj; jhf;FjYf;F ,yf;fhapdu;. NtWtopapd;wp
G+ypj;Njtd; ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapypUe;J gpd;thq;f Neupl;lJ.
kPz;Lk; jpUney;Ntyp Kw;Wif
ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapypUe;J jg;gp fhl;Lf;Fs; nrd;w
G+ypj;Njtd; kJiuia kPl;Fk; ,yl;rpaj;NjhL nray;gl;lhu;.
jpUney;Ntypapy; vQ;rpapUe;j ikR+u; mjpfhupfSld; njhlu;G
nfhz;L ,uhZt cjtpia ehbdhu;. khg fhidAk; mtuJ
Coy; mjpfhupfisAk; nghUshir fhl;bj; jd;gf;fk; ,Oj;Jf;
nfhz;lhu;. kPz;Lk; ghisaf;fhuu; $l;likg;igg; GJg;gpj;jhu;.
jpUney;Ntypiaf; ifg;gw;wpa gpd;du; kJiuia kPl;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w jpl;lg;gb jpUney;Ntyp kPJ gilnaLj;jhu; G+ypj;Njtd;.
,jw;fpilNa fhd;rhfpG fsf;fhL> ghg;ghd;Fsk;> Mo;thu;f;Fwpr;rp>
gpukNjrk;> jud;Fwpr;rp Mfpa gFjpfisf; ifg;gw;wp G+ypj;Njtdpd;
$l;likg;Gg; gil gyj;ijg; gytPdg; gLj;jpdhu;. vdNt>
G+ypj;Njtd; jpUney;Ntypiaf; ifg;gw;Wk; Kaw;rpiaf; iftpl;Lj;
jpUk;gpdhu;.
,Wjpg; Nghuhl;lk;
G+ypj;Njtidg; Gwq;fhz;gJ vspjy;y vd;gijg; Gupe;J
nfhz;l fhd;rhfpG mtiu R+o;r;rpj; jpwdhy; tPo;j;j KbT
nra;jhu;. gy ghisaf;fhuu;fis $l;likg;gpypUe;J gpupj;jhu;.
rgykdKila khg fhid tpiyf;F thq;fpdhu;. jpUtpjhq;$u;
kd;dupd; ,uhZt cjtpiag; ngw;whu;. ,j;jifa eltbf;iffs;
%yk; G+ypj;Njtid jdpikg;gLj;jpdhu; fhd;rhfpG. mjd; gpd;du;
fhd;rhfpG G+ypj;Njtdpd; gykpf;f thRNjtey;Y}u; Nfhl;ilia
Kw;Wifapl;L xUkhj fhy Nghuhl;lj;Jf;Fg; gpd; ifg;gw;wpdhu;.
rhj;J}u; Nfhl;ilf;Fs; Kfhkpl;bUe;j G+ypj;Njtidj; jd;
R+o;r;rpj; jpwdhy; Nfhl;ilia tpl;L ntspNawr; nra;jhu;
fhd;rhfpG. Nfhl;ilia tpl;L ntspNawpa G+ypj;Njtd; vjpupapd;
,uhZt Kfhk;fisj; jhf;fp Nguopit Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. Cj;Jkiyf;
Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. ,tw;why; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l
G+ypj;Njtd; ghisak;Nfhl;iliaAk;> jpUney;NtypiaAk;
ifg;gw;Wk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. Mdhy; G+ypj;Njtdpd; ,Wjp
183
Kaw;rpia Kwpabj;jhu; fhd;rhfpG. 1761 ,y; ney;fl;lhd; nrty;
Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. fhl;Lf;Fs; jg;gpr; nrd;w
G+ypj;Njtdpd; kiwT ,d;W tiu mtpo;f;fg;glhj tuyhw;W
Kbr;rhfNt cs;sJ. ,Jgw;wp tuyhw;W Mjhukw;w gy fijfs;
fw;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
kjpg;gPL
ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; ,uhZt Ml;rpapd; fPo; epykhdpa
Kiw tof;fj;Jf;F te;jJ. mjd; jhf;fj;jhy; jkpou;fs; ngupJk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. Fwpg;ghf> cotu;fSk; ciog;ghspfSk;
gd;Kidr; Ruz;lYf;F ,yf;fhapdu;. ghisaf;fhuu;fs; jq;fsJ
jdpj;jd;ikiaAk;> Rje;jpuj;ijAk; ,of;fj; jahuhf ,y;iy.
kJiu ehaf;f kd;du;fspd; thupRfshff; fUjpf; nfhz;l ,tu;fs;
Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfis me;epauhfTk;> jq;fsJ kuGupikiag;
gwpj;Jf; nfhz;ltu;fshfTk; fUjp vjpu;j;J te;jdu;. ethGfis
Mjupj;j Mq;fpNyaiuAk; mayhu;fshfNt vz;zp vjpu;j;jdu;.
,e;j vjpu;g;Gf;F xU ,yf;ifAk;> tbtj;ijAk; nfhLj;J ethG-
Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lg; ghijiag; Nghl;Lf;
nfhLj;jtu; G+ypj;Njtd;. ,yl;rpaf; fdTld; me;epa Mjpf;fj;Jf;F
vjpuhf ney;ypf;fha;fshf ,Ue;j ghisaf;fhuu;fis xd;W
Nru;j;J> xU $l;likg;gpd; fPo;f; nfhz;L te;J> mjw;Fj;
jiyikjhq;fp> Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpa Kjy; tpLjiyg; Nghuhsp
G+ypj;Njtd;. ,tu; gpw NghuhspfSf;F Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jhu;.
,tuJ Njhy;tp ,tUf;Fg; gpd; te;NjhUf;F tuyhw;Wg;
ghlkhapw;W.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
7. mkuehaf;fu;fs; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
8. ghyK vd;why; vd;d?
9. kJiu ehl;by; vj;jid ghisaq;fs; ,Ue;jd.
10.14. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
1. itag;g ehaf;fu;
2. fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
3. ,uz;lhk; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
4. nrtg;g ehaf;fu;
5. Nfhtpe;j jPl;rpju;
6. ,uFehj ehaf;fu;
7. MSeu;
8. ghisak;
9. 72 ghisaq;fs;
184
10.15. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fs; Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.
2. jQ;ir ehaf;fu;fspd; tPo;r;rpia vOJf.
3. ghisaj;jpd; tsu;r;rpia vOJf.
tpupthd tpdhf;fs;
1. kJiuapd; tsu;r;rpapy; ehaf;fu;fspd; gq;F gw;wp tpthjp.
2. nrQ;rp ehaf;fu;fspd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tPo;r;rpia vOJf.
3. G+ypj;Njtdpd; epu;thfk; Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf.
10.16. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Subramania N. A History of Tamil Nadu up to 1336
Rajayyan K. History of Tamil Nadu
gps;is Nf.Nf. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW
Nilakanda Sastri K.N. A History of South India
Sathianathair R. History of India
ntq;fNlrd; f. Kw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
ntq;fNlrd; f. jw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
nry;tk; Nt. jp. jkpof: tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;
,uhkrhkp m. jkpo; ehl;L tuyhW
myF – 11
INuhg;gpa nry;thf;fpd; Muk;gk; - Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;- lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; -
Nldpau;fs; - Mq;fpNyau; - gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; - Mq;fpNyh - gpuQ;R
Nghl;b - Mq;fpNyh ikR+u; Nghu;fs;.
ghl mikg;G
11.1. Kd;Diu
11.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
11.3. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;
11.3.1. tu;j;jf tpupthf;fk;
11.3.2. Gdpj jhk];
185
11.4. lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;
11.4.1. tu;j;jf ty;Yeu;fs;
11.5. Nldpau;fs;
11.5.1.fy;tpg; gzp
11.5.2. rKjhag;gzp
11.6. Mq;fpNyau;fs;
11.7. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs;
11.8. Mq;fpNyh- ikR+u; Nghu;fs;
11.8.1. Kjy; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1767-1769
11.8.2. Nghupd; Nghf;F
11.8.2.1. fu;ehlfg; gilnaLg;G
11.8.2.2. mikjp cld;gbf;if
11.8.2.3. cld;gbf;if tpjpfs;
11.8.2.4. Njhy;tpf;fhud fhuzq;fs;
11.8.3. ,uz;lhk; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1780-1784
11.8.3.1. Nghupd; Nghf;F
11.8.3.2. kq;fShu; cld;gbf;if
11.8.3.2.1. kq;fShu; cld;gbf;if tpisTfs;
11.8.4. %d;whk; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1790-1792
11.8.4.1. Nghupd; Nghf;F
11.8.4.2. Kjy; fl;lg; Nghu;
11.8.4.3. ,uz;lhk; fl;lg; Nghu;
11.8.4.4. %d;whk; fl;lg; Nghu;
11.8.4.4.1. ];uPuq;fg;gl;ldk; cld;gbf;if
11.8.4.4.2. tpisTfs;
11.8.5. ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1799
11.8.5.1.Nghupd; Nghf;F
11.8.5.2. tpisTfs;
11.9. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
11.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
11.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
11.1. Kd;Diu
17-Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;gpau; jkpo; ehl;Lf;F te;jNghJ
jkpo; ehl;ilj; jkpou;fs; Ml;rp nra;atpy;iy. mg;NghJ jkpo;
ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jtu;fs; tu;j;jf cwTf;fhf te;j
ntspehl;ltUf;Ff; fjTfisj; jhuhskhfj; jpwe;J tpl;ldu;.
Nghjpa Mjutspj;jdu;. ,j;jhuhs kdg;ghd;ikiag; gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;l Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; kjkhw;wj;jpy; <Lgl;ldu;. lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;
tu;j;jfj;ijg; ngUf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;. Nldpau;fs; Nru;e;j
nry;tj;ijr; nrytpl;L juq;fk;ghbia mtu;fsJ gz;ghl;L
186
efukhf;fpdu;. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; Mjpf;fg; Nghl;bapy; mjpf
mf;fiw fhl;bdhYk; ghz;br;Nrupia khjpup efukhf khw;wpdu;.
Mq;fpNyaUf;Fj; njspthd Fwpf;NfhSk;> jPu;f;fkhd
mZFKiwAk;> gzgyKk;> tu;j;jf ntw;wpAk; mtu;fs; gpw
INuhg;gpag; Nghl;bahsu;fis ,Wjpapy; ntw;wp ngw Kbe;jJ.
midj;J Kf;fpa INuhg;gpa ehLfSk; jkpo; ehl;by; tu;j;jf-
murpaypy; mf;fiw nfhz;bUe;jdu; vd;Wk;> mjd; fhuzkhfj;
jkpo; ehL ,uhZt Kf;fpaj;JtKila gFjpahf tpsf;fpaJ.
,e;j mj;jpahkhdJ INuhg;gpau;fs; jkpofj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpa
nry;thf;fpidAk; mtu;fSf;Fs; epfo;e;j Nghu;fisAk;
tpsf;FfpwJ
11.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
ePq;fs; ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapd;w gpd;du; fPo; fz;ltw;iw mwpa
KbAk;
• INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUif kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; Mf;fg;gzpfs; gw;wp
mwpa cjTfpwJ.
• INuhg;gpau;fspd; tu;j;jfg; Nghl;bia tptupf;fpwJ.
• INuhg;gpau;fs; kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpa kd;du;fSld; Vw;gl;l
Nghu;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; jhf;fk; Fwpj;J tpthjpf;fpwJ.
11.3. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;
fs;spf;Nfhl;ilapy; fhY}d;wpa Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau; (1498)>
Nfhthitj; jq;fsJ jiyikafkhff; nfhz;L (1510)> 1522 Mk;
Mz;L jkpo; ehl;bd; tlNkw;Fg; gFjpapy; nry;tr; nropg;NghbUe;j
ikyhg;G+upy; cs;s rhe;Njhkpy; jq;fsJ FbapUg;ig mikj;jdu;.
rhe;Njhk; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; tu;j;jfj;Jf;Fk;> kjg;
gpur;rhuj;Jf;Fkhd Kf;fpa ikakhf ,Ue;jJ.
11.3.1. tu;j;jf tpupthf;fk;
jkpo; ehl;Lf;F te;j Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau; tu;j;jf tpupthf;fj;jpy;
Cf;fj;Jld; nray;gl;ldu;. mtu;fs; nrQ;rpapy; xU tu;j;jff;
FbapUg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdu;. Nghu;l;NlhNehNthitj; JiwKf efuhf
khw;wpdu;. jQ;ir nrtg;g ehaf;fupd; (1532-1580) Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; FbNawp mij xU tu;j;jf
efukhf tpupTgLj;jpdu;. ehif> rPdh> kyhf;fh Nghd;w ehLfSld;
tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jdu;. tu;j;jf tpupthf;fKk;> rkag;
187
gpur;rhuKk; Nghu;r;Rf;fPupaupd; ,ul;ilf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fshFk;. mtu;fs;
tu;j;jfg; ngUf;fj;ijtpl kjkhw;wj;jpy; mjpf mf;fiw fhl;bdu;.
mtu;fs; rhe;Njhkpy; FbNawpaTld; mq;F xU Njthyaj;ijf;
fl;bdu;. mJNt mtu;fsJ rkag; gpur;rhuf; Nfe;jpukhapw;W.
Nkw;Ff; flw;fiug; gFjpfspy; rkag; gpur;rhuj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L
mq;fpUe;j kPdtu;fis kjkhw;wk; nra;jdu;. Nrho kz;lyKk;>
J}j;Jf;FbAk; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpaupd; kjkhw;w tl;lj;Jf;Fs; te;jd.
J}j;Jf;Fbg; gutu;fs; (Paravas) tp[a efug; Nguurpd; tpRthrpfs;.
vdpDk;> mg;NguuR mtu;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa rKjhag; ghJfhg;G
mspf;ftpy;iy. NkYk;> mtu;fs; ehaf;fu;fspd; nfhLikfSf;F
,yf;fhapdu;. mjdhy; ntWg;gile;j gutu;fs; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpaupd;
cjtpia ehbdu;. kjkhw;wj;jpy; Nguhu;tkpf;f Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau; me;j
tha;g;igg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L 1583 Mk; Mz;L gutu;fSld;
jq;fp> mtu;fSila ek;gpf;ifiag; ngw;W> mtu;fSila
rk;kjj;Jld; kjkhw;wk; nra;jdu;. xNu ehspy;
E}w;Wf;fzf;fhNdhUf;F jPr;ir (Baptism) nra;J itf;fg;gl;lJ.
“tp[a efug; Nguurpd; myl;rpag; Nghf;Fk;> ehaf;fu;fspd;
nfhLq;Nfhd;ikAk; gutu;fspd; kjkhw;wj;Jf;Ff; fhuzk; vd;W
$Wfpwhu;” Nf.uh[a;ad;. kjkhw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf J}j;Jf;Fb
Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpaupd; nry;thf;F ikakhapw;W vdf; fUJfpwhu;
rp.v.rPdpthrhr;rhup. kjkhw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd
gpw;gLj;jg; gl;l> jPz;lj;jfhNjhu; vd;W Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l> gy;NtW
r%ff; nfhLikfSf;F cs;shd FLk;gq;fs; GJtho;T ngw;wdu;;
mtu;fSf;F r%f mq;fPfhuKk;> milahsKk; fpilj;jJ.
11.3.2. Gdpj jhk];
fhtyd; Gdpj jhk]; (St.Thomas) Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpaupd; Kjy;
rkag; gpur;rhufuhff; fUjg;gLfpwhu;. Nuhkd; fj;Njhypf;fuhd ,tu;
fp.gp.52-y; ghyjPdj;jpypUe;J Nfushtpy; cs;s nfhLq;fY}Uf;F
te;jjhfTk;> mq;F mtu; 20 Mz;Lfs; (fp.gp.52-72) rkaj; njhz;L
nra;J te;jjhfTk;> mtu; ,e;Jf;fis kjkhw;wk; nra;jhu; vd;W
Mj;jpukile;j rdhjd rkathjpfs; jhkirf; nfhiy nra;a
Kad;wjhfTk;> mf;nfhiy Kaw;rpapypUe;J jg;gpa mtu;
ikyhg;G+u; kiyKfl;Lf;F te;J mq;F xU Njthyaj;ijf;
fl;bdhu; vd;gJk; tof;fhW. fp.gp.72 Mk; Mz;L Gdpj jhk xU
fy; kPJ mku;e;J gpuhu;j;jidapy; Mo;e;jpUe;j NghJ rka
ntwpau;fshy; Fj;jpf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. mtuJ cly; mtuhy;
fl;lg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk; Njthyaj;Jf;Fs;NsNa xU
fy;yiwapy; (sepulcher) ey;ylf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. gpd;du;
,j;Njthyak; Mq;fpNyau;fshy; Nfhjpf; (Gothic) fl;blf;fiy
188
ghzpapy; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,d;Wk; ,e;jj; 'Njthyak; Gdpjkhd
ahj;uPfj; jykhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpaupd; jiyefu; vJ?
2. rhe;Njhk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ?
11.4. lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;
lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpauplkpe;J Kw;wpYk;
khWgl;ltu;fs;. ,tu;fs; rka Nehf;fk; vJTkpd;wp tu;j;jf
tpupthf;fj;jpy; kl;LNk ftdk; nrYj;jpdu;. ,tu;fsJ ehd;F
tu;j;jff; fg;gy;fs; 1595 Mk; Mz;L kyghu; flw;fiuia
te;jile;jd. mq;fpUe;J mtu;fs; fpof;Ff; flw;fiuf;F te;jdu;.
1602-y; gy lr;R tu;j;jf epWtdq;fs; xUq;fpize;J typikahd
If;fpa fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpia cUthf;fpdu;. lr;R murhq;fKk;
mk;Kaw;rpf;F KO Mjuit mspj;jJ. If;fpa fpof;fpe;jpa
fk;ngdpapd; rhu;ghf ,e;jpahTf;F te;j lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; 1605 Mk;
Mz;L fpof;Ff; flw;fiuapy; kR+ypg;gl;bdj;jpy; ikak;
nfhz;ldu;. Nfhy;nfhz;lhit xU JiwKf efukhf;fpdu;. mjd;
gpd;du; mtu;fs; gbg;gbahf jkpof Nrho kz;lyj;jpy; jq;fsJ
tu;j;jff; FbapUg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpdu;. 1608 Mk; Mz;L lr;R
tu;j;jfu;fs; nrQ;rp fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fupd; mDkjpNahL
Njtdhk;gl;bdj;jpy; jq;fsJ FbapUg;ig mikj;jdu;. ,JNt
gpd;du; Mq;fpNyaupd; Gdpj Nltpl; Nfhl;il (Fort St.David) Mfg;
ngau; khw;wk; ngw;wJ. mLj;j ,uz;L Mz;Lfspy; (1608-1610)
lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; cs;Shu; ehaf;fuplkpUe;J Gypf;Nfhl;iliag;
(Pulicat) ngw;Wf; nfhz;L mijj; jq;fsJ muz;fhg;G ikakhf
khw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;. mjd;gpd; mtu;fs; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpauplkpUe;J
juq;fk;ghbiaAk; (1620)> J}j;Jf;FbiaAk; (1658)>
ehfg;gl;bdj;ijAk; (1659) ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;. ,tw;Ws;
ehfg;gl;bdk; lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; tu;j;jfj; jiyefukhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.
,tu;fsJ FbapUg;Gfs; midj;Jk; muz;fhg;Gfshy;
typikg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
11.4.1. tu;j;jf ty;Yeu;fs;
lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; tu;j;jf ty;Yeu;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ jpwikahd
epjp epGzu;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdu;. rq;f fhyj; jkpou;fisg; Nghd;W
jpiuflNyhb jputpak; Nru;e;J ngUk; nghUs; <l;bdu;. Nru;j;j
nry;tj;ij tu;j;jf tpupthf;fj;Jf;Nf nrytpl;ldu;. tu;j;jfj;jpy;
ehl;lk; nfhz;l lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; kjkhw;wj;ijj; jtpu;j;jdu;. jkpof
Ml;rpahsu;fspd; cs; tptfhuq;fspy; jiyapLtjpy;iy. lr;R
189
tu;j;jfu;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jha;ehl;L MjuTk;> Njrpa FzKk;>
njspthd Fwpf;NfhSk;> jPu;f;fkhd KiwfSk; ,tu;fsJ
ntw;wpf;Ff; fhuzk;.; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; kjkhw;wj;jpy; mf;fiw
nfhs;shtpl;lhYk;> mbik tpahghuj;jpy; Mu;tk; fhl;bajhy;
mtu;fSf;F kf;fs; nry;thf;F Fiwayhapw;W. NkYk; mtu;fshy;
Mq;fpNyaupd; tu;j;jfr; rthiy rkhspf;f Kbatpy;iy. vdNt>
lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; jkpo; ehl;iltpl;L ntspNaw Ntz;bajhapw;W.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
3. ahu; mDkjpNahL Njtdhk;gl;bdj;jpy; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;
FbapUg;ig mikj;jdu;?
4. lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; tu;j;jfj; jiyefuk; vJ?
11.5. Nldpau;fs;
1616-Mk; Mz;L nld;khu;f; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp kd;du;
ehd;fhtJ fpwpbadJ NguhjuTld; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
ehd;fhz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF 1620-y; kd;du; fpNug; (Grape)
jiyikapy; rpy tzpfu;fisj; jQ;rhT+Uf;F mDg;gpdhu;.
jQ;rhT+Uf;F te;j tu;j;jfu;fs; jQ;ir ,uFehj ehaf;fUld;
(1600-1640) Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;jp mtUila MjuNthL
juq;fk;ghbapy; jq;fsJ tu;j;jff; FbapUg;ig mikj;Jf;
nfhz;ldu; (1620). ,uFehj ehaf;fu; Nldpau;fspd; FbNaw;wj;ij
tpUk;gp tuNtw;wjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu; Nguhrpupau; Mu;.rj;jpaehja;au;.
Nldpau;fs; jpwikkpf;f tu;j;jfu;fs;. mtu;fs; Njapiyia ngupa
mstpy; ,wf;Fkjp nra;J> mjpy; ngUk;gFjpia gpupl;lDf;F
Vw;Wkjp nra;J mjpf yhgj;jpw;F tpw;wdu;. mNjNghd;W> lr;Rf;
fk;ngdp jkpofg; nghUs;fis kyha; jPTf; $l;lj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L
nrd;W tpw;gid nra;jdu;; jpUk;Gk; NghJ thrid jputpaq;fisf;
nfhz;L te;J tpahghuk; nra;jdu;. Nldpau;fs; juq;fk;ghbiag;
ngupJk; Nerpj;jdu;. juq;fk;ghb vd;why; ,ir ghLk; miyfisf;
nfhz;l ,lk; vd;W nghUs;. mtu;fs; juq;fk;ghbia Nldp Nghu;f;
(Danesborg) vd;W mioj;jdu;. ,e;jf; ftpij ghLk; flNyhuf;
fiuapy; Nldpa jsgjp xNt N[Nl (Ove Gjedde) xU
Nfhl;iliaf; fl;bdhu;. Jtf;fj;jpy; mf;Nfhl;ilia MSeUk;>
mtuJ mjpfhupfSk; gad;gLj;jpdu;; mtu;fSf;nfd FbapUg;Gk;
fl;lg;gl;lJ.
1620-Mk; Mz;L Nldpau;fs; juq;fk;ghbf;F te;j NghJ
mq;fpUe;j xU mofhd rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfSld; $ba
khrpyhkzpehju; Myak; ,Ug;gijf; fz;L mjprapj;jdu;.
mf;Nfhapy; fp.gp.1305-y; khwtu;k Re;ju ghz;ba kd;duhy;
190
fl;lg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. me;jf; NfhapYf;F ve;j
,ilA+Wkpd;wp Nldpau;fs; xU rpNahd; Njthyaj;ijf; (Zion
Church) fl;bdu; (1701). gpd;du; mq;F MSeu; muz;kidAk;
(1782)> EiothapYk; (1792) fl;lg;gl;ld. FbapUg;igr; Rw;wp
INuhg;gpa ghzpapy; caukhd kjpy; Rtu; vOg;gg;gl;lJ.
RUq;ff;$wpd;> juq;fk;ghb xU vopy; nfhQ;Rk; gz;ghl;Lg;
gl;bdkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.
1729 Mk; Mz;L nld;khu;f; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp GJg;gpf;fg;gl;L
Mrpaf; fk;ngdp (Asiatiok Komregni) vd;w ngaupy;
NkYk; 40 Mz;L fhyk; VfNghf tu;j;jf cupik ngw;wJ. vdpDk;
mf;fk;ngdpahy; vjpu;ghu;j;j tu;j;jf ntw;wpiag; ngwKbatpy;iy.
gpupl;ldhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l nld;khu;f; jdJ ,e;jpa tu;j;jff;
Nfe;jpuq;fs; midj;ijAk; gpupl;lDf;F tpw;Wtpl;lJ (1845).
juq;fk;ghb Y}jud; kp\d; rPfd;ghy;f;> 1682-1719 rkag; gug;G+opau;.
ghu;j;jNyhkpNah rPfd;ghy;f; (Bartholomeau Zie Genbalg) xU
n[u;khdpau;. ,tu; n[u;kdp rhf;rdpapy; cs;s Gy; ePl; vd;w
rpw;W}upy; 1683 [_d; 24 Mk; Njjp xU Vio itjPff; fpwp jtf;
FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; ,sikg; gUtj;jpNyNa taJf;F kPwpa
mwpthw;wiyf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. ,irapy; ehl;lKilatuhff;
fhzg;gl;lhu;. `hNy gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; rPfd;ghy;f; Y}jupr
rpj;jhe;jj;jpy; rpwg;Gj; Nju;r;rp ngw;whu;. ,tuJ mwpthw;wiyAk;
Nrit kdg;ghd;ikiaAk; gw;wpf; Nfs;tpAw;w nld;khu;f; kd;du;
ehd;fhk; gpnunlupf; ,tiu rkag; gug;G+opauhfj; Nju;T nra;J
juq;fk;ghbf;F mDg;gpdhu;. mJkl;Lky;y. rPfd;ghy;f; kPJ
itj;jpUe;j kupahijapd; fhuzkhf kd;dNu JiwKfj;Jf;F
Neupy; te;J topaDg;gpdhu;. rPfd;ghy;f;jhd; ,e;jpahTf;F te;j
Y}ju; mikg;igr; Nru;e;j Kjy; kWg;gpaf;f rkag;gug;G+opau;
(Protestant Missionary) Mthu;.
11.5.1.fy;tpg; gzp
juq;fk;ghbf;F te;j rPfd;ghy;f; nra;j Kjy; fhupak;
mq;fpUe;j jho;j;jg;gl;l> Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l> jPz;lj;jfhNjhu; vd;W
xJf;fg;gl;l kf;fspy; xUtuhf mtu;fSld; jq;fpaJjhd;. mLj;J
mtu;fsJ Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhf rPfd;ghy;f; Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs;.
fy;tpapd; %ykhfj; jhd; kf;fis Kd;Ndw;w KbAk; vd;gij
ed;fwpe;j mtu; Mrpupau;fSf;Fg; gapw;rp mspg;gjw;fhd xU
gapw;rpg; gs;spia (Seminary) Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;. kf;fspd; nkhopia
ed;F fw;Wf; nfhz;l rPfd;ghy;f; jkpio ,g;gs;spapd; gapw;rp
nkhopahf;fpdhu; (1707). ngz; fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;e;j
rPfd;ghy;f; ngz;fSf;nfd gpuj;Nafkhf xU gs;spia epWtpdhu;.
rhjp> rka> epw NtWghbd;wp mg;gs;spapy; ngz;fs; Nru;j;Jf;
191
nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;. me;jg; gs;spia epu;thfpf;Fk; nghWg;ig xU
tpjitau; FOtplk; xg;gilj;jhu;.
11.5.2. rKjhag;gzp
juq;fk;ghb kf;fspilNa gd;ndLq;fhykhf epytp te;j
rhjp NtWghLfisg; Nghf;Fk; rKjhag; gzpapy; rPfd;ghy;f;
Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;lhu;. rKjhaj;jpy; xU gpuptpdiu xJf;fp
itj;J> mtu;fSf;Ff; fy;tp mspf;fhky; Gwf;fzpj;J>
jPz;lj;jfhjtu;fshf;fpa gpuhkzu;fisf; fLikahff; fz;bj;jhu;.
mjdhy; Mj;jpukile;j rpy mbg;gilthjpfs; rPfd; ghy;iff;
nfhiy nra;a rjp nra;jdu;. mijg; nghUl;gLj;jhky; rPfd;ghy;f;
kf;fs; njhz;Nl kNfrd; njhz;L' vdf; fUjp r%f Nritapy;
Mu;tj;Jld; jd;id mu;g;gzpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. kf;fs; ,tuJ
gzpahy; ngupJk; ftug;gl;ldu;.
rkag;gzp
rPfd;ghy;f;fpd; rkar; nra;jpfs; kf;fisr; nrd;wila
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf gy rkaj; njhz;lu;fSf;Fj; jkpopNyNa
gapw;rp mspj;jhu;. 1718 - mf;Nlhgu; 11 Mk; Njjp Gjpa n[&rNyk;
Njthyaj;ij epWtp mij kf;fSf;F mu;g;gzpj;jhu;. me;j
Njthyaj;jpy; kf;fs; jq;fs; fyhr;rhuj;Jf;Nfw;g jkpopy; topgl
toptFj;jhu;. Myaj;jpy; jkpopy; topghL. mJkl;Lky;y> gy;NtW
rkaq;fisr; Nru;e;j jiytu;fis mioj;J ru;t rka
ciuahlYf;F Vw;ghL nra;jhu;. rkaq;fis rkkhff; fUjpdhu;.
,tu; vOjpa njd;dpe;jpaf; flTs;fspd; Fbtopg; gl;bay; (The
Genealogy of South Indian Gods)> ,tuJ rpwe;j gilg;ghFk;.
kdk; jkpo;g; gzp
rPfd;ghy;f; kf;fs; nkhopahd jkpopy; NgrTk;> vOjTk;
fw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. jkpo;g; Ngr;R nkhopiaAk;> ,yf;fpa
nkhopiaAk; jdpj;jdpNa gapd;whu;. jkpopNyNa rka tpsf;fg;
NgUiufshw;wpdhu;. cyf ePjp> nfhd;iw Nte;jd;> ePjpntz;gh
Mfpa jkpo; ePjp E}y;fis nkhop ngau;j;J cyfwpar; nra;jhu;.
INuhg;gpaupd; cgNahfj;jpw;fhf jkpo; mfuhjpiaAk;> jkpo;
nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijAk; jahupj;jhu;. Gjpa Vw;ghl;il (New
Testament) jkpopy; nkhop ngau;j;jhu;. rPfd;ghy;f; xU elkhLk;
E}yfkhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;.
gjpg;gfg; gzp
rPfd;ghy;f; Gj;jfg; gjpg;gfj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb. MrpahtpNyNa
Kjy; Kiwahf mr;Rf; $lj;ij (Printing Press) epWtpa ngUik
,tUilaJ. ,jw;fhd mr;R ,ae;jpuk;> fhfpjk;> ik Nghd;wit
n[u;kdpapypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. ,jpy; rpwg;G
192
vd;dntd;why; mr;Rf; Nfhg;Gf;fhd jkpo; mr;Rf;fis
n[u;kdpapNyNa jahupj;Jf; nfhz;L te;jjhFk;. ,J
mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; vtuhYk; epidj;Jf; $lg; ghu;f;f Kbahj mupa
rhjidahFk;. juq;fk;ghbapypUe;j gyu; ,k;Kaw;rpiag;
igj;jpaf;fhuj; jdkhdJ vdf; fUjpdu;. ,J cz;ikapNyNa xU
igj;jpaf;fhu rhjidjhd;. ,e;j mr;rfj;jpy; jkpo; ePjp E}y;fs;>
nkhop ngau;g;Gfs;> ehs;fhl;bfs;> Jjpg;ghly;fs;> Gjpa Vw;ghL
Nghd;wit mr;rplg;gl;L ntspaplg;gl;ld. RUq;ff; $wpd;>
rPfd;ghy;f; vOj;jhsuhfTk;> gjpg;ghsuhfTk;> ntspaPl;lhsuhfTk;
tpsq;fpdhu;.
,Wjp ehl;fs;
rPfd;ghy;f; ,Wjptiu XahJ cioj;jhu;. filrp
fhyj;jpy;$l jkpopy; n[u;khdpag; Gyikia epiyahff; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd mbg;gilia mikg;gjpy; ftdk;
nrYj;jpdhu;. tptpypaj;jpd; gioa Vw;ghl;ilj; jkpopy; nkhop
ngau;g;gjpy; Neuj;ijr; nrytpl;lhu;. ,e;E}y; gpd;du; nrd;idapYk;>
INuhg;ghtpYk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. rPfd;ghy;f; cly;eyf; Fiwthy;
jdJ 37tJ tajpy; 1719 gpg;utup khjk; 23 Mk; ehs;
juq;fk;ghbapy; capu; ePj;jhu;. jkpou;fSf;fhf> jkpOf;fhfj; jd;
tho;ehisr; nrytpl;l rPfd;ghy;f; jkpo; kz;zpNyNa kbe;jhu;.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
5. Nldpau;fs; jq;fsJ tu;j;jff; FbapUg;ig vq;F mikj;jdu;?
6. njd;dpe;jpaf; flTs;fspd; Fbtopg; gl;bay; vd;w E}iy
vOjpaJ ahu;?
11.6. Mq;fpNyau;fs;
1600-Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; khjk; 31-Mk; Njjp Jtf;fg;gl;l
Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpag; Nghl;bf;
fk;ngdpfspd; fLikahd vjpu;g;ig vjpu;f;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
,g;Nghl;bfisr; rkhspf;f Mq;fpNyau; nfhq;fzj;ijAk;> kyghu;
flw;fiu kw;Wk; fpof;Ff; flw;fiug; gFjpfisj; Nju;e;njLj;jdu;.
,tw;Ws; ,tu;fspd; NjitfSf;fhd tha;g;igAk;> trjpiaAk;
jkpo;ehL je;jJ. jkpo;ehL mg;NghJ tp[a efug; Nguurpd;
gFjpahf ,Ue;jJ. gpuhd;rp Nl (Francis Day) vd;w Mq;fpNyau;
G+e;jky;yp ehaf; jkupy;yh ntq;flg;ghtplkpUe;J 1639 Mk; Mz;L
22 Mk; Njjp kjuh] gl;bdj;jpy; xU FbapUg;igAk;>
Nfhl;iliaAk; fl;bf; nfhs;tjw;fhd mDkjpiag; ngw;whu;. ,e;j
mDkjpia tp[a efug; Nguuru; ,uz;lhtJ ntq;flh cWjp
nra;jhu;.
193
nrd;idg;gl;ldk;
Nguuru; ntq;flhtpd; je;ijapd; ngau; nrd;dh. vdNt>
mtu; jdJ je;ijapd; epidthf me;j ,lj;Jf;F nrd;dg;gl;ldk;
vd;W ngaupl;lhu;. nrd;dg;gl;ldj;ij Vd; Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;?
mq;fpUe;J Njitahd Jzpia Fiwe;j tpiyf;Fg; ngwyhk;
vd;W $Wfpwhu; rp.v .rPdpthrhr;rhup. gpuhd;rp]; Nl rhe;NjhkpypUe;j
jd; fhjypia mbf;fb re;jpf;fyhk; vd;w Nehf;fj;NjhL
nrd;idg;gl;bdj;ijj; Nju;e;njLj;jjhff; fUJfpwhu; ,e;jpahtpy;
gpupl;brhupd; r%f tho;f;ifiag; gw;wp vOjpAs;s nldp fpd;nfa;L
tu;j;jff; fg;gy;fis epWj;j trjpahd ,lk; vd;gJ kw;nwhU
fhuzk;. nrd;idg;gl;bdk; vd;w kPdtu; Fg;gk;jhd; gpd;du; Gdpj
[hu;[; Nfhl;ilahf cUkhw;wk; ngw;wJ. gpuhd;rp]; Nl
jpl;lkpl;lgb nrd;idg;gl;bdj;jpy; xU FbapUg;Gk;> Nfhl;ilAk;>
JiwKfKk; fl;lg;gl;ld. 1641 Vg;uy; 23-k; ehs; fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;l
Nfhl;ilf;F ,q;fpyhe;J Gutyu; Gdpju; (Patron Saint) [hu;[pd;
ngau; R+l;lg;gl;lJ. ,f;Nfhl;il Jtf;fj;jpy; Mq;fpNyaupd;
tu;j;jff; Nfe;jpukhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. tpiutpy; ,e;j ,lj;ijr; Rw;wp>
[hu;[; lTd; cUg;ngw;W> nrd;id efukhapw;W. 1653 Mk; Mz;L
Gdpj [hu;[; Nfhl;il jdp khepykhf;fg;gl;lJ. Muhd; Ngf;fu;
(Aaron Baker) mjd; Kjy; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. gpd;du;
1654-y; Nrho kz;lyj;jpd; jiyikafkhapw;W. mJNt
Mq;fpNyau; ,e;jpahtpy; ngw;w Kjy; cupikahsu; cilik
(Proprietary Holding) MFk;. mLj;j MW Mz;Lfspy; nrd;id
Mq;fpNyaupd; fpof;fpe;jpa ehLfspd; gpujhd tu;j;jff;
Nfe;jpukhapw;W. 1670-y; nrd;idapd; kf;fs; njhif 40>000 Mf
,Ue;jJ.
1681-Mk; Mz;L Mq;fpNyau; flY}upYk;>
Nghu;l;NlhNehNthtpYk; jq;fsJ FbapUg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpdu;.
nrd;id MSeu; nrd;id mjpgu; kw;Wk; MSeu; (President and
Governor) vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. tpiutpNyNa nrd;id efuhl;rp
Mapw;W (1688). efuhl;rpia NkaUk;> 12 My;lu;nkd;fSk;
epu;tfpj;jdu;. 1690-Mk; Mz;L nrd;id Gdpj [hu;[; Nfhl;ilapd;
MSeuhapUe;j jhk]; Nay; (Thomas Yale) nrQ;rp kuhj;jpa
Ml;rpahsu; ,uh[huhKld; rkurg; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;jp Gdpj
Nltpl; Nfhl;iliag; (Fort St. David) ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;.
Nfhl;iliaAk;> flY}iuAk; guhkupg;gjw;fhd khdpaKk;
Mq;fpNyaUf;Ff; fpilj;jd. Gdpj Nltpl; Nfhl;il ghz;br;Nrupf;F
mUfhikapy; mike;jpUe;jjhy; xU tsikahd Mq;fpyf;
FbapUg;ghf tsu;e;jJ. tu;j;jf tsu;r;rpNahL Mq;fpNyaupd;
murpay; MirfSk; tsuyhapd.
194
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
7. vg;NghJ Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp Jtf;fg;gl;lJ?
8. Gdpj [hu;[; Nfhl;il ahuhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ?
1.7. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs;
gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fsJ murpay;
nry;thf;if epiyehl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;w cWjpahd Nehf;fj;NjhL
te;jdu;. gpuhd;rpd; kd;du; gjpdhd;fhk; Y}apapd; epjp mikr;ru;
fhy;gu;l; (Jean-Baptiote Colbert)bd; Kaw;rpahy; 1664 Mk; Mz;L
cUthf;fg;gl;l gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpf;F fPio
ehLfSld; 50 Mz;LfSf;Fj; jilaw;w tzpg VfNghf
cupikAk;> epyj;ij Mf;fpukpj;J ifafg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd
rpwg;GupikAk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,ul;il cupikfs;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; xU mjpfhu Mjpf;f rf;jpahf
cUntLf;ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.
ghz;br;Nrup
ghz;br;Nrup Nrho kz;lyf; flw;fiuapy; mike;Js;s xU
Guhjd Cu;. fp.gp. Kjy; E}w;whz;by; ngupgps]; (Periplus A.D.81-
96) vOjpa E}ypy; ,t;T+u; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ghz;br;Nrupf;F
mUfhikapy; mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Nuhkhdpa tu;j;jf ikak;
ghz;br;Nrupapd; tu;j;jfj; njhd;ikf;F typik Nru;g;gjhf
cs;sJ. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ,t;T+u; GJit vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ. 11> 12 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; xl;lf;$j;jUk;>
fk;gUk; ,e;j Ciug; GJit vd;Nw Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. gpuhd;rpd;
epjp mikr;ru; fhy;gu;l; 1667 Mk; Mz;L gpuhd;rp]; fuhd;
(Francois Caron) vd;gtiu ,e;jpahTf;F mDg;gp itj;jhu;. ,tu;
lr;Rf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpapy; gzpahw;wpa mDgtk; ngw;wtu;.
fuhd; R+uj;jpYk; (1668)> kR+ypg;gl;bdj;jpYk; (1669)
njhopy;Ngl;ilfis mikj;jhu;. mtuJ nrd;id rhe;Njhikf;
ifg;gw;Wk; Kaw;rpia lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; Kwpabj;Jtpl;ldu; (1674).
fNuhDf;Fg; gpd; gpnuQ;R epu;thfg; nghWg;Ngw;w gpuhd;rp]; khu;l;bd;
(Francois Martin) gP[g;G+u; Ry;jhd; n\u;fhd; NyhbaplkpUe;J ngw;w
epyj;jpy; ghz;br;Nrup efiu cUthf;fpdhu;. me;efNu
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fspd; ,e;jpaj; jiyefuhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.
gpuhd;rp]; khu;l;bd; jha; ehl;Lg; gw;W kpf;ftu;. tu;j;jf
tpupthf;fj;ij tpl Mjpf;fg; ngUf;fj;jpy; mjpf mf;fiw
195
nfhz;ltu;. murpay; ,uh[je;jpup. Nrho kz;lyj;jpy; rpth[pf;Fk;
n\u;fhDf;FkpilNa Nkhjy; Vw;gl;lNghJ khu;l;bd; eLepiy
tfpj;jhu;. khu;l;bd; epiyahf tpl;Lr; nrd;w ed;nfhil mtu;
gz;ila GJitia etPd ghz;br;Nrup efukhf khw;wpaJjhd;.
mq;F xU mofhd Gdpj Y}ap]; Nfhl;il (Fort St.Louis)iaf;
fl;bdhu;. ghz;br;Nrup Neu;g; ghijfisf; nfhz;l ed;F
jpl;lkplg;gl;l etPd efukhf cUkhw;wk; ngw;wJ. tu;j;jf
,yhgj;ijf; nfhz;Nl ,e;j efiu epu;khzpj;jhu;. jha; ehl;L
MjuT ,y;yhj NghjpYk;> gy neUf;fbfSf;fpilNa
ghz;br;Nrupia nry;tr; nropg;ghd gpnuQ;Rj; jiyikafkhf
khw;wpa ngUik khu;l;bidNa NrUk;. gpnuQ;R ehl;Lf;fhff;
fpl;lj;jl;l ehw;gjhz;Lfs; cioj;j gpuhd;rp]; khu;l;bd; 1706 Mk;
Mz;L capu; ePj;jhu;. ,tuJ rhjidia ,tUf;Fg; gpd; ^g;Ns
(Dupleix) Kd; nfhz;L nrd;whu;.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
9. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fspd; ,e;jpaj; jiyefuk; vJ?
11.8. Mq;fpNyh- ikR+u; Nghu;fs;
18-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; vq;F
Nghu; eilngw;whYk; mjd; jhf;fk; jkpo; ehl;ilg; ghjpj;jJ.
ghjpg;G Fiwthf ,Ue;jhYk; mijf; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl KbahJ.
ikR+u; Nghu;fs; Iju; myp-jpg;G Ry;jhd;> Ijuhghj; ep[hk;>
kuhj;jpau; MfpNahUf;fpilNa Vw;gl;l Kj;jug;G Mjpf;fg;
Nghuhl;lkhFk;. ,k;Kf;Nfhzg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Mw;fhl;L ethGk;>
Mq;fpNyaUk;> gpnuQ;Rf;fhuUk; gq;Nfw;f Ntz;baJ fhyj;jpd;
fl;lhakhapw;W.
11.8.1. Kjy; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1767-1769
Kjy; ikR+u; NghUf;fhz fhuzq;fs; gy. Kjyhtjhf
Iju; mypapd; mrhjhuz vOr;rp Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; kuhj;jpaUf;Fk;
mr;RWj;jyhf ,Ue;jJ. ,uz;lhtjhf> Iju; mypf;Fk;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuUf;FkpilNa ,Ue;j njhlu;G Mw;fhl;L ethg; KfkJ
mypf;Fr; rthyhf ,Ue;jJ. %d;whtjhf> vjpupapd; ez;gd; vjpup
vd;gjw;Nfw;g gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; ez;guhd Iju; myp ethg; KfkJ
mypia Mjupj;j Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpupahdhu;. ehd;fhtjhf>
Ijuhghj; ep[hk; kjpy; Nky; G+idahf ,Ue;jikahy; Mq;fpNyau;
mtUld; xU cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;ldu; (1766). mjd;gb
ep[hKf;Fk; Iju; mypf;FkpilNa Nkhjy; Vw;gl;lhy; Mq;fpNyau;
ep[hKf;F Mjuthf ,Ug;gu;. ,e;j cld;gbf;if Iju; mypf;Fk;
196
Mq;fpNyaUf;FkpilNa ,Ue;j mtek;gpf;ifiaAk; tpNuhjj;ijAk;
mjpfupj;jJ. Ie;jhtjhf> Mw;fhl;L ethG KfkJ mypAld;
,Ue;j epyj; jfuhWfisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd jUzj;ij
vjpu;ghu;j;jpUe;jhu; Iju; myp. Mwhtjhf> Ijuhghj; ep[hk;
Mq;fpNyaUld; nra;J nfhz;l cld;gbf;ifia kPwp Iju;
mypAld; Nru;e;J nfhz;lJk;> mt;tpUtUk; Nru;e;J fu;ehlfj;jpd;
kPJ gilnaLj;jJk; Kjy; ikR+u; NghUf;F cldbf;
fhuzkhapw;W.
11.8.2. Nghupd; Nghf;F
11.8.2.1. fu;ehlfg; gilnaLg;G
Iju; mypAk; fl;rp khwpa ep[hk; KfkJ mypAk;
fu;ehlfj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;jdu; (1767). ,g;gilnaLg;ig
vjpu;ghu;j;j Mw;fhL ethGk;> Mq;fpNyaUk; mr;rthiy
vjpu;nfhs;sj; jahuhf ,Ue;jdu;. Mq;fpyg; gilj; jsgjpfshd
];kpj; (Colonel Joseph Smith)Jk;> cl;Lk; (Colonel Wood) Iju;
myp-ep[hk; $l;Lg; gilia KiwNa tl Mw;fhL khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;s rq;fkhtpYk;> jpUtz;zhkiyapYk; Njhw;fbj;jdu;.
Mq;fpyg; gilahy; nfhq;F ehl;Lg; gFjpfis mopf;f
Kbe;jNjad;wp mgfupf;f Kbatpy;iy. nrd;idia Nehf;fp
tpiue;j Iju; mypapd; kfd; jpg;G Ry;jhd; ,g;gpd;dilit
mwpe;J gpd;thq;fptpl;lhu;. Mk;G+iuf; ifg;gw;Wk; Ijupd; Kaw;rpAk;
Njhy;tp mile;jJ. tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J te;j xU Mq;fpyg; gilg;
gpupT ep[hkpd; epyg; gFjpapd; kPJ gilnaLj;jJ. mijf; fz;L
mjpu;r;rp mile;j ep[hk; kPz;Lk; fl;rp khwp Mq;fpNyau; gf;fk;
te;jhu;. Kd;dNkNa Mq;fpNyaUld; nra;J nfhz;l
cld;gbf;ifiag; gpd;gw;w cld;gl;lhu;. Njhy;tp fz;L Jtz;L
Nghfhj Iju; myp 1768 etk;gu; khjk; Nfhil ,bnadg;
gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W Nryj;Jf;F tlfpof;Nf cs;s guk`hy;
vd;wiof;fg;gl;l 12 k`hy;fisf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. NkYk; gy
,lq;fis Mf;fpukpj;j gpd;du; f&iug; gpbj;jhu;. Mq;fpyj; jsgjp
epf;ridj; Njhw;fbj;J <Nuhl;ilf; ifafg;gLj;jpdhu; (1769). f&u;
R+iwahlg;gl;lJ. grYy;yhfhd; jiyikapy; Ijupd; kw;nwhU
gilg; gpupT kJiu kw;Wk; jpUney;Ntyp Nehf;fp tpiue;jJ. Iju;
myp jQ;rhT+u; kPJ gilnaLj;jgpd; flY}Uf;Fr; nrd;whu;.
11.8.2.2. mikjp cld;gbf;if
Iju; mypapd; R+whtspg; gilnaLg;Gfshy; Mq;fpNyau;
mjpu;e;J Nghapdu;. nfQ;rpdhy; kpQ;Rk;> kpQ;rpdhy; nfQ;Rk;
Mq;fpNyau; Iju; mypAld; rkurg; Ngr;Rf;Fk; rkhjhdj;Jf;Fk; tu
rk;kjpj;jdu;. mjw;nfd jsgjp G&f; (Captain Brooke) vd;gtiu
197
Iju; mypaplk; J}J mDg;gpdu;. ethg; KfkJ mypAld; Ngr
tpUk;ghj Iju; myp nrd;id nrd;W Mq;fpNyauplk; Neubahfg;
Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;jpdhu;. mjd; tpisthf ,UrhuhUf;FkpilNa
mikjp cld;ghL Vw;gl;lJ (1769 Vg;uy;).
11.8.2.3. cld;gbf;if tpjpfs;
Iju; mypapd; if NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jikahy; mtNu mikjp
cld;gbf;ifapd; tpjpfisj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;. mjd;gb 1) ,UrhuhUk;
ifg;gw;wpa ,lq;fisj; jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;; 2)
tpjptpyf;fhf Iju; myp ifg;gw;wpa f&iu mtNu jf;fitj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;; 3) jw;fhg;Gg; Nghupd;NghJ xUtUf;nfhUtu; gu];guk;
cjtp nra;J nfhs;sy;. ,e;j tpjpapd;gb Iju; kuhj;jpaUld;
Nghupl Neu;e;jhy; Mq;fpNyau; mtiu Mjupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
cWjp nra;J nfhz;lhu;. Iju; myp Mq;fpNyaUld; nra;J
nfhz;l mikjp cld;gbf;if mtuJ epaha czu;Tf;Fk;>
ngUe;jd;ikf;Fk;> ,uh[je;jpuj;Jf;Fkhd vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. Mq;fpNyau; Iju; mypAld; Njhy;tp mile;jJ
mtu;fsJ ,uhZt typikiag; ngupJk; ghjpj;J tpl;lJ.
Raeyj;Jf;fhf jpwikaw;w Mw;fhL ethigj; njhlu;e;J
Mjupj;jikf;fhf Mq;fpNyau; nfhLj;j tpiyNa ,j;Njhy;tpahFk;.
11.8.2.4. Njhy;tpf;fhud fhuzq;fs;
Mq;fpNyau; Iju; mypAld; Njhy;tpaile;jjw;fhd
fhuzq;fs;: 1) Mq;fpNyauplk; tpiue;J nry;yf;$ba Fjpiug;il
,y;iy; 2) jsgjpfs; kpj;Jk;> cl;Lk; xUq;fpize;J
nray;gltpy;iy; 3) nrd;id fTd;rpypd; FWf;fPL; 4) nrd;id
murhq;fj;jpd; FWfpa fz;Nzhl;lk;> epiyahd nfhs;if ,d;ik;
5) Mq;fpNyau; ethg; KfkJ mypAld; itj;Jf; nfhz;l
re;ju;g;gthj $lhel;G; 6) Iju; mypapd; typikkpf;f tpiue;J
nry;yf;$ba Fjpiug;gil kw;Wk; mtUila njspthd jpl;lk;>
,uhZt cj;jp> kjpEl;gk;.
11.8.3. ,uz;lhk; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1780-1784
fhuzk;
Kjy; ikR+u; Nghu; 1769-k; Mz;L Iju; mypf;Fk;
Mq;fpNyaUf;FkpilNa nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l 'mikjp
cld;gbf;if'apd;gb KbTf;F te;jhYk; me;j cld;ghNl mLj;j
NghUf;fhd tpijfisj; jhq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,uz;lhk; ikR+u;
NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW tupirg;gLj;jyhk;. 1) Iju;
myp Mq;fpNyaUld; cld;ghl;Lf;F te;jhYk; mtu;fspd; Neu;ik>
ehzaj;jpd; kPJ mtUf;F ek;gpf;if ,y;iy. cld;gbf;if
198
nra;J nfhz;l mLj;j Mz;Nl (1770) ikR+u; kuhj;jpauhy;
jhf;fg;gl;l NghJ Mq;fpNyau; mtUf;F cjttpy;iy. Ijupd;
,e;j mtek;gpf;ifNa ,uz;lhk; ikR+u; NghUf;fhd mbg;gilf;
fhuzk;. 2) 1770y; nrd;id MSeuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;w ru; [hd;
ypz;l;Nr (Sir John Lindsay) ethg; KfkJ mypapd; MNyhridg;gb
Ijupd; ez;guhd Ijuhghj; ep[hKf;F vjpuhf kuhj;jpaUld;
cld;ghl;Lf;F te;jJ nte;j Gz;zpy; Nty; gha;r;rpaijg; Nghy;
Mapw;W. 3) Iju; ghz;br;Nrup MSeu; ngy;ypNfhk;Ng (Bellecombe)
%ykhf gpuhd;Rld; njhlu;G nfhz;L cld;ghl;Lf;F te;jJ
Mq;fpNyaiu Mj;jpukilar; nra;jJ. 4) Iju; myp mtUf;Fr;
nrhe;jkhd epyg;gFjpfs; topahf Mq;fpyg; gilfs;
nry;yf;$lhJ vd;W jil nra;jJ vupfpd;w neUg;gpy; vz;nza;
Cw;wpaijg;Nghy; Mapw;W. 5) Iju; myp kh`p topahf
INuhg;ghtpypUe;J Nghu;j; jsthlq;fs; ngw;wJ Mq;fpNyau; tpNuhj
eltbf;ifahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. 6) Iju; myp juq;fk;ghbapypUe;j
n[u;kd; rkag; gug;G+opau; Rthl;R (Schwartz)ld; neUq;fpa njhlu;G
nfhz;lJ Mq;fpNyaUf;Fg; gpbf;ftpy;iy. 7) nrd;id murhq;fk;
J}Jtu; fpNu (Crey) %yk; mDg;gpa md;gspg;ig Iju; Vw;f
kWj;J tpl;lhu;. 8) ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf Iju; myp Mq;fpNyaUf;F
vjpuhf eprhKlDk;> kuhj;jpaNuhLk; Kj;jug;G $l;L Nru;e;jJ (1780)
,uz;lhk; ikR+u; NghUf;fhd cldbf; fhuzkhapw;W.
11.8.3.1. Nghupd; Nghf;F
Iju; mypapd; mrhjhuz mur je;jpuj;jhy; jkpo; ehl;by;
Mq;fpNyaiuj; jdpikg;gLj;jptpl;lhu;. mtu; ep[hk; kw;Wk;
kuhj;jpaupd; cjtpNahL fu;ehlfj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;. Iju;
jiutopahfTk;> gpnuQ;Rg; gil fly; topahfTk; ,UKidj;
jhf;Fjiyj; Jtf;fpdu;. Mq;fpNyau; kPJ ,Ue;j Mj;jpuj;jhy;
Iju; myp jkpo; ehl;bd; kPJ R+whtsp Nghy; Rod;wbj;Jk;
Nguopit Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. Ijupd; gil jpwikkpf;f gpnuQ;Rj;
jsgjpfshy; top elj;jg;gl;lJ. gilg; gpupTfs; fl;Lg;ghl;Lld;
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. csTj; Jiw Ijupd; epjp mikr;ru;
G+u;za;ahtplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
Ijupd; $l;Lg; gilia vjpu;nfhs;tjw;fhf Mq;fpyj;
jsgjp ru; n`f;lu; kd;Nwh (Sir Hector Munro) fhQ;rpGuj;Jf;F
mzptFj;Jr; nrd;whu;. Iju; mtiu NghypY}u; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
Njhw;fbj;Jf; fhag;gLj;jpdhu;. kd;Nwh nrd;idf;Fj; jpUk;gptpl;lhu;.
Iju; myp Mw;fhl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpdhu; (1780 etk;gu;). Njhy;tpia
re;jpj;j Mq;fpNyau; mtru cjtp Nfhup fy;fj;jh murhq;fj;ijf;
Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ldu;. Mq;fpNyaupd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f MSeu;
n[duy; thud; N`];bq; (Warran Hastings) ru; Iau;$l; (Sir Eyre
199
Goote) vd;w jpwikAk; mDgtKkpf;f jsgjpia mDg;gp
itj;jhu;. tpiue;J te;j $l; te;jthrp cs;spl;l gy ,lq;fis
kPl;l gpd;du; ghz;br;Nrup Nehf;fp tpiue;jhu;. Iju; myp
Mq;fpNyaUld; Neubg; Nghiuj; jtpu;j;J mtu;fSf;Fg; nghUl;fs;
nry;tijj; jLj;J epWj;jpdu;. jQ;rhT+iur; R+iwahbdu;. Ijiuj;
Juj;jpr; nrd;w $l;lj;ij rpjk;guj;jpy; Njhy;tp fz;lhu;. Mdhy;
Ijiug; Nghu;l;NehNthtpy; Njhw;fbj;jhu; (1781 [_iy). Iju; gyj;j
,og;NghL jg;gpr; nrd;whu;. 1781 Mf];L khjk; NghypY}upy;
eilngw;w rz;il ntw;wpNjhy;tpapd;wp Kbe;jJ. Iju; NtY}iu
Kw;Wifapl;lhu;. Nrhypq;fey;Y}u; rz;ilapy; $l; Iju; giliaj;
Njhw;fbj;jhu;. Mq;fpNyau; jsgjp kd;Nwhtpd; jiyikapy;
ehfg;gl;bdj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpdhu; (1781 etk;gu;). vdpDk; jsgjp
gpnuj;ntapl; (Colonel Braithwaite) Fk;gNfhzj;jpy; jpg;G
Ry;jhdplk; Njhy;tp mile;jhu;; mtiuj; jpg;G ifJ nra;jhu;.
1782 vg;uy; khjk; gpnuQ;R jsgjp G]p flY}u;
te;jile;jhu;. jsgjp rg;nud; (Admiral Sufbrein) Mq;fpNyaiu
Ie;J Kiw Nrhokz;lyf; fly; gFjpapy; vjpu; nfhz;lhu; (1782
gpg;utup> Vg;uy;> [_iy> nrg;lk;gu;; 1783 [_d;). Iju; myp gpnuQ;Rj;
JizAld; flY}iuf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. nrd;id fLikahd
gQ;rj;jpd; gpbapy; rpf;fpapUe;jJ (1782 mf;Nlhgu;). Ijupd;
cjtpf;F te;j jpg;Git Mq;fpNyau; njw;F kyghupy; cs;s
nghd;Ndupapy; Njhw;fbj;jdu;. 1782 etk;gu; Jtf;fj;jpy;
Mw;fhl;Lf;F Nkw;Nf Kfhkpl;bUe;j Iju; myp Gw;W Nehahy;
,we;jhu;. mtuJ ,wg;G ,ufrpakhff; fhf;fg;gl;lJ.
11.8.3.2. kq;fShu; cld;gbf;if
1783-Mk; Mz;L gk;ghapypUe;J te;j Mq;fpyj; jsgjp
khj;A+ (General Mathews) kq;fShiuf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. ngl;D}u;
ruzile;jJ (1783 gpg;utup). gpnuQ;R jsgjp G]p flY}u;
te;jile;jhu; (Vg;uy;). mtiu vjpu;f;nfhs;s Mq;fpyj; jsgjp
];̂ tu;l; (Stuart) flY}u; tpiue;jhu;. ,k;Nkhjy;fspy;
,Ujug;gpdUf;Fk; ntw;wp Njhy;tpapd;wp ,Ogwpapy; ,Ue;jJ.
,jw;fpilNa ,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fk; gpuhd;Rf;FkpilNa nra;J
nfhs;sg;gl;l ghup]; mikjp cld;gbf;ifahy; (Peace Treaty of
Paris) ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpy-gpnuQ;Rg; Nghuhl;lk; KbTf;F te;jJ
(1783 [_iy). ghz;br;Nrup gpnuQ;Rf;fhuuplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
jpg;G fu;ehlfj;ijf; iftpl;L mtuJ ftdj;ij Nkw;F flw;fiug;
gFjp kPJ jpUg;gpdhu;. ,Wjpapy; 1784 khu;r; khjk; nra;J
nfhs;sg;gl;l kq;fShu; cld;gbf;if (Treaty of Mangalore)apd;gb
,uz;lhk; ikR+u; Nghu; KbTf;F te;jJ. ,g;Nghiu %d;wiu
200
Mz;Lfhy gadw;w nghUsw;w Nghu;' vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;
ngd;nluy; %d; (Penderel Moon).
11.8.3.2.1. kq;fShu; cld;gbf;if tpisTfs;
kq;fShu; cld;gbf;ifapd; tpisTfshtd : 1) kq;fShu;
cld;gbf;ifahy; ehd;fhz;Lfs; eilngw;w ,uz;lhk; ikR+u; Nghu;
KbTf;F te;jJ. 2) mtutu; ifg;gw;wpa ,lq;fisAk;>
ifjpfisAk; jpUk;g xg;gilj;J tplNtz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk;
,UrhuhUk; Nghu; Jtq;Ftjw;F Kd;gpUe;j epiyf;Nf jpUk;gpdu;.
Mq;fpNyau;fs; ifg;gw;wpa NfhaKj;J}u;> f&u;> jhuhGuk; Nghd;w
gFjpfisj; jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. 3) gpuhd;];
jpg;Gtpd; cjtpNahL njd;dpe;jpahit ntw;wp nfhs;Sk; tha;g;ig
,oe;jJ. 4) mNjNghd;W Mq;fpNyaUk; fu;ehlfj;ijj; jq;fs;
trk; nfhz;Ltu Kbahky; Nghapw;W. 5) jpg;G Nkw;Ff; flw;fiug;
gFjpapy; rpy ntw;wpfisg; ngw;whYk; mtuJ gilgyk;
ntFthfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. 6) jpg;GTf;F Mq;fpNyau; kPjpUe;j
NfhgKk;> ntWg;Gk;> fho;g;Gzu;r;rpAk; gd;klq;F mjpfupj;jJ.
mJNt mLj;j NghUf;fhd mbg;gil Mapw;W.
11.8.4. %d;whk; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1790-1792
,uz;lhk; ikR+u; Nghu; Kbe;j Mwhz;Lfspy; %d;whk;
ikR+u; Nghu; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; tUkhW: 1)
miuFiwahf nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l kq;fShu; cld;gbf;if (1784)
Fwpg;ghf Mq;fpNyaUf;Fj; jpUg;jp mspf;ftpy;iy. 2) 1785 Mk;
Mz;L ftu;du; n[duyhfTk;> jiyikj; jsgjpahfTk;
nghWg;Ngw;w fhud;thyp]; gpuG (Lord Cornwallis) kq;fShu;
cld;gbf;ifia kjpf;fhky; jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; Ml;rpf;F KbTfl;lj;
jPu;khdpj;jhu;. 3) kq;fShu; cld;gbf;iff;Fg;gpd; jpg;Gtpd;
eltbf;iffs; mtuJ mfe;ijapd; ntspg;ghlhf ,Ue;jd. mtu;
Ry;jhd; gl;lj;ijr; R+l;bf; nfhz;lhu; (1786). jpg;G jd;id
NjtJ}jd; vd;W $wpf;nfhz;L kyghupy; fl;lha kjkhw;wj;jpy;
jPtpukhf <Lgl;lhu;. ,e;Jf;fis mtkjpj;jhu;. Nfhapy;fis
,bj;Jj; js;spdhu;. rkag; nghiwapd;ikAk;> ,Wkhg;Gk;>
jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdKk; jpg;Gtpd; fz;fis kiwj;J fUj;ijf;
FUlhf;fptpl;ld. vdNt> mtuJ eltbf;iffs; epjhdkpd;wp
,Ue;jd. 4) Mq;fpNyaiu tYr;rz;ilf;F ,Oj;J mtu;fis
,e;jpahittpl;Nl Juj;jj; jpl;lkpl;lhu; jpg;G. mjw;fhd
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,J rk;ge;jkhf
fhd;];lhz;bNehgpSf;Fk; (1785)> ghuPRf;Fk; (1787) J}J
mDg;gpdhu;. 5) Kd;dNkNa ikR+Uld; ,izf;fg;gl;l
Jq;fgj;uhTf;Fk; fpU\;zhTf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l epyg;gFjpfis
NkYk; tpupTgLj;j Kidg;Gld; nray;gl;lhu;. 6) jpg;Gtpd;
201
jpl;lq;fisAk;> eltbf;iffisAk; $u;e;J ftdpj;J te;j ftu;du;
n[duy; fhud;thyp]; Njitahd jLg;G Vw;ghLfisr; nra;jhu;.
,f;fhuzq;fspd; $l;L tpisNt %d;whk; ikR+u; NghuhFk;.
11.8.4.1. Nghupd; Nghf;F
ftu;du; n[duy; fhud;thyp]; eprhk; mypAld; Gjpa
xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;ljd; (1788) %yk; jpg;G Ry;jhid
Mj;jpukilar; nra;jhu;. Mj;jpuj;jpy; epjhdkpoe;j Iju;
jpUtde;jGuj;ijj; jhf;fpdhu;. jpUtde;jGuj; jhf;Fjy;
Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhfj; njhLf;fg;gl;l Nghu; vd;W mwptpj;j
fhud;thyp]; NghUf;Fj; jahuhFkhW nrd;id murhq;fj;Jf;Ff;
fl;lisapl;lhu;.
11.8.4.2. Kjy; fl;lg; Nghu;
1790 Nk khjk; jpg;GTf;Fk; Mq;fpNyaUf;FkpilNa Kjy;
fl;lg; Nghu; Jtq;fpaJ. Mq;fpNyau;-eprhk;-kuhj;jpaupilNa
Kj;jug;G $l;lzp (Triple Alliance) mikj;jhu; fhud;thyp];.
jsgjp nkNlh]; (Medows) NfhaKj;J}u;> jpz;Lf;fy; kw;Wk;
ghyf;fhl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpdhu; (nrg;lk;gu;). jsgjp khf;];nty;
(Maxwell) jiyikapy; nrd;id-tq;fhsg; gilg; gpupTfs;
xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;ld. vdpDk; jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij
jLj;J epWj;j Kbatpy;iy. mtu; fu;ehlfj;ijf;
nfhs;isabj;Jr; R+iwahbdhu;. jpUtz;zhkiyiaf;
ifg;gw;wpdhu;.
11.8.4.3. ,uz;lhk; fl;lg; Nghu;
jpg;G-Mq;fpNyaUf;fpilNaahd ,uz;lhk; fl;lg; Nghu; 1791
Mk; Mz;L Jtq;fpaJ. ,g;Nghiu nrd;idf;F te;j ftu;du;
n[duy; fhud;thypNr jiyikNaw;W elj;jpdhu;. mtu; NtY}Uf;F
mzptFj;Jr; nrd;W gpd;du; ngq;fShiuf; ifg;gw;wpdhu; (1791
khu;r;). nrupq;fg;gl;bdk; (];uPuq;fg;gl;bdk;) nry;Yk; topapy; mtiu
vjpu;j;j jpg;Gitj; Njhw;fbj;jhu; (Nk). fhud;thyp ghuk`hy;
Nfhl;ilfisg; gzpaitj;jhu;.
11.8.4.4. %d;whk; fl;lg; Nghu;
,UrhuhUf;FkpilNaahd %d;whk; fl;lg; Nghu; 1792-y;
Jtq;fpw;W. ,k;Kiw fhud;thyp]; $l;lzpg; gilAld; nrd;W
nrupq;fg;gl;bdj;ij Kw;Wifapl;lhu;. mgu;FNuhk;Ng (Abercromby)
,f;$l;Lg; gilapdUf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fNshLk;>
gz;lq;fNshLk; te;J Nru;e;jhu;. jpg;G NtW topapd;wp fhud;thyp];
202
tpjpj;j epge;jidfis Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. fhud;thyp]; gpuG
Kd;dpd;W elj;jpa %d;whk; ikR+u; Nghu; KbTf;F te;jJ.
11.8.4.4.1. ];uPuq;fg;gl;ldk; cld;gbf;if
];uPuq;fg;gl;bdj;ij ,of;f tpUk;ghj jpg;G Ry;jhd;
xUjiyg;gl;rkhd cld;gbf;iff;F cld;gl;lhu;. ,e;j
xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb 1) jpg;G jdJ Ms;epyg; gFjpapy; ghjpia
Mq;fpNyauplk; xg;gilj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;; 2) %d;W Nfhb &ghia
,og;gPl;Lj; njhifahfr; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;; 3) ,j;njhif
KOtJkhf nrYj;jg;gLk;tiu jpg;Gtpd; ,uz;L kfd;fisAk;
gzaf; ifjpfshf xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;; 4) Kj;jug;G mzpf;
$l;lhspahd eprhKf;F flg;gh cs;spl;l Nkw;F
ikR+u;g;gFjpiaAk;> ,og;gPl;Lj; njhifapy; ghjpiaAk; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;; 5) kw;nwhU $l;lhspahd kuhj;jpaUf;F ikR+upd;
tlNkw;Fg; gFjpfs; nfhLf;fg; glNtz;Lk;. 6) $u;f; muru;
Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdpf;Ff; fg;gk; fl;l Ntz;Lk;.
11.8.4.4.2. tpisTfs;
,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpisthf Mq;fpNyaUf;Fj; jkpo;
ehl;by; NfhaKj;J}u;> jpz;Lf;fy;> ju;kGup Kjypa khtl;lq;fs;
fpilj;jd. mjhtJ jpz;Lf;fy;Yk; ghukfhy; gFjpAk; Mq;fpNyau;
trkhapw;W. mjhtJ Mq;fpNyau; kq;fShu; cld;gbf;ifahy;
xg;gilj;j nfhq;F ehl;Lg; gFjpfis kPz;Lk; iftug; ngw;wdu;.
,jd; %yk; ,g;gFjpfs; topahf ikR+u; fu;ehlfj;jpd; kPJ
gilnaLf;f KbahJ. mNjNghd;W ikR+u; Ml;rpahsu; $u;f; %yk;
Nkw;Fg; gFjpf;Fs; Eioa KbahJ. mjhtJ ikR+upd;
gilnaLg;Gg; ghijfs; midj;Jk; milf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld. ,dp
ikR+u; Nkw;Ff; flw;fiu %yk; fly; njhlu;Gk; nfhs;s KbahJ.
];uPnuq;fg;gl;bd cld;gbf;ifia ntw;wpfukhf epiwNtw;wpj;
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; mjpfhur; rkepiy (Balance of Power)ia
Vw;gLj;jpa ftu;du; n[duy; thud; N`];bq;];> khu;Ftp];
(Marque's) gl;lk; nfhLj;J fTutpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,e;jpa
Ml;rpahsu;fspilNa Mq;fpNyaupd; me;j];J gd;klq;F
cau;e;jJ. 1794-,y; jpg;G Ry;jhd; ,og;gPl;Lj; njhifiar;
nrYj;jp jdJ ,U kfd;fisAk; kPl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;.
11.8.5. ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghu;> 1799
ftu;du; n[duy; fhud;thyp]; jpg;G Ry;jhidj;
jdpikg;gLj;jp> mjpfhug; gy;iyg; gpLq;fp> gytPdg;gLj;jptpl;ljhy;
ikR+u; Gyp mlq;fptpLk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;j;jhu;. Mdhy; mbgl;l Gyp
kPz;Lk; vOe;J Mq;fpNyaiu mopj;Jtplj; jPu;khdpj;jJ.
mtkjpf;fg;gl;l jpg;GTf;F Mq;fpNyau; kPjpUe;j ntWg;Gk;>
203
NfhgKk; mjpfupf;fNt nra;jJ. jd; trkpUe;j kq;fShiu
ikakhff; nfhz;L gpuhd;]; Nghd;w INuhg;gpa ehLfSld;
njhlu;G nfhz;lhu; jpg;G. Fwpg;ghf neg;NghypaDld; njhlu;G
nfhz;L mtuplkpUe;J el;Gf; fbjKk; ngw;whu;. rpy gpnuQ;R
mjpfhupfisAk; tuNtw;W cgrupj;jhu;. jpg;G Mg;fhdp];jhd;
mjpgu; rkhd; \hit mZfp ,e;jpah kPJ gilnaLf;FkhW
Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf guprpah> mNugpah>
nkhuP\pa Nghd;w ehLfspd; mjpgu;fSf;Ff; fbjq;fs; vOjpdhu;.
ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf ,e;jpaj; jiytu;fSld; njhlu;G nfhz;L
gpupl;b\; vjpu;g;Gf; $l;likg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;.
Mq;fpNyau; kPjpUe;j ntWg;G kpFjpahy; mtu;fis ‘kdpj Fyj;jpd; nfhLq;Nfhyu;fs;' vd;W tu;zpj;jhu;. jpg;Gtpd;
Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;f gpuhd;Rk; 'E}W njhz;lu;fis’’ mDg;gp
itj;jJ (1799 Vg;uy;). jpg;Gtpd; Nghu; Kaw;rpia Kwpabf;f
Mq;fpNyau; KbT nra;jdu;. Gjpjhf ftu;du; n[duy; nghWg;Ngw;w
nty;ny];yp (Richard Colley Wellesley) jpg;Gtpd; eltbf;iffisf;
$u;e;J ftdpj;J jf;f Kd;Ndw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. eprhKld;
xU Jiz cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhu; (1798 nrg;lk;gu;). 1790
,y; nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l Kj;jug;Gf; $l;lzpiag; GJg;gpj;jhu;.
mjd;gpd; Mq;fpNyaUld; cld;ghl;Lf;F tUkhW jpg;G
Ry;jhDf;Ff; fbjq;fs; vOjpdhu; nty;ny];yp. mf;fbjq;fSf;Fg;
gyNdJkpd;ikahy; nty;ny];yp Neubahf nrd;idf;Nf te;jhu;
(1798). nty;ny];ypapd; nrd;id tUifahy; ehd;fhk; ikR+u;
Nghu; jtpu;f;f Kbahjjhfptpl;lJ.
11.8.5.1.Nghupd; Nghf;F
Mq;fpNyau; ed;F jpl;lkpl;L ikR+u; jhf;Fjiyj; Jtf;fpdu;.
ikR+u; ,UKidj; jhf;FjYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. jsgjp `hup];
(General Harris) xU gilg; gpupT Nkw;fpypUe;J jhf;fpaJ. ftu;du;
n[duypd; rNfhjuu; Mu;ju; nty;ny];yp (Arthur Wellesley) gpujhd
gilia Kd;dpd;W elj;jpdhu;. ,tu;fNshL eprhk; gilAk;
gq;Nfw;wJ. jpg;G $u;f; vy;iyapypUe;J gpd;thq;fp te;jhu;. Mu;ju;
nty;ny];yp eprhk; gil cjtpAld; jpg;Git ikR+upy; khyty;yp
vd;w ,lj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;jhu;. `huprpd; nrd;idg; gil
fhNtupiaf; fle;J nrd;W jiyefu; ];uPuq;fg;gl;ldj;ij
Kw;Wifapl;lJ (Vg;uy;). jpg;G NtWtopapd;wp rkurj;Jf;F te;jhu;.
Mq;fpNyau; ,uz;L epge;jidfis tpjpj;jdu;: 1) jpg;GTf;Fr;
nrhe;jkhd epyj;jpy; ghjpia xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;; 2) jz;lj;
njhifahf ,uz;L Nfhb &gha; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
epge;jidfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;tijtpl Nghupl;L kbtNj Nky; vd;W
vz;zpa jpg;G Nghiuj; njhlu;e;jhu;. ];uPnuq;fg;gl;bdk; fLk;
jhf;FjYf;Fs;shapw;W (Nk). gLfhakile;j jpg;Git xU
204
giltPud; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whd;. gpzf;Ftpaypy; fhzg;gl;l jpg;Gtpd;
cliy vLj;Jj; Jg;ghf;fpKid <l;bahy; Fjwpf; fpopj;J>
,UKiw Rl;l gpwF ,Lg;gpy; mzpe;jpUe;j khzpf;ff; fw;fs;
gjpf;fg;gl;l Nghu; ths; gl;iliaj; jpUb tpl;ldu; vd;Wk;
$wg;gLfpwJ. ];uPuq;fg;gl;bdk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ,uz;L khj
ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghu; KbTf;F te;jJ.
11.8.5.2. tpisTfs;
jpg;Gtpd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd; ikR+u; nty;ny];ypapd; fhybapy;
fple;jjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; Nguhrpupau; Mu;.rj;jpaehja;au;.
fhybapy; fple;j ikR+iu Mq;fpNyaUk; mtuJ $l;lhspfSk;
gq;fpl;Lf; nfhz;ldu;. ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghupd; tpisTfs; gy: 1)
Mq;fpNyau; tlf;F-njw;F fd;dl khtl;lq;fs;; kyghu; khtl;l
itehL; Nfhak;Gj;J}u;> jhuhGuk; cs;spl;l nfhq;F ehL;
nrupq;fg;gl;ldk;; ikR+upd; fpof;Fg; gFjpfs; Mfpatw;iwf;
ifaf;fg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;; ikR+u; trkpUe;j nfhq;F ehl;il
ifafg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ljd; %yk; Mq;fpNyau; jkpo; ehl;bd;
Kf;fpa gFjpiaj; jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jdu;. 2)
eprhKf;F ikR+Uf;F tlfpof;fpy; mee;jG+u;> rpj;J}u;> rpj;jy;u;f;
khtl;lq;fspy; rpy gFjpfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld; 3) %d;whk;
fpU\;zuh[h cilahu; vd;w Ie;J taJ rpWtd; mupaizapy;
mku;j;jg;gl;lhd;. ,jd; %yk; guk;giu Kbahl;rp kPl;fg;gl;lJ.
Kd;dhs; mikr;ru; G+u;za;ah kPz;Lk; jpthd; nghWg;Ngw;whu;.
mtNu Foe;ij kd;dUf;Ff; fhg;ghsuhf ,Ue;jhu;. 4) ikR+u;
fu;ehlf khepyj;jpd; jiyefuhfp> 1610 ,y; ,oe;j jutupir
me;j];ijg; ngw;wJ. 5) jsgjp ghup (Barry) ikR+upd; Jizf;
fhg;ghsu; (Resideat)uhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. 6) ikR+Uld;
Mq;fpNyau; xU Jiz cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;ldu;. mjd;gb
ikR+u; Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdpapd; rhu;G khepykhf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk;
neUf;fb Neuj;jpy; fk;ngdp ikR+upd; KO epu;thfj;ijAk; jd;
nghWg;gpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. 7) jpg;Gtpd; FLk;gj;jpdu; NtY}upy;
jq;f itf;fg;gl;ldu;. 8) jpg;Git tPo;j;jp> ikR+upd; ',e;J'
Kbauir kPl;L> ikR+iug; gpupj;J kWrPuikj;jikahy; Mu;jy;
nty;ny];yp cz;ikahd fjhehafu;' Mdhu;. gpupl;b\; murhq;fk;
mtUf;F khu;Fa]; (Marques) vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpg; ngUik
Nru;j;jJ. RUq;ff;$wpd;> Mq;fpNyau; njd;dpe;jpa flw;gFjp
KOtijAk; jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L te;J> gpnuQ;R
Mjpf;fj;ij mopj;J> gpupl;b\; Nguurpd; ghJfhg;ig cWjp
nra;jdu;. ,e;j Vw;ghl;bd; tpisthf gpupl;brhu; njd;dpe;jpahtpy;
Nghl;bf;F ,lkpy;yh vjpu;g;ghuw;w Ml;rpahsu; Mapdu; vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; tuyhw;whrpupau; [hd; Nf (John Keay).
rPuq;fg;gl;bdj; jhf;Fjy; ml;byh (Attila)itj; jiyFdpa
205
itj;jpUf;Fk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; mtu;. `_zu; jiytd;
ml;byh (A.D.406-453) NuhkhGupiaf; fhl;Lkpuhz;bj;jdkhfj;
jhf;fpatu;.
kjpg;gPL
INuhg;ghtpy; Vohz;Lg; Nghu; Jtq;fpa NghJ (1756) jkpo;
ehl;by; nrd;id gpnuQ;Rf;fhuuhy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;glf;$ba Mgj;J
,Ue;jJ. me;j Mgj;J ghup]; cld;gbf;ifahy; (1763) ePq;fpaJ.
gpnuQ;R Mgj;J ePq;fpdhYk; ikR+upy; Iju; mypAk; mtuJ kfd;
jpg;G Ry;jhDk; Mq;fpNyaupd; guk vjpupfshapdu;. mtu;fSila
gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpu;g;G %u;f;fj;jdkhfTk;>
Kul;Lj;jdkhfTk;> Kidg;ghu;itkpf;fjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
fu;ehlfj;jpy; Mq;fpNyaUf;F Iju;jpg;G tpl;l Neub rthy; mJ.
Mq;fpNyau; ehd;F ikR+u; Nghu;fspd; %yk; Nghuhl;lg; Gypfisj;
Njhw;fbf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W.
Kjy; ikR+u; Nghupy; Kjd; Kiwahf Mq;fpyf;
fk;ngdpapd; Mjpf;fj;ijj; jLj;J epWj;jpdhu; Iju; myp. ,uz;lhk;
ikR+u; Nghu; Ijupd; Mu;f;fhl;L Miria epuhirahf;fpaJ.
%d;whk; ikR+u; Nghu; jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; Mq;fpy vjpu;g;ig
Kwpabj;jJ. ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghu; jpg;Gtpd; Rje;jpuf; fditf;
fiyj;J Mq;fpNyaupd; Mjpf;fj;ij cWjp nra;jJ. fhud;thyp];
Jtf;fpa Mq;fpy Mjpf;f Kaw;rpia upr;ru;L nty;ny];yp
tpupTgLj;jpdhu;. ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghu; nty;ny];yp nghWg;Ngw;W
elj;jpa Nghu;. ikR+u; cs;spl;l njd;dpe;jpah Mq;fpy Mjpf;f
tl;lj;Jf;Fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. [hd; Nfapd; thu;j;ijfspy;
$wNtz;Lkhapd; “njd;dpe;jpa jPgfw;gj;jpy; gpupl;brhu; vjpu;g;gpd;wp tplg;gl;ldu;”. RUq;ff;$wpd;> Mq;fpy Vfhjpgj;jpaj;Jf;fhd
mbj;jsk; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Nghlg;gl;lJ.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
10. Iju; myp vt;thW ,we;jhu;?
11. ];uPuq;fg;gl;ldk; cld;gbf;if ahu; ahUf;F ele;jJ?
11.9. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
1. Nfhth
2. ikyhg;G+u;
3. nrQ;rp fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu;
4. ehfg;gl;bdk;
5. juq;fk;ghb
6. rPfd;ghy;f;
206
7. 1600 brk;gu; 31
8. gpuhd;rp]; Nl
9. ghz;br;Nrup
10. Gw;W Nehahy;
11. jpg;G Ry;jhDf;Fk; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyaf;Fk;
11.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. Nghu;r;RfPrpau;fspd; tUif Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.
2. Nldpau;fspd; jkpofj;jpy; fy;tpg;gzp Fwpj;J vOJf.
3. lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; tPo;r;rpia vOJf
tpupthd tpdhf;fs;
1. INuhg;gpau;fspd; tu;j;jf nray;ghLfis Fwpj;J fl;Liu
vOJf.
2. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fspd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tPo;r;rpia tpthjp.
3. ikR+u; Nghu;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; tpisTfis Fwpj;J fl;Liu
vOJf.
11.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Subramania N. A History of Tamil Nadu up to 1336
Rajayyan K. History of Tamil Nadu
gps;is Nf.Nf. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW
Nilakanda Sastri K.N. A History of South India
Sathianathair R. History of India
ntq;fNlrd; f. Kw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
ntq;fNlrd; f. jw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
nry;tk; Nt. jp. jkpof: tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;
,uhkrhkp m. jkpo; ehl;L tuyhW
207
myF – 12
ethGfspd; epu;thfk;- fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp-
ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rp: tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;-
njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp- fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;-
fpsu;r;rpapd; Nghf;F- fpsu;r;rpapd; tPo;r;rp- NtY}u;f;
fpsu;r;rp
ghl mikg;G
12.1. Kd;Diu
12.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
12.3. Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs;
12.4. nethaj;J ethGfs;
12.5. thyh[h ethGfs; (Wallajahs)
12.5.1. md;tUjPd;fhd;
12.5.2. KfkJ myp
12.6. ethGfspd; epu;thfk;
12.6.1. ethgp murhq;fk;
12.6.2. epjp epu;thfk;
12.7. fhd;rhfpG
12.8. fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp
12.9.ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rp
12.9.1. tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;
12.9.1.1. ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp ghisaf;fhuu;
12.9.1.2. fl;lnghk;kDk; [hf;rDk;
12.9.2. Cikj;Jiu
12.9.2.1. fhisahu;Nfhtpy; fpsu;r;rp
12.9.3. NtY ehr;rpahu;
12.9.4. khtPud; jPud; rpd;d kiy
12.9.5. Rtu;dfpup tPud; Re;juypq;fk;
12.9.6. khkd;du; kUJghz;bad;
12.10. njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp
12.10.1.fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
12.10.2. fpsu;r;rpapd; Nghf;F
12.10.3. fpsu;r;rpapd; tPo;r;rp
12.10.3.1. tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
12.11. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp> 1806
12.11.1. fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
12.11.2. fpsu;r;rpapd; Nghf;F
12.11.3. Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
12.11.4. tpisTfs;
208
12.12. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
12.13. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
12.14. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
12.1. Kd;Diu
Kfyhag; Nguuru; mTuq;frPg; ,we;j gpd; (1707)
Ijuhghj;jpd; MSeuhf ,Ue;j mrg;[h Kfyhag; Nguurpd;
gpbapypUe;J jd;id tpLtpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. 1719 ypUe;J
Ijuhghj;jpypUe;J jf;fhzj;ij Ml;rp nra;j mrg;[h Fyj;ijr;
Nru;e;jtu;fs; ep[hk;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;.. ,tu;fsJ
Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; Ml;rp nra;jtu;fs; ethGfs;. mtu;fspd;
epu;thfk;> NkYk; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhff;
fpsu;r;rp> ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rp: tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;>
njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp> fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;> fpsu;r;rpapd;
Nghf;F> fpsu;r;rpapd; tPo;r;rp kw;Wk; NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp gw;wp
tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
12.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
ePq;fs; ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapd;w gpd;du; fPo; fz;ltw;iw mwpa
KbAk;
• ethGfs; epu;thfk; gw;wp njupe;Jnfhs;s cjTfpwJ
• tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kdpd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tPo;r;rp Fwpj;J
tpthjpf;fpwJ.
• kUJ rNfhjuu;fspd; Nghu; jpwik gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s
cjTfpwJ
• njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpf;fis gw;wp tptupf;fpwJ. • NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.
12.3. Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs;
Mu;f;fhl;ilj; jiyikafkhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;j
ethGfs; Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs; Mtu;. Ijuhghj; ep[hk; Kfyhag;
Nguurpd; gpujpepjpahfg; ngaustpy; ,Ue;jijg; Nghd;Nw Mu;f;fhl;L
ethGfs; ep[hkpd; Nkyhjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gl;bUe;jdu;. Mq;fpNyau;
jkpo; ehl;by; fhY}d;wpa NghJ Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs; fu;ehlfj;ij
Ml;rp nra;J nfhz;bUe;jdu;. vdNt> ,tu;fs; fu;ehlf ethGfs;
vd;Wk; mwpag;gl;ldu;. md;iwa fu;ehlfk; fpU\;zhtpypUe;J
fd;dpahFkup tiu tpuptile;jpUe;jJ. nrd;id> jQ;ir> jpUr;rp>
209
kJiu> jpUney;Ntyp Mfpa gFjpfis cs;slf;fpa fu;ehlfk;
fpof;Fj; njhlu;r;rp kiyapypUe;J Nrho kz;lyf; flw;fiu
tiuapYk;> Nkw;Fj; njhlu;r;rp kiyapypUe;J ghyf;fhL kw;Wk;
gplhu; tiuapYk; tpupe;J gue;jpUe;jJ.
12.4. nethaj;J ethGfs;
Kjy; Mu;f;fhl;L ethg; Ry;gpfu; mypfhd;. ,tu; Kfyhag;
Nguuru; mTuq;frPg;ghy; 1692 Mk; Mz;L ethghf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
kuhj;jpaiu ntw;wpfz;likf;fhf Kfyhag; Nguuru; mypf;Ff;
nfhLj;j gupNr Mu;f;fhl;L MFk;. Ry;gpfu; myp fhd;
nrQ;rpapypUe;J Ml;rp nra;jhu; (1692-1710). ,tUf;Fg; gpd; te;j
ethg; rjj;Jy;yhfhd; (1710-1732). ,tu; jiyefiu nrQ;rpapypUe;J
Mu;f;fhl;Lf;F khw;wpdhu;. vdNt> Mu;f;fhl;ilj; jiyefukhff;
nfhz;L Ml;rpiaj; Jtf;fpa Kjy; ethg; rjj;Jy;yhfhd; Mthu;.
NkYk;> ,tu; nethaj; Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;jtuhjyhy; ,tUk;
,tUf;Fg; gpd; te;NjhUk; nethaj;Jfs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
nethaj; guk;giuiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; rjj;Jy;yhfhd; vd;W
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; Nguhrpupau; Nf.,uh[a;ad;.
rjj;Jy;yhfhdpd; thuprhd Njh];J myp (1732-1740)
mz;ilg; gFjpfis Mf;fpukpg;gjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;bdhu;. ,tuJ
‘,izg;Gf; nfhs;if' (Policy of Annexation) tpisthf kJiu
,tuJ Ml;rpg; gFjpNahL ,izf;fg;gl;lJ (1736). ,tuJ kfd;
rg;ju; myp; kUkfd; re;jhrhnfg;. Njh];J mypiaj; njhlu;e;J
rg;ju; myp (1740-1742)Ak;> ,uz;lhk; rjj;Jy;yhfhDk; (1742-1744)
ethghdhu;fs;. nethaj; ethGfspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,tu;fsJ
nry;thf;if kJiu kw;Wk; jQ;ir tiu tpupTgLj;jpdhu;.
12.5. thyh[h ethGfs; (Wallajahs)
,uz;lhk; rjfj;Jy;yh rpWtdhf ,Ue;jikahy; Ijuhghj;
ep[hk; mtuJ jsgjp md;tUjPid ethgpd; ghJfhg;ghsuhf
epakpj;jhu;. Nguhirapd; gpwg;gplkhd md;tUjPd; rpWtd; ethigf;
nfhd;W tpl;L Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;. ,f;nfhiyiaf;
fz;Lnfhs;shj ep[hk; thyh[h Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;j md;tUjPid
Mu;f;fhl;L ethghf epakpj;jhu;. vdNt> md;tUjPDk; mtuJ
thupRfSk; thyh[hf;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;. R+o;r;rpf;
nfhiyahy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l Ml;rp khw;wj;jhy; thyh[hf;fSf;Fk;
Gwk; js;sg;gl;l nethaj;Jf;fSf;FkpilNa mjpfhug; Nghl;b
210
njhlu;e;jJ. ,g;guk;giug; Nghl;b Mq;fpNyaupd; jiyaPl;Lf;F ey;y
fsj;ij cUthf;fpf; nfhLj;jJ.
12.5.1. md;tUjPd;fhd;
jfhj Kiwapy; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpa md;tUjPd; xU
Mjpf;fthjp; mtuJ Mjpf;fj;ijj; jkpo;ehL KOtJf;Fk;
tpupTgLj;j tpUk;gpdhu;. mjd; %yk; thyh[hf;fspd;
nry;thf;ifAk;> tpupthf;fj;ijAk; epiyg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpapy;
<Lgl;lhu;. Kjy; fhupakhf mtuJ Mjpf;fj;ij kJiu kPJ
nrYj;jpdhu;. mtUf;F vjpuhf vOe;j ghisaf;fhuu;fspd;
vjpu;g;ig Kwpabj;jhu;. jQ;rhT+upd; gFjpfis Mf;fpukpj;jhu;.
jpUr;rpf;F ,tu; tzq;fpa Gdpj rapj; `j;uj;ehju; thtpapd;
ngaupy; ehjd; efu; vd;W ngau; R+l;bdhu;. jpUr;rp Nfhl;iliag;
gyg;gLj;jpdhu;. k[pj;-,-KfkJ vd;w gs;sp thriyf; fl;bdhu;.
,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;jhd; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu; nrd;idiaf;
ifg;gw;wpdu;. rhe;Njhk; rz;il eilngw;wJ; ghz;br;Nrup
Kw;Wifaplg;gl;lJ (1746); KjyhtJ fu;ehlfg; Nghu; (1746-1748)
epfo;e;jJ. ,Wjpapy; md;tUjPd; tlMu;f;fhL Mk;G+u;g; Nghupy;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhu; (1749).
12.5.2. KfkJ myp
Mk;G+u;g; Nghupd; NghJ jpUr;rpf;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;w KfkJ
myp> mtuJ je;ij md;tUjPd; ,we;j gpd; vl;lhtJ ethghf
Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. je;ijiag; Nghd;Nw ,tUk; Mjpf;fg;
gpupau;. KfkJ myp thyh[h Ijuhghj; ep[hkpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J
tpLtpj;Jf; nfhz;L Rje;jpu Mu;f;fhl;L ethg; Mdhu;. KfkJ myp
Mjpf;f tpupthf;fj;Jf;Fk;> Mlk;gur; nryTfSf;Fk;
Mq;fpNyaiug; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;. mNjNghd;W
KfkJ mypapd; jpwikapd;ikiaAk;> NguhiriaAk;>
Cjhupj;jdj;ijAk; jq;fSf;Fr; rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;ldu; Mq;fpNyau;. ,e;j Nghl;bapd; ,Wjpapy; Mq;fpNyau;
ntw;wp ngw;wdu;.
KfkJ mypapd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; ,uz;lhtJ fu;ehlfg;
NghUld; Jtq;fpaJ (1749-1754). jQ;ir-Mu;f;fhL-Ijuhghj; ep[hk;
thupRupikg; gpur;ridfs;> ehrpu; [q;fpd; eltbf;iffs;> jpUr;rp
Kw;Wif (1751-1754) Nghd;w Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; ,tuJ Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpy; eilngw;wd. mj;JkPwpa Nghu;r; nryT kw;Wk;
muz;kid Mlk;gur; nryTfs; ,tuJ fld; Rikia gd;klq;F
mjpfupj;jJ. fld; gl;lhu; neQ;rk; Nghy; nfhQ;rk; $lf;
fyq;fhky; flDf;F Nky; fld; thq;fp fu;ehlfj;ij
Mq;fpNyauplk; mlF itj;jhu; KfkJ myp.
211
KfkJ mypiaj; njhlu;e;J mtuJ kfd; ck;jj;-cy;-
ckhuh (17951801) Mu;f;fhl;L ethghdhu;. ,tu; KfkJ mypapd;
,uz;lhtJ kfd;. fldpNyNa gpwe;J fldpNyNa tho;e;j ,tuJ
,ayhikiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Mq;fpNyau; Mu;f;fhl;L
ethgpd; thupirj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; nghWg;ig Vw;W mjd; %yk;
Mu;f;fhl;il epu;tfpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; ngw;wdu;. 19 Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; filrpg; gFjpapy; ftu;du;-n[duy; ly;n`srpapd;
(Dalhousie) thuprpypf; nfhs;if (Doctrine of Lapse)apd;gb ethg;
gjtp ePf;fg;gl;lJ (1855). ckhuh ngausTf;F ethghf ePbj;jhu;.
eilKiwapy; Mu;f;fhL Mq;fpNyau; trk; te;jJ. gpupl;b\hu;
fu;ehlfj;ij mgupj;Jf; nfhz;lJ mtu;fsJ cjtp nra;J
cwthb epy mgfupg;G nra;Ak; nfhs;ifapd; ,ay;ghd
cr;rfl;lkhFk;. fu;ehlfj;ijf; iftrg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ljd; %yk;
jkpo; ehl;bd; ngUk; gFjpia Mq;fpNyau; jq;fsJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd;
fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jdu;. gpd;du; tpf;Nlhupah kfhuhzpapd;
mwptpg;Gf;Fg; gpwF Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs; murhq;f Xa;T+jpar;
rYiffSld; ghuk;gupag; ngUikAld; tho;e;J te;jdu;. ,e;epiy
,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;w gpd;dUk; ePbf;fpwJ.
12.6. ethGfspd; epu;thfk;
mTuq;frPg;gpd; kiwTf;Fg; gpd; (1707) Kfyhag; Nguurpd;
jf;fhzg; gpujpepjpahf ,Ue;jtu; Ijuhghj; ep[hk; Mthu;.
mtUila Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; ,aq;fpatu;fs; Mu;f;fhl;L
ethGfs;. ,tu;fs; nethaj; ethGfs;> thyh[h ethGfs; vd;w
,U Fyq;fisr; rhu;e;jtu;fs;. nethaj; ethGfs; 1710 ypUe;J
1743 tiuapYk;> thyh[h ethGfs; 1743 ypUe;J 1801 tiuapYk;
jkpo; ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jdu;. mjhtJ> jkpo; ehL Kfyha
K];yPk;fspd; MSiff;F cl;gl;bUe;jJ. ethGfspd; Ms;epyg;
gFjp ney;Y}u;> nrq;fy;gl;L> Mu;f;fhL Mfpa khtl;lq;fisf;
nfhz;l Mu;f;fhL Rgh vd;Wk;> jpUr;rp> jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lq;fs;
cs;spl;l jpUr;rp Rgh vd;W ,U ngUk; gFjpfshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,it fu;ehlf> jQ;ir> ,uhkehjGuk;>
rptfq;if rk jhdq;fs; vd;Wk; mwpag;gl;ld. ,tu;fspd; fPo;
nray;gl;l ghisaf;fhuu;fs; jdpf;fhl;L ,uh[hf;fshf eilKiw
Rje;jpuj;NjhL FWepy kd;du;fisg; Nghd;W Ml;rp nra;J te;jdu;.
jkpo; ehl;bd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpahd nfhq;F ehL ikR+u; trk;
,Ue;jJ. vdNt> jkpo; ehl;bd; ngUk; gFjp ethGfspd; Ml;rpapd;
gpbf;Fs; ,Ue;jJ.
12.6.1. ethgp murhq;fk;
kj;jpa murhq;fk;
212
18-Mk; E}w;whz;L ,e;jpahtpy; kj;jpa murhq;fk; vd;W
vJTkpy;iy. Kfyhag; NguuR thupR ehLfs; (Successor States-
mtj;> tq;fhsk;> Ijuhghj;); Rje;jpu ehLfs; (Independent States -
ikR+u;> ,uh[Gl;lhdh); Gjpa ehLfs; (New States - kuhj;jpau;>
rPf;fpau;> [hl;Lfs;) vd;W Kg;ngUk; gFjpfshfg; gpupe;J tpl;ld.
Kfyhag; NguuR ngaustpy; kj;jpa murhq;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. mJ
xU epoy; murhq;fk; kl;LNk MFk;.
khfhz murhq;fk;
nfhs;if mstpy; jkpo; ehL ep[hkpd; Nkyhjpf;fj;Jf;F
cl;gl;bUe;jhYk;> eilKiwapy; Mu;f;fhl;L ethgpd; fPo; xU
khfhzkhf nray;gl;lJ. khfhzk; gy rk];jhdq;fshfTk;>
ghisaq;fshfTk;> fpuhkq;fshfTk; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. xt;nthU
ghisaKk; rpy fpuhkq;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;.
khtl;l epu;thfk;
ethGfspd; epu;thfj;jpd; fPo; jkpo;ehL gy cl;gpupTfshfg;
gpupf;fg; gl;bUe;jd. ,it gy;NtW ngau;fspy; mwpag;gl;ld.
,it ethg; kw;Wk; kwtu; epyg; gFjpapy; jhY}f;fhf;fs; vd;Wk;>
jQ;rhT+upy; Rghf;fs; vd;Wk;> GJf;Nfhl;ilapy; tyehLfs; vd;Wk;>
fs;su; epyg; gFjpapy; ehLfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j
cl;gpupTfs; ,d;iwa khtl;lq;fSf;F ,izahdit. khtl;lj;
jiyik epu;thfp jhYfhjhu;> fpNyjhu;> RNgjhu; Nghd;w
ngau;fshy; mwpag;gl;ldu;. ghisaq;fs; ehl;lhu; vd;w KjpNahu;
FOthy; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;lJ.
fpuhk epu;thfk;
fpuhkq;fs; ethg; epu;thff; $u;Kidf; NfhGuj;jpd;
mbj;jskhf ,Ue;jd. epu;thfj;jpd; ehb euk;Gfs; fpuhkq;fs;.
xt;nthU fpuhkKk; gy thu;Lfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. %j;Njhu;
mitahd gQ;rhaj;J fpuhkj;ij epu;tfpj;jJ. gQ;rhaj;Jj;
jiytu; kf;fhlk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. tof;fkhf ,tu; fpuhkg;
gQ;rhaj;jhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. tpjptpyf;fhf rpy fpuhkq;fspy;
,tu; ghuk;gupa thuprhf ,g;gjtpapy; ,Ug;gJz;L. gl;Nly; vd;w
mjpfhup fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;ij mikf;fTk;> gQ;rhaj;ijf; $l;lTk;
nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jhu;. ,tNu epytup tR+ypg;ghuhfTk;> jy
ePjpgjpahfTk; nray;gl;lhu;. ,tUf;F cjtpahf ,Ue;jtu; fu;zk;
my;yJ gl;thup. ,tu;jhd; fpuhkj;Jf; fzf;Fg; gps;is. ,tu;
fpuhkj;ijg; gw;wpa midj;J jfty;fisAk; nfhz;l gjpNtl;ilg;
guhkupj;jhu;. epytup epu;thfj;jpd; mr;rhzp fu;zk; jhd;. ,tu;
%yk; jhd; fpuhkj;jhu; mtu;fsJ epy cupikfs; gw;wpAk;>
murhq;f cj;juTfs; Fwpj;Jk; mwpe;J nfhz;ldu;.
213
fpuhkf; fhty;fhuu;fs; fpuhkg; ghJfhg;Gf;Fg;
nghWg;ghdtu;fs;. rl;lk; xOq;F ,tu;fshy; guhkupf;fg;gl;lJ.
,tu;fs; ,uhf;fhty; nra;jNjhL> fpuhkj;Jf;F mayhu; te;J
nry;tijAk;> re;Njfj;Jf;F cupatu;fspd; eltbf;iffisf;
ftdpj;Jg; gl;NlYf;Fj; njuptpj;jdu;; jpUl;L tprhuizapd; NghJ
cjtpdu;; jpUl;Lg; Nghd nghUl;fs; kPl;fg;gl;L cupatu;fsplk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld. fpuhkj;Jg; ngupatu;fs; Kiw kd;wf;
fhtyu;fshf> mwq;$wj;J mitNahuhfr; (Jury) nray;gl;ldu;.
,tu;fs; fpuhk rk;ke;jkhd midj;J tof;FfisAk;> Fwpg;ghf
epy cupikfs; gw;wpa tof;Ffis> kuj;jbapy; mku;e;J Nfl;L
ed;F tprhupj;J> tpthjpj;Jj; jPu;g;G toq;fpdu;. 18 Mk;
E}w;whz;Lj; jkpofj;jpy; epytpa epiyaw;w murpay;
Fog;gj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;L epiyahf nray;gl;l mikg;Gfs;
cs;shl;rp epWtdq;fNs MFk;. ,e;jg; ghuk;gupa Gy;ypjo;
kf;fshl;rp mikg;Gfs; ethGfspd; epu;thfj;jpd; KJnfYk;ghfj;
jpfo;e;jd. ,it jkpou;fspd; guk;giur; nrhj;J; fpuhkj; jd;dhl;rp
jkpo; ehl;bd; kuGupikr; nry;tkhFk;. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by;
Mq;fpNyau; jkpo; ehl;Lf; fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;J Kiwiag; Nghw;wpg;
ghJfhj;jdu;.
12.6.2. epjp epu;thfk;
nghJ tUtha; (Public Income) xU Ml;rpapd; ngUikAk;> rpWikAk; epjp epu;thfj;ijg;
nghWj;Nj cs;sJ; Ml;rpapd; epiyj;jd;ik nghJ tUthiar;
rhu;e;Js;sJ. Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfspd; nghJ tUtha; ngupJk; epy
tUthia ek;gpNa ,Ue;jJ. epy tUtha; tptrha kfR+y; tup;
jupR epyg; gad;ghl;L tup; fpuhk tup; fUk;G> thio> ntw;wpiyg;
gapu;fSf;fhd rpwg;G tup; Nka;r;ry; tup; tPl;L tup Nghd;wtw;iw
cs;slf;fpaJ. ,itad;wp cg;G> kPd; Nghd;w nghUl;fspd;
gupkhw;wj;jpd; NghJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l jPu;it tup; kJghd tup; Nyth
Njtpf;fhuu;fsplkpUe;J tR+ypf;fg; gl;l fl;lzk;; fl;lha
ed;nfhilfs;; md;gspg;Gfs;; ,ju rpy;yiu tR+y;fs; Mfpait gpw
nghJ tUtha;f; $WfshFk;.
tup tR+y; (Revenue Collection) epy tup cilik cupikiag; nghWj;Jj;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ. epy tup kjpg;gPL ,lj;Jf;F ,lk;> fhyj;Jf;Ff;
fhyk; khWgl;lJ. nghUshjhu> murpay; fhuzq;fis kdjpy;
nfhz;L ,t;tupAk; ,t;tupf;fhd rYiffSk; KbT nra;ag;gl;ld.
nghJthf tupfs; NeubahfNth my;yJ Fj;jifjhuu; %ykhfNth
tR+ypf;fg;gl;ld. mky;jhu; tR+ypj;j tupg; gzj;ij Neubahff;
fUT+yj;jpy; fl;btpLthu;. khwhf> Fj;jifjhuu; tR+ypj;j tupg;
gzj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l njhifiaf; fUT+yj;jpy; nrYj;jptpl;L
214
vQ;rpa njhifiaj; jd; nryTf;F itj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. tup
nrYj;jpaJ Nghf tptrhapfSf;F kPjkpUe;jJ kpff; FiwthfNt
,Ue;jJ.
ethGfspd; fld; RikfSf;Nfw;g tupfSk; fl;Lg;ghbd;wp
tR+ypf;fg; gl;ld. Coy; kype;jpUe;jjhy; mKy;jhuu;fSk;>
Fj;jifjhuu;fSk; ethGfspd; gytPdj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhz;L
mtutu; Nguhirf;Nfw;g tupfis KiwNah> fl;Lg;ghNlhapd;wp
tR+ypj;jdu;. ,tu;fs; ethgpd; ngauhy; Vio tptrhapfis
Vkhw;wp> tQ;rpj;J> Nkhrk; nra;jdu;. tup tR+y; Coypd;
Cw;whapw;W. tupfs; epahakhf ,Ue;jhy; kf;fs; kdf;frg;gpd;wpf;
nfhLj;jdu;. ,it fl;Lg;ghbd;wp> kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy;>
aNjr;rhjpfhukhf tR+ypf;fg;gl;l NghJ nghJ kf;fSk;
tptrhapfSk; vjpu;j;jdu;. ,e;j vjpu;g;G fs;sf; fzf;F> tup
Va;g;G> tup nfhlhik %yk; ntspg;gl;lJ. ,ij mepahakhf tup
tR+ypg;NghUf;Fk;> tup Va;g;Nghu;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd Nghuhl;lk;
vdf; $wpAs;shu; Nguhrpupau; Nf.uh[a;ad;. ethGfs; Mq;fpNyaupd;
JizAld; mjPj epyj; jPu;it tR+ypf;f Kw;gl;l NghJ
ghisaf;fhuu;fs; fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;. mjhtJ> fl;lha tup tR+y;
fpsu;r;rpf;F top tFj;jJ.
nghJr; nryT (Public Expenditure) rpW rpW Jspfshf kf;fsplkpUe;J tR+ypf;fg;gl;l tupfs;
ngUnts;sg; nghJr; nrythff; fzf;fplg;gl;lJ. Ml;rpahsu;fs;
Nfhl;il nfhj;jsq;fs; fl;LtjpYk;> ,uhZtj;ijg; ngUf;fpg;
gyg;gLj;JtjpYk;> Mlk;gur; nryTfs; nra;tjpYk; nrytpl;ldu;.
Nfhapy;fisAk;> gpuhkzu; FbapUg;GfisAk;> rj;jpuq;fisAk;
guhkupg;gjw;fhfg; ngUk; nghUs; nrytplg;gl;lJ. gy;NtW
tifapYk; kf;fisf; frf;fpg; gpope;J tR+ypf;fg;gl;l tupfs;
kf;fspd; fy;tp tsu;r;rpf;Nfh> nghJ Rfhjhuj;Jf;Nfh my;yJ
ePu;g;ghrd trjpfisg; ngUf;fNth Kd;Dupik nfhLj;J
nrytplg;gltpy;iy. Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfSf;Fk;> jQ;ir
kd;du;fSf;Fk;> gisaf;fhuu;fSf;Fk; nghJg; gzj;ijr; nryT
nra;aj; njupe;j msTf;F Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd Gjpa topfs; %yk;
nghJ tUthiag; ngUf;fj; njupatpy;iy. vdNt> ethGfs;
fl;lha tup tR+NyhL fl;Lf;flq;fh fld;fis thq;fp kf;fisAk;
nfhLikg;gLj;jpj; jhq;fSk; nfl;ldu;. Fok;gpa Fl;ilapy; kPd;
gpbj;j Mq;fpNyau; gbg;gbahf mjpfhuj;ij ethGfsplkpUe;Jk;>
muru;fsplkpUe;Jk;> ghisaf;fhuu;fsplkpUe;Jk; gw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;.
ePjp epu;thfk; (Judicial Administration) ethGfspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Ml;rpahsu;fSk;> ePjpgjpfSk;
$WtNj ePjpahf ,Ue;jJ. rl;ltpay; tsu;r;rp milahj epiyapy;
rl;lj;Jf;Fl;gl;l Ml;rpNah> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpNah my;yJ
215
rl;lj;Jf;F Kd; midtUk; rkk; vd;w Nfhl;ghNlh rl;lf;
fhtyu;fs; mwpahjit. vdNt> ePjp epu;thfk; rKjha
mikg;Gf;Nfw;g eilngw;wJ. Fthrpfs; (Quazis) K];yPk;fs;
rk;ke;jg;gl;l tof;Ffis tprhupj;J mtu;fs; tof;fg;gbj; jPu;g;Gf;
$wpdhu;. mKy;jhuu;fs; ,e;Jf;fs; rk;ke;jg;gl;l tof;Ffis
rh];jpu rk;gpujhag;gb tprhuiz nra;J jPu;g;G $wpdhu;. rpy
rkaq;fspy; gz;bju;fspd; cjtpNahL tof;Ffs; tprhupf;fg;gl;ld.
mtrpakhapd; nkhop ngau;g;ghsu;fs; mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
ethGfspd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l epyg; gFjpfspy; ngs[;jhu;fs;
(Foujdars) ePjp toq;fpdu;. ethGfs; Nky; KiwaPLfis tprhupj;J
,Wjpj; jPu;g;gspj;jdu;.
ePjp epu;thfk; nry;tKk;> nry;thf;Fk;> rhjpr; rYiffisg;
ngw;NwhUf;Fk; rhjfkhf ,Ue;jJ. cau;Fb kf;fSk;>
mKy;jhuu;fspd; cwtpdu;fSk;> mjpfhupfSk;> [hfpu;jhuu;fSk;>
Fj;jifjhuu;fSk;> fld; nfhLj;NjhUk;> ePjp epu;thfj;jpd;
gyd;fisg; ngw;wdu;. ngUk;ghd;ikahd tof;Ffs; gopthq;Fk;'
tof;FfshfNt ,Ue;jd. rl;lg; gapw;rp ngwhj ePjpgjpfspd;
ifapy; r%f ePjp rpf;fpj; jtpj;jJ. tof;fj;Jf;F khwhf>
eLepiyNahL jPu;g;G toq;fg;gl;lhy; ePjpgjpfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhupd;
rPw;wj;Jf;F cs;shapdu;. rhjpthup rKjhaj;jpy; rkdw;w ePjpNa
eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ. RUq;ff;$wpd;> ePjp epu;thfk;
Ml;rpahsu;fSf;Fk;> mjpfhupfSf;Fk;> rYif tFg;ghUf;Fk;
rhjfkhf ,Ue;jJ vdyhk;.
rKjhaj; jhf;fk; ethGfspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ghuk;gupa
rkdw;w gbKiw rhjp mikg;G Kiw ePbj;jJ. K];yPk;fspd;
gof;ftof;fq;fs; jdpj;jd;ikAld; gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld. midj;Jj;
JiwfspYk;> Fwpg;ghf murhq;fj; Jiwfspy;> cUJr; nrhw;fs;
nry;thf;F ngw;wd. cUJ nkhopahy; jkpopd; njhd;ikNah
my;yJ jd;ikNah ghjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. jkpo;ehL gy nkhopfs;
NgRNthupd; ghlfrhiy Nghd;W ,Ue;jJ. Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfspy;
KfkJ mypf;F rpwg;gplk; cz;L. mtu; fOj;jsTf;Ff; fld;
flypy; %o;fpapUe;j NghJk; fiyf;fhfTk;> fyhr;rhuj;Jf;fhfTk;
nra;j gzpfs; gy. mtu; xU ru;t rkar; rhu;ghsu;. mtuJ ePz;l
Ml;rpapd; NghJ kjNtWghbd;wp midj;J rkaq;fisAk;
Mjupj;jhu;. jpUty;ypf;Nfzpapy; ngupa kR+jpiaf; fl;ba KfkJ
myp> jpUr;rp ];uPuq;fk; NfhapYf;Fj; jhuhskhf ed;nfhilfs;
mspj;jhu;. jhk]; tpy;ypq; (Thomas Willing)fpd; Gfo;ngw;w VRtpd;
,Wjp ,uT czT (Last Supper) gw;wpa Xtpaj;ij Gdpj [hu;[;
Nfhl;ilapy; cs;s Gdpj Nkup Njthyaj;Jf;F md;gspg;ghf
mspj;jtu; KfkJ myp. ikyhg;G+u; fghyP];tuu; Nfhapy;> fhQ;rp
tujuh[ngUkhs; Nfhapy;> jpUney;Ntyp ney;iyag;gu; Nfhapy;
216
Nghd;w jkpo;ehl;L ,e;J Myaq;fs; KfkJ mypapd; Mjuitg;
ngw;wpUe;jd. ,tu; gy Nfhapy;fSf;F ahidfisg; ghfu;fSld;
ed;nfhilahf toq;fpaJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
12.7. fhd;rhfpG
ethg; KfkJ mypapd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; gpugykhf
,Ue;j jiytu; fhd;rhfpG vd;W miof;fg;gl;l kUjehafk;
gps;is . kUjehafk; 1725 Mk; Mz;L ,uhkehjGuk;
khtl;lj;ijr; Nru;e;j gidA+u; vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; itjPf Ntshsu;
gps;is rhjpapy; gpwe;jhu;. ,sk; tajpNyNa mwpTf; $u;ikNahLk;>
eilKiw mwpthw;wNyhLk; ,Ue;j kUjehafk; nrhe;j fpuhkj;ij
tpl;Lg; ghz;br;Nrupf;Fr; nrd;whu;. mq;F mtu; Kfkjpa kjj;Jf;F
khwp> KfkJ A+Rg;fhd; vd;W jdJ ngaiu khw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;.
gpd;du; A+Rg;fhd; fhd;rhfpG vd;W ngau; khw;wk; ngw;W
kf;fspilNaAk; Mq;fpNyaupilNaAk; kpFe;j nry;thf;F ngw;whu;.
cjtpahsu;
kUjehafk; gps;is ghz;br;Nrupapy; ,Ue;jNghJ MSeu;
yh (Jacques Law)tpd; ,y;yj;jpy; cjtpahsuhfr; Nru;e;jhu;.
mg;NghJ MSeiu re;jpf;fte;j tzpfu;fs; kw;Wk; gpw
gpuKfu;fSld; njhlu;G nfhz;L jd; nry;thf;ifg; ngUf;fpf;
nfhz;lhu; fhd;rhfpG. ghz;br;Nrupapy; nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;j
A+Rg;fhd; vd;w kUjehafk; gps;is jQ;rhT+Uf;Fr; nrd;whu;. mq;F
mtu; ,uhZtj;jpy; rpg;gha; my;yJ fhyhg;gilapduhfr; Nru;e;jhu;.
kUjehafj;jpd; jpwikahy; ftug;gl;l Mq;fpyj; jsgjp gpuz;ld;
(Brunton) mtUf;F ,uhZtg; gapw;rpNahL gy nkhopfisf;
fw;Wf; nfhLj;jhu;.
‘ney;Y}u; RNgjhu;'
,uhZtg; gapw;rpAk;> gd;nkhopg; GyikAk; ngw;w A+Rg;fhd;
vd;w kUjehafk; jQ;iria tpl;L Me;jpuhtpYs;s ney;Y}u;
nrd;whu;. mq;F mtu; ,uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;wpf; nfhz;Nl
kUj;Jtj;jpy; Nju;r;rp ngw;whu;. jd; jsuhj ciog;ghYk;> mauhj
Kaw;rpahYk; jz;ly; ehafuhfp (tup tR+ypg;gtu;)> mtpy;jhuhfpg;
gpd;du; RNgjhuhfg; gbg;gbahfg; gjtp cau;T ngw;whu;
kUjehafk;. A+Rg;fhd; vd;w kUjehafk; murhq;f Mtzq;fspy;
ney;Y}u; RNgjhu;' vd;Nw Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shu;. 'ney;Y}u;' vd;whNy
A+Rg;fhd; vd;W mwpag;gLk; msTf;F kUjehafk; gpugykhdhu;.
217
Mq;fpyg; gilapy; fhd;rhfpG
A+Rg;fhd; vd;w kUjehafj;jpd; mUik ngUikfisg; gw;wp
mwpe;j Mu;f;fhl;L ethg; Nghl;bahsu; re;jh rhfpG mtiuj; jdJ
,uhZtj;jpy; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. Mu;f;fhl;by; ,uhZtg; gzpapy;
,Ue;j NghJ A+Rg;fhd; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa fpwpj;Jtg; ngz; khrh
(Maasa)it kze;J nfhz;lhu;. ,e;Jthd kUjehafk; kjk;
khwp A+Rg;fhdhfp> fpwpj;Jt khrhit kze;J nfhz;lhu;. 1751 ,y;
KfkJ mypf;Fk; re;jh rhfpGf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;w
thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; A+Rg;fhd; re;jh rhfpGld; ,Ue;jikahy;
KfkJ mypf;Fk; ,tUf;FkpilNa jPuhg; gif Vw;gl;lJ.
,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ A+Rg;fhdpd; Nghu;j; jpwikiaf; fz;L
tpae;j ,uhgu;l; fpist; mtiuj; jdJ ney;Y}u;g; gilg; gpuptpy;
Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu; (1752). jpUr;rp Kw;Wifapy; (1752-1754)
gq;Nfw;whu;. jsgjp yhud;]; ,tiug; gpwtpg; Nghu; tPuu; vd;W
ghuhl;bdhu;. A+Rg;fhd; fhd;rhfpg; vd;W ngau; khw;wk; ngw;Wg;
gpugykhdhu;. Mq;fpy ,uhZtj;jpy; Nru;e;j fhd;rhfpGf;F jsgjp
yhud;]; (Major Stringer Lawrence) INuhg;gpa ,uhZt Kiwfspy;
gapw;rp mspj;jhu;. fhd;rhfpgpd; ,ay;ghd ,uhZtj; jpwik
KOikahf ntspg;gLtjw;F ,e;j ,uhZtg; gapw;rp rpwe;j
tha;g;ig mspj;jJ. NkYk; ,g;gapw;rpf; fhyj;jpy; fhd;rhfpG
Mq;fpyj;jpy; ruskhfg; Ngrf; fw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSf;F kpilNa eilngw;w gy Nghu;fspy; fhd;rhfpG
nfhupy;yh Nghu; cj;jpfis (Guerilla Tactics)f; ifahz;L
tpNuhjpfisr; nraypof;fr; nra;jhu;.
fhd;rhfpgpd; jpwikiag; gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; mtUf;F
'fk;ngdp rpg;gha;fspd; jsgjp' vd;w ,uhZtj; jutupirg;
ngUikia mspj;jJ. ,tuJ GfOk;> ngUikAk;> nry;thf;Fk;
NkYk; mjpfupj;jJ. mg;NghJ nrd;idapd; MSeuhf ,Ue;j
[hu;[; gpfhl; (George Pigot) fhd;rhfpig ikR+u; Iju; mypiag;
Nghd;W Nghu; cj;jpapy; ty;ytuhff; fUjpdhu;. ethg; KfkJ
mypapd; xg;GjYld; kJiuapd; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;
fhd;rhfpG (1756).
kJiu MSeu;
fhd;rhfpG kJiuf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;ljd; Nehf;fq;fs;
,uz;L: 1) rl;lk; xOq;if epiyehl;b mikjp fhj;jy;; 2)
fk;ngdpaplk; fld; thq;fpapUe;j ethg; KfkJ mypf;Fr;
NruNtz;ba fld; ghf;fpia tR+ypj;Jf; fk;ngdpaplk;
xg;gilj;jy;. kJiu nrd;w fhd;rhfpG mf;Nfhapy; efuk; ikR+u;
Iju; mypapd; MjuNthL gu;fj;Jy;yhtpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ug;gij
mwpe;jhu;. gu;fj;Jy;yh kJiu kPdhl;rp Nfhapy; tshfj;jpy; xU
ju;fh fl;lg; Nghtjhf mwptpj;jjhy; kf;fs; Mj;jpukile;jdu;.
218
,tw;Wf;nfy;yhk; fhuzk; njd; jkpo; ehl;bd; ethGf;Fr;
nrhe;jkhd gFjpfSf;Fg; nghWg;gspf;fg;gl;l ethg; KfkJ
mypapd; rNfhjuu; khg fhdpd; jpwikapd;ikNa vd;gijAk;
tpiutpNyNa mwpe;J nfhz;lhu; fhd;rhfpG. kJiuapd;
epiyikia ed;F kjpg;gPL nra;j fhd;rhfpG jd; gil tPuu;fisf;
nfhz;L kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Nfhapy; tshfj;ijj; jd;trk; nfhz;L
te;jhu;; gu;fj;Jy;yhtpd; ju;f;fh fl;Lk; jpl;lj;ij Kwpabj;jhu;.
fhd;rhfpGld; Njhy;tp fz;l gu;f;fj;Jy;yh rptfq;if [kPdpy;
jQ;rkile;jhu;. kJiu ikR+upd; gpbapypUe;J kPl;fg;gl;lJ.
fhd;rhfpgpd; ntw;wp fz;L mQ;rpa ethg; KfkJ myp
fk;ngdpiaf; fl;lhag;gLj;jp mtiu jpUk;gg; ngwr; nra;jhu;. 1757
mf;Nlhgu; khjk; Nrhote;jhid Iju; mypaplkpUe;J kPl;lhu;. yhyp
nrd;idia Kw;Wifapl;l NghJ (1758-59) A+Rg;fhd; vjpupfSf;F
vy;iyapy;yhj njhy;iy nfhLj;jhu;. mjw;fhf mtu; itu
Nkhjpuk; mzptpf;fg;gl;L rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
fhd;rhfpG jpUk;gpaTld; kJiu kPz;Lk; Fog;gf;fhlhapw;W
rl;lk; xOq;F rPu;Fiye;jJ; kf;fs; ghJfhg;gpd;wpj; jtpj;jdu;. khg
fhd; kJiuapd; njw;Fg; gFjpiaAk;> fs;su;fs; Nkw;Fg;
gFjpiaAk;> ghisaf;fhuu;fs; jq;fs; gFjpfisAk; mtutu;
fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itj;Jf; nfhz;L fhl;lhl;rp nra;J te;jdu;.
kJiuf; NfhapYf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyk; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;lJ. 'jb
vLj;jtd; jz;ly;fhud;' vd;w epiy ePbj;jJ. ,e;epiyapy;
tuptR+y; Klq;fpg; Ngha;tpl;lJ. ,e;j ,f;fl;lhd R+o;epiyapy;
fk;ngdp ethg; KfkJ mypiaf; fye;J nfhs;shky;
jd;dpr;irahf fhd;rhfpigf; $Ljy; mjpfhuq;fNshL kPz;Lk;
kJiu MSeuhf mDg;gp itj;jJ. kJiu-jpUney;Ntyp
gFjpfspy; tup tR+y; nra;Ak; nghWg;G mtuplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
kPz;Lk; kJiuf;F te;j fhd;rhfpG nra;j Kjy; fhupak;
kPdhl;rp NfhapYf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyj;ij
Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fsplkpUe;J kPl;lJ jhd;. NfL tpistpj;j
Fw;wthspfs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L> rpiwapy; itj;Jf; fLikahfj;
jz;bf;fg;gl;ldu;. ghisaf;fhuu;fs; tuk;G kPwhky; ghu;j;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;. vQ;rpapUe;j Iju; mypapd; gil tPuu;fs; jpUg;gp
mDg;gg;gl;ldu;. rl;lk;> xOq;F> ghJfhg;G epiyehl;lg;gl;ld.
kf;fs; epk;kjpg; ngU%r;R tpl;ldu; 1759 ,y; fhd;rhfpG kJiuapd;
KbR+lh kd;duhff; fhl;rpaspj;jhu;. kJiuapd; MSeu; kf;fs;
jiytuhdhu;.
eyj;jpl;lq;fs;
kJiu kf;fspd; Nguhjuitg; ngw;w fhd;rhfpG efupd;
ghJfhg;igg; gyg;gLj;jpg; gy kf;fs; eyj; jpl;lq;fis
epiwNtw;wpdhu;. Nfhl;ilfs; Nflaq;fshapd. Fsq;fs;
219
GJg;gpf;fg;gl;L ed;F guhkupf;fg;gl;ld. tptrha tsu;r;rpf;F
Kd;Dupik mspf;fg;gl;lJ. tptrhapfs; Cf;fk; ngw;wdu;.
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l fpuhkq;fs; Gj;Japu; ngw;wd. thzpfk; ngUfpw;W.
tu;j;jfu;fSf;Fk;> tpahghupfSf;Fk; jq;Fk; tpLjpfs; fl;bf;
nfhLf;fg;gl;L ghJfhg;G mspf;fg;gl;lJ. nerthspfSf;Fj;
Njitahd fld; toq;fg;gl;ljhy; nerTj; njhopy; Gj;Japu;
ngw;wJ; nerthspfSf;Fg; GJ tho;T fpilj;jJ. kf;fSf;Fj;
Jg;ghf;fp kUe;J kw;Wk; Nghu;j; jsthlg; gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
Fw;wthspfs; jz;bf;fg;gl;L ghugl;rkpd;wp ePjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
RUq;ff;$wpd;> fhd;rhfpGtpd; jpwikahd epu;thfKk;> ghJfhg;G
eltbf;iffSk;> eyj; jpl;lq;fSk; kf;fspilNa kpFe;j
nry;thf;ifg; ngw;wd.
vOr;rp vjpu;g;G
kJiu kf;fspd; kjpg;igg; ngw;w fhd;rhfpG fk;ngdp
rhu;ghf tup tR+y; nra;a Kw;gl;lNghJ ghisaf;fhuu;fspd;
vjpu;g;ig re;jpf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> 1761 ,y; tup
tR+iyf; fLikahf vjpu;j;j G+ypj;Njtiuj; Njhw;fbj;J mtuJ
Nfhl;ilfisf; ifg;gw;wpaJ gpw ghisaf;fhuu;fspilNa
mr;rj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mjd; tpisthf mtu;fs; fpsu;r;rp nra;a
Ntz;bajhapw;W.
jpUtpjhq;$u; Nghu;
fhd;rhfpGtpd; vOr;rp fz;L nghwhj jpUtpjhq;$u;> rptfpup>
tlfuh kw;Wk; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Ml;rpahsu;fs; mtUf;F vjpuhf
xd;W Nru;e;jdu;; vjpu;j;jdu;. jpUtpjhq;$u; muru; jpUney;Ntyp kPJ
gilnaLj;jhu;. ghisaf;fhuu;fs; mtUf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;jdu;.
fhd;rhfpG kwtu;fspd; Jiz nfhz;L jpUtpjhq;$u; giliaj;
Njhw;fbj;jhu;. jpUtpjhq;$u; kd;du; fhd;rhfpGld; rkhjhd
cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhu; (1763 gpg;utup 21). vdpDk;
jpUtpjhq;$u; Nghu;' fk;ngdp kw;Wk; ethgpd; rk;kjkpd;wp
Nkw;nfhs;sg; gl;likahy; mtu;fSf;Ff; fhd;rhfpGtpd; kPJ
re;Njfk; vOe;jJ.
fk;ngdpapd; fl;lis
,e;j re;Njfj;ijg; ngupJgLj;jpa Mu;f;fhl;L ethg; KfkJ
myp fk;ngdpapdiu fhd;fhfpGf;F vjpuhfj; jpUg;gp tpl;lhu;.
mjpfhu Nghijapy; fhd;rhfpG ej;jk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; mDkjpapd;wp
Nfhl;ilfisf; fl;LtjhfTk;; kwtu;fs;> jQ;ir kd;du;> Nldp\;-
lr;R-gpnuQ;Rf;fhuupd; cjtpNahL fk;ngdp kw;Wk; ethGf;F
vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;aj; jpl;lkpl;bUg;gjhfTk; KfkJ myp
nrd;id MSeu; gpfhl; gpuG (Lord Pigot)Tf;Ff; fbjq;fs;
vOjpdhu;. ethigg; gifj;Jf; nfhs;s tpUk;ghj MSeu;
tR+ypf;Fk; tupia ethgplk; Neubahfr; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W
220
fd;rhfpGf;F fl;lisapl;lhu;. ,f;fl;lisapd; %yk; ethgpd; fPo;g;
gzpahsuhf;fpaijf; fhd;rhfpg; jdf;fpioj;j mePjpahff;
fUjpdhu;. ethGf;fhff; fk;ngdp mjd; Kbit khw;wpf; nfhz;lJ
fhd;rhfpGf;Fg; ngupa Vkhw;wj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. MSeupd;
fl;lisahy; kdf;frg;gile;j fhd;rhfpG ethGf;Ff; fPo;g;gzpag;
Nghtjpy;iy vd;W jPu;khdpj;jhu;.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. Kjy; Mu;f;fhl;L ethg; ahu;?
2. Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs; ,U Fyq;fisr; rhu;e;jtu;fs; mit vd;d
Fyq;fs;?
3. ahUila xg;GjYld; kJiuapd; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;
fhd;rhfpG?
12.8. fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp
fk;ngdpapd; fl;lisia kPwp fhd;rhfpG nray;gl;lhu;.
tupia ethGf;F nrYj;j kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. vdNt> MSeu; gpfhl;
mtiu nrd;idf;Nf jpUk;g cj;jutpl;lhu;. fk;ngdpapd; KbTf;Ff;
fl;Lg;gl kWj;j fhd;rhfpG kJiu jpUney;Ntyp gFjpfspy; jdJ
eltbf;iffisj; njhlu;e;jhu;. vdNt> MSeu; gpfhl; kJiuia
fhd;rhfpgpd; gpbapypUe;J kPl;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. fhd;rhfpGk;
jpUtpjhq;$u; kd;dupd; MjuNthL fk;ngdpia vjpu;f;fj; Jzpe;jhu;.
fk;ngdpia vjpu;f;fj; jPu;khdpj;j fhd;rhfpG kf;fspd;
Mjuitg; ngw gy thf;FWjpfis mspj;jhu;. Gjpjhfg;
giltPuu;fis Nru;j;jhu;. Nfhl;ilfisg; gyg;gLj;jpdhu;.
,uhkehjGuk; kw;Wk; rptfpup Ml;rpahsu;fspd; Mjuitf; Nfhupg;
ngw;whu;. Iju; myp> ep[hk;> gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSld; fbjj; njhlu;G
nfhz;lhu;. fhd;rhfpGk; Iju; mypAk; $l;L Nru;e;J xNu Neuj;jpy;
Mu;f;fhl;ilAk;> jpUr;rpiaAk; jhf;fj; jPu;khdpj;jdu;; fhd;rhfpG
gpnuQ;R ehl;Lf; nfhbia kJiuf; Nfhl;ilfspy; gwf;ftpl;lhu;
(1763 khu;r;). ,r;nray; fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhd fpsu;r;rpahff;
fUjg;gl;lJ.
fpsu;r;rpapd; Nghf;F
kJiuf; Nfhl;ilfspd; kPJ gpnuQ;Rf; nfhbfisg;
gwf;ftpl;l Ie;J khjq;fspy; fpsu;r;rpf;fhu fhd;rhfpG gy
vjpu;ghuhg; gpd;dilTfisr; re;jpf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. INuhg;ghtpy;
gpuhd;Rf;F ghuP]; cld;gbf;ifahy; Vw;gl;l Njhy;tpahy;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu; fhd;rhfpGf;F mspf;ftpUe;j Mjuit tpyf;fpf;
nfhz;ldu;. mNjNghd;W> ikR+upy; epiyik Nkhrkile;jjhy; Iju;
mypahy; thf;FWjpia epiwNtw;w Kbatpy;iy. rptfq;ifapd;
221
kPJ gilnaLj;jjd; %yk; (1763 [_d;) kwtu;fis tpNuhjpj;Jf;
nfhz;lhu; fhd;rhfpG. jdpikahf;fg;gl;l fhd;rhfpG ethG-
fk;ngdpapd; ,UKidj; jhf;Fjiy vjpu;f;nfhs;s
Ntz;bajhapw;W.
tpisT
1763 Mf];L khjk; jsgjp khd;nrd; (Col.Monson)
jiyikapy; Mq;fpyg; gil kJiuf;Fs; Eioe;jJ. ethgpd; gil
ej;jk; nrd;W ikR+Uldhd njhlu;igj; Jz;bj;jJ. $l;Lg;
gilapdu; kJiuf; Nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifapl;ldu; (1763 nrg;lk;gu;
2). Nk[u; gpnu];ld; (Major Preston) jiyikapy; te;j Mq;fpyg;
gil ];uPtpy;ypGj;J}iuf; ifg;gw;wpaJ (1764 Vg;uy;). Gjpjhfg;
gilg; nghWg;Ngw;w Nk[u; nlhdhy;L fhk;ngy; (Major Donald
Camphele) kJiu Kw;Wifiaj; jPtpug;gLj;jpdhu;. KfkJ myp
Nfhl;ilf;Fs; Eioe;J mtuJ nfhbiag; gwf;ftpl;lhu; (mf;Nlhgu;
14). fhd;rhfpgpd; gil tPuu;fs; rpjwp Xbj; jg;gpj;jdu;. ,Wjp tiu
ruzila kWj;j fpsu;r;rpf;fhu fhd;rhfpG fhyjhkjkpd;wpj;
J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhu; (mf;Nlhgu; 15). fhd;rhfpgpd; fpsu;r;rp
Kwpabf;fg;gl;ljd; %yk; ethg; KfkJ myp jdJ gjtpiaj;
jf;fitj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. mtUf;F cjtp nra;jjd; %yk;
Mq;fpNyau; mtiuj; jq;fsJ ifg;ghitahf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;.
jkpo; ehl;by; Mq;fpNyaupd; Ml;rp Jtq;fpaJ.
Nghuhspahd tpRthrp
gy fpuhkj;jpy; tptrhaf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;j kUjehafk;
efuj;jpy; cjtpahsuhfj; jd; gzpiaj; Jtq;fp> mwpthw;wyhYk;>
tplh Kaw;rpahYk;> jsuhj ciog;ghYk; ,uhZtj;jpy;
gbg;gbahf cau;e;J> Mq;fpNyaupd; ek;gpf;iff;F cupatuhfp>
kJiu MSeuhfg; gjtpg; nghWg;Ngw;W> kf;fspd; Nguhjuitg;
ngw;W> fk;ngdpapd; Mjpf;fg; Nghf;if vjpu;j;J fpsu;j;njOe;J
cupikf;fhf capu; tpl;ltu;. ,tu; kjr; Rtu;fisAk;>
jilfisAk; jfu;j;jtu;. kUjehafk; gps;is A+Rg;fhd; Mfpg;
gpd;du; fhd;rhfpg;ghfg; ngUk; Gfo; ngw;wtu;. ,tuJ epu;thfj;
jpwd;> ePjp czu;T> tpNtfk;> Neu;ik> ehzak;> kf;fs; ey
kdg;ghd;ik gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; murhq;f Mtzq;fspy; fhzf;
fplf;fpd;wd. fhd;rhfpgpd; cupik czu;Tk;> epahaj;Jf;fhfg;
NghuhLk; kdg;ghd;ikAk;> Rje;jpujhfKk; ,tiu Mq;fpNyaUf;F
vjpuhd Nghuhspahf;fpd. mtu;fis Mjpf;fj;jhy; mlf;f KbahJ
vd;gjw;F ,tuJ tho;f;if tuyhW xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L.
kjpg;gPL
Kfyhag; NguuR rpjWz;L Nghdjd; tpisthfj; jkpo;
ehl;by; Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs; Rje;jpug; gwitfshapdu;. nethaj;J
ethGfs; jq;fsJ mjpfhu vy;iyia tpupthf;fpdu;. thyh[h
222
ethGfs;> Fwpg;ghf KfkJ myp> tha; nfhs;tjw;F Nky; tpOq;fp
Vg;gkpl tpUk;gpdu;. mtu;fsJ Nguhir Ngupog;ghapw;W.
jQ;rhT+iuAk;> kwtu; ehLfisAk; Mf;fpukpj;jJ ,jw;fhd
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;. Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdpapd; MjuNthLk;>
cjtpNahLk; ,tw;iwr; nra;j KfkJ mypahy; Mq;fpNyau;
gpd;dpa rpye;jp tiyapypUe;J tpLgl Kbatpy;iy. fu;ehlfk;
thyh[hf;fsplkpUe;J Mq;fpNyaUf;Ff; ifkhwpaJ.
nethaj;Jf;fSf;Fk; thyh[hf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd Nghl;bfSk;>
Nghuhl;lq;fSk; mtu;fspd; epu;thfj; jpwikia ntFthfg;
ghjpj;jd. kf;fisf; frf;fpg; gpope;J tR+ypf;fg;gl;l tUtha;
Nghu;fspYk;> glhNlhg tho;f;ifapYk; tpuakhf;fg;gl;lJ.
fk;ngdpaplkpUe;J fld; Nky; fld; thq;fpf; nfl;ldu;. ethGfspd;
mlf;F KiwAk;> jpwikapd;ikAk;> Coy; epu;thff; nfLgpbfSk;
ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; fpsu;r;rpfisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jd. Mq;fpy
tpRthrpahf ,Ue;j fhd;rhfpG$l ethG-Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;Jf;F
vjpuhd Nghuhspahdhu;.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
4. gpnuQ;R ehl;Lf; nfhbia kJiuf; Nfhl;ilfspy; gwf;ftpl;ltu;
ahu;?
5. ahUila jiyikapy; Mq;fpyg; gil kJiuf;Fs; Eioe;jJ?
12.9.ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rp
12.9.1. tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;
1760 [dtup 3 Mk; Njjp tPughz;baGuk; ghisaf;fhuu;
[ftPughz;baf; fl;lnghk;KTf;Fk; rz;Kff;fdpak;khSf;Fk;
jiykfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. fl;lnghk;K vd;gJ %yg;ngau;. tPughz;ba
fl;lnghk;Ktpd; ,isa rNfhjuu;fs; ,Utu; : 1) Cikj;Jiu
vd;W miof;fg;gl;l Fkhurhkp; 2) Jiurpq;fk; vd;w nrtj;ijah.
tPu[f;fNjtp fl;lnghk;K FLk;gf; Fyf;flTs;.
%jhijau;
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kdpd; %jhijau; tp[a efug; NguuR
Ml;rpapd; NghJ jkpo; ehl;Lf;F te;J FbNawpatu;fs;. mtu;fSs;
tPujPukpf;ftu; nghk;K. ,tu; njYq;fpy; nfl;bnghk;K vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,g;ngaNu fhyg;Nghf;fpy; jkpopy; fl;lnghk;kd;
vd;whapw;W. nfl;bnghk;KTf;F thuprpd;ikahy; n[ftPughz;bad;
tPughz;baGuj;Jf;F (jw;Nghija xl;lg;gplhuk;)g; ghisaf;fhuu;
223
Mdhu;. ,tNu Kjy; my;yJ Mjpfl;lnghk;kd; vd;w ngUik
ngw;whu;.
12.9.1.1. ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp ghisaf;fhuu;
mofpa ghz;baGuj;J mUfhikapypUe;j rhypFsj;jpy; xU
fl;lnghk;kd; Ntl;ilahbf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJ xU Kay; VO
Ntl;il eha;fis vjpu;j;J tpul;baijf; fz;ljhfTk;> me;j epyk;
tPukpf;fJ vd;W vz;zp> mq;F xU Nfhl;iliaf; fl;b mjw;F
ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp vd;W ngaupl;ljhfTk; kuGtopf; fij $WfpwJ.
1790 gpg;utup 2 Mk; Njjp tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; jdJ 30tJ
tajpy; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpg; ghisaj;Jf;F Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;.
,tu; 47tJ ghisaf;fhuu; vd;Wk;> fl;lnghk;k Fyj;jpy; 5tJ
Ml;rpahsu; vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ.
fk;ngdpapd; fl;lhak;
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; kJiu ehaf;fupd; ghisaf;fhuuhf
,Ue;jhu;. gpd;du; kJiu Mu;f;fhl;L ethgpd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; te;jJ.
1792 ,y; ethG Mq;fpNyaUld; nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l
xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb ghisaf;fhuu;fsplkpUe;J fg;gk; tR+ypf;Fk;
cupik fk;ngdpaplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdp gil
gyj;jhYk;> gzgyj;jhYk; ghisaf;fhuu;fsplkpUe;J fg;gj;ijAk;>
fg;g epYitiaAk; tw;GWj;jpf; fl;lhakhf tR+ypf;f Kw;gl;lNghJ
gy ghisaf;fhuhfs; fk;ngdpapd; fl;lhaj;Jf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;ldu;.
Mdhy;> tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;> kUJ rNfhjuu;fs; Nghd;Nwhu;
Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;jdu;. ,e;j vjpu;g;G fpsu;r;rpahf
khwpaJ.
fu;ehlf xg;ge;jk;
1792 ,y; Mu;f;fhL ethg; KfkJ mypAk; Mq;fpyf;
fk;ngdpAk; nra;J nfhz;l xg;ge;jk; ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rpf;fhd
%yfhuzk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,g;Gjpa xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb>
ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; tptfhuq;fspy; Neubahfj; jiyapl;L tup
tR+y; nra;Ak; cupik fk;ngdpf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk;>
tof;fkhd fg;gj;njhifNahL fk;ngdpf;Fr; rd;khdq;fSk; toq;f
Ntz;Lnkd ghisaf;fhuu;fs; epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ahtw;Wf;Fk;
Nkyhf> Mq;fpy mjpfhupfspd; tPLfSf;Fj; Njitahd
nghUl;fis toq;f Ntz;Lnkd;W ghisaf;fhuu;fs;
tw;GWj;jg;gl;ldu;. RUq;ff;$wpd;> fu;ehlf xg;ge;jk; gy topfspYk;
jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. xOq;fhfj; jpiu nrYj;jpte;j
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; ,e;j mj;JkPwy;fSf;F vjpuhfg;
Nghu;f;nfhb cau;j;jpdhu;. ,JNt mtuJ fpsu;r;rpf;F
Cd;WNfhyhf ,Ue;jJ. ,f;fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL ghu;f;Fk; NghJ 1792
224
fu;ehlf xg;ge;jk; jw;fhyj; jkpo; ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpa jpUg;G
Kidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ vdyhk;.
12.9.1.2. fl;lnghk;kDk; [hf;rDk;
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; Nkyjpfhupfspd; fl;lisfSf;Ff;
fl;Lg;gl;ltu;. rl;lq;fisAk; rk;gpujhaq;fisAk; kjpf;fj;
njupe;jtu;. ethGf;Nfh> fk;ngdpf;Nfh fl;lNtz;ba fg;gj;ijj;
jtwhJ fhyj;Nj fl;b te;jtu;. mjdhy; tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;
kPJ fk;ngdp Nkyjpfhupfsplk; ey;y kjpg;Gk; kupahijAk;
,Ue;jJ. thdk; ngha;j;jjhy; tpisr;ry; ntFthff; Fiwe;jJ.
ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp gQ;rj;jpd; gpbapy; rpf;Fz;lJ. vdNt>
tPughz;badhy; tof;fk; Nghy ghisa kf;fsplkpUe;J tup tR+y;
nra;J cupa Neuj;jpy; fg;gk; nrYj;j KbahkNy Nghapw;W.
,uhkehj khtl;l fnyf;lu; fhypd; [hf;rd; (Collin
Jackson) cz;ik epiyikia mwpahky;> tPughz;baid
rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;shky;> fk;ngdpiaAk; fye;J
MNyhrpf;fhky; mtrug;gl;L fl;lnghk;kidj; jz;bf;Fk; nghUl;L
xU gilia mDg;g Vw;ghL nra;jhu;. ,ij mwpe;j fk;ngdp
epu;thfk; [hf;rdpd; eltbf;iff;F rk;kjpf;ftpy;iy. khwhf>
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kid ,uhkehjGuj;Jf;F mioj;J
gpur;ridiag; Ngrpj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;SkhW fnyf;lu; [hf;rd;
mwpTWj;jg;gl;lhu;.
fk;ngdpapd; fl;lisg;gb fnyf;lu; [hf;rd; 1798 Mf];L
18 Mk; Njjpapl;l fbjj;jpy; ,uz;L thuq;fspy; ,uhkehjGuj;jpy;
jd;id te;J re;jpf;FkhW tPughz;baDf;Fj; njuptpj;jhu;.
fbjj;ij mDg;gptpl;L fnyf;lu; jpUney;Ntyp Rw;Wg; gazk;
nrd;Wtpl;lhu;. ,ij mwpe;j tPughz;bad; fnyf;lu; [hf;rid
Neupy; re;jpg;gjw;fhff; Fw;whyj;jpy; fhj;jpUe;jhu; (Mf];L 27).
Mdhy; Fw;whyk; te;j [hf;rd; tPughz;baid re;jpf;f kWj;J
tpl;lhu;. mtiu ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; re;jpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
tPughz;badplk; $wg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; vg;gbAk; fnyf;liu re;jpj;J
gpur;ridf;Fj; jPu;Tfhz tpUk;gpa fl;lnghk;kd; [hf;ridj;
njhlu;e;J nrhf;fk;gl;b> rptfpup> rhj;J}u;> ];uPtpy;ypGj;J}u;>
NgiuA+u;> fKjp Mfpa ,lq;fSf;Fg; gpd; njhlu;e;J nrd;whu;.
vdpDk; [hf;rd; tPughz;baid re;jpf;f kWj;J Mf];L 31 Mk;
Njjp jd;id ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; re;jpf;f mDkjp toq;fpdhu;.
Fwpg;gpl;l ehsd;W tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; fnyf;lu;
[hf;rid ,uhkehjGuk; NrJgjpapd; muz;kid ',uhkypq;f
tpyhr'j;jpy; re;jpj;jhu;. fl;lnghk;kDld; mtuJ mikr;ru;
rptRg;gpukzpa gps;isAk; cldpUe;jhu;. fg;gf; fzf;if rupghu;j;j
NghJ fl;lnghk;kd; xOq;fhff; fg;gk; fl;b te;jpUg;gJ
225
cWjpahapw;W. Mdhy; gQ;rj;jhy; jhd; cupa fhyj;Nj fg;gk;
fl;l Kbatpy;iy vd;W fl;lnghk;kd; $wpa fhuzj;ij fnyf;lu;
[hf;rd; Vw;f kWj;jhu;. NkYk;> tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kidAk;
mtuJ mikr;ru; rptRg;gpukzpa gps;isiaAk; epw;f itj;Nj
Ngrpaij mtkupahijahff; fUjpdhu; fl;lnghk;kd;. NkYk;
tPughz;bad; muz;kidia tpl;Lr; nry;yf; $lhJ vd;w
fnyf;lupd; vr;rupf;ifia Vw;f kWj;jhu; fl;lnghk;kd;. fnyf;lupd;
rpg;gha;fs; tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kidf; ifJ nra;a Kw;gl;l
NghJ mtu;fisg; Gwk;js;sptpl;L tPughz;baDk; mtuJ
mikr;rUk; ntspNawpdu;. muz;kidf;F ntspNa
kiwtplj;jpypUe;J ,ijf; fz;l Cikj;JiuAk; mtuJ
tPuu;fSk; fl;lnghk;kdpd; cjtpf;F te;jdu;. mq;F ele;j
iffyg;ghy; Mq;fpNyau; fpshu;f; (Clarke) Fj;jpf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.
,e;j mkspapy; tPughz;bad; jg;gpr; nrd;Wtpl;lhu;. mtuJ
mikr;ru; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. Cikj;JiuAk; mtuJ tPuu;fSk;
khakha; kiwe;J tpl;ldu;.
ghQ;rhyk;Fwpr;rp jpUk;gpa tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;
,uhkehjGuk; re;jpg;gpd;NghJ ele;j epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wp
fk;ngdpf;F tpupthff; fbjk; mDg;gp itj;jhu;. mf;fbjj;jpy;
ifJ nra;ag;gl;l mtuJ mikr;ru; rptRg;gpukzpa gps;isia
tpLtpf;FkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. fl;lnghk;kdpd; fbjj;ijg;
guprPypj;j MSeu; vl;tu;L fpist; (Edward Clive) gpd;tUk;
cj;juTfisg; gpwg;gpj;jhu;: 1) fl;lnghk;kd; ruzila Ntz;Lk;;
2) ,uhkehjGuk; epfo;r;rp gw;wp ePjp tprhuiz nra;ag;gLk;; 3)
,uhkehjGuk; fnyf;lu; Nfhypd; [hf;rd; gzpapil ePf;fk;
nra;ag;gLthu;; mikr;ru; rptRg;gpukzpagps;is tpLtpf;fg;gLthu;.
,uhkehjGuk; epfo;r;rp gw;wp tprhupf;f tpy;ypak; gpnusd; (William
Brown)> tpy;ypak; Xu;k; (William Orm)> [hd; fh];Nkau; (John
Casmayor) MfpNahiuf; nfhz;l tprhuidf; fkp\d;
epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fkp\d; rku;g;gpj;j mwpf;ifapy; gpd;tUk;
KbTfs; njspthapUe;jd: 1) ghisaf;fhuu; tPughz;ba
fl;lnghk;kd; fPo;gzpa kWj;jhu;. Mdhy; fyfk; nra;jhu;
vd;gjw;fhd vt;tpj Mjhuq;fSk; ,y;iy; 2) fnyf;lu; fhypd;
[hf;rdpd; elj;ij fz;bf;fj;jf;fJ; 3) fnyf;lupd; fl;lisia
fl;lnghk;kd; epiwNtw;wpajpy; fhyjhkjk; vJTkpy;iy; 4) Ngl;b
nfhLf;fhky; 23 ehl;fs; miyatpl;ljhy; tPughz;bad;
mtkjpf;fg;gl;lhu;; 5) ,uhkehjGuk; muz;kidapy; fLikahf
elj;jg;gl;ljhy; jhd; fl;lnghk;kd; ghJfhg;G fUjp ntspNaw
Neupl;lJ; 6) fytuj;jpy; Fj;jg;gl;L capupoe;j fpshu;f;fpd;
FLk;gj;Jf;F cupa ,og;gPl;il tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; Vw;f
Ntz;Lk;. RUq;ff; $wpd;> tprhuizf; FO fl;lnghk;kid epuguhjp
226
vd;W jPu;g;gspj;jJ. ,uhkehjGu khtl;l Ml;rpau; [hf;rDf;Fg;
gjpy; v.Mu;.y\;\pq;ld; (S.R.Lushington) epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
fk;ngdp tpNuhj eltbf;iffs;
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; rk;ke;jkhf Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdp
epahakhf ele;J nfhz;lhYk;> ,uhkehjGuk; Ml;rpau; [hf;rdhy;
jdf;F Vw;gl;l mtkhdj;ij mtuhy; kwf;f Kbatpy;iy.
fk;ngdpia ek;gpdhYk; fk;ngdp mjpfhupia ek;g KbahJ vd;w
KbTf;F te;jhu; fl;lnghk;kd;. Mq;fpNyaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J
tpLgl Ntz;Lk; vd;W jPu;khdpj;j mtu; rptfq;if kUJghz;bad;
Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf cUthf;fpa $l;likg;gpy; Mu;tj;Jld;
gq;Nfw;whu;. 1799 [_d; Kjy; Njjp fl;lnghk;kd; jdJ tPuu;fSld;
kUJghz;baid re;jpf;f rptfq;if Gwg;gl;lhu;. ,UtUk;
re;jpj;Jg; Ngrpa gpd; ([_d; 5) kUJ ghz;bad; mDg;gpa
tPuu;fSld; tPughz;bad; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp jpUk;gpdhu;.
fl;lnghk;kdpd; eltbf;iffisf; $u;e;J ftdpj;J te;j
,uhkehjGuk; Ml;rpau; fk;ngdpf;F mtuJ mwpf;ifia
mDg;gpdhu;. fl;lnghk;kdpd; fk;ngdp tpNuhj eltbf;iffs;
Mq;fpNyaiu tpopg;gilar; nra;jd.
rptfpup gilnaLg;G
gpupl;b\; gilfs; ikR+u; Nghupy; <Lgl;bUe;jijj; jdf;Fr;
rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L jdJ gilgyj;ijAk;
nry;thf;ifAk; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpapy; jPtpukhfr;
nray;gl;lhu; fl;lnghk;kd;. ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Nfhl;il rkntspapy;
,Ue;jikahy; mJ vjpupapd; jhf;Fjiyj; jhq;fhJ vd;gij
mwpe;j fl;lnghk;kd; gykpf;f rptfpup Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wj;
jPu;khdpj;jhu;. rptfpup ghisaf;fhuu; Mq;fpNyaupd; Mjuthsu;.
Mdhy; mtuJ kfDk; kUkfDk; fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhdtu;fs;.
vdNt> tPughz;bad; mtu;fsJ JizAld;> jstha; Fkhurhkp
ehaf;fu; jiyikapy; xU gilia rptfpupf;F mDg;gp itj;jhu;
fl;lnghk;kd;. fl;lnghk;kdpd; rptfpup gilnaLg;G Mq;fpNyaUf;F
tplg;gl;l rthyhff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpg; Nghu;
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kDf;F rhjfkhf ,Ue;j R+o;epiy
ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghupd; Kbtpy; ghjfkha;g; Nghapw;W. ,g;Nghupy;
ntw;wpthif R+ba ftu;du; n[duy; nty;ny];yp gpuG (Governor
General Lord Wellesley) fl;lnghk;kdpd; vjpu;g;ig Kwpabf;fj; jf;f
jUzj;ij vjpu;ghu;j;jpUe;jhu;. 'fl;lnghk;kdpd; fpsu;r;rp
elj;ij'f;F ,uhZtj; jPu;T fhzj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;. mjd;gb>
fl;lnghk;kd; fk;ngdpapd; tpNuhjpfSld; $l;L Nruhky; ghu;j;Jf;
nfhs;SkhW mwpTWj;jg;gl;lhu; (1799> khu;r; 16). jpUr;rp> jQ;ir>
kJiuapypUe;j gilfs; jpUney;Ntypf;F tpiuAkhW
227
cj;jutpl;lhu; (Nk). ,tu;fSld; jpUtpjhq;$u; kd;dupd;
gilapdUk; Nru;e;J nfhz;ldu;. ghisaf;fhu Kiwia xopg;gjd;
%yk; ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; fpsu;r;rpia Kwpabj;J tplyhk; vd;gJ
nty;ny];ypapd; jpl;lk;. ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghu; Mq;fpNyaUf;F
rhu;ghf Kbe;jjw;Fk;> fl;lnghk;kd; rptfpup kPJ gilnaLj;jJk;
nty;ny];yp gpuG vjpu;ghu;j;j re;ju;g;gj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. gOj;Jf;
fha;r;rpa ,Uk;ig mbg;gijg; Nghd;W fl;lnghk;kidf;
fisnaLf;f Nk[u; ghdu;kid (Major Bannerman) $Ljy;
mjpfhuq;fNshLk;> gykpf;fg; gilNahLk; mDg;gpdhu;.
Nk[u; ghdu;kd; jiyikapy; nrd;w Mq;fpyg; gil
,uhkehjGuk; topahf jpUney;Ntyp nrd;wJ. mq;fpUe;J nfhz;L
jd;id 1799 nrg;lk;gu; 4 Mk; Njjp ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapy; te;J
re;jpf;FkhW fl;lnghk;kDf;F ,Wjp vr;rupf;if mDg;gpdhu;
(nrg;lk;gu; 1). Fwpg;gpl;l Njjpapy; ghdu;kid re;jpg;gJ
rhj;jpakpy;iy vd;W fl;lnghk;kd; gjpy; mDg;gpajhy; Mq;fpyj;
jsgjp ,uhZt eltbf;if Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. mtuJ gil
fl;lnghk;kd; jd; tPuu;fSld; ,Ue;j ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp
Nfhl;iliar; R+o;e;J nfhz;lJ. fl;lnghk;kidf; fhg;ghw;w
mz;ilf; fpuhkq;fspypUe;J te;Njhu; tpul;babf;fg;gl;ldu;.
tYthd epiyapy; ,Ue;j ghdu;kd; ,uhkypq;f Kjypahiu
Nfhl;ilf;Fs; mDg;gp fl;lnghk;kidr; re;jpj;Jg; Ngrp ruzilar;
nrhy;yr; nra;jhu;. Mdhy; fl;lnghk;kd; ghdu;kdpd; Nfhupf;ifia
epuhfupj;jhu;.
Nfhl;ilapd; gytPdj;ijg; gw;wp ,uhkypq;f Kjypahu;
nfhLj;j jftypd; Ngupy; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf; Nfhl;ilapd; njw;F
Eiothapypy; gPuq;fpfs; nfhz;L jfu;f;fg;gl;lJ. vl;laGuk; kw;Wk;
jpUtpjhq;$u; gilfs; Nkw;F thapiyj; jhf;fpd. cs;Ns Eioe;j
Mq;fpyg; gilia vjpu;f;nfhz;l Cikj;Jiuapd; tPuu;fs;
Nguopit Vw;gLj;jpdu;. jsgjp fhypd; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. ghdu;kd;
vjpu;ghu;j;jgb fl;lnghk;kid vspjpy; Njhw;fbf;f Kbatpy;iy.
vdNt $Ljy; giliag; ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapypUe;J tutioj;Jg;
gd;Kidj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; Nfhl;ilia
tpl;L ntspNawp fhly;Fb Nehf;fp tpiue;jdu;. fhly;Fbapy;
mtu;fSf;Fg; ngUk; Nrjk; Vw;gl;lJ. rptRg;gpukzpa gps;is
ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. fl;lnghk;kd; jg;gpr; nrd;W tpl;lhu;.
fhly;FbapypUe;J jg;gpr; nrd;w tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kid
GJf;Nfhl;il kd;du; tp[auFehj njhz;ilkhd; fsg;G+u;
fhl;bypUe;J gpbj;Jj; jsgjp ghdu;kdplk; xg;gilj;jhu;.
fl;lnghk;kdpd; giltPuu;fs; rptfq;if topahf jpz;Lf;fy; jg;gpr;
nrd;W kUJghz;baUk; Nfhghy ehaf;fUk; jq;fpapUe;j Mq;fpy
Mjpf;f vjpu;g;G Kfhkpy; Nru;e;jdu;.
228
ifJ nra;ag;gl;Nlhu; midtUk; Mq;fpNyau; MjuTg;
ghisaf;fhuu; fisf; nfhz;l kd;wj;jpd; Kd; epWj;jg;gl;ldu;.
,k;kd;wj;jpy; vl;laGuk;> rptfpup ghisaf;fhuu;fs; ,lk;
ngw;wpUe;jdu;. tprhuizf;Fg;gpd; fpsu;r;rpj; jiytu;fs;
midtUf;Fk; kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd;gpd; 1799
nrg;lk;gu; 13 Mk; Njjp ehfyhGuk; Re;jughz;bad;
NfhghyGuj;jpYk;> rptRg;gpukzpa gps;is ehfyhGuj;jpYk;
J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldu;. %d;W ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd;du; (nrg;.16)
fl;lnghk;kd; jdpahf ghisaf;fhuu; kd;wj;jpduhy;
tprhupf;fg;gl;lhu;. fl;lnghk;kd; jd;kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;l Fw;wq;fis
kdf;fyf;fkpd;wp xj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. 1799 nrg;lk;gu; 17 Mk; Njjp
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; faj;jhw;wpy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;L
nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. ,Wjp %r;R cs;stiu fl;lnghk;kd; jsuh
kdcWjpAlDk;> ,Wkhg;Gr; nrUf;FlDk; fzg;gl;lhu; vd;W Nk[u;
ghdu;kd; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. tPughz;bad; jd; tho;ehspd; ,Wjp
ehl;fis xU khtPuDf;Fupa ,Wkhg;Gld; vjpu;nfhz;lhu;' vd;W
Gfohuk; R+l;bAs;shu; Nguhrpupau; Nf.uh[a;ad;.
kjpg;gPL
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; ,ay;ghfNt mikjpahdtu;;
mikjpia tpUk;gpatu;. rl;lj;ij kjpj;Jj; jtwhky; fg;gk; fl;b
te;jtu;. thba gapiuf; fz;L thba ts;syhu; Nghd;W
gQ;rj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp kf;fspd; Jau; Jilf;fg;
ghLgl;ltu;. fk;ngdp cau; mjpfhupfspd; kjpg;igg; ngw;wpUe;jtu;.
rj;jpaj;ijAk; rkhjhdj;ijAk; fl;bf; fhj;jtu;. mg;gbg;gl;l
mfpk;rh %u;j;jpia ,uhkehjGu khtl;l Ml;rpau; mtkjpj;jhu;>
cjhrPdg;gLj;jpdhu;. mjd; fhuzkhf fl;lnghk;kd; Mq;fpy
Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhfg; Nghuhlj; Jzpe;jhu;. vz;zpj; Jzpe;j
tPughz;bad; jd; KbtpypUe;J gpd;thq;ftpy;iy.
fpsu;r;rpf;fhu fl;lnghk;kd; kUJ ghz;bad; cUthf;fpa
Mq;fpy vjpu;g;Gf; $l;lzpapy; jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
jpUney;Ntyp fpsu;r;rpf;fhu ghisaf;fhuu;fSf;Fj; jiyik
jhq;fpdhu;. Mq;fpNyaiu Mjupj;j rptfpup kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;.
xw;wu; %yk; vjpupfspd; elkhl;lq;fisf; fz;fhzpj;jhu;.
neUf;fbahd Neuj;jpYk; Mq;fpNyauplk; mbgzpa kWj;jhu;. capu;
%r;R cs;stiu Mq;fpNyaiu vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhba fl;lnghk;kd;
rf ghisaf;fhuu;fshy; fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;L ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhu;. rhFk; NghJk; nrUf;NfhL nrj;jhu;. tPughz;ba
fl;lnghk;kd; gpwtpg; Nghuhsp my;yu;; R+o;epiyf; fl;lhaj;jhy;
fpsu;r;rpf;fhuuhdtu;.
229
12.9.2. Cikj;Jiu
tPughz;bad;> Cikj;Jiu> Fkhurhkp Mfpa %tUk;
cld;gpwe;j rNfhjuu;fs;. ,k;%tUk; ghisag;gw;Wkpf;f tPuu;fs;.
,tu;fs; tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kDf;Fj; Njhd;whj; Jizahf
,Ue;jhu;fs;. Fwpg;ghf> Cikj;Jiu Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa
fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhd ghisaf;fhug; Nghupy; gpujhd gq;Nfw;whu;. 1798
,y; ,uhkehjGuk; NrJgjpapd; muz;kidapy; fl;lnghk;kdpd;
capUf;F CWNeutpUe;j Neuj;jpy; Mq;fpy ghJfhtyu;
tPuu;fSld; Nghupl;L fl;lnghk;kd; jg;gpr; nry;yf; fhuzkhf
,Ue;jhu;. gpd;du; 1799 ,y; Nk[u; ghdu;kd; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf;
Nfhl;il kPJ gPuq;fpj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jp cs;Ns Eioe;j NghJ
mtu;fis jPuj;Jld; vjpu;f;nfhz;L Nghuhb mtu;fsJ jhf;Fjiy
jLj;J epWj;jpdhu;. Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wpa Mq;fpNyau;
Cikj;Jiuiaf; ifJ nra;J ghisak;Nfhl;il rpiwapy;
milj;jdu;. 1801 gpg;utup khjk; rpiwapypUe;J jg;gpa Cikj;Jiu
fl;lnghk;kd; tpl;Lr; nrd;w Mq;fpy Mjpf;f vjpu;g;Gg;
Nghuhl;lj;ijj; njhlu;e;jhu;.
J}j;Jf;Fb jhf;Fjy;
ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapypUe;J jg;gpa Cikj;Jiu
ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Nfhl;iliag; GJg;gpj;Jf; fl;bdhu;. gpw
ghisaf;fhuu;fis xd;W jpul;b> xUq;fpizj;J> kw;nwhU
$l;likg;ig cUthf;Fk; Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. vl;ilaGuk;>
Cj;Jkiy ghisaf;fhuu;fisj; jtpu gpw jpUney;Ntyp
ghisaf;fhuu;fs; Cikj;JiuNahL Nru;e;J Mq;fpNyaUf;F
vjpuhfg; Nghuhl Mjutspj;jdu;. rptfq;if kUJghz;bad;
mDg;gpa gil tPuu;fisAk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;L Cikj;Jiu 1801
khu;r; 3 Mk; Njjp J}j;Jf;Fbiaj; jhf;fpf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. ,J
Cikj;Jiuapd; jiyikapy; nray;gl;l $l;Lg;gilf;Ff; fpilj;j
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ntw;wpahFk;.
Kw;Wif Kwpabg;G
Mq;fpNyau; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpiaf; ifg;gw;Wk; Kaw;rpiaf;
iftpl tpy;iy. mtu;fs; jpUtpjhq;$u; kd;du; mDg;gpa gilapd;
Jiz nfhz;L jsgjp fhypd; nkf;fhNy jiyikapy; 1801 khu;r;
13 Mk; Njjp ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifapl;ldu;.
Cikj;JiuAk;> mtuJ rNfhjuu; jstha; FkhurhkpAk; mtu;fsJ
tPuu;fSk; Mq;fpNyaupd; jhf;Fjiy cWjpAld; vjpu;f; nfhz;ldu;.
,e;j tho;th-rhth Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Mq;fpNyau; gyu; capupoe;jdu;.
Mq;fpNyau; gil gpd;thq;fpaJ. Mq;fpNyau; Kw;Wif
Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,uz;lhtJ ntw;wpahy; Cikj;Jiuapd;
tPuf;fuk; NkNyhq;fp epd;wJ.
230
kPz;Lk; Kw;Wif
ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Nfhl;il Kw;Wifj; Njhy;tp jsgjp
fhypd; nkf;fhNyf;Fg; ngUk; gpd;dilit Vw;gLj;jpaJ. vdpDk;>
mtu; kPz;Lk; Kw;Wifapl;L mf;Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wj;
jpl;lkpl;lhu;. nkf;fhNy nrd;id> Mu;f;fhL> jpz;Lf;fy;> jpUr;rp>
kyghu; gFjpfspypUe;J gilfisj; jpul;bdhu;. jQ;ir kd;du;
ruNgh[pAk;> GJf;Nfhl;il njhz;ilkhDk; Mq;fpNyaUf;F
Mjuthf ,Ue;jdu;. 1801 Nk 24 Mk; Njjp nyg;bdd;l; fu;dy;
mf;dpA+ (Lt.Colonel Agnew) jiyikapy; Mq;fpNyaupd;
$l;Lg;gil ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifapl;lJ. 53
ehl;fs; njhlu;e;J Nfhl;il kPJ gPuq;fpj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jg; gl;lJ.
,U jug;gpYk; gyj;j Nrjk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,Wjpapy; Nfhl;il
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. Cikj;Jiu gyj;j fhaq;fSld; capu;
jg;gpdhu;.
12.9.2.1. fhisahu;Nfhtpy; fpsu;r;rp
ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpapypUe;J jg;gpr; nrd;w Cikj;Jiu
fhisahu;Nfhtpy; fhl;Lf;Fs; kUJ rNfhjuu;fis re;jpj;J
mtu;fSld; Nru;e;J nfhz;L Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;Jg;
Nghuhbdhu;. kUJ rNfhjuu;fs; Jtf;fpa Mq;fpy Mjpf;f vjpu;g;G
njd;dpe;jpa fpsu;r;rpapy; Nguhu;tj;Jld; gq;Nfw;whu; Cikj;Jiu.
fhisahu;Nfhtpy; fpsu;r;rpf; Nfe;jpukhapw;W. jsgjp nkf;dPd;
(Lieutenant Maclean) jiyikapy; fhiuf;Fb te;j Mq;fpyg;
gilia Cikj;Jiuapd; jiyikapd; fPo; te;j gil Rw;wpr;
R+o;e;J nfhz;L jhf;fpaJ. ,j;jhf;Fjiy vjpu;f;nfhs;s Kbahj
nkf;dPd; gil gpd;thq;f Neupl;lJ. gpd;thq;fpa Mq;fpyg; gil
jpUr;rp> jpUtpjhq;$u;> GJf;Nfhl;il> ,yq;if Mfpa
,lq;fspypUe;J te;j cjtpg; gilAld; fu;dy; mf;dpA+
(Lt.Colonel Agnew)tpd; jiyikapy; 1801 nrg;lk;gu; khjk;
fhisahu; Nfhapiyj; jhf;fpdhu;. rptfq;ifapd; gy gFjpfs;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld. ,d;]; (Innes)> gpshf;gu;d; (Blackburne)>
nkf;fhNy (Macaulay) jiyikapy; fhisahu; Nfhapy; kPJ
Kk;Kidj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,j;jhf;Fjiyj; jPuj;Jld;
vjpu;f;nfhz;l Cikj;Jiu fhisahu;Nfhapy; Mq;fpyg; gilahy;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpwF jpz;Lf;fy;Yf;Fj; jg;gpr;nrd;whu; (mf;Nlhgu;1).
jpz;Lf;fy; jhf;Fjy;
jpz;Lf;fy;Yf;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;w Cikj;Jiu %d;W
ehl;fSf;Fs; rpy MAjk; jhq;fpa tPuu;fisj; jpul;bdhu;. gpd;du;
tpUg;ghl;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wp mjd; mlu;e;j fhLfSf;Fr; nrd;W
Cikj;Jiu Nghuhl;lj;ijj; njhlu;e;jhu;. gpd;du;> jpz;Lf;fy;ypy;
N[hd;]; (Jones) jiyikapyhd giliaj; Njhw;fbj;jhu;.
Cikj;Jiuapd; gil tPuu;fs; vjpupfis tpUg;ghl;rpapYk;>
231
Nrj;uk;gl;bapYk; ,il kwpj;Jj; jhf;fpdu;. Njhy;tpaile;j
Cikj;JiuAk; mtuJ gil tPuu;fSk; jpz;Lf;fy; gs;sj;jhf;fpy;
gJq;fpdu;. Mq;fpyg; gil mtu;fisj; Juj;jpr; nrd;W jhf;fpaJ.
%d;W ehl;fs; cztpd;wp thba fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;
gl;ldu;. ifJ nra;ag;gl;l fpsu;r;rpj; jiytu;fs; nfh^ukhfj;
jz;bf;fg;gl;ldu;. 1801 etk;gu; 16 Mk; Njjp Cikj;JiuAk;
mtuJ ,isa rNfhjuu; nrtj;ijahTk; rpur;Nrjk;
nra;ag;gl;ljhf N[k;]; nty;\; (James Welsh) jdJ ,uhZt
epidTf; Fwpg;Gfspy; (Military Reminicences) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
kjpg;gPL
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kDk; Cikj;JiuAk; xU ehzaj;jpd;
,uz;L gf;fq;fisg; Nghd;wtu;fs;. ,t;tpUtUk; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp
ghisaj;jpd; Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhf Mu;f;fhl;L ethG-Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdp
Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;J ,ul;ilf; Foy; Jg;ghf;fpahf ,Ue;J
Nghuhbatu;fs;. mz;zd; tpl;Lr; nrd;w gzpia jk;gp
jiyNkw;nfhz;L njhlu;e;jhu;. ghisaq;Nfhl;il rpiwapypUe;J
jg;gp te;j Cikj;Jiu ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Nfhl;iliag; GJg;gpj;Jg;
gyg;gLj;jpdhu;; J}j;Jf;Fbj; jhf;Fjiy ntw;wpfukhf elj;jpdhu;;
ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Kw;WifapypUe;J Mq;fpyg; giliag; gpd;thq;fr;
nra;jhu;; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp kPz;Lk; jhf;fg;gl;lNghJ jPuj;Jld;
vjpu;nfhz;lhu;. fhisahu;Nfhtpy; fpsu;r;rpapd; NghJk;> jpz;Lf;fy;
jhf;Fjy; NghJk; vjpupfisj; jpzwr;nra;jhu;.
Cikj;JiuAk; mtuJ ,sty; Jiurpq;fk; nrtj;ijahTk;
kUJ rNfhjuu;fSld; Nru;e;J tpupthd Mq;fpy Mjpf;f vjpu;g;Gg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;wdu;. Cikj;Jiu JiwNghjpa ,uh[je;jpup;
Nghu; KiwfisAk;> El;gq;fisAk;> cj;jpfisAk; iftuf;
fw;wtu;; gpw ghisaf;fhug; NghuhspfSld; xUq;fpize;J
nray;glf;$ba jiyikj; jpwd;kpf;ftu;. Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ij
,Wjptiu vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhb capu;j; jpahfk; nra;jtu;. jw;fhyj;
jkpo; ehl;L tuyhw;wpd; Nghuhspfs; gl;baypy; ,lk; ngwj;jf;ftu;
Cikj;Jiu vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
12.9.3. NtY ehr;rpahu;
NtY ehr;rpahu; Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;j Kjy; ngz;
murp vd;w ngUikf;Fupatu;. ,tu; rptfq;ifr; rPikia Ml;rp
nra;j Kj;J tLfehjupd; kidtp Mthu;. jhz;ltuhagps;is
mikr;ruhapUe;j NghJ NtY ehr;rpahu; mtuJ fztu; Kj;J
tLfehjUf;F ey;y kidtpahfTk;> ez;guhfTk;> MNyhrfuhfTk;>
topfhl;bahfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. Kj;J tLfehju; lr;Rf;fhuu;fSf;F
tu;j;jf trjpfs; nra;J nfhLj;jikahy; Mq;fpNyau; ,UKiw
rptfq;if kPJ gilnaLj;J> fhisahu;Nfhapiyf;
232
ifg;gw;wpaNghJ tLfehju; tPuj;Jld; Nghupl;L kbe;jhu; (1772 [_d;
21). fztUld; Nghu;f;fsj;jpypUe;J Nghupy; gq;Nfw;w
NtYehr;rpahupd; nray; gpukpf;fj;jf;fJ; ghuhl;Lf;FupaJ. fztu;
Kj;J tLfehjupd; tPu kuzj;Jf;Fg; gpd; tpjit NtY ehr;rpahu;
mtuJ kfs; Ntyhr;rp ehr;rpahu;> mikr;ru; jhz;ltuha gps;is
MfpNahUld; tpUg;ghl;rpf;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;wdu;. mq;F mtu;fs;
vl;L Mz;L fhyk; Iju; mypapd; ghJfhg;Gg; guhkupg;gpy;
,Ue;jdu;. me;j tha;g;igg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L NtY ehr;rpahu;
xU giliaj; jpul;b> Iju; myp kw;Wk; Nfhghy ehaf;fUld;
Nru;e;J Mq;fpNyaiuj; jhf;fj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;. mjd;gb> 1780 ,y;
,f;$l;Lg;gil rptfq;ifapy; Mq;fpNyaiu vjpu;j;Jg; Nghupl;lJ.
,g;Nghupd; NghJ kUJ rNfhuu;fs; jsgjpfshfr; nray;gl;ldu;.
,g;NghUf;Fg; gpd; rptfq;if NtYehr;rpahu; trk; te;jJ; mtu;
rptfq;if murpahdhu;.
murp NtY ehr;rpahu;
rptfq;ifapd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;w NtYehr;rpahu; gj;jhz;L
fhyk; ey;yhl;rp nra;jhu;. Iju; mypAk;> Nfhghy ehaf;fUk;
mtUf;Fj; njhlu;e;J MjuT mspj;jdu;. rpd;d kUJ murpapd;
mikr;ruhfTk;> ngupa kUJ jiyikj; jsgjpahfTk;
epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,t;tpUtUk; murpapd; ek;gpf;iff;Fupatu;fshf
,Ue;J mtuJ gj;jhz;Lfhy Ml;rpapy; gq;Nfw;wdu;. murp NtY
ehr;rpahu; Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig kUJ rNfhjuu;fsplk; xg;gilj;J
tpl;L rpy Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; ,we;jhu; (1790).
12.9.4. khtPud; jPud; rpd;d kiy
jPud; rpd;dkiy ghisak;Nfhl;il gl;lf;fhuu; mur
guk;giuiar; Nru;e;jtu;. ,tu; 1756 Vg;uy; 17 Mk; Njjp
Nkyghisaj;jpy; ,uj;drhkpf;Fk; ngupahj;jhSf;Fk; gpwe;jhu;.
,tuJ ,aw;ngau; jPu;j;jfpup fTz;lu;. gpd;du; khtPud; jPud;
rpd;dkiy vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ikR+upd; mjpguhd Iju; myp
nfhq;F ehl;il mgfupf;fj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;. mtuJ jpthd; KfkJ
myp nfhq;F ehl;by; jPu;j;jfpup FLk;gj;Jf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd
gFjpfisf; ifafg;gLj;jp> kf;fisf; nfhLikg;gLj;jpf; fl;lha
tuptR+y; nra;jhu;. jPu;j;jfpupAk; mtuJ ,U rNfhjuu;fSk; KfkJ
mypia rptd; kiy kw;Wk; nrd;dpkiyapy; ,ilkwpj;J re;jpj;J
tupg; gzj;ij kPl;L nfhq;F ehl;L cupikia epiyehl;bdu;.
jPu;j;jfpupapd; jPur; nray; kf;fspilNa tpiue;J gutpaJ.
jPu;j;jfpup rpd;dkiy
mtkjpf;fg;gl;l ikR+u; jpthd; KfkJ myp
rq;ffpupapypUe;J xU gilia mDg;gpdhu;. jPu;j;jfpup mg;gil
fhq;Nfaj;ij miltjw;F Kd; neha;ay; Mw;wq;fiuapy;
233
,ilkwpj;Jj; Njhw;fbj;jhu;. ,JNt jPu;j;jfpup ngw;w Kjy;
ntw;wpahFk;. ikR+u; Ry;jhd; Iju; myp gopthq;Fk; Nehf;Fld;
jhf;ff;$Lk; vd;W vz;zpa jPu;j;jfpup rpd;dkiy nfhq;F ehl;L
fpuhkq;fspypUe;J ,isQu;fisj; njupT nra;J> mtu;fSf;Fg;
Nghu;g; gapw;rp nfhLj;J> xU gilia cUthf;fpdhu;. ,jd; %yk;
jPud; rpd;dkiy nfhq;F ehl;L kf;fspd; cs;sq;fis nfhs;is
nfhz;lhu;.
jPuDk; jpg;GTk;
Iju; myp ,we;jgpd; (1782 [_iy 12) mtuJ thuprhd jpg;G
Ry;jhd; Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;f;f khtPud; jPud; rpd;dkiyapd;
MjuitAk;> cjtpiaAk; Ntz;bdhu;. rpd;dkiy jpg;G
Ry;jhDld; Nru;e;J nghJ vjpupahd Mq;fpNyaiu vjpu;f;f xg;Gjy;
mspj;jhu;. $l;Lg; gilf;F gpnuQ;Rg; Nghu; ty;Yeu;fs; gapw;rp
mspj;jdu;. ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghupd; NghJ (1799) jPud;
rpd;dkiyapd; tPuu;fs; jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; jiyikapd; fPo;
khyty;ypg; Nghu; Kidapy; Mq;fpyg; gilia vjpu;j;Jg;
Nghupl;ldu;. ,g;Nghupy; jpg;GRy;jhd; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu; (1799 Vg;uy; 5).
Xlepyh ntw;wp
jpg;G Ry;jhd; ,we;j gpd;du; jPud; rpd;dkiyAk; mtuJ
tPuu;fSk; nfhq;F ehL jpUk;gpdu;. Mq;fpNyaiu
vjpu;nfhs;tjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu; rpd;dkiy. Xlepyh
vd;w typikkpf;f muz;kidia vOg;gpdhu;. mq;F xU
gilf;fyr; rhiy (Ordinance Factory)iaf; fl;bdhu;;
gPuq;fpfSk;> Jg;ghf;fpfSk; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. jPud; rpd;dkiyapd;
nfhq;F ehl;Lg; gw;Wk;> Mq;fpy Mjpf;f vjpu;g;Gk; gf;fj;Jg;
ghisaf;fhuu;fisAk; gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhff;
$l;likg;G mikj;Jg; Nghuhl Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij
czu;e;jdu;.
ngUk; gpd;dilT
nfhq;F ehl;ilj; jq;fsJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L
te;Jtpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;Fld; Mq;fpNayu; xUtiu J}J
mDg;gp nfhq;F ehl;bd; kPJ Mq;fpNyaupd; fl;Lg;ghl;il Vw;Wf;
nfhz;L fg;gk; nrYj;JkhW mwpTWj;jpdu;. Mdhy; jPud;
rpd;dkiy Mq;fpNyaupd; rthiy vjpu;j;J nfhq;F ehl;bd;
,iwahd;ikia epiyehl;lj; Jzpe;jhu;. jPud; rpd;dkiyapd;
JzpitAk; miw$tiyAk; fz;L mjpu;e;J Nghd Mq;fpNyau;
jsgjp khfp];fhd; (Col.Makiskan) jiyikapy; rpd;dkiyiaf;
ifJ nra;a mDg;gpdu;. jPud; rpd;dkiy vjpupg; gilia
neha;ay; Mw;wq;fiuapy; Njhw;fbj;jhu;. jsgjp khfp];fhd;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.
234
tPu kuzk;
Mq;fpNyaUf;F Vw;gl;l ngUk; gpd;dilitg; nghWj;Jf;
nfhs;s Kbahj Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdp jsgjp `hup]; (Captain
Harris) jiyikapy; xU Fjpiug; gilia mDg;gpaJ.
Xlepyhit mile;j Fjpiug; gilia jPBu;j; jhf;Fjy; elj;jp
epiyFiyar; nra;jhu; jPud; rpd;dkiy. ,j;jhf;Fjiy rkhspf;f
Kbahj jsgjp `hup]; gpd;thq;f Neupl;lJ (1802). mjd;gpd;
Mq;fpNyau; xU gykpf;f gPuq;fpg; gilia mDg;gpaJ. mij
mwpe;j rpd;dkiyAk; mtuJ FLk;gj;jpdUk; fUkiyf;Fr;
nrd;Wtpl;ldu;. Mq;fpNyaupd; gPuq;fpg; gil Xl epyh
muz;kidiaj; jiukl;lkhf;fpw;W. ey;yg;gd; vd;w
rikay;fhudhy; fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;l rpd;dkiyAk; mtuJ
rNfhjuu;fSk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rq;ffpup rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;ldu;. nfhq;F ehl;bd; kPJ Mq;fpNyaupd;
Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy; rpd;dkiyia kd;dpf;fj;
jahuhf ,Ug;gjhff; $wpaJ fk;ngdp. Mdhy; jPud; rpd;dkiy
ve;j epge;jidiaAk; Vw;f kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. vdNt> 1805 [_iy 31
Mk; Njjp khtPud; rpd;dkiyAk; mtuJ rNfhjuu;fSk;
J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldu;.
12.9.5. Rtu;dfpup tPud; Re;juypq;fk;
Re;juypq;fk; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; cs;s
Rtu;dfpupapy; 1771 Mk; Mz;L fl;lf; fUg;gzj; NjNte;jpuUf;Fk;
Kj;jk;khSf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. ,tuJ kidtp rz;KftbT.
Re;juypq;fk; tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kdpd; ek;gpf;iff;Fg; ghj;jpukhd
jsgjpfspy; xUtuhf cldpUe;jhu;. ejpePu;g; gq;fPL rk;ge;jkhf
ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf;Fk; vl;laGuj;Jf;FkpilNa Vw;gl;l jfwhupy;
Re;juypq;fk; jiyapl;Lj; jPu;j;J itj;jjpypUe;J ,tuJ murpay;
tuyhW Jtq;fpaJ vdyhk;. mjd;gpd; mtu; fl;lnghk;kdpd; gilg;
gpuptpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;L> gbg;gbahf jsgjp msTf;F cau;e;jhu;.
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;l Ml;rpau; [hf;rid
re;jpf;fr; nrd;w NghJ Re;juypq;fKk; Cikj;JiuAk; mtUld;
nrd;wdu;. Nfhl;il thapypy; ele;j iffyg;gpy; Re;juypq;fk;
Mq;fpyj; jsgjp fpshu;f;iff; ntl;bf; nfhd;wjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
fl;lnghk;kd; jg;gpr; nry;y Re;juypq;fKk; Cikj;JiuAk;
NgUjtp nra;jdu;. 1799 nrg;lk;gu; 5 Mk; Njjp ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp
Nfhl;il Mq;fpNyauhy; Kw;Wifaplg;gl;lNghJ Re;juypq;fk;
Jizj; jsgjpfSld; vjpupg; gilapdiu vjpu;nfhz;L gyj;j
Nrjj;ij tpistpj;jhu;. fl;lnghk;kDk;> Cikj;JiuAk;
Nfhl;ilia tpl;L ntspNaw Re;juypq;fk; cjtp nra;jhu;.
mtu;fisj; njhlu;e;J Re;juypq;fKk; jiykiwthdhu;.
235
Cikj;Jiuf;F cWJiz
fl;lnghk;kDf;Fg; gpwF Mq;fpy Mjpf;f vjpu;g;Gg;
Nghuhl;lj;ijj; njhlu;e;J elj;jpa Cikj;Jiuf;Fj; Njhd;whj;
Jizahf ,Ue;jhu; Re;juypq;fk;. Nfhy;thu;gl;br; rz;ilapd;
NghJ (1799 nrg;lk;gu; 9) jiykiwthd Re;juypq;fk; Rtu;dfpup>
gRte;jhid> gl;lzkUJ}u; Kjyhd ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W
,isQu;fisj; jpul;b> Nghu;g; gapw;rp nfhLj;jhu;; rpW gilia
cUthf;fpdhu;. mg;giliaf; nfhz;L ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapy; rpiw
itf;fg;gl;bUe;j Cikj;Jiuia tpLtpj;jhu; (1801 [dtup 2).
ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapypUe;J ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp jpUk;gpa
Re;juypq;fKk; Cikj;JiuAk; rpije;J Nghd Nfhl;ilia
tpiue;J fl;bdu;. ,UtUk; ,ize;J Mq;fpy Mjpf;f vjpu;g;Gf;
$l;likg;igg; GJg;gpf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;ldu;.
ghQ;rhyq;Nfhl;il Mq;fpNyauhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpd;du;
Re;juypq;fk; Cikj;JiuAld; jg;gpr; nrd;W kUJ
rNfhjuu;fSld; ,ize;J Mq;fpNyaiu vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhbdu;.
mtu;fSf;F milf;fyk; nfhLj;jikf;fhf Mq;fpNyau; rptfq;if
kPJ gilnaLj;J> kUJ rNfhjuu;fisf; ifJ nra;J
J}f;fpypl;ldu;. mNjNghd;W> Re;juypq;fKk;> Cikj;JiuAk;
tpUg;ghl;rpapy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp gPuq;fpNkl;by;
xNu ehspy; xNu ,lj;jpy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldu; (1801 etk;gu; 16).
Re;juypq;fKk; Cikj;JiuAk; Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhf xU
jha; tapw;Wg; gps;isfisg; Nghd;W ,iz gpupahjpUe;J
,Wjptiu Nghuhba rahkpa ,ul;ilau;fs; (Siamese
Twins).
12.9.6. khkd;du; kUJghz;bad;
kUJghz;bad; 1748 brk;gu; 15 Mk; Njjp %f;ifa
godpag;gDf;Fk; nghd;dhj;jhSf;Fk; rptfq;ifapy;
mUg;Gf;Nfhl;ilf;F mUNf cs;s eupf;Fb vd;w fpuhkj;jpy;
gpwe;jhu;. mtuJ ,sty; rpd;dkUJ 1753 ,y; gpwe;jhu;. cilahu;
Nru;it ,uhkehjGuk; kd;dupd; ,uhZtj;jpd; jsgjpahf ,Ue;j
NghJ mtuJ FLk;gj;ij eupf;FbapypUe;J tpUJefUf;F
khw;wpdhu;.
kUJ rNfhjuu;fs;
kUJ rNfhjuu;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ngupa kUJTk;>
rpd;d kUJTk; R+ud; Nfhl;ilapd; Nghu;f; fiyapy; gapw;rp
ngw;wdu;. ,UtUk; tyhup (Boomerang) vwptjpy; mrfha R+uu;fs;;
mij Mw;wy;kpf;fg; Nghu;f; fUtpahfg; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
,uhkehjGuk; kd;du; Kj;J tp[a uFehj NrJgjp ,tu;fSf;Fg;
236
ghz;bau;fs;' vd;W ngau; R+l;bg; ngUikg;gLj;jpdhu;. rptfq;if
kd;du; Kj;J tLfehju; kUJ rNfhjuu;fspd; tPujPur; nray;fisg;
gw;wpf; Nfs;tpg;gl;L ,r;rNfhjuu;fisf; Nfl;Lg; ngw;W jdJ
,uhZtj;jpy; jsgjpfshfr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. ngupa kUJTk;>
rpd;d kUJTk; ,iz gpupah ,ul;ilau;fshf ,Ue;J Mq;fpy
Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhbdu;. 1772 ,y; Mq;fpyj; jsgjp ghd;
N[hu; (Lt.Col.Bon Jour) fhisahu; Nfhapiyj; jhf;fpa NghJ
rptfq;if kd;du; Kj;J tLfehju; capupoe;jhu;. me;j
neUf;fbahd Neuj;jpy; kUJ rNfhjuu;fs; ,uhzp
NtYehr;rpahiug; ghJfhg;Gld; ikR+u; Ry;jhd; Iju; mypapd;
fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;j jpz;Lf;fy;Yf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;wdu;. mq;F
mtu;fs; ikR+u; Ry;jhdpd; ghJfhg;gpYk; guhkupg;gpYk; ,Ue;jdu;.
fs;su;Fb ntw;wp
NtYehr;rpahu; Mu;f;fhL ethgpd; MjuNthL rptfq;if
murpahdhu;. mjw;Ff; ifkhwhf vl;L Mz;L fhykhff;
fl;lg;glhky; ,Ue;j fg;gj;ijf; fl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;W epge;jid
tpjpj;jhu;. murp me;j epge;jidia epuhfupj;jhu;. kUJ
ghz;bau;fs; ethGf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gFjpfisr; R+iwahbdu;.
vdNt> Mw;fhL ethG Mq;fpNyaupd; ,uhZt cjtpNahL
fs;su;Fbiaj; jhf;fpdhu;. kUJ ghz;bau;fs; mj;jhf;Fjiy
Kwpabj;jdu;. fs;su;Fb ntw;wp mtu;fsJ ,uhZtj;
jiyikiag; giwrhw;wpaJ.
fl;lnghk;kDk; kUJ ghz;bau;fSk;
kUJ ghz;bau;fs; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp tPughz;ba
fl;lnghk;kNdhL neUq;fpa njhlu;G nfhz;L mtUila
MNyhridiag; ngw;W te;jdu;. fl;lnghk;kd; J}f;fpyplg;gl;l
gpd;du; (1799 mf;Nlhgu; 9) kUJ rNfhjuu;fs; Cikj;Jiu
rNfhjuu;fSf;F milf;fyk; nfhLj;J Mjupj;jdu;.
milf;fykile;j mtu;fis xg;gilf;f kWj;jjhy; Mq;fpNyau;
rptfq;ifiaj; jhf;fpdu; (1801). kUJ ghz;bau;fs; mj;jhf;Fjiy
Kwpabj;J Mq;fpNyaUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd %d;W khtl;lq;fisf;
ifg;gw;wpdu;.
fhisahu;Nfhapy; Nghu;
kUJ ghz;bau;fs; Mq;fpNyau; Mjpf;fj;ijj; jPtpukhf
vjpu;j;J te;jdu;. ,e;j vjpu;g;Gf;F ,uhkehjGuk;> jQ;ir> kJiug;
gFjpj; jiytu;fs; Mjutspj;jdu;. ehd;fhk; ikR+u; Nghupd; NghJ
(1799) kUJ ghz;bad; Mjuthsu;fs; Mq;fpNyaupd; fhty;
epiyaq;fisj; jhf;fp MAjq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpdu;. Mq;fpNyaiu
vjpu;f;fj; Jzpe;j midtiuAk; Cf;Ftpj;J Xuzpapy; nfhz;L
te;jdu;. 1801 [_d; khjk; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f Rje;jpug;
gpufldj;ij ntspapl;lhu;. kUJ ghz;badpd; Mq;fpNyau; Mjpf;f
237
vjpu;g;ig KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tuj; jPu;khdpj;j fk;ngdp
typikkpf;f gilia mDg;gp rpWtaiyj; jhf;fp ([_iy 30)>
fhisahu;Nfhapiyf; ifg;gw;wpdu; (mf;Nlhgu;). Mq;fpNyaupd;
gpbapypUe;J jg;gpa kUJ ghz;bau;fs; rpq;fk;Gzup fhLfSf;Fj;
jg;gpr; nrd;wdu;. mtu;fisj; Juj;jpr; nrd;w vjpupg; gilapdu;
NrhoGuj;jpy; ifJ nra;jdu; (mf;Nlhgu; 19). 1801 mf;Nlhgu; 24
Mk; Njjp kUJ ghz;bau;fs; jpUg;gj;J}u; Nfhl;ilapy;
J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldu;. kUJ ghz;bau;fs; gpwtpg; Nghuhspfs;.
mtu;fsJ Mq;fpNya Mjpf;f vjpu;g;G ,ay;ghdJ> jPu;f;fkhdJ.
,tu;fs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rpia kf;fs;
tpLjiy ,af;fkhf khw;wpdu;. kUJ ghz;badpd; Rje;jpug;
gpufldk; rhjp> kj> epw> ,d> gpuhe;jpa NtWghbd;wp kf;fs;
rhu;ghf Mq;fpNayu; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhf tplg;gl;l
miw$tyhFk;. kUJ ghz;bau;fspd; tpLjiy czu;Tk;> tPuKk;>
ehl;Lg; gw;Wk; ghisa vy;iy fle;jit; jd;dykw;wit;
mg;gOf;fw;wit. 1813 ,y; N[.Nfhu;Ny vd;w Mq;fpy
Muha;r;rpahsu; kUJ ghz;bau; gw;wp vOjpa E}ypy; (Maradu An
Indian Story of the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century) kUJ
ghz;bau;fspd; Nghu;g; gpufldk; fp.gp.85 Mk; Mz;by; Nuhkhdpa
Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;J epfo;j;jpa gpupl;lhdpa jsgjp fhy;fhf];
(Calgacus) NgUiuf;F ,izahdJ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
RUq;ff;$wpd;> kUJ ghz;bau;fs; Kd;dpd;W elj;jpa Nghuhl;lk;
mjd;gpd; te;j Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F Kd;Ndhbahf mike;jJ vdpy;
kpifahfhJ. kf;fs; ehafdhfj; jpfo;e;j kUJ ghz;bad;
Mq;fpNyag; GaYf;F Kd; Vw;wp itj;j mfy; tpsf;F Nghd;wJ
vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; jkpo; ehl;L tuyhw;W Mrpupau; m.,uhkrhkp.
1800-1801 Mk; Mz;by; khkd;du; kUJ ghz;bau;fs;
jiyikapYk;> topfhl;LjypYk; cUthd Nghuhl;lq;fs;
Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd MAjk; Ve;jpa kf;fs; Gul;rp vd;W
fUJfpwhu; nghd;.Kj;Juhkypq;fk;. kUJ ghz;bau;fspd;
jiyikapy; eilngw;w njd;dpe;jpa fpsu;r;rp ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;lg; gazj;jpd; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j khKaw;rpapd;
Jtf;fkhFk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; Nguhrpupau; Nf.uh[a;ad;.
kjpg;gPL
Mq;fpNyau; fk;ngdp ehaf;fu;fspd; MjuNthLk;> ethGfspd;
,ayhikahYk; jkpo; ehl;by; fhY}d;wp> Ntu; tpl;L tsu;e;jJ;
tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ. tu;j;jfk; nra;a te;j tpahghupfs; Ml;rpahsu;
Mapdu;. mtu;fs; jq;fsJ gykpf;f flw;gilahYk;>
jiug;gilahYk;> etPd mwptpay; uPjpahd mZFKiwahYk;>
epu;thff; fl;Lg;ghl;lhYk;> jkpo; ehl;L Ml;rpahsu;fNshL $l;L
Nru;e;J gbg;gbahfj; jq;fsJ mjpfhu Mjpf;f vy;iyia
tpupTgLj;jpdu;. Fuq;F jd; Fl;bapd; thiytpl;L nts;sj;jpd;
238
Moj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;tijg; Nghd;W Mq;fpNyau; ethGfisf;
nfhz;L jkpo; ehl;L murpay; Moj;ijf; fzf;fpl;L Ml;rpiag;
gpbj;jdu;. ,jw;fhf mtu;fs; ghisaf;fhuu; fpsu;r;rpfis
Kwpabf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. murhq;f mjpfhug; gpuNahfk;
mj;JkPwg;gLk; NghJ ghjpf;fg; gLNthu; fpsu;e;njOtu;. mijj;
jhd; ghisaf;fhuu;fs; nra;jdu;. Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;Jg;
Nghuhbdu;. mtu;fsJ Mq;fpy vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lk; gpd; te;j
,e;jpa tpLjiyg; NghuhspfSf;F Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;e;jJ.
jkpo;ehL ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Njhw;Wtha; vd;why;
kpifahfhJ.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
6. tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; ve;j tajpy; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpg;
ghisaj;Jf;F Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;?
7. Xlepyh vd;w muz;kidia fl;baJ ahu;?
12.10. njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp> 1800-1801
Mu;f;fhL ethG KfkJ myp Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa
fk;ngdpapd; MjuNthL kJiu kw;Wk; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lq;fspy;
jdJ mjpfhu Mjpf;fj;ij tpupTgLj;j Kw;gl;l NghJ
ghisaf;fhuu;fs; fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;. ney;fl;Lk;nrtiy
ney;fl;lhd; nrtyhf;fpa G+ypj;Njtd; (1715-1767) Nkw;Fg;
ghisaf;fhuu;fis Cf;Ftpj;J> xUq;fpizj;J> Nghuhl;lf;
$l;likg;Gf; Filapd; fPo;f; nfhz;L te;J ethg;-Mq;fpy
Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;J capu;j;jpahfk; nra;jhu;.
18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lj; Jtf;fj;jpy; ghisa Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhfg;
Nghuhba Kjy; jkpo;g; Nghuhsp G+ypj;Njtd; Mthu;.
G+ypj;NjtDf;Fg; gpd; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpg; ghisaf;fhuu; tPughz;ba
fl;lnghk;kd; (1760-1799) fpof;Fg; ghisaf;fhuu;fis
cw;rhfg;gLj;jp> xd;W Nru;j;J> Mq;fpy Mjpf;f vjpu;g;Gf; $l;lzp
mikj;Jg; Nghuhbajhy; J}f;fpyplg; gl;lhu;. G+ypj;NjtDk;>
fl;lnghk;kDk; ethg;-Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;Jf;
fpsu;e;njOe;j Kjy; Nghuhl;lf;fhuu;fs; Mtu;. ,tu;fsJ
fpsu;r;rpfis ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Kjy; fl;l fd;dp
Kaw;rp vdyhk;.
mLj;jfl;l Kaw;rp
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; J}f;fpyplg;gl;l gpd;du; (1799)
mtuJ tyf;fug; Nghuhspahd Cikj;Jiu Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;Jf;F
vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;nfhz;L nrd;whu;. jpUney;Ntypapy;
%l;lg;gl;l ghisa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l neUg;G fhl;Lj;jP Nghd;W
239
kJiuf;Fk;> rptfq;iff;Fk; gutpaJ. rptfq;if kUJ
rNfhjuu;fshd nts;is kUJTk;> rpd;d kUJTk;
Cikj;Jiuiaj; jq;fSld; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;L Mq;fpy Mjpf;f
vjpu;g;Gf; fpsu;r;rpia njd;dpe;jpa msTf;F tpupTgLj;jpdu;. jkpo;
ehl;ilf; fskhff; nfhz;L mtu;fs; Mq;fpy vjpu;g;Gf; fpsu;r;rpia
mfy; tpupthf;fpdu;. fhisahu;Nfhapiy ikakhff; nfhz;L
,g;Nghuhspfs; kUJ ghz;bau;fspd; jiyikapy; ,uhkehjGuk;>
jpz;Lf;fy;> kyghu;-NfhaKj;J}u; gpuhe;jpaf; $l;likg;Gfis
(Regional Leagues) cUthf;fp> mitfis xd;W Nru;j;J
njd;dpe;jpa $l;bizg;ghf (Peninsular Confederacy)
tpupTgLj;jp> njspthd Fwpf;NfhSld;> jpl;lkpl;L Mq;fpy
Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhd gutyhd td;Kiwf; fpsu;r;rpiaj;
Jtf;fpdu;. 1799-ypUe;J 1801 tiu ePbj;j ,f;fpsu;r;rpiag; gw;wp
Mo;e;J Muha;r;rp nra;j Nguhrpupau; Nf.,uh[a;ad; ,g;Nghuhl;lk;
,e;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fs; gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;Jf;F mbgzptjw;F
vjpuhdJ vd;Wk;> gpupl;b\; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L
tUtjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jPu;khdkhd gutyhd td;Kiwf;
fpsu;r;rp vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. njd;dpe;jpa fpsu;r;rpNa Kjy;
,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;W Mtz Mjhuq;fSld;
epiyehl;bAs;shu;.
12.10.1.fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
murpay; fhuzq;fs;
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpNyNa Jtf;fg;gl;lNj
njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpahFk;. Kfyhag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;
njd;dpe;jpah Fog;gj;Jf;Fk;> nfhe;jspg;Gf;Fk; cs;shapw;W.
vdpDk;> muru;fSk;> ghisaf;fhuu;fSk; fpuhkf; Fbahl;rp
KiwAk; murpay; fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gk; FiyahJ rkepiyiag;
ghJfhj;jdu;. me;j mikg;G Kiw Mq;fpNyaupd; Mf;fpukpg;Gf;
nfhs;iff;F ,yf;fhd NghJ vjpu;g;G Vw;gl;lJ. Mw;fhl;L ethg;
re;jh rhNfg;> jQ;rhT+u; gpujhg; rpq;> kJiu fhd;rhfpg; MfpNahu;
fk;ngdp Mjpf;fj;Jf;F mbgzpe;jdu;. ikR+u; kd;du;fshd i`ju;
mypAk;> jpg;G Ry;jhDk; mt;thjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;J kbe;jdu;.
fk;ngdpNahL cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;l kd;du;fs; Mq;fpNya
epu;thfj;jpd; fUtpfshf ,Ue;J nfhz;L kf;fisr; Ruz;bdu;>
nfhLikg;gLj;jpdu;. muru;fs; fk;ngdpf;F mlq;fp kf;fis
mlf;fpaikahy; kf;fspilNa kdf;frg;G tsuyhapw;W.
muru;fis mlf;fpaJ Nghd;W fk;ngdpahy;
ghisaf;fhuu;fis mbgzpa itf;f Kbatpy;iy.
fu;ehlfj;jpYk;> kyghupYk;> jkpofj;jpYk; fk;ngdp gy;NtW
cj;jpfisf; ifahz;L gytPdg;gLj;jpw;W. vdpDk;> cWjpahd
ghisaf;fhuu;fs; xd;W Nru;e;J fk;ngdp Ml;rpia vjpu;f;fj;
240
Jzpe;jdu;. fpuhkq;fspd; Nflakhf ,Ue;j mtu;fs; jq;fsJ
ghuk;gupa cupikfSk; rYiffSk; gwpNghtijf; nfhQ;rKk;
tpUk;gtpy;iy. toptopahf ,Ue;J te;j fpuhkg; gzpfisf;
fk;ngdp epu;thfk; Nkw;nfhz;ljhy; fpuhkf; Fbahl;rp Kiw epiy
Fiye;jJ. fpuhk kf;fs; ghisaq;fspYk; gzpahw;w Kbatpy;iy.
fpuhk epu;thfj;jpYk; gq;Nfw;f ,aytpy;iy. guk;giug;
gof;ftof;fq;fisg; Gdpjkhff; fUjpa fpuhk kf;fs; fk;ngdp
nfhz;L te;j khw;wq;fshy; Vkhw;wkile;jdu;. murpay;> cupikg;
gwpg;igAk;> Rahl;rp ,og;igAk; kf;fs; jiytu;fs; vjpu;j;jdu;.
gpuhd;rpypUe;J ikR+Uf;F te;j Gul;rpahsu;fs; njd;dpe;jpahtpd;
gy gFjpfSf;Fk; nrd;W Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhfg; gpur;rhuk;
nra;jhu;fs;. ,tw;wpd; $l;L tpisthfj; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; fpsu;r;rp
Vw;gLtjw;fhd murpay; R+o;epiy cUthapw;W.
nghUshjhuf; fhuzq;fs;
murpay; mlf;FKiwiag; Nghd;Nw nghUshjhur; Ruz;lYk;
njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W. kf;fs; eyidg;
NgZtijtplf; fk;ngdp jdJ tUthiag; ngUf;FtjpNyNa
Fwpahf ,Ue;jJ. tupfis tuk;gpd;wp cau;j;jpaJ. cjhuzkhf>
jpz;Lf;fy;ypy; jpg;GRy;jhd; tR+ypj;jjw;F Nkyhf ,Ugj;jp Ie;J
tpOf;fhl;Lf;F mjpfkhf tup tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ. fd;dlg; gFjp>
R+d;lh> Nryk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}u;> jpUney;Ntyp Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
njhz;Z}W tpOf;fhl;Lf;F mjpfkhf tup tR+y; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
jd;dpr;irg;gb cau;j;jg;gl;l tupfshy; tptrhapfs; ngupJk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. mJkl;Lky;y> mtu;fs; mDgtpj;j te;j gy
rYiffs; gwpf;fg;gl;ld. tptrha epyq;fSf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l
jPu;it kpfTk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ. gy Neuq;fspy;
tpisr;riytplj; jPu;itNa mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,tw;iw
vjpu;j;Njhu; epyq;fspype;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;ldu;. gyu; tupiaf; fl;l
KbahJ jq;fsJ epyq;fis tpw;Wtpl;Lf; fpuhkq;fis tpl;Nl
ntspNawpdu;. tupfs; fLikahfTk;> nfhLikahfTk;
tR+ypf;fg;gl;ld. ,ilj;jufu;fSk; tUtha;j;Jiw Copau;fSk;
kf;fisf; frf;fpg; gpope;J tup tR+ypj;jdu;. epyj; jPu;itia
epu;zapg;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfSk; tprhuizfSk;
kf;fspilNa mr;rj;ij mjpfupf;fNt nra;jd. muru;fs;
fk;ngdpf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba njhifiaAk; kf;fsplkpUe;Nj
tR+ypj;jdu;. mt;tR+Yf;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; nfhLj;j
epu;ge;jq;fSk; kf;fisj; Jd;GWj;jpd. muru;fs;
Mq;fpNyauplkpUe;J mjpf tl;bf;Ff; fld;fs; thq;fpdu;.
jq;fSf;Fr; Nru Ntz;ba epy tupia tR+ypj;J flDf;Fg; gjpy;
nrYj;Jk; nghWg;igf; fhupaf;fhuu;fsplk; (Assignees)
xg;gilj;jdu;. mtu;fs; fk;ngdp Copau;fSf;F Nkyhfj;
241
jq;fisf; fUjpf; nfhz;L kf;fsplkpUe;J epYitfis
<tpuf;fkpd;wp tR+ypj;jdu;.
mbf;fb fk;ngdp Nkw;nfhz;l Nghu;fshYk;> ,uhZt
eltbf;ifahYk; tu;j;jfKk; njhopYk; ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld.
fk;ngdpapd; fg;gy;fspd; Nghl;bf;F Kd; ehl;Lg; glFfshy;
<LnfhLf;f Kbatpy;iy. fk;ngdpapd; tu;j;jfg; Nghl;b> fk;ngdp
Copau;fspd; nrhe;j tpahghuk;> ,q;fpyhe;jpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp
nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; Mfpait njd;dpe;jpahtpd; fpuhkf;
Fbirf; ifj;njhopy;fis erpj;J tpl;ld. mjdhy;
gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd iftpidQu;fs; Ntiy ,oe;jdu;. 1798-y;
Vw;gl;l fLikahd gQ;rj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L fk;ngdpf;
fhupaf;fhuu;fSk; epu;thfpfSk; czTg; nghUl;fisg; gJf;fp
itj;Jf; nfhz;L> mitfspd; tpiyia gd;klq;F cau;j;jp
tpw;Wf; nfhs;is ,yhgk; ngw;wdu;. ,tw;why; kdk; nehe;J Nghd
kf;fs; jq;fSila ntWg;ig ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jf;f
jUzj;ij vjpu;ghu;j;jpUe;jdu;.
kUJ ghz;bad; $wpa fhuzk;
rptfq;if kUJ ghz;bad; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; jho;r;rpf;Fupa
fhuzj;ij mwpTg;G+u;tkhf Ma;e;jwpe;J $wpdhu;. mtupd;
Ma;tpd;gb muru;fspd; murpay; rhJu;akw;w nfhs;if> FO
Nfh\;b kdg;ghd;ik> Mq;fpNyaupd; tQ;rfj;jd;ik> kf;fspd; xU
gFjpapdupd; me;epa mjpfhuj;Jf;F mbgzpAk; tof;fkhd Nghf;F
MfpaitNa njd;dpe;jpaupd; murpay; gytPdj;Jf;fhd
fhuzq;fshFk;. muru;fs; Mq;fpNyaUld; cld;gbf;if nra;J
nfhz;L jd;khdf; Fiwthd jho;e;j epiyia mile;jij mtu;
td;ikahff; fz;bj;jhu;. njd;dpe;jpau;fspilNa cs;s
xw;Wikapd;ikia Mq;fpNyau;fSf;fpilNa ,Ue;j xw;WikNahL
xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;bdhu;. i`juhghj;jpy; eh]pu; [q;Fk;> K]gu;
[q;Fk;> fu;ehlfj;jpy; re;jh rhfpg;Gk;> KfkJ mypAk;> jQ;rhT+upy;
gpujhg; rpq;Fk;> ruNgh[pAk;> gu];gu nghwhikahy; Nkhjpf;
nfhz;lijf; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bdhu; kUJghz;bau;. Mq;fpNyaupd;
Mizfisr; rpuNkw;nfhz;L epiwNtw;wp mtu;fspd; Ml;rpia
cukpl;L tsu;j;j kf;fspd; xU gpuptpdupd; Nghf;F fz;L mtu;
ftiyAw;whu;. jw;nfhiyf;nfhg;ghd me;epiy ePbj;jhy; ,e;jpah
KOtJk; Mq;fpNyaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; te;J tpLk; vd;W mtu;
vr;rupj;jhu;. jkpo; ehl;Lf;F xU thy;Nlu;> xU &N]h> xU
kz;Nl];F ,y;yhj Fiwiaj; jPu;j;J itj;jtu; kUJ ghz;bau;
vd;why; kpifahfhJ.
gpuhe;jpaf; $l;likg;Gfs; (Regional Leagues) Mq;fpNyaf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp Ml;rpapd; tpisthf
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; murpay; mlf;FKiw> nghUshjhur; Ruz;ly;>
242
epu;thff; nfLgpb Nghd;wit mjpfupf;fyhapw;W. kf;fs;
nrhy;nyhzh ,d;dy;fSf;F Ml;gl;ldu;. vjpu;g;Gzu;r;rpNa
fpsu;r;rpf;F MzpNtu;. Mdhy; tbtkw;w vjpu;g;Gzu;r;rp tPz;
Kaw;rpahFk;. vdNt> kf;fspd; vjpu;g;Gzu;r;rpf;Fg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
ghisaf;fhuu;fSk; kf;fs; jiytu;fSk; cupa tbtk;
nfhLj;jdu;. mt;tbtk; Kjypy; gpuhe;jpaf; $l;likg;Gfshf
cUntLj;jJ. 1795-ypUe;J 1799 tiu ,uhkehjGuk;> jpUney;Ntyp>
jpz;Lf;fy;> kyghu;-NfhaKj;J}u; Mfpa ehd;F gpuhe;jpa
$l;likg;Gfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
,uhkehjGuk; $l;likg;G
,f;$l;likg;gpd; fu;j;jh rptfq;if nts;is
kUJghz;bad; Mthu;. ,tuJ ,sty; rpd;dkUJ. kUJ
rNfhjuu;fs; rptfq;if kd;duhd Kj;J tLfehjj; Njtuplk;
rhjhuz Copau;fshfj; jq;fsJ gzpiaj; Jtf;fpdu;. jq;fsJ
gad; fUjhg; gzpahYk;> Neu;ikj; jpwj;jhYk;> v[khd; gf;jp
tpRthrj;jhYk;> fLikahd ciog;ghYk; cau;e;jdu;.
mikr;ru;fshapdu;. murupd; kiwTf;Fg; gpwF mur FLk;gj;ijf;
fhj;j ngUik ,tu;fSf;Fz;L. rptfq;iff;F mLf;fLf;fhf te;j
Nrhjidfisr; rkhspj;jdu;. Mq;fpNya Ml;rpia mfw;wg; gpw
ghisaf;fhuu;fNshL $l;L Nru Ntz;ba ,d;wpaikahikia
czu;e;jtu; kUJghz;bad;. kf;fs; xd;W Nru;e;J me;epa
Ml;rpf;nfjpuhfg; Nghupl Ntz;Lnkd;whu; mtu;. gf;fj;Jg;
ghisaq;fSf;F csthspfis mDg;gpj; jd;Kaw;rpf;F MjuT
Njbdhu; kUJghz;bad;. ,uhkehjGuj;jpd; gpuKfu;fshd Nkyg;gd;>
rpq;fk; nrl;b> Kj;J fUg;gNjtu; MfpNahu; kUJghz;badpd;
Kaw;rpf;F Mf;fKk; Cf;fKk; je;jdu;. jQ;rhT+u; QhdKj;JTk;
rptfpup khg;gps;is td;dpaDk; kJiuf; fs;su;fSk; kUJ
ghz;bad; mikj;j ,uhkehjGuk; $l;likg;Gf;F Mjutspj;jdu;.
kUJ ghz;badJ jiyikapy; ,f;$l;likg;G nray;gl;lJ.
jpUney;Ntyp $l;likg;G
kUJ ghz;badhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;L ehfyhGuk;>
kd;du;Nfhl;il> Nghthyp> Nfhyhu;gl;b> nrd;dhy;Fb
ghisaf;fhuu;fs; Nru;e;J cUthf;fpaJ jhd; jpUney;Ntypf;
$l;likg;G. ,f;$l;likg;gpy; Nru;e;J mjw;F GJg; nghypitAk;
typitAk; nfhLj;jhu; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpg; ghisaf;fhuuhd
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;. kUJ ghz;badhy; ftug;gl;L> mtNuhL
neUq;fpa njhlu;G nfhz;L> mtiuNa Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L
nray;gl;lhu; fl;lnghk;kd;. mtu; rhg;^u;> Vohapuk;gz;iz>
fhly;Fb> Fsj;J}u; ghisaf;fhuu;fisAk; $l;L Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;L
jpUney;Ntypf; $l;likg;igg; gyg;gLj;jpdhu;. nrtj;ijah>
tPughz;ba ehaf;fu;> tPugj;jpugps;is MfpNahiu mDg;gp kJiuf;
fs;su;fspd; MjuitAk; ngw;whu; me;j ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpg;
243
ghisaf;fhuu;. jpUney;Ntyp $l;likg;Gf;F mtNu
jiyikNaw;whu;. Mdhy; njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpapy; gq;Nfw;Fk;
NgW mtUf;Ff; fpl;ltpy;iy. fpsu;r;rp Jtq;Ftjw;F Xuhz;Lf;F
Kd;dNu fl;lnghk;kd; Mq;fpNyauhy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhu;.
jpz;Lf;fy; $l;likg;G
jpz;Lf;fy; $l;likg;ig cUthf;fpatu; Nfhghy ehaf;fu;
Mthu;. tpUg;ghl;rpg; ghisaf;fhuuhd Nfhghy ehaf;fu; rpwe;j
,uh[je;jpup. Nghu;f;fsq;fs; gy fz;ltu;. jpwikahd mikg;ghsu;.
me;epa mlf;FKiw Mjpf;fj;jplkpUe;J tpLgl vz;zpNahUf;F
mtuJ jiyik fyq;fiu tpsf;fkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. jpz;Lf;fy;>
kzg;ghiw> fs;su;ehL> NfhaKj;J}u;> Nryk; Mfpa ,lq;fSf;Fj;
jdJ J}Jtu;fis mDg;gp MjuT Njbdhu; Nfhghy ehaf;fu;.
kzg;ghiw ,yl;Rkp ehaf;fu;> by;yp (Delhi) ahJy; ehaf;fu;
MfpNahNuhL neUq;fpa murpay; njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jhu; mtu;.
ahJy; ehaf;fu; %yk; kq;fsk; ghisaf;fhuupd; Mjuitg;
ngw;whu; Nfhghy ehaf;fu;. gpw ghisaf;fhuu;fSk; Nfhghy
ehaf;fupd; Kaw;rpf;F Cf;fkspj;jdu;. ,uhkehjGuk;> jpUney;Ntyp>
jpz;Lf;fy; $l;likg;Gfs; $Lk; Nfe;jpukhff; fs;su;ehL
jpfo;e;jJ.
kyghu;-NfhaKj;J}u; $l;likg;G
,e;j mikg;G Vw;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jtu;
Nfustu;kh Mthu;. kf;fs; nry;thf;F kpfg; ngw;wtu; ,tu;. gpw
$l;likg;Gfs; cUthfpf; nfhz;bUf;ifapy; fk;ngdpg; gilNahL
fLikahfg; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUe;jtu; Nfus tu;kh. tptrhapfspd;
gf;fgyk; mtUf;F vg;NghJk; ,Ue;jJ. Nfus tu;kh gpw
ghisaf;fhuu;fSf;F mDg;gpa Xiyr; Rtb fbjq;fs; ey;y
gydspj;jd; mtu;fspd; MjuT fpilj;jJ. itehL> Nfhl;lahl;L>
FUk;guehL> gug;gehL Mfpatw;wpd; jiytu;fSk;> ,Utp ehl;L
ek;G+jpupfSk;> rNkhupd; FLk;gj;jpdUk;> kyghu; khg;gps;isfSk;
Nfus tu;khit Mjupj;jdu;. Mq;fpNyau;fspd; Nehf;Fk; Nghf;Fk;
gpbf;fhj NfhaKj;J}u; fTz;lu;fSk; kyghu; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fNshL
Nru;e;J nfhz;ldu;. kyghu;> jpz;Lf;fy; $l;likg;Gfs; $Lk;
ikakhf tpsq;fpaJ NfhaKj;J}u;.
njd;dpe;jpa $l;likg;G (Peninsular Confederacy) gpuhe;jpaf; $l;likg;Gfs; fhyj;jpd; fl;lhaj;jhy;
jd;dpr;irahfj; Njhd;wpaitahFk;. ,t;tikg;Gfspd; ,izg;Gg;
ghykhf tpsq;fpatu; kUJghz;bad;. ehd;F $l;likg;GfSf;Fk;
nghJthd Fwpf;Nfhs; ,Ue;jJ. ,it njd;dpe;jpahtpd; gue;j
epyg;gFjpapy; nray;gl;ld. mijj; jq;fsJ nry;thf;fpd; fPo;
itj;jpUe;jd. jpz;Lf;fy; kyghu; $l;likg;Gfs; ikR+u; jpg;G
Ry;jhDld; cld;ghL nfhz;bUe;jd. Mdhy; 1799-y; jpg;G
244
Ry;jhd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;du; gpuhe;jpa $l;likg;Gfs; gykpoe;jd.
Nfustu;kh fpsu;r;rpg; ghijapdpd;Wk; tpyfpf; nfhz;ljhy; kyghu;
NfhaKj;J}u; $l;likg;G tYtpoe;jJ. fl;lnghk;kd;
nfhy;yg;gl;ljhy; jpUney;Ntyp $l;likg;G Kd;dNuNa
gykpoe;jpUe;jJ. mj;jifa neUf;fbahd Neuj;jpy; kUJ
ghz;bad; Kidg;Gld; Kd;te;J rPu;Fiye;J Ngha;f; nfhz;bUe;j
$l;likg;G Kiwiaf; fhg;ghw;wpdhu;. fhg;ghw;wpaJ kl;Lky;y>
mij ,d;Dk; tpupTgLj;jpj; njd;dpe;jpa $l;bizg;ghf khw;wpdhu;.
fd;dl-kuhj;jpag; gFjpj; jiytuhd J}z;lh[p thf;NfhL
(Doondaji Waug) $l;Lr; Nru;e;J mf;$l;bizg;ig
cUthf;fpdhu; kUJghz;bad;. NtY}u; Nfhl;ilapy; rpiwgl;bUe;j
jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; %j;j kfd; gl;Nl i`ju; ikR+u;
fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSld; ,ufrpaj; njhlu;G nfhz;L mtu;fisj;
njd;dpe;jpaf; $l;bizg;gpy; NrUkhW Cf;fg;gLj;jpdhu;. kyghu;>
fd;dl> ngy; ehl;L kf;fSk; ,g;Gjpa Kaw;rpf;F Mjutspj;jdu;.
Nfustu;kh kPz;Lk; kyghu; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fspd; jiytuhdhu;. kUJ
ghz;baDk;> J}z;lh[p thf;Fk; njd;dpe;jpa $l;bizg;gpd;
Kd;dzpj; jiytu;fshfj; jpfo;e;jdu;. Nfhghy ehaf;fu;> fhd;-,-
[`hd;> Nfus tu;kh> fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; MfpNahu; ,uz;lhk;
tupirj; jiytu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. kf;fspd; gf;fgyj;NjhL
njd;dpe;jpaf; $l;bizg;G Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;Jf;nfjpuhfj;
jpl;lkpl;L nray;glj; Jtq;fpaJ.
12.10.2. fpsu;r;rpapd; Nghf;F
Mq;fpNyauJ Ml;rpia mfw;wp> ehl;il me;epa
Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLtpg;gNj njd;dpe;jpaf; $l;bizg;gpd;
Fwpf;NfhshFk;. ,f;Fwpf;Nfhis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd jpl;lj;ijj;
jPl;Lk; nghUl;L $l;bizg;Gj; jiytu;fs; tpUg;ghl;rpapy; $b
rjpahNyhrid nra;jdu; (1800 Vg;uy;). tpupthd MNyhridf;Fg;
gpd;du; mtu;fs; %d;W Kf;fpa KbTfis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;: 1) xNu
rkaj;jpy; gy gFjpfspy; fpsu;r;rpiaj; Jtf;FtJ; 2)
fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; xw;Wikahf ,Ue;J NghuhLtJ; 3) Mq;fpNyag;
gilNahL Neubahf Nkhjhky;> kiwe;jpUe;J jhf;Fk; nfhupy;yh
Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wy;. kUJ ghz;bad; kJiug; gFjpapYk;>
Nfhghy ehaf;fu; jpz;Lf;fy;> jpUr;rp gFjpapYk;> fhd;-,-[`hd;
NfhaKj;J}u;-Nryk; gFjpapYk;> Nfustu;kh kyghu; gFjpapYk;>
fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; Nkw;F ikR+u; gFjpapYk;> J}z;lh[p thf;
fd;dl ehl;bd; tlf;Fg; gFjpapYk; fpsu;r;rpf;Fg; nghWg;Ngw;gJ
vd;W Kbthapw;W. Nfhghy ehaf;fu; jiyikapy; $ba
,f;$l;lj;jpy; 1800 [_d; khjk; 3 Mk; Njjp Nfhak;Gj;J}iuj;
jhf;fpf; ifg;gw;Wtnjd;Wk;> ,q;F nyg;bndd;l; fu;dy;
Nf.kf;fh];yp];lu; jiyikapy; cs;s Fjpiug; gilia mopj;J
245
tpLtnjd;Wk; KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. njspthd jpl;lk; jPl;lg;gl;L
tpl;lJ. fpsu;r;rpf;fhd NjjpAk;> Fwpg;gplg;gl;L tpl;lJ.
fpsu;r;rpj; Jtf;fk;
tpUg;ghl;rp rjpj; jpl;lj;ijg; gw;wp VJk; mwpahj fk;ngdpg;
gil fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fupd; Nfe;jpu ikakhd ngy;yk; (Bellum)
vd;w ,lj;ijf; ifg;gw;w Kad;wJ (1800 khu;r; 30). nghWik
,oe;j J}z;lh[p thf; jdJ gilapdiu ngy;yj;Jf;F
mDg;gpdhu;. mNjhL epw;ftpy;iy. mtNu fpsu;r;rpiaj;
Jtf;fptpl;lhu;. mtNuhL mtuJ rfhf;fSk; fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgl;ldu;.
fpsu;r;rp jpl;lkpl;ljw;F ,uz;L khjq;fSf;F Kd;dNu Jtf;fg;gl;L
tpl;lJ. Nk khjj; Jtf;fj;jpy; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; NfhaKj;J}iu
neUq;fpdu;. eurpq;fuhtpd; jiyikapy; NfhaKj;J}u; thrpfs;
fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSf;F cw;rhf tuNtw;G mspj;jdu;. mijawpe;j
NfhaKj;J}u; jhrpy;jhu; ,uhZtj;ij c\hu; gLj;jpdhu;.
fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; NfhaKj;J}iuj; jhf;FKd;Ng jhf;fg;gl;L
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldu;. fpsu;r;rp Jtq;Fk; Kd;dNu
Kwpabf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. fpsu;r;rpj; jiytu;fspy; gyu;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. gyu; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldu;. vQ;rpNahu; jg;gpr;
nrd;wdu;.
jPuu;fspd; tPu kuzk;
jpl;lkpl;ljw;F Kd;djhfNt fpsu;r;rpapy; ,wq;fpa J}z;lh[p
thf;Fk;> jpk;k ehaf;fUk; ikR+u; gFjpfspy; gy ntw;wpfisg;
ngw;wdu;. Mdhy; ,uhkd; ehauhy; fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;l jpk;k
ehaf;fu; gpbgl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. nfhdfy; vd;w ,lj;jpy; fu;dy;
nty;ny];ypaplk; Njhy;tpAw;W tPu kuzkile;jhu; J}z;lh[p thf;
(nrg;lk;gu; 10). kyghupy; Nfustu;kh> fpuhkthrpfs;> khg;gps;isfs;
MfpNahuJ Jiz nfhz;L Mq;fpNyaiu Ml;bg; gilj;jhu;.
vdpDk;> mtuJ neUq;fpa ez;gu;fshd Vkd; ehau;> rl;L ehau;
MfpNahuhy; fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg; gl;ljhy; Nfustu;khtpd; Kaw;rp
Njhy;tpAw;wJ. gy fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; gypahapdu;. jg;gpr; nrd;w
Nfus tu;kh fpsu;r;rpf;fhuuhfNt ,Ue;J 1805 etk;gu; 30 Mk; ehs;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.
ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpg; Nghu;fs;
200 fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; jpUr;nre;J}u; nry;Yk; gf;ju;fs;
Nghd;W Ntlkpl;Lr; nrd;W ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapy; rpiwg;gl;bUe;j
nrtj;ijah> Cikj;Jiu cs;spl;l gyiu tpLtpj;jdu;. mtu;fs;
kiyehL kiy topahfg; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpia mile;jdu;.
ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf; Nfhl;il Gjpjhff; fl;lg;gl;lJ. kUJ ghz;bad;
mDg;gpa 30>000 fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; mtu;fSld; Nru;e;J nfhz;ldu;.
kwtu;fSk;> gutu;fSk;> ehlhu;fSk;> Njhl;bahd;fSk;
mtu;fSf;Ff; ifnfhLj;jdu;. Cikj;Jiuapd; jiyikapy;
246
fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; nray;gl;ldu;. ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf;Fk;
];uPitFz;lk; Mo;thu; jpUefupf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l gFjpfis
mtu;fs; Mq;fpNyauplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpdu;. typikkpf;f NfhNkupf;
Nfhl;il fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; iftrkhapw;W. Nkyg;gd; gy
,lq;fis kPl;lhu;. rptfq;ifapypUe;J te;j fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs;
nel;^upy; fk;ngdpg; giliar; rpjwbj;jdu;. vdpDk; fhypd;
nkf;fhNyAk; fu;du; mf;DTk; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf; Nfhl;ilia
Kw;Wifapl;ldu;. ,uz;lhtJ ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpg; Nghupy;
mf;Nfhl;il tPo;e;jJ. 1050 fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; capupoe;jdu;. gyu;
gpbgl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu; (1801 Nk 24). vQ;rpa fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs;
rptfq;iff;Fk;> ,uhkehjGuj;Jf;Fk; jg;gpr; nrd;wdu;. fhaKw;w
Cikj;Jiu> fpuhkj;Jf; fpotp xUj;jpahy; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;L> kUJ
ghz;badpd; MjuTlDk; mutizg;GlDk; rpWtaypy; jq;fpdhu;.
fhisahu; Nfhtpy; fpsu;r;rp
ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpapd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;du; rptfq;if
fhisahu;Nfhtpy; fhL fpsu;r;rp ikakhapw;W. jpUg;gj;J}u;> el;lk;>
jpUk;NtY}u;> NkY}u;> ntug;G+u; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fk;ngdpg; gil
fLe;jhf;FjYf;F ,yf;fhapw;W. nghk;k ehaf;fu; ntug;G+upypUe;J
fk;ngdpg; gilapdiu tpul;bdhu;. Cikj;Jiu gioa ehl;il
tpLtpj;jhu;. fs;su;fs; kJiuapd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpia tpLtpj;jdu;.
fhisahu; Nfhtpy; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; trkhapw;W.
jQ;irapy; fpsu;r;rp
fpsu;r;rp ,uhkehjGuj;jpypUe;J jQ;rhT+Uf;Fg; gutpaJ.
nrtj;j jk;gpapd; jiyikapy; jQ;ir kf;fs; fpsu;e;njOe;jdu;.
GJf;Nfhl;il Rgh tpLtpf;fg;gl;lJ. mwe;jhq;fpapYk;>
mupaf;FbapYk; ghriwfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. khq;Fb
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; eh$u; flw;fiu topahfr;
nrd;W rPu;fhop> cilahu;ghisak;> mupaY}u; Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
epiy nfhz;ldu;. mg;gFjpfspypUe;J tUtha;j;Jiw Copau;fs;
tpul;lg;gl;ldu;. Fk;gNfhzk; Ml;rpj; jiytu; `hup capUf;Fg;
gae;J jg;gpr; nrd;whu;. $l;bizg;Gg; gilapdu; nfhs;splj;ijf;
fle;J mjd; tlfiuiaf; ifg;gw;wpdu;.
jpUr;rpg; gpufldk;
njd;dpe;jpaf; $l;bizg;Gg; gilapdu; ntw;wp thif R+bf;
nfhz;bUe;j rkaj;jpy; jhd; kUJ ghz;bad; jdJ tuyhw;W
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpf;f jpUr;rpg; gpufldj;ij (Trichy Proclamtion)
ntspapl;lhu;. mg;gpufldk; jpUr;rpf; Nfhl;il Eiotha;r;
Rtw;wpYk;> ];uPuq;fk; ngupa Nfhtpy; Rtw;wpYk; xl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ.
rhjp> rka> ,d NtWghbd;wp ,e;jpahtpYs;s midj;J
kf;fSf;Fk;> miw$ty; tpLj;jJ me;jg; gpufldk;. mJ
kf;fSf;Fj; jd;dk;gpf;ifia mspj;jJ; mtu;fspd; Mjuitf;
247
NfhupaJ; Njrpa czu;itg; gpujpgypj;jJ mfpy ,e;jpaf;
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; mike;jpUe;jJ. mjpy; vz;zq;fSk;>
tpguq;fSk; ,ioNahbapUe;jd. kd;ddpd; ike;ju;fspilNa
fho;g;Gzu;r;rpAk;> gu];gug; nghwhikAk;> tpNuhj kdg;ghd;ikAk;
ePbj;jhy; ,e;jpah KOtJk; Mq;fpNyauJ Ml;rpf;F vspjpy;
,iuahfptpLk; vd;W me;jg; gpufldk; vr;rupj;jJ. fk;ngdpAld;
$l;L Nru;e;jikf;fhf KfkJ mypiaAk;> fu;ehlf ethigAk;
mJ fz;bj;jJ; nghJ kf;fspd; myl;rpa kdg;ghd;ikiaf;
fz;bj;jJ; Mq;fpNyaupd; tQ;rfj;ijAk; Mztj;ijAk; rhbaJ.
jpUr;rpg; gpufldk; md;iwa ajhu;j;j epiyia mg;gbNa glk;
gpbj;Jf; fhl;bw;W. kUJ ghz;baupd; murpay; jPu;f;fjuprdj;jpd;
rpd;dNk jpUr;rpg; gpufldkhFk;.
12.10.3. fpsu;r;rpapd; tPo;r;rp
fpsu;r;rpia Kwpabf;f nyg;bndd;l; fu;du; mf;dpA+ xU
Kk;Kidj; jhf;Fjy; jpl;lj;ij tFj;jhu;. ,jd;gb> njd;fpof;Nf
jpUney;NtypapypUe;Jk;> tlNkw;Nf jpz;Lf;fy;ypypUe;Jk;>
tlfpof;Nf jQ;rhT+upypUe;Jk; fpsu;r;rpf; Nfe;jpuq;fisj; jhf;fj;
jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ. 1801 Nk 28 md;W mf;dpA+ ehfyhGuk; nrd;W
gpd;du; gukf;Fbiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhu; ([_d; 11). mjd;gpd;
jpUg;gj;J}u; mtu; trkhapw;W ([_iy 24). ,jw;fpilNa jQ;rhT+upy;
mwe;jhq;fp> mbahu;Fb Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ele;j Nghu;fspy;
fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldu;. mf;DNthL fu;dy; ,d; ]Pk;
Nru;e;J nfhz;lhu;. mtu;fsJ $l;Lg;gil xf;$u; topahfr; nrd;W
kUJ ghz;badpd; fpsu;r;rp ikakhd rpWtaiy mile;jdu;
([_iy 27). fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; fhisahu; Nfhtpy; fhl;Lf;Fs;
nrd;Wtpl;ljhy; rpWtay; vspjpy; tPo;e;jJ. njhz;b Flhf;flypy;
fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fspd; flw;gil mopf;fg;gl;lJ. GJf;Nfhl;il>
vl;ilahGuj;jpypUe;J te;j gilfNshL fk;ngdpg; gilAk; Nru;e;J
fhisahu;Nfhapiy tisj;Jf; nfhz;ldu; (nrg;lk;gu; 30). Nfhtpy;
fLe;jhf;FjYf;F ,yf;fhapw;W. fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fspy; gyu;
capupoe;jdu;. kUJ ghz;baDk; gpwUk; gy jpf;FfspYk; rpjwpr;
nrd;wdu;. fhisahu;Nfhtpy; tPo;r;rpahy; fpsu;r;rpapd; KJnfYk;G
Kwpe;jJ vdyhk;. rpjwpr; nrd;w fpshr;rpf;fhuu;fs; jstha;
gps;isapd; jiyikapy; xd;W Nru;e;jdu;. fsehL kwtu;fs;
,uhkj;Njtupd; jiyikapy; mtu;fNshL Nru;e;J nfhz;ldu;.
Mdhy; mtu;fs; midtUk; Ml;rpj; jiytu; Y}\pq;ldhy;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldu;. Cikj;Jiu fu;dy; ,d;]hy;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu; (mf;Nlhgu; 14). tpUg;ghl;rp tPo;e;jJ (mf;Nlhgu;
16). Nk[u; nlypld; gpuhd;kiyiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhu; (mf;.17).
kiyFiye;jhYk; epiyFiyahj Cikj;Jiu
fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fp jpz;Lf;fy; gs;sj;jhf;if
248
mile;jhu;. tj;jyf;Fz;by; ele;j cf;fpukhd Nghupy;
Cikj;JiuAk;> mtNuhL mWgj;ije;J fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSk;
tpOg;Gz; gl;L tPukuzile;jdu;. jg;gpa fpsu;r;rpj; jiytu;fSk;
gpwUk; fk;ngdpahy; nfh^ukhfj; jz;bf;fg;gl;ldu;.
12.10.3.1. tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpapd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gy fhuzq;fs;
,Ue;jd. mit: 1. fpsu;r;rpj; jpl;lk; nrt;tNd jPl;lg;gl;lhYk;>
mJ jpl;lkpl;lgb nray;gLj;jg; gltpy;iy. J}z;lh[pthf; ,uz;L
khjq;fSf;F Kd;dNu fpsu;r;rpiaj; Jtf;fptpl;lhu;. 2. fpsu;r;rp gy
,lq;fspy; xNu Neuj;jpy; Jtf;fg;gltpy;iy. gy gFjpfs;
fpsu;r;rpapy; jPtpukhf <Lgltpy;iy. 3. gy rkaq;fspy; nfhupy;yh
Nghu;' Kiwiag; gpd;gw;whky; Neub Nkhjypy; <Lgl;ldu;. 4.
J}z;lh[pthf;fpd; mfhy kuzj;jhy; gy kuhj;jpaj; jiytu;fspd;
Mjuitf; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; ngw KbahJ Nghapw;W. 5.
GJf;Nfhl;il> jQ;rhT+u;> jpUthq;$u;> ikR+u; kd;du;fs;>
i`juhghj; ep[hk;> G+dhtpd; Ng\;th MfpNahu; fk;ngdpapd;
Mjuthsu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. 6. Vkd; ehau;> rl;L ehau;> ,uhkd;
ehau; Nghd;w fUq;fhypfs; fpsu;r;rpj; jiytu;fisf; fhl;bf;
nfhLj;Jtpl;ldu;. 7. fpsu;r;rpj; jiytu;fsplk; Nghjpa
Nghu;j;jsthlq;fs; ,y;iy. mtu;fsJ Nghu; cj;jpfSk;
rpwg;ghapy;iy. 8. Nghuhl;lj; jiytu;fsplk; xw;Wik ,Ue;jhYk;>
fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fspilNa xw;Wik ,y;iy. 9. nghJkf;fspd; MjuT
G+uzkhff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. 10. ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf fk;ngdpapd;
typikkpf;f ,uhZtk;> ed;F gapw;rp ngw;w jpwikkpf;fj;
jsgjpfs;> rpwg;ghd Nghu; cj;jpfs;> Mjhu trjpfs;> fl;Lg;ghlhd
tPuu;fs;> typikahd flw;gil> njd;dpe;jpa muru;fspd; MjuT
Mfpait fpsu;r;rpia tPo;r;rpailar; nra;a cjtpd.
tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;G
njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;nfjpuhfg;
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Nghuhl;lkhFk;. mJ me;epa Ml;rpia mfw;Wtnjd;w jplkhd>
jPu;f;fkhd> jPtpukhd cWjpkpf;f vjpu;g;G Kaw;rp. gpd;tUk;
Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F Kd;khjpupahf mike;j epfo;r;rp mJ.
mf;fpsu;r;rpapy; gpuhe;jpaj; jiytu;fNshL nghJkf;fSk; gq;F
nfhz;ldu;. ,uhkehjGuk; kwtu;fs;> kyghu; Fwpr;rpau;fs;>
,e;Jf;fs;> K];yPk;fs;> jkpou;fs;> njYq;fu;fs;> kiyahspfs;>
fd;dbau;fs;> kuhj;jpau;fs; MfpNahu; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
gq;Nfw;wdu;. fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; ngupJk; fhLfspy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L>
nfhupy;yh' Nghupl;ldu;. gpuhe;jpaf; $l;likg;GfSk; njd;dpe;jpa
$l;bizg;Gk; ,f;fpsu;r;rpapd; rpwg;Gf; $WfshFk;. njd;dpe;jpaf;
fpsu;r;rpapy; rptfq;if kUJ rNfhjuu;fs;> ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp
249
Cikj;Jiu> jpz;Lf;fy; Nfhghy ehaf;fu;> nfhq;F ehl;Lf; fhd;-
,-[`hd;> kyghu; Nfus tu;kh> fu;ehlf J}z;lh[pthf;> ikR+u;
fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fu; MfpNahu; KO %r;Rld; <Lgl;ldu;. fpsu;r;rpj;
jiytu;fs; Mjutw;w Mq;fpNyaf; FLk;gj;jpdUf;Ff; fUiz
fhl;bdu;. tPo;e;Njhuplk; kdpjhgpkhdj;Jld; ele;J nfhz;ldu;.
fpsu;r;rpf;Fg; gpd; fk;ngdp gy rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; RNjrp Ml;rpf;Fg; gjpy; fk;ngdp Ml;rp
epiyehl;lg;gl;lJ. Gjpjhf nrd;id ,uh[jhdp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ;
mJ fk;ngdpapd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
kjpg;gPL
njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp vjpu;ghuhky; Rod;wbj;j R+whtsp
my;y. khwhf> ,g;Nghuhl;lk; gy Mz;L fhykhff; FKwpf;
nfhz;bUe;j vjpu;g;G vupkiy ntbj;Jr; rpjwpaijg; Nghd;wJ.
G+ypj;NjtDk;> fl;lnghk;kDk; Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ijj; jdpj;J
epd;W Nghuhlhky; ghisaf;fhuu; $l;likg;ig cUthf;fpf;
fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;. ,tu;fSf;Fg;gpd; kUJ ghz;bau;fs;
Cikj;Jiuapd; Mq;fpy Mjpf;f vjpu;g;Gzu;itAk;> tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;l mDgtj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L jPu;f;fkhd
Fwpf;NfhNshLk;> njspthd jpl;lj;NjhLk; njd;dpe;jpa Rje;jpug;
Nghuhl;lj;Jf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fp elj;jpdu;.
Mq;fpy Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij mbNahL mfw;wp njd;dpe;jpa
jPgfw;gj;ij tpLtpg;gNj kUJghz;bau;fspd; ,yl;rpakhFk;.
Mq;fpy Mjpgj;jpa Mjpf;fj;ij mfw;wpdhy;jhd; “kf;fs; fz;zPu;
rpe;jhky; kfpo;r;rpAld; ,Ug;gu;'' vd;W kUJghz;bad; ntspapl;l
Rje;jpug; gpufldk; njspthf mwptpj;jJ. ,g;gpufldk; ,e;jpahtpy;
Kjy; Kiwahf Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhf gfpuq;fkhf
ntspaplg;gl;l nghJ Mtzg; gpufldkhFk;. ,e;j mwptpg;G
n[u;kdpapd; rkaf; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu; khu;l;bd; Y}ju; (Martin Luther)
1517 mf;Nlhgu; 21 Mk; Njjp tpl;ld;gu;f; (Wittenberg)
Njthyaj;jpy; ntspapl;l 95 tpsf;f thrfq;fSf;F (Ninty-
Five Theses) ,izahdjhFk;. ,yf;if miltjw;fhf
Nfhitapy; Jtf;fg;gl;l ,f;fpsu;r;rp (1800 [_d; 3) njw;Nf
ehq;FNeupapypUe;J tlf;Nf N\hyhg;G+u; tiu gutpaJ.
ehl;Lg;gw;Wkpf;f kUJ ghz;bau;fspd; jiyikapy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpapy; kf;fs; jiytu;fSk;>
tptrhapfSk;> gpwUk;> rhjp> ,d> tFg;G epw> nkhop> kj> gpuhe;jpa
NtWghbd;wpg; gq;Nfw;wdu;. fpsu;r;rpahfj; Njhd;wpa ,g;Nghuhl;lk;
kf;fs; ,af;fkhf khwpaJ. ,k;khngUk; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
jkpou;fspd; gq;fspg;G ngUikf;FupaJ vd;W ghuhl;bAs;shu; Nf.
,uh[a;ad;.
250
njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpia kjpg;gPL nra;tJ vspjy;y. xU
gf;fk; ,f;fpsu;r;rp Kjy; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghu;' vd;W
tu;zpf;fg;gLfpwJ. kWgf;fk; ,ij ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; ‘jd;dy jw;fhg;Gg; Nghu;' vd;W xJf;fg;gLfpwJ. Rje;jpukhf nray;gl;L
te;j ghisaf;fhuu;fs; kf;fs; cupikfis kjpj;J> kf;fs;
eyidg; Ngzp> ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhf cioj;jtu;fs; vd;W $w
,ayhJ. ,tu;fSila epykhdpa cupikfSk;> nry;thf;Fk;>
rYiffSk; gwpNgha;tpLk; vd;w neUf;fb epiy Vw;gl;l NghJ
Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;f;fj; Jzpe;jdu;; fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;.
mtu;fs; Njrpa czu;NthL mfpy ,e;jpaf; fz;Nzhl;lj; Jld;
Nghuhltpy;iy. kUJ ghz;badpd; jpUr;rpg; gpufldk; by;ypapy;
vjpnuhypf;f tpy;iy. vdNt> njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpia Kjy;
tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;Nwh my;yJ ',e;jpa tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Jtf;fk;' vd;Nwh $w ,ayhJ. mNjrkak;
,f;fpsu;r;rpia ntWk; ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; jw;fhg;Gg; Nghu; vd;W
Gwf;fzpf;fTk; KbahJ. njspthd ,yf;F> jPu;f;fkhd jpl;lk;>
tpupthd $l;likg;G> me;epa Ml;rpia mfw;Wtjpy; fhl;ba jPtpuk;
Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L ghu;f;Fk; NghJ jkpo; ehl;by; Jtq;fpa
njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;F vjpuhfj; Jtf;fg;gl;l
Kjy; ngupa> gutyhd> typikkpf;f> td;Kiwg; Nghuhl;lk;
vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
8. ve;j E}w;whz;by; njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp Jtf;fg;gl;lJ?
9. jpk;k ehaf;fiu fhl;bf; nfhLj;jtu; ahu;?
12.11. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp> 1806
NtY}u; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f efuk;. ,t;T+u; rq;f fhyj;jpy;
xspu;e;jpUe;jJ. NtY}u; Nty;fspd; Cu; (Nty;+Cu;). rq;f fhy
kf;fs; topgl;l KUfdpd; MAjk; Nty;. vdNt> KUfdpd; Cu;
NtY}u; vd;W $WNthUk; cz;L. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpypUe;J NtY}u;
Nghu;f;fskhfg; gad;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;T+upy; vg;NghJk; Nty;fs;
Ftpf;fg;gl;bUe;jikahy; NtY}u; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ljhfTk;
$Wtu;. Nty; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l mupa $ohq;fw;fs; ,q;F
epiwaf; fhzg;gl;ljhy; NtY}u; vd;W mwpag;gl;ljhfTk; fUJtu;.
RUq;ff;$wpd;> Nghu; kuGk; jpuhtplf; fyhr;rhuKk; ifNfhu;j;Jr;
nry;Yk; efuk; NtY}u; MFk;.
NtY}u;f; Nfhl;il
NtY}u;f;Nfhl;il 1606 ypUe;J 1672 tiu tp[a efug;
Nguurpd; jiyefukhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. rpd;d nghk;gp ehaf; NtY}u;f;
251
Nfhl;iliaf; fl;bajhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. fl;Lkhdf; fiyf;F
rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; $wg;gLk; ,f;Nfhl;ilapy; gy kjpy;
fhg;ghd;fSk; (Ramparts)> Nfhl;iliar; Rw;wp mfykhf
mfopfSk; (Mofes) ,Ue;jd. mfopfspy; Kjiyfs;
tplg;gl;bUe;jd. kpFe;j gyKk; ghJfhg;Gkpf;f
NtY}u;f;Nfhl;ilapypUe;Jjhd; tp[a efug; Nguuru;fs; xUfhy
fl;lj;jpy; Ml;rp Gupe;jdu;. gpd;du; NtY}u;f; Nfhl;il KiwNa
gP[g;G+u; Ry;jhd;fs;> kuhj;jpau;> fu;ehlf ethGfs;> Mq;fpNyau;
MfpNahUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhapw;W. ikR+u; Nghu;fspd; NghJ NtY}u;
khtl;lj;jpy; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSf;FkpilNa Mk;G+u;
(1751)> te;jthrp (1760)g; Nghu;fs; eilngw;wd. mg;NghJ jpg;G
Ry;jhd; jd; FLk;gj;jpdUld; NtY}u;f; Nfhl;ilf;F te;J
jq;FtJz;L. mtu; jq;fpa ,lk; ‘jpg;G kfhy;' vd;W
miof;fg;gfpwJ. NtY}u;f; Nfhl;il 1768 ,y; gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa
fk;ngdpapd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; te;jJ. 1806 NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpapd;
NghJ ,f;Nfhl;ilia 69-tJ gil tFg;gzp (Regiment)apd;
xU gpupTk;> 19-tJ gil tFg;gzpapd; kw;nwhU gpupTk;
ghJfhj;jdu;. nkhj;jk; 1500 rpg;gha;fSk;> 370 Mq;fpyg; gil
tPuu;fSk; ,g;ghJfhg;Gg; gzpapy; <Lgl;bUe;jdu;. NtY}u;f;Nfhl;il
njd;dpe;jpahtpd; ,uhZtf; fl;likf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
tpsq;fpaJ.
nrd;id ,uhZtk;
gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; ,uhZtg; gpupT
fk;ngdpapd; tu;j;jf eyd;fisAk;> tpupthf;fj;ijAk;
fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uhZtj;jpd; gpujhd gpuptpy;
Mq;fpyg; gil tPuu;fSk;> Jizg; gpuptpy; jkpo; ehl;L
rpg;gha;fSk; ,Ue;jdu;. rpg;gha;fs; gapw;rp ngwhj ghJfhg;ghsu;fs;;
,tu;fSs; rpyu; kl;LNk MAjk; Ve;jpatu;fs;. 1746 ,y; gpnuQ;Rg;
gil nrd;idiaj; jhf;fpf; ifg;gw;wpa gpd;du; Mq;fpNyau;
,uhZtg; gpupitg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; jPtpu ftdk; nrYj;jpdu;.
jkpo; ehl;by; ghuk;gupag; Nghu;f;fiyapy; jpwikAilNahu; gyu;
rpg;gha;fshfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fSf;Fj; jf;f gapw;rp
mspf;fg;gl;lJ. kJiu Kj;J ehaf;fu; Nghd;w epyr;Rthd;jhu;fs;
rpg;gha;fSf;F mjpfhupfshf ,Ue;jdu;. ,tu;fisf; nfhz;Nl
te;jthrpg; Nghu; (1760) epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ. ,uhgu;l; fpist; tq;fhsk;
nrd;w NghJ ,tu;fSs; gyiu cld; nfhz;L nrd;whu;. mtu;
gpshrpg; Nghupy; (1757) ntw;wp ngw jkpo;ehl;L rpg;gha;fs; ngupJk;
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhu;fs;.
NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpapd; NghJ Nfhl;ilf; fhty; gil
ngUk;ghYk; njd;dpe;jpa fpsu;r;rpf;Fg; gpd; jpUney;Ntypapy;
jpul;lg;gl;l tPuu;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,tu;fs; ngUk;ghNyhu;
njd;dpe;jpa fpsu;r;rp xLf;fg;gl;ljhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;; Nghuhl;l
252
czu;T nfhz;Nlhu;. ,g;gil tPuu;fs; NtY}u; Nfhl;ilapy; ,Ue;j
NghJ mq;fpUe;j jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; Kd;ds; MjuTg; gil
tPuu;fSld; Nru;e;J Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd rjpapy; <Lgl;ldu;.
,jd; %yk; Mq;fpNyau; NtY}u;f; Nfhl;ilf;Fs; l;Nuh[d; Fjpiu
(Trojan Horse)ia Eioa tpl;ljhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; Nf.uh[a;ad;.
NtY}Uf;F te;j rpg;gha;fSk;> FbNawpa njd;dpe;jpa
fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSk; ikR+upypUe;J te;j rpg;gha;fSk; kw;Wk;
Kd;dhs; Nghuhl;lf;fhuu;fSk; Nru;e;J NtY}u;f; Nfhl;ilapy; rpiw
itf;fg;gl;bUe;j jpg;Gtpd; kfd; gl;Nl IjUld; Nru;e;J Mq;fpy
Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhf rjp nra;jdu;. ,tu;fs; Mq;fpNyau; nfhz;L
te;j Gjpa ,uhZt fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfisj; jq;fSf;Fr;
rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L Mq;fpy Ml;rpia
mfw;Wtjw;fhd jpl;lj;ijj; jPl;bdu;.
,uhZtf; fl;Lg;ghLfs;
rpg;gha;fs; kpLf;FlDk;> Jbg;GlDk;> xNu rPuhff;
fhzg;gLtjw;fhfTk; nrd;id jsgjpj; jiytu; (Commander-in-
Chief) ru; [hd; fpuNlhf; (Sir John Cradock) nrd;id MSeuhf
,Ue;j tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG (Lord William
Bentinck)tpd; rk;kjj;NjhL rpy etPd khw;wq;fisr; nra;jhu;;
,it ,uhZtf; fl;Lg;ghLfshf (Military Regulations)f;
fUjg;gl;ld. mitahtd: 1) rpg;gha;fs; INuhg;gpag; gil
tPuu;fisg; Nghd;W jiyg;ghifia mzpa Ntz;Lk;; 2) gzpapy;
,Uf;Fk; NghJ mtu;fs; rhjp> kjr; rpd;dq;fshf new;wpapy;
jpUePW my;yJ ehkk; Nghl;Lf; nfhs;tNjh> fhjzpfis
mzptNjh $lhJ; 3) Kfj;ij ed;F kopj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;; 4)
kPiria xNu rPuhf eWf;fp KWf;fp tplNtz;Lk;; 5) xNu khjpupahd
fhYiwiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;; 6) xNu tbtpyhd rpd;dj;ijf;
(Turnscrew) nfhz;l fOj;Jg; gl;ilia mzpa Ntz;Lk;.
12.11.1. fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fisg; gw;wp
tuyhw;whsu;fspilNa xUkpj;j fUj;J Vw;gltpy;iy.
xd;Wf;nfhd;W khWgl;l> Kuz;gl;l fhuzq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
vdNt> NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp ntbj;jjw;fhd gpd;tUk; tpsf;fq;fisf;
$wyhk;: 1) njd;dpe;jpa fpsu;r;rp Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lgpd; gy
fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; NtY}u; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldu;. vQ;rpj;
jg;gpa gyu; fk;ngdp ,uhZtj;jpy; Nru;e;jdu;; gyu; NtY}upYk;>
NtY}iur; Rw;wpAk; FbNawpdu;. mtu;fs; mt;tg;NghJ re;jpj;J
,ufrpakhff; fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk; nra;J nfhz;L> kPz;Lk; xU
fpsu;r;rp nra;J Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpia mfw;w KbT nra;jdu;.
Nf.uh[a;ad; ,e;jf; fhuzj;ij mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;Lfpwhu;. 2)
253
ikR+u; Kbahl;rpia kPl;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jpg;G Ry;jhdpd;
thupRfs; KbT nra;J rjpj; jpl;lk; jPl;bdu;. jpg;G ,we;j gpd;
mtuJ 12 kfd;fSk;> 6 kfs;fSk; NtY}u; rpiwapy;
itf;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;. mtu;fSf;Fg; gy rpwg;Gr; rYiffs;
mspf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L jpg;Gtpd;
%j;j kfd; gl;Nl Iju; gpwuJ JizAld; fpsu;r;rp nra;aj;
jpl;lkpl;lhu;. mtuJ MjuTld; fpl;lj;jl;l 3000 fd;dlf;
fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; NtY}iur; Rw;wpf; FbNawpdu;. K];yPk;
Kbahl;rpia kPl;gNj NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhf
,Ue;jJ vd;gij typAWj;jpdhu; fk;ngdp gilj;jsgjp
N[.vg;.rpuNlhf; (J.F.Cradock). 3) rkfhy kf;fs;> mtu;fsJ
gof;ftof;fq;fisg; gw;wp ed;F mwpe;j ru; jhk]; kd;Nwh (Sir
Thomas Munro) 'Fy;yha; gw;wpa kdf;Fiw' jhd; NtY}u;f;
fpsu;r;rpf;fhd xNu fhuzk; vd;W $wpdhu;. Jizj; jsgjp
mf;dpA+ (Adjutant General Agnew) tbtikj;J
mwpKfg;gLj;jpajhy; ,f;Fy;yha; 'mf;dpA+ Fy;yha;' vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ. rpg;gha;fs; ,f;Fy;yhia mzptij
mtkupahijahff; fUjpdhu;. mf;Fy;yhia mzpe;j rpg;gha;fs;
kf;fspd; Nfypf;Fk;> fpz;lYf;Fk; cs;shapdu;. ,jdhy;
rpg;gha;fspilNa khwh kdf;frg;G Vw;gl;lJ. ,k;kdf;frg;gpd;
ntspg;ghNl NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp. 4) Mq;fpNyauJ mf;fpukpg;Gf;
nfhs;ifahy; jd;Dila Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;j Ijuhghj; ep[hk;
kPz;Lk; jdJ Ml;rp epiy ehl;l ehl;lk; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. Ijuhghj;>
rpf;jhNfhy; kf;fSk; ep[hKf;F Mjuthfg; Nghuhlj; jahuhf
,Ue;jdu;. NtY}upypUe;j fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; Ijuhghj;
fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSld; njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jdu;. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp
Jtf;fg;gl;lTld; Ijuhghj; ep[hk; mr;R+o;epiyiag; gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;L fpsu;r;rp nra;J Ml;rpia kPl;f Kd;te;jhu;. 5) fk;ngdpg;
gilapy; rpg;gha;fSf;F ,uhZtf; fl;Lg;ghLfs;> tpjpKiwfs;>
Gjpa gof;ftof;fq;fs; Mfpa midj;Jk; GJikahapUe;jd.
mtw;Wf;Nfw;gj; jq;fis khw;wpf; nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
mJkl;Lky;y. mtu;fs; Mq;fpyg; giltPuu;fSf;F rkkhf
elj;jg;gltpy;iy. ,UrhuhUf;F kpilNa Cjpa kw;Wk; rYif
NtWghLfs; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jd. rpg;gha;fs; FLk;gj;jpdUld;
trpf;f Mq;fpy mjpfhupfspd; mDkjp ngw Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
NkYk; rpg;gha;fs; Mq;fpy mjpfhupfSf;F Fw;Nwty; nra;a
fl;lhag;gLj;jg; gl;ldu;. fUg;G fkhz;lu;fs;' vd;w cau; gjtpfs;
rpg;gha;fSf;F kWf;fg;gl;ld. ,tw;why; Vkhw;wKk;> Mj;jpuKk;
mile;j rpg;gha;fs; fpsu;r;rp nra;aj; Jbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. 6)
ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf> 1805-1806 Mz;L Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdp
mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ,uhZtf; fl;Lg;ghLfs;’ fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSf;Fj;
Njitahd tha;g;igf; nfhLj;jd. ,r;rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gioikg;
gof;ftof;fq;fspy; Cwpg; Nghd rpg;gha;fSf;F Mj;jpu%l;lf;$ba
254
fhy; tpyq;Ffshff; fhl;rpaspj;jd. Fwpg;ghf rhjpr; rpd;dq;fis
mfw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhy; ,e;J rpg;gha;fSk;> jhb itj;Jf;
nfhs;sf; $lhJ vd;gjhy; K];yPk;fSk;> gpw fl;Lg;ghLfshy;
midj;J rpg;gha;fSk; mjpUg;jp mile;jpUe;jdu;. mtu;fSf;Ff;
fpsu;r;rpf; fsk; jahuhf ,Ue;jJ.
12.11.2. fpsu;r;rpapd; Nghf;F
NtY}u; fpsu;r;rp ntbg;gjw;F rpy khjq;fSf;F Kd;
ikR+upypUe;J te;j gf;fpupfs; (Pakris) efupd; njUf;fspYk;> fil
tPjpfspYk; Rje;jpukhfr; Rw;wpj; jpupe;jdu;. ,tu;fs; kuhj;jpag;
gilfSld; neUq;fpa njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jtu;fs;. ,g;gf;fpupfs;
Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhfg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jdu;. vjpu;g;G Kof;fq;fis
vOg;gpdu;. gf;fpupfs; gpur;rhuj;jpd; %ykhf kf;fisj;
J}z;btpl;ldu;. ,tu;fs; cs; csthspfshfr; nray;gl;ldu;.
nghk;kyhl;lg; gpur;rhuk;
jpg;G Ry;jhNdhL neUq;fpg; gofpa mg;Jy;yhfhd;> gPu;rhlh
Nghd;Nwhupd; jiyikapy; NtY}upy; nghk;kyhl;l epfo;r;rpfis
elj;jpdu;. ,e;epfo;r;rpfspy; nghk;kyhl;lf;fhuu;fs; Mq;fpNyaiu
tirg; ghly;fs; %yk; jhf;fpdu;. tpiutpNyNa mtu;fSila
Ml;rp mopag; NghfpwJ vd;W M&lk; $wpdu;. K];yPk;fisf;
fpwp];j;Jt kjj;Jf;F khw;wg; Nghtjhfg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jdu;.
nghk;kyhl;lf;fhuu;fspd; gpur;rhuj;jhy; K];yPk;fs;
Mj;jpukile;jdu;.
nghJkf;fspd; gupfhrk;
1806 [_d; 9 Mk; NjjpapypUe;J 14-tJ gilg;gpuptpd; 40
rpg;gha;fs; vt;tpj vjpu;g;Gkpd;wp 'mf;dpA+ Fy;yha;'fis mzpe;J
nfhz;L gil mzptFg;gpy; fye;J nfhz;ldu;. ,ijg; ghu;j;j
nghJ kf;fspy; gyu; mtu;fisf; Nfyp nra;jdu;; mrpq;fkhd
thu;j;ijfshy; jpl;bdu;; vs;sp eifj;J Vsdk; nra;jdu;. nghJ
kf;fspd; ,e;j Vsdj;ijf; Nfl;L $dpf;FWfpg; Nghd gy
rpg;gha;fs; jiyg; ghifiaf; fow;wp vwpe;jdu;. ,ijf; fz;l
mjpfhupfs; Nfyp nra;j Fk;giyf; fiyj;jdu;.
rTf;fb jz;lid
khah Fg;jh (Maya Gupta) ,yz;ldpy; cs;s ,e;jpa
mYtyf E}yfj;jpy; (Indian Office Library) NtY}u; fpsu;r;rp gw;wpa
Mtzq;fis Ma;T nra;J rpy mupa jfty;fisj; jpul;bdhu;.
mtuJ $w;Wg;gb 1806 Nk 6 Mk; Njjp ehd;fhtJ nu[pnkz;bd;
,uz;lhtJ gilg;gpupitr; Nru;e;j 29 rpg;gha;fs; Gjpa
Fy;yha;fis mzpa kWj;Jtpl;ldu;. mjw;F gjpy; mtu;fs;
new;wpiar; Rw;wp iff;Fl;iliaf; fl;bf; nfhz;L mjpfhupfs;
255
cj;juTf;Ff; fPo;g;gzpa kWj;J tpl;ldu;. fPo;g; gzpahjJ
kl;Lky;yhJ mtu;fs; Mq;fpy mjpfhupfs; 'eha;fs;' vd;W
jpl;bdu;. fPo;g;gzpa kWj;j rpg;gha;fs; gilJiw Kiw
kd;wj;ijf; nfhz;L (Court-martial) tprhuiz nra;ag;gl;ldu;.
tprhuizapd; NghJ kd;dpg;G Nfl;Nlhu; jz;lidapypUe;J jg;gpdu;.
filrp tiu kd;dpg;G Nfl;f kWj;Jtpl;l xU ,e;JTk; xU
K];yPKk; jyh 900 rTf;fb jz;lid ngw;wdu;. ,r;nra;jp mwpe;j
rpg;gha;fs; NkYk; Mj;jpukile;jdu;. ,e;epfo;r;rp eilngw;w mLj;j
khjNk ([_d;) NtY}Uf;F mUNf thyh[htpy; jiyg;ghif
vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lk; vOe;jJ.
njspthd jpl;lk;
NtY}u; rpiwapy; ,Ue;j jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; ike;ju;fspd;
topfhl;Ljypd; Ngupy; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSk;> rpg;gha;fSk; fpsu;r;rp
gw;wpj; jpl;lkpl;ldu;. ,j;jpl;l kplg;gl;l rjpapd; NghJ Ml;rp
vjpu;g;ghsu;fis xd;W Nru;g;gJ vd;Wk;; ikR+u;> Mu;f;fhL> Ijuhghj;
Nghd;w gFjpfspy; kd;duhl;rpia kPl;gJ vd;Wk; gyjug;G
kf;fsplkpUe;Jk; MjuT NfhUtJ vd;Wk;; 1806 [_iy 13 Mk;
Njjp mjpfhiy NtY}u; Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;WtJ vd;Wk;
mijj; njhlu;e;J ikR+upYk;> Ijuhghj;jpYk; fpsu;r;rpia
tpupTgLj;JtJ vd;Wk; jpl;lkpl;ldu;.
jpl;lj;Jf;F MjuT
fpsu;r;rpj; jpl;lj;Jf;F gs;spnfhz;lh kf;fSk;>
thyh[hghj;jpYk;> rpj;J}upy; ,Ue;j rpg;gha;fSk; Mjutspj;jdu;.
nghJ vjpupahd Mq;fpNyaiu vjpu;j;Jf; fpsu;r;rp nra;tJ gw;wp
NtY}upy; ,Ue;j fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; Mu;f;fhl;L kf;fNshL xU
cld;ghl;Lf;F te;jdu;. fpsu;r;rp Jtq;fg;gl;lTld; ikR+upypUe;J
Nghuhspfs; NtY}Uf;F te;J Nru;tnjd;W KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
fu;ehlfk;> Me;jpuh> jkpo;ehL Nghuhl;lf;fhuu;fisAk;>
rpg;gha;fisAk; xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,ufrpa $l;lq;fs; eilngw;wd.
xUtUf;nfhUtu; xj;Jiog;gjw;fhd R+Siufs; vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;ld. fk;ngdpapd; Mjuthsuhd Mu;f;fhL ethGf;F
fpsu;r;rpj; jpl;lk; njupe;jpUe;Jk; mtu; Mq;fpy mjpfhupfSf;Fj;
njuptpf;ftpy;iy. mNjNghd;W rpg;gha;fspd; Mj;jpuj;ij Neupy;
fz;lwpe;j jsgjp jiytu; [hd; fpuNlhf; Gjpa ,uhZt
cj;juTfis cldbahf tpyf;fpf; nfhs;SkhW nrd;id MSeu;
ngz;bq;iff; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. Mdhy; MSeu; mg;gupe;Jiuf;F
nrtprha;f;f tpy;iy. fk;ngdpapd; myl;rpag; Nghf;F
fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSf;fhd MjuT NkYk; mjpfupf;f cjtpaJ.
256
jpl;lkplhj; jhf;Fjy;
1806 [_iy khjk; 13 Mk; Njjp NtY}u;f; Nfhl;ilf;Fs;
,Ue;j Jizg;gil rpg;gha;fs; fpsu;r;rp nra;J> NtY}iuf;
ifg;gw;wp> fUT+yj;ijr; R+iwahb> Mq;fpyg; gilia tPo;j;jp>
jpg;Gtpd; kfd; gl;Nl Ijiu ikR+u; kd;duhf mwptpj;J> Ijuhghj;
ep[hkpd; Ml;rpia kPl;gnjd;Wk; jpl;lkplg;gl;bUe;jJ. Mdhy;
,j;jpl;lj;Jf;F khwhf [_iy 9 Mk; Njjpad;W fzprkhd
Fjpiug; gil tPuu;fs; jq;fsJ gzpahsu;fSld; NtY}u;
tPjpfspy; fhzg;gl;ldu;. nghWik ,oe;j xU 'Fbfhu [kPd;jhu;'
[_iy 10 Mk; NjjpNa fpsu;r;rpiaj; Jtf;fptpl;lhu;. ,j;jpl;lkplhj;
jhf;Fjy; NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpapd; Nghf;ifNa khw;wptpl;lJ.
Nfhl;il ifg;gw;wg;gly;
,j;jpl;lkplhj; jpBu;f; fpsu;r;rpapd; NghJ NtY}u;f;
Nfhl;ilf;Fs;spUe;j fpsu;r;rpf;fhu Jizg; gil rpg;gha;fs;
Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wp> mq;fpUe;j Mq;fpy mjpfhupfisAk;>
Mq;fpyg; gil tPuu;fisAk; ruhkupahfr; Rl;Lf; nfhd;wdu;.
mjd;gpd; Mq;fpNyau; FbapUg;Gg; gFjpia Nehf;fpr; Rl;ldu;.
,j;Jg;ghf;fpr; R+l;by; jsgjp fu;dy; ngd;Nfhu;l; (Col.Fercourt)
nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. mtud;wp ,uhZt mjpfhupfshd ikf;fhuRk;>
Nk[u; Mk; l;uhq;Fk; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg; gl;ldu;. ,tu;fsd;wp uhZt
kUj;Jtkidapy; rpfpr;ir ngw;W te;j Mq;fpy NehahspfSk;
Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. rk;gsk; gl;Lthlh nra;Ak; mYtyfk;
R+iwahlg;gl;lJ. Nfhl;ilapd; gpujhd Eiothapypy; ,Ue;j gy
Mq;fpyg; gil tPuu;fisf; nfhd;W Ftpj;jdu;. ntbkUe;Jf;
fplq;F fhtyUk; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. mq;fpUe;j
Nghu;j;jsthlq;fs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld. ifg;gw;wg;gl;l Nfhl;ilapy;
gwe;J nfhz;bUe;j gpupl;b\; Njrpaf; nfhb ,wf;fg;gl;L mjw;Fg;
gjpy; rpfg;Gg; gpd;dzpapy; gr;irf; NfhLfs; Nghlg;gl;L> kj;jpapy;
R+upad; tbtk; nghwpf;fg;gl;l jpg;G Ry;jhdJ nfhb Vw;wg;gl;lJ.
jpg;Gtpd; kfd; gl;Nl Iju; ikR+u; kd;du; vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
fpsu;r;rp xLf;fg;gly;
fpsu;r;rp gw;wpa jfty; mwpe;j fu;dy; fpy;ny];gp
(Col.Gillespie) typikkpf;f kPl;Gg; gilAld; Mu;f;fhl;bypUe;J
NtY}Uf;F tpiue;J te;jhu;. mtUld; nrd;idapypUe;J te;j
Fjpiug; gilAk; Nru;e;J nfhz;lJ. fpy;ny];gpapd;
jiyikapyhd kPl;Gg; gil vjpu;j; jhf;Fjy; elj;jp Nfhl;ilf;Fs;
Eioe;jhu;. mq;F 69 gilg; gpupitr; Nru;e;j gilapdUk;> rpy
,uhZt Jiz kUj;Jtu;fSk; Nfhl;iliag; ghJfhf;Fk;
Kaw;rpapy; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mtu;fisf; fhg;ghw;wpagpd;
kPl;Gg; gil Nfhl;ilf;Fs; ,Ue;j fpsu;r;rp rpg;gha;fs; nfh^ukhff;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. muz;kidf;Fs; milf;fyk; Njbr; nrd;w
rpg;gha;fs; ,Oj;J tug;gl;L> Rtw;NwhL Rtuhf epWj;jg;gl;L Rl;Lf;
257
nfhy;yg; gl;ldu;. ,j;jhf;Fjypy; E}w;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Mq;fpNyau;
capupoe;jdu;; 350-ypUe;J 800 rpg;gha;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;; mNj
vz;zpf;ifapy; rpg;gha;fs; gLfhak; mile;jdu;. 500-f;F
Nkw;gl;Nlhu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldu;.
Mq;fpNyau; mlf;FKiwahy; tQ;rk; jPu;j;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
td;Kiwf; fpsu;r;rp td;Kiwahy; tPo;j;jg;gl;lJ.
12.11.3. Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpapd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; gy.
mtw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdit tUkhW: 1) fpsu;r;rpf;fhd
nghJf;Fwpf;Nfhs; vJTkpy;iy. ,oe;j Kbahl;rpia kPl;gijj;
jtpu NtW ,yl;rpak; ,y;iy. 2) fpsu;r;rp njhiy Nehf;Fld;
jPu;f;fkhff; fzpf;fg;gl;L> xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;L>
topelj;jg;gltpy;iy; 3) fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;f
kUJ ghz;bad; Nghd;w khtPud; ,uh[je;jpup fpilf;ftpy;iy.
rpiwgl;bUe;j gl;Nl Ijuhy; jf;f jiyikiaf; nfhLf;f
Kbatpy;iy. 4) fpsu;r;rp Fwpg;gpl;l Njjpf;F Kd;djhfNt Jtf;fg;
gl;Ltpl;lJ. NtY}u;f; Nfhl;il ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpd;du; fpsu;r;rp
jpir khwpr; nrd;W tpl;lJ. rpg;gha;fspd; ftdk; nghUl;fisr;
R+iwahLtjpy; nrd;Wtpl;lJ. ,f;nfhs;isapy; Cu; kf;fs; rpyUk;
gq;Nfw;wdu;. 5) fpsu;r;rpf;F kf;fs; nry;thf;fpy;iy. mf;D
Fy;yha; mzpe;j rpg;gha;fisf; Nfyp nra;j $l;lj;ijj; jtpu
kf;fs; ,f;fpsu;r;rpapy; gq;Nfw;ftpy;iy. mNjNghd;W> gy
rpg;gha;fSk; ,f;fyfj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy. 6) ahtw;Wf;Fk;
Nkyhf fpy;ny];gpapd; nfh^uj; jhf;Fjiy fpsu;r;rpf;fhu
rpg;gha;fshy; rkhspf;f Kbatpy;iy. rpg;gha;fs; Jg;ghf;fpfisj;
jhWkhwhfg; gad;gLj;jpajhy; mtu;fsplkpUe;j ntbkUe;Jk;>
gilj;jsthlKk; jPu;e;J Nghapd. fpy;ny];gpf;F tYtpoe;j
Nghuhspfis ntw;wp nfhs;tJ vspjhapw;W. Njhy;tpAw;w
rpg;gha;fs; ruzile;jdu;.
fpsu;r;rpapd; jd;ik
NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpapd; jd;ik gw;wpg; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs;
$wg;gl;Ls;sd: 1) nrd;id MSeuhf ,Ue;j tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;
tprhuiz elj;jpagpd; jiyf; Fy;yha; mzptjw;F vjpuhf ,e;J
rkaj;jpNyh my;yJ ,];yhkpa rkaj;jpNyh vt;tpj MjhuKk;
,y;iy vd;w KbTf;F te;jhu;. 2) `hu;Nfhu;l; (G.Harcourt)
fpy;ny];gp (R.Gillespie)> nfd;db (I.Kennedy) MfpNahiuf;
nfhz;l %tu; Ma;Tf;FO NtY}upy; rpiw itf;fg;gl;bUe;j jpg;G
Ry;jhdpd; ike;ju;fSk;> mtu;fsJ Mjuthsu;fSk; jhd;
fpsu;r;rpiaj; J}z;b tpl;lhu;fs; vd;W $wpaJ. 3) Nk[u; n[duy;
Ngl;lu; (Major General Pater) jiyikapyhd rpwg;G tprhuizf;
FO Gjpjhfg; GFj;jg;gl;l ,uhZtr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSk; jpg;G
258
FLk;gj;jhupd; nry;thf;FNk Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd rjpiaj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jJ vd;w KbTf;F te;jJ. 5) Kfyha Ml;rpia
kPl;gNj NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpf;fhd ce;J rf;jpahf ,Ue;jjhff;
$wpdhu; Nf.vg;.fpuNlhf;. kjkhw;w gaj;jhy; jhd; rpg;gha;fs;
fpsu;r;rp nra;jjhff; fUj;J njuptpj;jhu; ru;.jhk]; kd;Nwh. ,e;J-
K];yPk;fspd; kj czu;r;rp Gz;gl;ljhy; jhd; rpg;gha;fs;
fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;fs; vd;gJ tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuGtpd;
fzpg;G. 6) gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fisAk; guprPyid nra;j
,af;Feu;fs; kd;wk; (Court of Directors) Gjpa ,uhZtf;
fl;Lg;ghLfshy; rpg;gha;fs; mjpUg;jp mile;jdu;; mij NtY}u;
rpiwapy; ,Ue;j jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; Gjy;tu;fs; jq;fSf;Fr;
rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu; vd;w KbTf;F te;jJ.
12.11.4. tpisTfs;
NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpapd; tpisthfg; gy cldb khw;wq;fs;
nra;ag;gl;ld: 1) nrd;id MSeu; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuGTk;>
nrd;id jsgjp ru; [hd; fPl;Nlhf;Fk; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;ldu;
(1807). 2) Gjpjhfg; GFj;jg;gl;l ',uhZtf; fl;Lg;ghLfs;' tpyf;fpf;
nfhs;sg;gl;ld. 3) NtY}u; Nfhl;ilapy; rpiw itf;fg;gl;bUe;j
jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; FLk;gj;jpdu; tq;fhsj;Jf;F ,lkhw;wk;
nra;ag;gl;ldu;. 4) Gjpjhf nrd;id MSeu; nghWg;Ngw;w ru; [hu;[;
ghu;Nyh (Sir George Barlow) kf;fspd; rhjp-rka
czu;Tfisg; Gupe;J nfhz;L nray;gl;lhu;; rkag; gug;ghsu;fspd;
eltbf;iffis newpg;gLj;jpdhu;. 5) fk;ngdp mjpfhupfs; kj
rk;ke;jkhd eltbf;iffspy; mf;fiw fhl;LtJ fzprkhff;
Fiwe;jJ. 6) fpsu;r;rp Njhw;whYk; ,jd; ghjpg;G njd;dfj;jpd; gy
gFjpfspy; gpujpgypj;jJ. Ijuhghj;> ngq;fShu;> thyh[hghj;>
fhiuf;fhy; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; fyfq;fs; Njhd;wp cldbahf
mlf;fg;gl;ld. fk;ngdp ,uhZtj;jpy; rpg;gha;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fiwj;J Mq;fpyg; Nghu; tPuu;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupj;J ,uhZt mikg;ig kWrPuikj;jdu;.
,jd; %yk; fk;ngdpapd; fl;Lg;ghL mjpfupf;fg;gl;L
tYthf;fg;gl;lJ. fpsu;r;rpapd; NghJ Nfhl;iliaf; fhg;ghw;wg;
Nghuhba 69-tJ nu[pnkz;lhUf;F epidTr; rpd;dk; vOg;gg;gl;lJ.
kjpg;gPL
NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp xU ehs; epfo;r;rp. NtY}u;f; Nfhl;ilf;Fs;
1806 [_iy 10 Mk; Njjp es;spuTf;Fg; gpd; Jtf;fg;gl;l
,f;fpsu;r;rp kWehs; ez;gfYf;Fs; Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjy;
Kiwahf Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd epfo;r;rp
NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpjhd; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp
fk;ngdp Ml;rpf;F vjpuhd rpg;gha;f; fyfNk vd;fpwhu; Nguhrpupau;
N[hrg;jptpad;. ,e;jf; fpsu;r;rp 1857 fpsu;r;rpf;fhd xj;jpif vd;W
259
vOjpAs;shu; tp.b.rthu;f;fu;. njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpahy;
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l ,Wjp tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;l Kaw;rpNa NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp vd;gJ Nf.uh[a;adpd;
thjk;. NtY}u; epfo;r;rp Njrpak; rhu;e;j (proto-nationalism) vOr;rp
vd;W fUJfpwhu; kNdhd;kzpak; Re;judhu; gy;fiyf;fofg;
Nguhrpupau; Nf.V.kzpf;Fkhu;. tl,e;jpa tuyhw;whsu;fs; NtY}u;f;
fpsu;r;rpia ntWk; rpg;gha;f; fyfk; vd;W fUjp xJf;fptpl;ljhf
tUj;jk; njuptpj;Js;shu; V.Mu;.ntq;flhrygjp.
kf;fs; gq;Nfw;fhj NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpia Kjy; tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;lk; vdf; fUJtJ nghUe;jhf; $w;whFk;. G+ypj;Njtd;>
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;> Cikj;Jiu> kUJ ghz;bau;fs;
Jtf;fpa Mq;fpy vjpu;g;Gf; fpsu;r;rpfspd; ,ay;ghd tsu;r;rpNa
NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpahFk;. ,f;fpsu;r;rp gy tifapYk; 1857
fpsu;r;rpf;fhd Kd;NdhbahFk;. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpia rhjhuz
rpg;gha;f; fyfk;> tpisTfsw;w tPo;r;rp> Nfhg;igapy; vOe;j
nfhe;jspg;G vdf; $WtJ mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fiwj;J
kjpg;gpLtjhFk;.
Kjy; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lkh?
jkpo; ehl;L NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpia (1806) tlehl;Lf; fpsu;r;rp
(1857)NahL xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gJ tof;fkhfptpl;lJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk;
,U fpsu;r;rpfisAk; rpg;gha;fs; Kd;dpd;W elj;jpaNjahFk;. fhuy;
khu;f;]; (Karl Marx) epA+ahu;f; bupG+d; (New York Tribune>
1857) gj;jpupifapy; Kjd; Kiwahf 1857 fpsu;r;rpia Kjy;
,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. gpd;du; 1909 ,y;
tp.b.rthu;f;fu;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tuyhW vd;w E}iy
kuhj;jp nkhopapy; vOjpdhu;. mtUf;Fg; gpd; Nf. ,uh[a;ad;
njd;dpe;jpa fpsu;r;rpia Kjy; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;W
thjpl;lhu;. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpia Kjy; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;W
fUJNthUk; cz;L. gQ;rhgpau; Kjy; rPf;fpag; Nghiu (1845-1846)
Kjy; tpLjiyg; Nghu; vd;W thjpl;ldu;. 1857 fpsu;r;rpia Kjy;
tpLjiyg; Nghu; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtij vjpu;j;J rpy njd;dpe;jpa
tuyhw;whsu;fs; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;F njhlu;e;jdu;. 2007 ,y;
,e;jpa muR 1857 fpsu;r;rpapd; 150tJ epidT tpohitf;
nfhz;lhbaJ. 2006-y; kj;jpa muR NtY}u; fpsu;r;rpapd; epidT
mQ;ry; Kj;jpiuia ntspapl;l NghJ jkpo; ehl;L murhq;fk;
NtY}u; fpsu;r;rpjhd; Kjy; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;gJ
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ljhf mwptpj;jJ. Njrpa czu;tpd;wp> kf;fspd;
gpujhd gq;fpd;wp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l 1806 NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpiaAk;>
1857 fpsu;r;rpiaAk; Kjy; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;W
tu;zpg;gJ tuyhw;Wj; jpupG MFk;.
260
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
10. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpapd; NghJ nrd;id MSeuhf ,Ue;jtu; ahu;?
11. 'Fy;yha; gw;wpa kdf;Fiw' jhd; NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rpf;fhd xNu
fhuzk; vd;W $wpaJ ahu;?
12.12. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
1. Ry;gpfu; mypfhd;
2. nethaj; ethGfs;> thyh[h ethGfs;
3. ethg; KfkJ myp
4. fhd;rhfpG
5. jsgjp khd;nrd;
6. 30-tJ
7. jPud; rpd;dkiy
8. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd;
9. ,uhkd; ehaf;fu;
10. tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG
11. ru; jhk]; kd;Nwh
12.13. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. Mu;f;fhl;L ethGfs; Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.
2. fhd;rhfpg;gpd; rhjidfis vOJf.
3. fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhdf; fpsu;r;rp Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.
4. NtY ehr;rpahupd; Ml;rp Fwpj;J vOJf.
5. jpUr;rpg; gpufldk; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
tpupthd tpdhf;fs;
1. ethGfs; epu;thfk; Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf.
2. tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kdpd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tPo;r;rp Fwpj;J
tpthjp.
3. kUJ rNfhjuu;fspd; Nghu; jpwik Fwpj;J tptup.
261
4. njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fis $Wf.
5. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf.
12.14. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Rajayyan K. History of Tamil Nadu
gps;is Nf.Nf. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW
Nilakanda Sastri K.N. A History of South India
Sathianathair R. History of India
ntq;fNlrd; f. jw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
,uhkrhkp m. jkpo; ehl;L tuyhW
CHINNIAN P. The Vellore Mutiny 1806: The First Uprising Against
the British Kindle Edition
myF - 13
gpupl;b\; epu;thfk; - Mq;fpyf; fy;tp mwpKfk; - jkpo; tsu;r;rp -
murpay; fl;rpfspd; vOr;rp - ePjpf;fl;rpapd; vOr;rp kw;Wk; Njhy;tp
- Rakupahij ,af;fk;
ghl mikg;G
13.1. Kd;Diu
13.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
13.3. Mq;fpNyau; epu;thfk;
13.3.1. khepy epu;thfk;
13.3.2. khtl;l epu;thfk;
13.3.3. fpuhk epu;thfk;
13.3.4. ePjp kd;w epu;thfk;
13.3.5. fhty;Jiw epu;thfk;
13.3.6. rpiwr;rhiy epu;thfk;
13.4. Mq;fpyf; fy;tp mwpKfk;
13.4.1. nkf;fhNy jPu;T
262
13.4.2. jhk;rhd; jpl;lk;
13.4.3. ];lhd;ypapd; fy;tpf; Fwpg;G
13.4.4. cl;bd; fy;tpj; jpl;lk;> 1854
13.4.5. fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jk;
13.4.6. kd;Nwhtpd; fy;tpf; nfhs;if
13.5. jkpo; tsu;r;rp
13.6. murpay; fl;rpfspd; vOr;rp
13.6.1. ePjpf;fl;rp
13.6.2. Rauh[;af; fl;rp
13.6.3. Mjpjpuhtplu; [drig
13.6.4. nrd;id gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; rq;fk;
13.6.5. nrd;id jpuhtplu; rq;f
13.6.6. Nju;jy; jpUg;GKid
13.7. ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Njhw;wk;
13.7.1. gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; gpufldk;
13.7.2. ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp> 1920-1937
13.7.3. rl;lr; rhjidfs;
13.7.4.Ml;rpapd; tPo;r;rp
13.7.5. ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rhjidfs;
13.8. Rakupahij ,af;fk;
13.8.1. ngupahu; <.nt. ,uhkrhkp (1879-1973)
13.8.2. ,af;fj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
13.8.3. Rakupahij ,af;fj;jpd; rhjidfs;
13.9.cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
13.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
13.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
13.1. Kd;Diu
1600 brk;gu; 31 Mk; Njjp gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd; gpuhd;rp]; Nl nrd;id kPdtu;
Fg;gj;ij thq;fp (1639) gpd;du; mq;F Gdpj [hu;[; Nfhl;il
fl;lg;gl;ljpypUe;J (1641) Mq;fpNyau; jkpo; ehl;by; epiy
nfhz;ldu;. 17 Mk; E}w;whz;by; fhY}d;wpa Mq;fpNyau; 18 Mk;
E}w;whz;by; jq;fs; Mjpf;fj;ijj; jkpo; ehl;by; tpupTgLj;jp> 19
263
Mk; E}w;whz;Lj; Jtf;fj;jpy; jkpo; ehl;Lf;Fr; nrhe;jf;fhuu;fs;
Mfptpl;ldu;. jkpo; ehl;L Ml;rpahsu;fspilNa epytpa
cl;gifAk;> Nghl;b nghwhikAk;> NguhirAk; Mq;fpNyau; jkpo;
ehl;il mgfupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;igf; nfhLj;jJ.
tha;g;igg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Mq;fpy tu;j;jff; fk;ngdp jkpo;
ehl;bd; Ml;rp mikj;jJ. nrd;id ,uh[jhdp (Madras Presidency)
Gdpj [hu;[; Nfhl;il vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ. md;iwa nrd;id
,uh[jhdp fpl;lj;jl;l ,d;iwa njd;dpe;jpahit cs;slf;fp
,Ue;jJ. mJ jkpo;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk; Mfpa
nkhopfs; Ngrpa fyg;gl khepykhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. ,e;j
xUq;fpize;j ,uh[jhdp (Composite Presidency) Mq;fpy
MSeuhy; (Governor) Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ. tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;
gpuG (Lord William Bentinck) nrd;idapd; MSeu;
nghWg;Ngw;whu; (1803-1806). ,e;j gpd;dzpapy; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;ij
fhzyhk;.
13.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
ePq;fs; ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapd;w gpd;du; fPo; fz;ltw;iw mwpa
KbAk;
• Mq;fpNyau; fhy epu;thfk; gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.
• jkpofj;jpd; fy;tp tsu;r;rpapy; Mq;fpNyaupd;
mu;g;gzpg;ig gw;wp njupa cjTfpwJ.
• murpay; fl;rpfspd; vOr;rp kw;Wk; mjd; rhjidfis
tptupf;fpwJ.
• ePjpf;fl;rpapd; tsu;r;rp Fwpj;J tpsf;FfpwJ. • jkpofj;jpy; Rakupahij ,af;fj;jpd; jhf;fk; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fpwJ.
13.3. Mq;fpNyau; epu;thfk;
13.3.1. khepy epu;thfk;
MSeu; nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapd; Ml;rpj; jiytu; (Executive
Head). ,tu; ,uh[jhdp rk;ke;jg;gl;l midj;J mjpfhuq;fisAk;
ngw;wpUe;jhu;. vdNt> ,tu; Rje;jpukhfTk;> jd;dpr;irahfTk;
nray;gl;lhu;. MSeUf;F MNyhrid $w xU mit ,Ue;jJ.
,e;j mikg;G MSeu; mit (Governor’s Council) vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ. Jtf;fj;jpy; ,e;j mitapy; Mq;fpNyau; kl;LNk
cWg;gpdu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. ,jd; %yk; rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuKk;>
rl;lj;ijr; nray;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuKk; MSeuplk;
Ftpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. 1773 ,y; gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
264
,aw;wg;gl;l xOq;FKiw rl;lj;jpd; (Regulating Act 1773) %yk;
khepy MSeu; tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J nray;gl;l MSeu; mjpgupd;
(Governor General) mjpfhuf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl;lhu;.
1833 ,y; nfhz;L tug;gl;l gl;lar; rl;lk; (Charter Act> 1833)
MSeupd; rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ijg; gwpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. gpd;du;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; (1861> 1909> 1919> 1935)
gbg;gbahf MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fis rl;lkd;wj;jplk; (Legislative)
xg;gilj;jd. MSeu; mit jdpg; ngUk; mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;l
rl;lkd;w khapw;W. mJtiu MSeUk; mtuJ mitapdUk; khepy
epu;thfj;ijf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
jiyikr; nrayfk; Jtf;fk;
Gdpj [hu;[; Nfhl;iliaj; jiyikafkhff; nfhz;L
nrd;id ,uh[jhdp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ (1654). mjd; jiyikr;
nrayfk; (Secretariat) Gdpj [hu;[; Nfhl;ilapy; 1670 Mk; Mz;L
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjypy; nghJj; Jiw (Public Department)
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapd; jiyikr; nrayfk; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;l ,j;Jiw murhq;fj;jpd; midj;J tptfhuq;fisAk;
ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. Nghu;fs; kw;Wk; $l;likg;Gfs; %yk;
fk;ngdpapd; epyg;gug;G ntFthf tpuptile;jTld; Gjpa Jiwfs;
cUthf;fg; gl;ld. 1752 ,y; ,uhZtj; Jiw (Military
Department)Ak;> 1774,y; tUtha; Jiw (Revenue Department)Ak;
Jtf;fg;gl;ld. tUtha; Jiw Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lgpd; ,U nrayu;
Kiw eilKiwf;F te;jJ. xU nrayu; murpay;> ,uhZt
kw;Wk; nrayf tptfhuq;fisAk;> kw;nwhUtu; nghJ kw;Wk;
tUtha;j; Jiwfisf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
ehd;F khw;wq;fs;
1786-Mk; Mz;L jiyikr; nrayfk; rPuikf;fg;gl;L ehd;F
kd;wq;fs; (Boards) cUthf;fg;gl;ld: 1) tUtha; kd;wk;; 2)
tu;j;jf kd;wk;; 3) ,uhZt kd;wk;; 4) kUj;Jt kw;Wk; tzpff;
flw;gil. ,k;kd;wq;fSf;F cjtp nra;aj; Jizkd;wq;fs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. 1769 ,y; murhq;f ,ufrpaq;fisf; fhg;ghw;w
,ufrpa Jiw (Secret Department) cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mijj;
njhlu;e;J 1798 ,y; ePjpj;Jiw (Judicial Department) Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
1800 ,y; jiyikr; nrayfj;jpy; khngUk; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
xU jiyikr; nrayu; (Chief Secretary) gjtpAk;> 3 nrayu;fs;
(Secretaries) gjtpAk; Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,tw;NwhL
murpay; Jiw (Political Department)Ak; mikf;fg; gl;lJ.
Gjpa Jiwfs;
1811-f;Fk; 1818-f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; 5 Gjpa Jiwfs;
Nru;f;fg;gl;ld: 1) epjp (Finance> 1811); 2) tu;j;jfk; (Commerce>
265
1815); 3) rl;lk; (Law, 1815); 4) ntsp tptfhuk; (Foreign> 1816); 5)
Nfhapy;fs; (Ecclesiastical> 1818). 1831 ,y; Jiwfis khw;whky;
jiyikr; nrayfk; khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1838-1853-f;Fs; 3
Gjpa Jiwfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld: 1) fly; thzpgk; (Marine> 1838);
2) nghJg;gzp (Public Works> 1843); 3) ,uapy;Nt (Railway> 1853).
epu;thf trjp fUjp 1855 ,y; jiyikr; nrayfk;
kWrPuikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j jpUj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l jiyikr;
nrayfk; 1855 ypUe;J 1857 ,y; fk;ngdp Ml;rpf;Fg; gjpy;
gpupl;b\; Ml;rp eilKiwf;F te;j tiu ePbj;jJ.
13.3.2. khtl;l epu;thfk;
Ml;rpau;
nrd;id ,uh[jhdp gy khtl;lq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU
khtl;lj;Jf;Fk; xU Ml;rpau; (Collector) nghWg;ghf;fg;gl;lhu;.
khtl;l Ml;rpau; gjtp gpupl;b\hu; tpl;Lr; nrd;w epiyahd
ed;nfhilfspy; xd;whFk;. 1773 ,y; gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp
epytup epu;thfj;ij Neubahf Nkw;nfhs;tJ vd;w tuyhw;W
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Kbit vLj;jJ. epytupia tR+ypf;f
khtl;l Ml;rpaiu (District Collector) epakpj;jJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
,tu;fs; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; mtjhu GU\u;fshfptpl;ldu;. Ml;rpau;
khtl;l epu;thfj;jpd; mr;rhzp Nghd;wtu;; ,tiur; Rw;wpNa khtl;l
epu;thfk; Rod;wJ. ,tud;wp khtl;lj;jpy; vJTk; mirahJ> efuhJ
vd;w epiy Vw;gl;lJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; khtl;l Ml;rpaupd; epytup
tR+ypf;Fk; mjpfhuj;NjhL khtl;lj;jpd; rl;lk; xOq;ifg;
guhkupg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuKk;> ePjp toq;Fk; mjpfhuKk; Nru;e;J
nfhz;ljhFk;. ,jd; %yk; khtl;lj;jpy; nray;gl;l gpw
mjpfhupfSk; ,tUf;Fg; nghWg;ghdhu;fs;. mjdhy; jhd; khtl;l
Ml;rpau; ‘khtl;lj;jpd; je;ij jha;' vd;Wk; 'murhq;fj;jpd;
mtjhuk;' vd;Wk; tu;zpf;fg;gl;lhu;. [p.lgps;A. ];Btd;];
(G.W.Stevens) NkYk; xUgb nrd;W khtl;l Ml;rpaiu
'ru;ttpahkp' (Omnipotence) vd;Nw Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
13.3.3. fpuhk epu;thfk;
jkpo;ehL Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;L
tug;gl;l NghJ fpuhk epu;thfj;jpd; epiy kpfTk; Nkhrkhf
,Ue;jJ. jkpo;ehL Fog;gf; fhlhff; fhl;rp mspj;jJ.
ehaf;fu;fSk;> ethGfSk;> kuhj;jpaUk; jkpo; ehl;il> Fwpg;ghf
fpuhkq;fis> Nghl;b Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L Ruz;bf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
fpuhkg;Gw ru;thjpfhupfshd ghisaf;fhuu;fs; fpuhk kf;fis>
Fwpg;ghf tptrhapfis tupr;Rikahy; nrhy;nyhzh
266
Jd;gq;fSf;Fs;shapdu;. fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lk;
njupahky; ,Ue;jd.
Mq;fpNyaupd; mupa rhjid
1775-ypUe;J Mq;fpNyau; jkpo; ehl;bd; %d;W jPikfSf;F
vjpuhf eltbf;iffis vLj;jdu;: 1) jyj; jiytu;fspd;
fPo;g;gzpahik; 2) Kiwahfj; njhFf;fg;gl;l rl;lq;fs;>
ePjpkd;wq;fNsh ,y;yhik; 3) epytup kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; epytup Kiw
gw;wpa epiyaw;w jd;ik. 1794 ,y; nrd;id MSeuhf ,Ue;j
N`hghu;l; gpuG (Lord Hobart) ghisaf;fhuu;fSf;Fg; gjpy; khtl;l
Ml;rpau;fis (District Collector) epakpj;jhu;. ,g;Gjpa murhq;f
mjpfhupfs; fhl;L ju;ghu; elj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;j jyj; jiytu;fis
(Local Chieftains) mlq;fp> mtpo;f;fg;lhkypUe;j ku;k Kbr;Rfis
mtpu;j;J> ghuk;gupa cs;shl;rp epWtdq;fis kPl;L> GJg;gpj;J>
rPu;jpUj;jp eilKiwf;Ff; nfhz;L tuKbAk; vd;gijf;
fz;Lgpbj;jdu;.
kPl;G Kaw;rp
jkpo; ehl;bd; ghuk;gupa gQ;rhaj;J Kiwia kPl;Fk;
gzpapy; ypNahdy; gpNs]; (Leonel Place)> fu;du; mnyf;rhz;lu; uPl;
(Col.Alexander Read)> [hd; `h ;̀rd; (John Hogson)> ru; jhk];
kd;Nwh (Sir Thomas Munro) Nghd;Nwhu; KO %r;Rld; <Lgl;ldu;.
fk;ngdp [hfPu;fspd; Ml;rpauhf ,Ue;j tpNahdy; gpNs (1794-1798)
mtuJ Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l fpuhkq;fisg; gw;wpa tptuq;fis mwpe;jhu;.
fpuhk Ml;rp Kiwia> Fwpg;ghff; fpuhkf; fzf;F Kiwiag;
GJg;gpj;J mjd; jpwikia mjpfupj;jhu;. mNjNghd;W> ghukfhypd;
Ml;rpauhf ,Ue;j fu;dy; mnyf;rhe;ju; uPl; xt;nthU tptrhapAk;
mjpfhupfSld; Neubahfj; njhlu;G nfhz;L ajhu;j;j epiyia
mwpe;J mjw;Nfw;g fpuhk epu;thfj;ij khw;wp mikj;jhu;. Mq;fpyf;
fk;ngdp jpz;Lf;fy;iyAk;> ghukfhiyAk; ngw;w gpd;du; jhd;
jkpo; ehl;by; jpwikahd epu;thfk; Jtq;FfpwJ vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; V.gp.fPj; (A.B.Keith). tUtha; kd;w (Board of
Revenue) gpujhd cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;j [hd; `hf;rd; jQ;rhT+upy;
fpuhk epu;thf Kiw jpwikahf nray;gl;L tUtijf;
fz;lwpe;jhu;. mq;F kpuhRjhuu;fSk;> fpuhkj; jiyahupfSk;
mjpfhuj;ij KiwNflhfg; gad;gLj;jpdhYk; fpuhkf; $l;Lg;
nghWg;NghL fpuhk epu;thfk; nray;gl;L tUtij mwpe;J
NkyjpfhupfSf;Fj; njuptpj;jhu;. ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf nrd;id
MSeuhf ,Ue;j ru; jhk]; kd;Nwh (1761-1827) ghuk;gupa fpuhkg;
gQ;rhaj;J Kiwf;F cap&l;bdhu;.
267
13.3.4. ePjp kd;w epu;thfk;
gpuhd;rp]; Nl (Francis Dey) nrd;dg;gl;bdj;jpy; thq;fpa
epyj;jpy; Gdpj [hu;[; Nfhl;il (Fort St.George) fl;lg;gl;lJ
(1640). Nfhl;ilf;F cs;Ns Mq;fpNyau; trpj;j gFjp nts;is
efu; (White Town) vd;Wk;> Nfhl;ilf;F ntspNa cs;Shu;thrpfs;
trpj;j ,lk; fUg;G efu; (Block Town) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j ,U efu;fSk; Nru;e;j gFjpjhd; nrd;id (Madras) mg;NghJ
nrd;id jhd; Kjy; ,uh[jhdp efu; (Presidency Town) MFk;.
fk;ngdpapd; Kftu; (Agent) nrd;idapd; Ml;rpj; jiytuhf
,Ue;jhu;.
rj;jpu ePjpkd;wk;
1600 brk;gu; 31 Mk; Njjp ,q;fpyhe;jpd; vyprngj; ,uhzp
(Queen Elizebeth) toq;fpa muR gl;lak; (Royal Charter) gpupl;b\;
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpf;F Fw;wthspfisj; jz;bf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij
mspj;jJ. nrd;idapd; Ml;rpj; jiytuhf ,Ue;j fk;ngdp Kftu;
cs;Shu; ghuk;gupa ePjp Kiwapy; jiyapl tpUk;gtpy;iy. vdNt
mtu; fUg;G efupd; jiytup (Headman)lk; ePjp toq;Fk;
nghWg;igf; nfhLj;jhu;. ,tu; ePjp epu;thfj;ij tof;fg;gb elj;jp
te;jhu;. ,J rj;jpu ePjpkd;w (Choultry Court) Kiw vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,J jkpo; ehl;bd; fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;Jf;Ff;
nfhLf;fg;gl;l khw;Wg; ngau; vdf; fUjyhk;. fz;zg;gh vd;gtu;
1644-ypUe;J 1648 tiu rj;jpu ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf ,Ue;jhu; vd;W
$wg;gLfpwJ.
rj;jpu ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F te;j tof;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if
kpfTk; FiwthfNt ,Ue;jd. Kftu; my;yJ cs;Shu; jiytu;
,e;j kd;wj;Jf;F jiyik jhq;fpdu;. 1644 Mk; Mz;L gpuhl;Nghu;L
(Bradford) vd;w fhty;gil tPuu; (Sergeant) fUg;G efiur; Nru;e;j
xUtiuf; nfhd;Wtpl;lhu;. fk;ngdp Kftu; ,e;j nfhiy tof;ifj;
jhd; tprhupf;fhky; fUg;G efu; jiytuplk; tpl;Ltpl;lhu;. mtu;
,f;nfhiy jw;nrayhf ele;jJ vd;W $wp tof;ifj; js;Sgb
nra;J tpl;lhu;. KftUf;Fk;> fUg;G efu; jiytUf;Fk; rl;l
fy;tpj; jFjp ,d;ikahy; gy rl;lr; rpf;fy;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
rpf;fyhd tof;Ffs; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,Ue;j NkyjpfhupfSf;F
mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; tof;F tprhuizf;F mrhjhuz
fhyjhkjk; Mapw;W. vdNt> rj;jpu ePjpkd;wk; jpUg;jpfukhf
nray;gltpy;iy.
fg;gy; Jiw ePjpkd;wk;
1683 Mf];L 9 Mk; Njjp gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l gl;lag;gb
(Charter of 1683) Fw;wk; rhuh (Civil) rl;lj;jpy; gapw;rp ngw;w
268
xUtiuAk;> ,uz;L mDgtkpf;f tzpfu;fisAk; nfhz;l
fg;gy;Jiw ePjpkd;wk; (Court of Admiralty) mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
ePjpkd;wk; tzpff; Fw;wq;fs;> vy;iy kPwy;> fhaNkw;gLj;jy;>
jtwpioj;jy; gw;wpa tof;Ffis tprhupj;jJ. ,k;kd;wk; gw;wpa
NkYk; ,U gl;laq;fs; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ld (1686 Vg;uy; 12; [_iy
10). 1687 ,y; ,q;fpyhe;jpypUe;J mDg;gg;gl;l Fw;wk;rhuh
rl;lj;jpy; (Civil Law) gapw;rpAk;> mDgtKkpf;f ru; [hd; gpf;];
(Sir John Biggs) ,e;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kjy; ePjpgjp-tof;fwpQuhf
(Judge-Advocate) epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,e;j ePjpkd;wk; Fw;wk;rhuh>
Fw;wk; rhu;e;j> tzpfk; rk;ke;jg;gl;l midj;J tof;FfisAk;
tprhupj;jJ. Fw;w tof;Ffis (Criminal Cases) tof;Ffis
tprhupf;Fk; NghJ kl;Lk; eLtu;fis (Jury)f; fye;J nfhz;lJ.
,e;j ePjpkd;wk; mikf;fg;gl;lgpd; nrd;id MSeUf;F ,Ue;j
ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk; ePf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; tpisthf> epu;thfj; Jiw
(Executive)Ak;> rl;lj;Jiw (Judiciary)Ak; jdpj;jdp Jiwfshapd.
,jd; %yk; nrd;id ,uh[jhdp gpw ,uh[jhdpfSf;F
Kd;Djhuzkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.
1692 Mk; Mz;L gpupl;b\; fk;ngdp [hd; Nlhy;ngd; (John
Dolben) vd;w rl;l epGziu nrd;id fg;gy; Jiw ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
ePjpgjp-tof;fwpQuhf epakpj;jJ. Mdhy; mtu; 1694 ,y; Coy;
Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;F ,yf;fhfp gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lhu;. mtUf;Fg;
gjpy; tpy;ypak; gpNuru; (William Fraser) vd;gtu; ,q;fpyhe;jpypUe;J
mDg;gg;gl;lhu;. mtUf;Fg; gpd; xU tzpfu; te;jhu;. mtu; gjtp
tpyfpajhy; ePjpkd;w gjpthsu; (Court Registrar) me;j nghWg;ig
Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. 1704 ,y; mtUk; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fr; nrd;W
tpl;ljhy; fg;gy;Jiw ePjpkd;wk; rupahf nray;gltpy;iy .
Nkau; ePjpkd;wk;
1686 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id murhq;fk; nrd;id kf;fs; kPJ
tPl;L tup (House Tax) tpjpj;jJ. Mdhy; nrd;idthrpfs; me;j
tupiaf; fl;l kWj;J tpl;ldu;. ,g;gpur;ridf;Fj; jPu;T
fhz;gjw;fhf Mq;fpNyaiuAk; ,e;jpaiuAk; cs;slf;fpa xU
mikg;ig Vw;gLj;j KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjd;gb 1686 nrg;lk;gu;
29 Mk; Njjp ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,Ue;jijg; Nghd;W nrd;idapy; xU
khefuhl;rp (Corporation) Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. mk;kd;wj; jiytu;
(Mayor). ,tu; Mq;fpNyauhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jid
tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjy; nrd;id khefuhl;rpapy; 3 Mq;fpNyau;; 3
,e;Jf;fs;; 3 A+ju;fs;> Mu;kPdpau;fs;> 2 Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs;> 1
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jhu;.
nrd;id khefuhl;rp cWg;gpdu;fNshL 3 %j;j efuhl;rpg;
gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l gjpNtl;L ePjpkd;wk; (Court of Record)
269
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,JNt Nkau; ePjpkd;wk; (Mayor's Court) vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ePjpkd;wk; Fw;wk;rhuh (Civil) Fw;wk; rhu;e;j
(Criminal) tof;Ffis tprhupj;jJ. Nkau; ePjpkd;wk; mguhjk;>
rpiw jz;lid> firab Nghd;w jz;lidfisf; nfhLf;Fk;
mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,k;kd;wj; jPu;g;Gf;F vjpuhd Nky;
KiwaPLfis fg;gy; Jiw ePjpkd;wk; tprhupj;jJ. NkaUf;Fk;
khefuhl;rp cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; rl;l MNyhrid $w ePjpkd;wg;
gjpNtl;lhsu; (Recorder of the Court) epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ru; jhk];
];Nld;[; (Sir Thomas Strange) Kjy; gjpNtl;lhsuhfg;
nghWg;Ngw;whu;. 1712 ,y; Nkau; ePjpkd;wk; RNjrpfSf;F kuz
jz;lid toq;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;wJ.
nrd;id cau;ePjpkd;wk;
1801 nrg;lk;gu; 4 Mk; Njjp nrd;id cr;r ePjpkd;wk;
(Supreme Court of Madras) cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 1861 Mf];L 6 Mk;
Njjp gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa cau;ePjpkd;w rl;lj;jpd;gb (Indian
High Court Act> 1861) nrd;id cr;r ePjpkd;wk;> cau;ePjpkd;wkhf
khw;wg;gl;lJ. 1862 [_d; 26 Mk; Njjp tpf;Nlhupah ,uhzp (Queen
Victoria)ahy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l Mizahy; (Letter of Patent) nrd;id
cau;ePjpkd;wk; Jtf;fg;gl;L 1862 Mf];L 15 Mk; Njjp
Kiwahfj; jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;epfo;r;rpf;F rupahf 85
Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; ,e;jpah tpLjiy mile;jJ.
khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs;
1802 Mk; Mz;L ftdu;-n[duy; gpwg;gpj;j cj;jputpd;
(Regulations> 1802)gb khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; (Zilla Courts)
mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,k;khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; nrd;id
cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjp-epu;thff; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nray;gl;ld.
khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; tUtha; rk;ke;jg;gl;l tof;Ffis tpiue;J
tprhupf;f gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. murhq;fk;-epyr; Rthd;jhuu;fs;-
tptrhapfs; MfpNahUf;fpilNaahd tof;Ffis tprhupj;Jj; jPu;g;G
toq;Ftjpy; rpwg;G ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. mjw;Nfw;g khtl;l ePjp
epu;thfj;jpy; gy rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. khtl;l
ePjpkd;wj; jPu;g;GfSf;F vjpuhd Nky;KiwaPLfis tprhupg;gjw;fhf
khepy Nky;KiwaPl;L kd;wk; (Provincial Court of Appeal)
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,k;kd;wk; 1843 ,y; ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
fpuhk ePjpkd;wq;fs; kd;Nwh fkp\d;
ePjp epu;thfj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfisf; fistjw;fhf
1812 Mk; Mz;L jhk]; kd;Nwhtpd; jiyikapd; fPo; xU
tprhuizf; FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mf;FO ePjpj;Jiwapd;
nray;ghl;il kjpg;gPL nra;J mjd; mwpf;ifia murhq;fj;Jf;F
mspj;jJ. 1816-,y; kd;Nwh nrd;id MSduhdgpd; mtu; gpd;tUk;
270
gupe;Jiuj;j rPu;jpUj;jq;fis nray;gLj;jpdhu;: 1) ,e;jpau;fSf;F
vjpuhd tof;Ffis tprhupf;f khtl;l Kd;rPg;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;;
2) kh[p];l;Nul; mYtyfk; khtl;l Ml;rpaUf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ; 3)
khtl;l ePjpgjpfs; Fw;w tof;Ffis tprhupf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
ngw;wdu;; 4) ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf tof;Ffis tprhupj;J
jPu;g;gspf;Fk; mjpfhuk; fpuhk Kd;rPg;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. jhk];
kd;Nwhtpd; gupe;Jiufspd;gb 1816 Mk; Mz;L fpuhk ePjp epu;thf
Kiw khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;lJ. gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; fpuhk Kd;rPg;
kd;wq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ld. fpuhkj; jiytu; fpuhk Kd;rPg;
Mdhu;. ,tu; Fwpg;gpl;l kjpg;Gila tof;Ffis tprhupj;jhu;.
fl;rpf;fhuu;fspd; xg;GjNyhL ,tu; mjpf kjpg;Gila nrhj;J
rk;ke;jkhd tof;FfisAk; tprhupj;jhu;. ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf
fpuhk Kd;rPg; tof;Ffis tprhupf;f Itu; nfhz;l fpuhkg;
gQ;rhaj;ijf; $l;Ltjw;F top tFf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; jkpo;
ehl;bd; ghuk;gupa gQ;rhaj;J ePjp KiwAk; etPd ePjpkd;w
KiwAk; Kd;ftdj;NjhL ,izf;fg;gl;ld. ghuk;gupa ePjp
Kiwf;F kjpg;Gk; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; nfhLj;J ePjpj;Jiwia khw;wp
mikj;jhu; kd;Nwh vd;W Gfohuk; R+l;Lfpwhu; Nf.uh[a;ad;.
13.3.5. fhty;Jiw epu;thfk;
nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapy; rl;lk; xOq;if epiyehl;lTk;>
ePjpj;Jiw jpwikAld; nray;glTk; Kiwahf mikf;fg;gl;l
fhty;Jiw (Police) ,d;wpaikahjJ. jkpo; ehl;by; guk;giuahf
fpuhkq;fspy; jiyahupfSk;> efuq;fspy; nfhj;thy;fSk; fhty;
nghWg;ig Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,g;ghuk;gupa Kiwapy; jf;f
khw;wq;fisr; nra;tJ gw;wp guprPypg;gjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l
kd;Nwh fkp\dpd; (1816) gupe;Jiuapd;gb rl;lk;-xOq;if
epiyehl;Lk; nghWg;G khtl;l kh[p];l;Nul;Lfsplk; (District
Magistrates)> jhrpy;jhu;fs; (Thasildars)> fpuhkj; jiyahupfs;
MfpNahupilNa nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tu;fSf;F cjtp nra;a
gzpahsu;fs; (Peons) epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. vdpDk;> ,tu;fsplk; tup
tR+Yk;> ePjp epu;thfKk; ,ize;J ,Ue;jikahy; ,tu;fs; tup
tR+Yf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J ePjp epu;thfj;ijg;
Gwf;fzpj;Jtpl;ldu;. fhty;Jiw rPu;jpUj;jq;fshy; vjpu;ghu;j;j gyd;
fpilf;ftpy;iy. fhty;Jiw mlf;F Kiwf;Fk;> jpwik
apd;ikf;Fk;> CoYf;Fk; mtg;ngau; ngw;wJ. Fw;wq;fs;
fl;Lg;ghbd;wp mjpfupj;jd. jpUl;Lf; Fk;gy; kf;fSf;Fg; ngUk;
mr;RWj;jyhf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt> Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdp jpUl;ilj;
jLg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lJ (1856).
nrd;id MSeu; `hup]; gpuG (Lord Harris) gpd;tUk;
ghJfhty; rPu;jpUj;jq;fisr; nra;jhu;: 1) ghJfhtyu; gil xU
271
jiyikapd; fPo; nfhz;L tuNtz;Lk;; 2) ghJfhtyu;fspilNa
xNu khjpupahd fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiw ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;; 3) nghJ
mikjpia Vw;gLj;jp> nghJ kf;fspd; capUf;Fk;> cilikf;Fk;
Nghjpa ghJfhg;G mspf;f Ntz;Lk;; 4) Fw;wq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L
jz;bf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;; 5) kf;fspd; czu;T> Fw;wthspfspd;
elkhl;lk;> ,uh[jhdpapd; ghJfhg;G epiygw;wpa jpl;gEl;gkhd
jfty;fis Nrfupj;jy;; 6) fhty; epiyaq;fis xUq;fpizj;Jf;
fz;fhzpj;jy;. ghJfhtyu;fspd; flikfSk;> nghWg;GfSk;
tiuaWf;fg;gly;.
`huprpd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis ,af;Feu;fs; kd;wk; (Court of
Directors) Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. lgps;A.,uhgpd;rd; (W.Robinson)
fhty;Jiw fkp\duhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu; (1858). nrd;id
fhty;gil fkp\du; (Commissioner); fz;fhzpg;ghsu;fs;
(Superintendents); Ma;thsu;fs; (Inspectors); jiyikf;
fhtyu;fs; (Head Constables); fhtyu;fs; (Constables) MfpNahu;
mlq;fpa Kiwahd gbKiw mikg;ghapw;W. fpuhkf; fhty;
Kiwf;F fpuhkf; fhty; Ma;thsu; (Village Police Inspector)
nghWg;ghf;fg;gl;lhu;. fhtyu; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fk;> gapw;rpf;Fk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,r;rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; %yk;
jkpo;ehl;L fhty; Jiw epu;thfj;Jf;Fg; Gjpa mikg;Gk;> Nehf;Fk;>
Nghf;Fk; fpilj;jd. jpwikahd fhty; gilf;fhd gykpf;f
mbg;gil mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
13.3.6. rpiwr;rhiy epu;thfk;
xOq;fhd> Kiwahd> jpwikahd rpiwr;rhiy epu;thfk;
,d;ikahy; ifjpfs; kdpjhgpkhdkw;w Kiwapy; elj;jg;gl;ldu;;
tprhuizapd;wp rj;jpuq;fspYk;> Nfhapy;fspYk;> guhkupg;gw;w
fl;llq;fspYk; rupahd czT> fl;Lkhd> fhw;Nwhl;l trjpfspd;wp
tpyq;Ffs; Nghd;W milj;J itf;fg;gl;ldu;. rpiwr;rhiy
epu;thfk; fhty;Jiw rPuikg;gpd; gFjpahff; fUjg;gl;L
rpiwr;rhiy mikg;gpy; mbg;gil khw;wq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
rpiwr;rhiyfisg; Nghjpa mbg;gil trjpfNshL fl;Ljy;;
ifjpfis Kiwahf tprhuiz nra;J> jz;bj;jgpd; rpiwapy;
milj;jy;; mtu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd kUj;Jt trjp nra;J
nfhLj;jy;; Fw;wthspfspd; elj;ij Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; gw;wpa tpupthd tpjpfs;
tFf;fg;gl;ld. ,Ug;gpDk; gy FiwghLfs; ,Uf;fNt nra;jd.
kjpg;gPL
jkpo; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpa Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdp ehl;L
epu;thfj;ij khw;wp mikg;gjpy; Kidg;Gld; nray;gl;lJ. Kjy;
Kiwahf jkpo; ehl;il xU Ml;rpf; Filapd;fPo;f; nfhz;L
272
te;jJ fk;ngdp. jkpo; ehl;il khtl;lq;fshfg; gpupj;J> mtw;iw
khtl;l Ml;rpaupd; epu;thfj;Jf;F cl;gLj;jp> nrd;id
,uh[jhdpf;Fj; njspthd cUtKk;> tbtKk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
jkpo; ehl;bd; khepy> khtl;l> fpuhk epu;thf Kiw
kWrPuikf;fg;gl;lJ. ePjp> fhty;> rpiwr;rhiyj; Jiwfs;
etPdkakhf;fg;gl;ld. jkpo; ehl;bd; tsu;r;rpf;Ff; fk;ngdp
Ml;rpf;F mg;ghw;gl;L nray;gl;l Mq;fpy kdpjhgpkhdpfspd;
(Humanists) gq;fspg;G ghuhl;Lf;FupaJ.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. 1644-ypUe;J 1648 tiu rj;jpu ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf ,Ue;jtu;
ahu;?
2. fg;gy;Jiw ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kjy; ePjpgjp-tof;fwpQuhf (Judge-
Advocate) epakpf;fg;gl;lhu; ahu;?
3. vg;NghJ Nkau; ePjpkd;wk; RNjrpfSf;F kuz jz;lid
toq;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;wJ.
13.4. Mq;fpyf; fy;tp mwpKfk;
etPdkakhjy;
mwpitAk;> mwptpaiyAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
mikf;fg;gLtNj jw;fhy rKjhakhFk; (Modern Society). mwpT
rhu;e;j fy;tpNa jw;fhy rKjhaj;jpd; jpwTNfhy;. ,j;jifa etPd
fy;tpNa kdpjdplk; kiwe;J fplf;Fk; Mw;wiy ntspf;nfhz;L
tUjy;; r%f khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ; nghUshjhu cw;gj;jpj;
jpwidg; ngUf;FtJ; rkdw;w rk;gpujhag; gpw;Nghf;Ff; fy;tp
Kiwf;F khw;W topiaf; fz;Lgpbg;gJ; jilaw;w mwpT
tpupthf;fk;; Kw;Nghf;F kdg;ghd;ik; tho;f;if cau;Tf;Fj;
Njitahd jpwikfs;; rKjhag; nghWg;G; jhuhs rpe;jid; rkak;
rhuh eLepiyg; Nghf;F; gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhZk; jpwd;
Nghd;wit jw;fhykhjypd; my;yJ etPdkhjypd; milahsq;fs;
MFk;. gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp ghuk;gupa fy;tp Kiwapy;
mbg;gil khw;wq;fisr; nra;J jkpo; ehl;by; fy;tpg; Gul;rpiar;
nra;jJ.
jkpo; ehl;Lf; fy;tp Kiw
jkpo; ehl;by; rq;f fhyf; fy;tp Kiw rKjha
NtWghLfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;l rkak; rhuhf; fy;tp KiwahFk;.
'cw;Wop cjtp'Ak;> 'cWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk;' midj;Jg;
gpuptpdUk; rkr;rPu; fy;tp ngWtjw;F Cf;Ftpf;fg; gl;ldu;.
,g;gFj;jwpT rhu;e;j fy;tp Kiw fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpy; rkar;
273
R+whtspapy; mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lJ. gy;ytu; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
jkpo; nkhopf; fy;tp kPl;fg;gl;lhYk;> ghypAk;> gpuhfpUjKk;>
rk];fpUjKk; NkNyhq;fp mjd; rKjhag; nghJikia jiyJ}f;f
Kbahky; nra;Jtpl;lJ. Nrhou;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
Nghu;fSf;Fk;> Nfhapy;fs; fl;Ltjw;Fk;> tzpf tpupthf;fj;Jf;Fk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tho;f;iff; fy;tpf;Ff;
nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. rk];fpUjj;jpd; nry;thf;F mjpfupj;jJ.
Ntjq;fSf;Fk;> ju;k rh];jpuq;fSf;Fk;> Guhzq;fSf;Fk; rpwg;gplk;
mspf;fg;gl;lJ. Kfkjpau; gilnaLg;Gf;Fg; gpd; jkpo; ehl;il
Ml;rp nra;j ehaf;fu;fs;> ethGfs;> kuhj;jpau; fhyq;fspy;
rkr;rPuw;wf; fy;tp KiwNa ePbj;jJ. Mq;fpNyau; tUiff;Fg;
gpd;du; jkpo; ehl;Lf; fy;tp Kiw etPdkakhjiy Nehf;fpg;
gazpf;fj; Jtq;fpaJ.
Mq;fpy Mjuthsu;fs;
gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp ,e;jpahTld; tu;j;jfk;
nra;tjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;ghFk;. mf;fk;ngdp
Jtf;fj;jpy; tu;j;jf tpupthf;fj;jpy; kl;LNk ftdk; nrYj;jpg;
gpd;du; kf;fis Ml;rp nra;Ak; epu;thf ,ae;jpukhf
cUkhw;wkile;jJ. ,jw;fpilNa thud; N`];bq;> tpy;ypak;
N[hd;]; > N[hdj;jhd; ld;fd;> nty;ny];yp gpuG> rhu;y fpuhz;l;>
Nltpl; N`u;> jhk]; kd;Nwh Nghd;Nwhu; kf;fSf;F Kiwahd>
jukhd> tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd fy;tp Kiwia
cUthf;Ftjpy; Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;ldu;. ,tu;fSs; nrd;id
MSeuhf ,Ue;j (1820-1827) jhk]; kd;Nwh jkpo; ehl;L
kf;fSf;F Mw;wpa fy;tpj; njhz;L ghuhl;Lf;FupaJ; epidT
$wj;jf;fJ.
gl;lak;> 1813
19-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy; gpupl;b\; murhq;fk;
ntspapl;l xU gl;laj;ij (The Charter of the East India Company>
1813) ntspapl;lJ. 1813 gl;lar; rl;lk; xU tuyhw;W
Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f mbg;gil MtzkhFk;. me;j Mtzj;jpy;
gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; gpd;tUk; KbTfis mwptpj;jJ: 1) gpupl;b\;
murhq;fk; ,e;jpa kf;fspd; fy;tpf;fhf Mz;LNjhWk; xU ,yl;rk;
&ghia xJf;f Ntz;Lk;; 2) ,j;njhifiaf; fk;ngdpapd; epy
tUtha; cgupg; gzj;jpypUe;J nrytpl Ntz;Lk;; 3) murhq;fk;
nrytpLk; gzk; ,e;jpa ,yf;fpaq;fis kPl;fTk;> fy;tp mwpitg;
ngUf;fTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;; 4) fk;ngdpapd;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; kf;fs; midtUf;Fk; mwptpay; mwpit
mwpKfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;; 5) fy;tp mwpTs;s RNjrpfs;
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;; 6) 1813 gl;lak; 20 Mz;LfSf;F xU
Kiw guprPypf;fg;gl;L GJg;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. RUq;ff; $wpd;>
,g;gl;lak; fy;tp tsu;r;rpf;fhd murhq;fg; nghWg;G> khdpaj;
274
njhif> fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk;> fy;tpj; jpl;lk; Nghd;wtw;iw
re;Njfj;Jf;F ,lkpd;wpj; njspTgLj;jpaJ. 1813 gl;laj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; jkpo; ehl;Lf; fy;tp Kiw tFf;fg;gl;L>
gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ,g;gl;laj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa jhk]; kd;Nwh
jdJ fy;tpf; nfhs;ifia tFj;jhu;. kd;Nwhtpd; gupe;Jiug;gb
1822 ,y; nghJf; fy;tp Nghu;L (Board of Public Instruction)
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. jha; nkhopf; fy;tpg; gs;spfs; Jtf;fg;gl;ld.
1827 ,y; nrd;idapy; kUj;Jtg; gs;sp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Gjpa gupNrhjid
1833 Mk; Mz;L gl;lar; rl;lk; (1813) GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
mjd;gpd; gy mnkupf;f> n[u;khdpa rkag;gug;G+opau;fSk;>
rq;fq;fSk; ,e;jpahTf;F te;jdu;. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; mnyf;rhz;lu;
lg; (Alexander Duff) vd;w xU rkag; gug;ghsu; xU fUj;ijf;
$wpdhu;. mjhtJ> midtUf;Fk; fpwpj;Jtf; fy;tp mspg;gJ
,ayhj fhupak;. vdNt> Nky;jl;L kf;fSf;F Nkiyehl;Lf;
fy;tpiaf; nfhLj;jhy; mtu;fs; %yk; fy;tpapd; gad; fPo;j;jl;L
kf;fisr; nrd;wilAk;. ,J fPo;Nehf;fpg; guTk; Nfhl;ghL
(Downward Filtration Theory) vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;Gjpa
Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb jpUney;Ntypapy; kl;Lk; 107 gs;spfs;
Jtf;fg;gl;ld; ,tw;wpy; 2>882 khztu;fs; Nru;e;jdu;. ,q;fpyhe;jpd;
rkag; gug;G rq;fk; (Religious Teaching Society of England) rhu;ghf
nfs (Gough) vd;gtu; nrd;idapy; gs;spfisj; Jtq;fpdhu;.
mNjNghd;W Md;lu;rDk; gpiul;Tl;Lk; (Anderson and Braidwood)
nrd;idapy; Jtq;fpa gs;spNa gpd;du; nrd;id fpwpj;Jtf;
fy;Y}up (Madras Christian College)ahf tpuptile;jJ. Nryk;>
Nfhit> flg;gh> ngy;yhup Nghd;w efu;fspYk; ,JNghd;w gs;spfs;
Jtf;fg;gl;ld. ,g;gs;spfs; midj;Jk; murhq;f Mjutpd;wp
Jtf;fg;gl;litahFk;. 1830-f;Fk; 1875-f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;ij
rkag; gug;Gg; gs;sp fhyk; (Age of Mission School) vd;W
miof;fyhk; vd;W $Wfpwhu; fy;tp Muha;r;rpahsu; gj;kh
,uhkr;re;jpud;.
13.4.1. nkf;fhNy jPu;T
fk;ngdp fy;tp tsu;r;rpf;fhf xJf;Fk; njhifia vt;thW
nryT nra;tJ vd;gJ gw;wp mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; fy;tp
Mu;tyu;fSf;fpilNa xUkpj;j fUj;J cUthftpy;iy.
mtu;fspilNa %d;W NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fs; epytpd: 1)
rk];fpUjk;> muhgpa> ghurPa nkhopfspy; fy;tp fw;gpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;; 2) Nkw;fj;jpa mwptpay; fy;tpia Mq;fpy top fw;gpf;f
Ntz;Lk;; 3) etPd fy;tpiaj; jha;nkhop %yk; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
275
,e;j ru;r;irf;Fj; jPu;T fhz;gjw;fhf jhk]; ghgpq;ld; nkf;fhNy
(Thomas Babington Macaulay) Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhu;.
nkf;fhNy ftu;du; n[duy; mitapy; rl;l cWg;gpduhfTk;>
nghJf; fy;tpf; FOtpd; jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. mf;fhy mwpT
Nkijfspy; mtu; xUtuhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;. nkf;fhNyapd; tuyhw;Wr;
rpwg;Gkpf;f fy;tpf; Fwpg;gpy; (Macaulay's Minute> 1835) fy;tpg;
gapw;rp nkhop gw;wpa ru;r;irf;F xU jPu;itf; nfhLj;jhu;.
Nkw;fj;jpa mwptpay; fy;tpiaf; nfhLg;gjw;Nfw;g ,e;jpa nkhop
vJTk; tsu;r;rpailatpy;iy vd;gjhy; etPd fy;tpia Mq;fpy
top nrhy;tNj rpwe;jJ vd;gNj nkf;fhNyapd; jPu;thFk;.
Kf;fpa KbT
nkf;fhNyapd; gupe;Jiuia Vw;Wf; nfhz;l ftu;du; n[duy;
ngz;bq; gpuG (Lord Bentinck) gpd;tUk; Kf;fpa Kbit
mwptpj;jhu;: 1) jha; nkhopapy; fw;gpf;Fk; fy;tpf; $lq;fs; tof;fk;
Nghy; nray;glyhk;; 2) gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; kf;fSf;F
mwptpay; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaf; fy;tpia Mq;fpyj;jpd; %yk;
nfhLg;gNjahFk;; 3) murhq;fj;jhy; xJf;fg;gLk; fy;tp epjp
Mq;fpyf; fy;tpf;F kl;LNk nrytplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nrd;idapy;
1835 ,y; kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upAk;> 1841 Mk; Mz;L 67
khztu;fSld; khepyf; fy;Y}up (Presidency College)Ak;
Jtf;fg;gl;ld.
13.4.2. jhk;rhd; jpl;lk;
N[k;]; jhk;rhd; tlNkw;F khfhzq;fspd; Jiz MSeuhf
(Lieutenant Governor of North-Western Provinces) 10 Mz;Lfs;
(1843-1853) gzpahw;wpatu;. fy;tp epGzu;. ,tu; jahupj;j fy;tpj;
jpl;lj;jpy; ngz; fy;tpf;Fg; gpujhd ,lj;ijf; nfhLj;jhu;.
,e;jpaupd; jpwikfis ntFthf Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd midj;J
Kaw;rpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w ,yf;NfhL ftu;du;-
n[duyhfg; nghWg;Ngw;w ly;n`srp gpuG (Lord Dalhousie)
jhk;rhd; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;Jf;F KO MjuitAk; mspj;jhu;.
mJkl;Lky;y. ftu;du; n[duy; mitapd; cWg;gpdUk;> fy;tpf;
FOtpd; jiytUkhd ngj;A+d; (Bethuine) ngz; fy;tpf;F
rpwg;gplk; nfhLj;J tpupTgLj;Jtjpy; Cf;fj;Jld; nray;gl;lhu;.
ngz;fisg; gbf;f itj;jhy; jpUkzkhdTld; tpjitfshfp
tpLtu; vd;w %l ek;gpf;ifAila tq;fhsj;jpy; ngj;A+d; xU
ngz;fs; gs;spiaj; Jtf;fpdhu;. ,g;Gul;rpfukhd Kaw;rpia
Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L nrd;id MSeuhf ,Ue;j jhk];
kd;Nwh ngz; fy;tpf;F rhjfkhd fy;tpf; nfhs;ifia tFj;jhu;.
,f;nfhs;if rKjhaj; jPikfspypUe;J ngz;fis tpLtpf;f ngz;
fy;tp ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;w kd;Nwhtpd; yl;rpaj;jpd;
276
mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. kd;Nwhtpd; ngz; fy;tpf;
nfhs;if> jw;fhyj; jkpo; ehl;L fy;tp tsu;r;rp tuyhw;wpy;
Kw;Nghf;F eltbf;ifahFk;.
njhopy; fy;tp
jhk;rhd; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpd; kw;nwhU Kf;fpaf;$W njhopy;
fy;tp (Technical Education) MFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; ghijfSk;>
ghyq;fSk;> MWfSk; gpw cs;fl;Lkhd trjpfSk; ngUf
Ntz;Lkhapd; rptpy; nghwpahsu;fSk; (Civil Engineers) gpw
fPo;epiy njhopy;El;g mYtyu;fSk; Mapuf;fzf;fpy;
Njitg;gLtu; vd;gij ed;fwpe;j jhk;rhd; &u;fpapy; (Roorkee) xU
rptpy; nghwpapay; fy;Y}upiaj; Jtf;fpdhu;. mtuJ ,k;Kaw;rpf;Fk;
ftu;du; n[duy; ly;n`srp gpuG KO MjuitAk; ey;fpdhu;.
jhk;rhdpd; njhopy; El;gf; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ij Kd;khjpupahff;
nfhz;L Nk[u; nkapl;yhe;J (Major Maitland) nrd;idapy; xU
njhopy; El;gg; gs;spiaj; Jtf;fpdhu;. mg;gs;sp khngUk;
ntw;wpaile;jJ. nrd;idj; njhopy;El;gg; gs;spia
Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L ly;n`srp gpuG tq;fhsj;jpy; gy
njhopy;El;gg; gs;spfisj; Jtf;fj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;.
13.4.3. ];lhd;ypapd; fy;tpf; Fwpg;G
murhq;fj; jpl;lq;fshy; mbj;jl;L kf;fSf;F fy;tpapd;
gad; nrd;wilatpy;iy vd;gJ njupa te;jJ. vdNt>
mtu;fSf;Fj; Jtf;ff; fy;tpAk;> tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd
njhopy; fy;tpAk; nfhLf;f Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij murhq;fk;
czu;e;jJ. Jtf;fg; gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupf;fTk;>
njhopy; fy;tp epWtdq;fisj; Jtf;Ftjw;Fkhd Kaw;rp
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> fk;ngdp mjpfhupfs; Jtf;fg;
gs;spfSf;Fj; njhlu;e;J Kd;Dupik mspf;fhky; cau;epiyf;
fy;tpia Cf;Ftpj;jdu;. mjd; tpisthf Jtf;ff; fy;tp Jtz;L
Nghapw;W. ,f;Fiwiaf; fistjw;fhf 1850 Mk; Mz;L ];lhd;yp
gpuG (Lord Stanley) xU fy;tpf; Fwpg;ig (Stanley's Despatch)j;
jahu; nra;jhu;. ,f;Fwpg;gpy; fk;ngdpapd; murhq;fNk Jtf;ff;
fy;tpf;fhd nghWg;ig vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd nryit rupf;fl;l murhq;fk; jy
tupfis (Local Taxes) tpjpf;fyhk; vd;w MNyhrid $wg;gl;lJ.
mjd;gpd; Jtf;ff; fy;tp tsu;r;rpapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kd;Ndw;wk;
Vw;gl;lJ. 1882 ,y; mikf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpaf; fy;tpf; FO (Indian
Education Commission) Jtf;ff; fy;tpf;fhd nghWg;ig cs;shl;rp
epWtdq;fsplk; xg;gilj;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
277
13.4.4. cl;bd; fy;tpj; jpl;lk;> 1854
rpwg;G mk;rq;fs;
ru; rhu;y]; cl; (Sir Charles Wood) fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; FO (Board of
Control)tpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. ftu;du; n[duy; ly;n`srp
gpuGtpd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;fp rhu;y]; cl; xU mfy;
tpupthd fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jhu; (Wood's Despatch> 1854).
cl; jpl;lj;jpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfshtd: 1) jha;nkhop top fw;gpf;Fk;
fy;tpf; $lq;fs; njhlu;e;J nray;glyhk;; mit tho;f;iff;Fg;
gad;glf; $bathW nray;gl Ntz;Lk;; 2) murhq;f MjuT ngWk;
fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; mwptpay;fs;> INuhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;>
fiyg;ghlq;fs; fw;gpf;fg; gLjy; Ntz;Lk;; 3) ,f;fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ij
epiwNtw;w xt;nthU ,uh[jhdpapYk; xU nghJ fy;tpj; Jiw
(Department of Public Instruction) Jtf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;; 4)
fy;tpf;fhf xJf;fg;gLk; njhif Jtf;ff; fy;tpf;fhf nrytplg;gl
Ntz;Lk;; 5) fy;tpapd; gad; mbj;jl;L kf;fis nrd;wila
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf jdpahu; gs;spfSf;Fk; fy;tp khdpak;
(Grant-in-Aid) toq;f Ntz;Lk;; 6) mNjNghd;W> rkar; rhu;gw;w
fy;tp (Secular Education) mspf;Fk; gs;spfSf;Fk; khdpak;
toq;fyhk;; 7) Mrpupau;fSf;F cupa gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;; 8)
jukhd ghlg; Gj;jfq;fs; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;; 9) ngz; fy;tp
tsu;r;rpf;F murhq;fk; ntspg;gilahd ,jaG+u;tkhd Mjuit
mspf;Fk;; 10) ,yz;ld; gy;fiyf;fofj;ij Kd; khjpupahff;
nfhz;L nrd;id> fy;fj;jh> gk;gha; Mfpa efuq;fspy; jyh xU
gy;fiyf; fofk; Jtf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
nghJf; fy;tpj; Jiw
cl;bd; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; nrd;idapy; xU nghJf;
fy;tpj; Jiw Jtf;fg;gl;lJ (1855). ,j;Jiwf;F xU Kiwahd
epu;thfj; jiyik ,af;Feu; (Director) epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tUf;F
cjtpahf gy Ma;thsu;fs; (Inspectors) epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
,tu;fs; gs;spfSf;Fr; nrd;W> mit vt;thW nray;gLfpd;wd
vd;gijf; fz;lwpe;J fy;tpj; Jiw ,af;FeUf;F Mz;L mwpf;if
mspj;jdu;. 1856 ,y; nrd;id irjhg;Ngl;ilapy; muR Mrpupau;
gapw;rpf; fy;Y}up Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
1857 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gu; 5 Mk; Njjp nrd;id
gy;fiyf; fofk; (University of Madras) Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,NjhL
fy;Y}upfs; ,izf;fg;gl;ld. Muk;gj;jpy; nrd;id gy;fiyf;
fofk; fy;Y}upfSf;Fj; Nju;T elj;jpg; gl;lk; toq;Fk; mikg;ghf
kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ. gl;lg; gbg;Gf;fhd ghlq;fs; fy;Y}upfspy;
kl;LNk fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofk; ,yz;ld;
gy;fiyf; fofj;ij Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
278
vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. rp.lgps;A. jhNkhjuk; gps;isAk;>
fNuhy;.tp.tp];tehj gps;isAk; ,g;gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; Kjy;
gl;ljhupfs; Mtu;. ru;.v .Rg;ukzpa Iau; ,g;gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd;
Kjy; Jiz Nte;ju;.
13.4.5. fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jk;
jhk]; kd;Nwh
jhk]; kd;Nwh> jkpo; ehl;by; fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jk; nra;tjw;F
Kd;dhy; nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j fy;tp
Kiw gw;wpa xU Ma;it (Survey) Nkw;nfhz;lhu; (1822). khtl;l
Ml;rpahsu;fisf; nfhz;L jpul;lg;gl;l jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
jahupf;fg;gl;l Ma;twpf;if gpd;tUk; fy;tp epiyg;ghl;ilf;
fhl;baJ: 1) jkpo; ehl;bd; gy khtl;lq;fspy; gs;spfs;
nray;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jd; 2) ,g;gs;spfspd; gaidg;
gpuhkzu;fSk;> gpw cau; rhjp kf;fs; kl;LNk ngw;W te;jdu;; 3)
jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSk;> gpw gpw;gLj;jg;gl;NlhUf;Fk; fy;tp
kWf;fg;gl;lJ; 4) murhq;fj;Jf;Fk; fy;tp tsu;r;rpf;Fk;
njhlu;gpy;yhky; ,Ue;jJ; 5) mspf;fg;gl;l fy;tpAk; xU rPuhf
,y;iy ; 6) 12>850>941 kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l nrd;id
,uh[jhdpapy; 12>498 gs;spfs; kl;LNk ,Ue;jd. jkpo; ehl;by;
Kjy; Kiwahf mwptpay; uPjpahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fy;tp Ma;T
,JNtahFk;.
13.4.6. kd;Nwhtpd; fy;tpf; nfhs;if
nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;T
mwpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; jhk]; kd;Nwh xU Fwpg;igj; jahu;
nra;jhu; (Minute of 10 March 1826). mf;Fwpg;gpy; kd;Nwh %d;W
Kf;fpa gupe;Jiufisf; $wpdhu;: 1) xt;nthU tUtha;
khtl;lj;jpYk; (Revenue District) ,uz;L gs;spfisj;
Jtf;f Ntz;Lk;; 2) mNjNghd;W> xt;nthU jhY}f;fhtpYk; xU
gs;spia Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; 3) ,g;gs;spfspd; tsu;r;rpf;fhf
murhq;fk; Mz;LNjhWk; &.50>000 epjp xJf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gb epjp
xJf;Ftjd; %yk; kf;fSf;Ff; fy;tp mspf;f Ntz;bajd;
nghWg;ig murhq;fk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
typAWj;jpdhu; kd;Nwh.
kd;Nwhtpd; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ij fk;ngdp Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ
(1828). Mdhy; mj;jpl;lj;ij Kidg;Gld; nray;gLj;Jtjw;F
Kd;Ng jhk]; kd;Nwh mfhy kuzkile;jhu; (1827). kd;NwhTf;Fg;
gpd; mtuJ jpl;lj;ij Kd;dpd;W elj;jf; $batu;fs; ,d;ikahy;
fy;tp Kw;Nghf;F Kaw;rp Klq;fpg; Nghapw;W. fy;tpf;fhf
xJf;fg;gl;l gzk;> rupahfr; nrytplg;gltpy;iy. Jtf;fg;gl;l
279
gs;spfs; eypTw;wd. vdpDk;> jhk]; kd;Nwh tFj;Jf; nfhLj;j
fy;tpf; nfhs;if gpd;te;NjhUf;F Kd;khjpupahf mike;jJ.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
4. ,e;jpa kf;fspd; fy;tpf;fhf Mz;LNjhWk; xU ,yl;rk;
&ghia xJf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ve;j Mz;L gl;lar;rl;lk; $wpaJ?
5. ahUila njhopy; El;gf; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ij Kd;khjpupahff;
nfhz;L Nk[u; nkapl;yhe;J nrd;idapy; xU njhopy; El;gg;
gs;spiaj; Jtf;fpdhu;?
13.5. jkpo; tsu;r;rp
“jkpopy; gpwnkhopf; fyg;ig xJf;fpj; js;Sq;fs;. jkpopd;
Ritia khw;whjPu;fs;; ty;Nyhirfisg; ngUf;fhjPu;fs;” kiwkiy mbfshu;. jkpo; nkhopapNyNa vz;zw;w nrhw;fs; ,Uf;f>
tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; jkpopd; ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;s vg;gb
Kbe;jJ? vjdhy; ,g;gb ele;jJ? jkpopy; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gQ;rkh?
gQ;rk; ,y;iy. jkpo; nkhopia mjd; mofpa tbtj;Jld; fhf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;Jf;Fj;jhd; gQ;rk; ,Ue;jJ. ,g;gbahfj;
jdpj;jkpo; gw;wpa gy;NtW Iaq;fq;fs; jkpoupilNa epytp
tUfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf> jkpo; fw;Nwhu;> fw;gpg;NghupilNa ,j;jifa
Iag;ghLfs; epytp tUfpwJ. jkpo;nkhopiag; gbg;gpf;Fk;
Mrpupau;fs;> tpupTiuahsu;fs;> Nguhrpupau;fs;> fy;tpahsu;fs;
kw;Wk; ghlE}yhrpupau;fs;> vOj;jhsu;fs;> ghtyu;fs;>
Clftpayhsu;fs;> khztu;fs; vd midj;Jj; jug;gpdUk;
‘jdpj;jkpo;’ vd;gijg; ngUk;ghYk; jtwhfNt fzpj;J
itj;Js;sdu;.
jkpOld; rkf;fpUj nkhopiaf; fye;J Ngrpa kzpg;gpuths
eil nfhbfl;bg; gwe;j fhyk; xd;Wz;L. mjdhy; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs;
nky;y nky;yr; rpije;J Ntw;W nkhopr; nrhw;fs; jkpo;r;
nrhw;fspd; ,lj;ij tYthfg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lNghJ mjid
khw;wpaikf;f Kide;j gyUs; kiwkiy mbfshu; kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhdtu; Mthu;. nkhopia mtutu; tpUg;ggbnay;yhk;
khw;wpf;nfhs;Sk;gbahd epiy ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. mjw;nfd;W xU
fl;Lg;ghL Ntz;Lk; vd;W mbfshu; typAWj;jpdhu;. mg;gb 1916
Mk; Mz;L Njhd;wpaJjhd; jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fk;. kiwkiy
mbfshupd; kfs; ePyhk;gpif mk;ikahu; mtuJ je;ij top epd;W
jkpo; nkhop jdJ jdpj;Jtj;ij> MSikia ,of;fhky; ,Uf;f
gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs;> eil> vOj;Jf;fs; jkpopy; kpFe;J fyg;gij
vjpu;j;Jj; jdpj;jkpiog; gug;gpdhu;.
280
jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;j NghJ fLikahd
fz;ldj;Jf;Fk; vjpu;g;Gf;Fk; Mshdhu;. jdpj;J ,aq;ff; $ba
Mw;wy; jkpo;nkhopf;F cz;L vd;gjdhNyNa “jdpj;jkpo;” vd;whu; mbfs;. Mdhy; ,ij vjpu;j;j rpyu;> jdpj;jkpo; vd;gJ jdpj;J
mkpo;fpd;w mjhtJ %o;fpg;Nghfpw nkhop vd;Nw nghUs; jUtjhf
cs;sJ. mg;gbnad;why; jkpo; jdpj;J nrayhw;wpdhy; %o;fpg;
Ngha;tpLkh? vd;W Vsdk; nra;jdu;. Mdhy; mbfs; jd; rPupa
nray;ghl;bdhy; vs;sp eifj;jtupd; $w;Wf;fis ngha;ahf;fpf;
fhl;bdhu;. ,yf;fpak;> kiwnghUspay;> kUj;Jtk;> rq;f ,yf;fpa
Ma;T> Gjpdk;> ghly;> ehlfk;> fbjk;> fl;Liu> jj;Jtk;> tuyhW>
r%ftpay; vdg; gytiffspy; Ik;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fisg;
gilj;J jkpOyFf;F mspj;Js;shu;> mbfshu;. jpUney;Ntyp
njd;dpe;jpa irt rpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk; Njhd;Wtjw;F
,tNu fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhu;. jd; tho;ehspy; Nrfupj;j ehd;fhapuk;
E}y;fisf; nfhz;L “kzpnkhop E}y; epiyak;” vd;w ngaupy; E}y; epiyak; xd;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;. jdpj; jkpo; ,af;fk;
Njhd;wpajd; fhuzkhf tl nkhopr; nrhw;fs; fisag;gl;L mjw;F
<lhd ,dpa jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; gad;ghl;Lf;F te;Js;sd. jdpj;jkpo;
vd;gJ jdpahd xU jkpo; my;y; jdpj;jkpo; vd;gJ jkpo;jhd;
vd;gij czu;e;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpw nkhopf; fyg;Gj; jkpo;
nkhopapy; Vw;gl;L nkhopAk; Ngr;Rk; rpije;J Nghfpd;w R+oy;
Vw;gl;Ltplhky;> nkhopapd; jdpj;jd;ik Fd;whJ jkJ vOj;ijf;
fhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jkpio jdpj;jkpo; vdyhk;.
nre;jkpo;f;fhg;gpak; Njhd;wpa Nruehl;by;> njhy;fhg;gpak;
Njhd;wpa Nruehl;by;> jpUf;Fws; Njhd;wpa ehQ;rpy;ehl;lUNf
cs;s Nruehl;by;> gpwnkhopf; fyg;G fq;F fiuapd;wp
Vw;gl;ljhYk;> mijj; jLj;J epWj;j mg;Nghijf;F VyhjjhYk;>
murpay; kPJ Vwpg; gpwnkhop Eioe;jjhYk; jkpopd; jdpj;jd;ik
Nruehl;by; Fd;wpaJ> mjd;tpisT kiyahsk; vd;w nkhop
Njhd;wpaJ 1100 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du;. Vwj;jho fpgp 1300 f;Fg;
gpd;du; mJ jdp ehlhfTk; Mfpg;NghdJ. jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fk;
Njhd;wpapUf;fh tpl;lhy; jkpo;ehL vd;gJ tuyhw;wpy;
fiue;jpUf;Fk;. ,d;iwf;F ,e;j msT $l jkpo; ,Ue;jpUf;fhJ.
,d;iwa jkpo;ehL Nfusk; Nghy; kzpg;gpuths khepyjhf
khwpapUf;Fk;.
“mbfspd; jdpj; jkpo; ,af;fk; jkpo;j; jhapd; neQ;R
GiuNahlhky; fhj;jJ. ghlE}y;fs; jkpo; tbtpy; ntspte;jd.
FbePiuj; J}a ePuhff; fhj;jy; Nghy jkpioj; J}ajhff; fhj;jpl
topfhl;bdhu;. mjw;fhf ,isQu; gilia Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. fyg;G
kpFjpapUe;jhYk; gy ehspjo;fs; jkpio Kbe;j msT gad;gLj;jp
281
tUfpd;wd. tho;j;Jf;fs;> tuNtw;Gfs;> miog;gpjo;fs; midj;Jk;
jkpopy; kpspu;fpd;wd. ,k;khw;wq;fisnay;yhk; kiwkiyabfisg;
ngw;wikahy; jkpo;j; jha; ngw;whs;”–vd;W mwpQu; t.Rg.khzpf;fk;
kjpg;gPL toq;fpAs;shu;. kiwkiy vd;nwhU kdpju; kl;Lk;
Njhd;wpapUf;fhtpl;lhy; ,d;iwa jkpopd; tbtk; vg;gb
,Ue;jpUf;Fk;? vd;w Nfs;tpia Nfl;f Kbahky; nra;j mtiu
jkpo; cyfk; vd;nwd;Wk; Nghw;wpg; GfOk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
13.6. murpay; fl;rpfspd; vOr;rp
jkpo; ehl;by; 1892-NyNa Mjpjpuhtplu; mikg;G
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 20k; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy; lhf;lu; b.vk;.ehau;>
jpahfuh[ nrl;bahu;> Nfrtg; gps;is> eNlr Kjypahu; Nghd;Nwhu;
gpuhkzu;fspd; Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;J> gpuhkzu; my;yhNjhupd;
cupikfisf; Nfhupg;ngw Kaw;rpj;jdu;. nrd;idapy; xU jpuhtplu;
mikg;G Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1916y; njd;dpe;jpau; ey cupikr;
rq;fk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mJNt gpd;du; ePjpf;fl;rp vd;w ngaUld;
nray;gl;lJ.
13.6.1. ePjpf;fl;rp
ePjpf;fl;rp ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;fhky;
gpuhkzu; my;yhjhu; eyd; fhf;Fk; ,af;fj;jpy; jd;id <LgLj;jpf;
nfhz;lJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; ,e;jpahTf;F Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jhy;
Ml;rp Mq;fpNyauplkpUe;J gpuhkzu;fSf;F khWNkad;wp KO
kf;fshl;rpahfhJ vd;W mf;fl;rp fUjpaNjahFk;. khz;NlF-nrk;];
Nghu;L rPu;jpUj;jk; nfhz;L te;j ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiwia
fhq;fpu]; epuhfupj;jJ. Mdhy; ePjpf;fl;rp mij tuNtw;W gpupl;b\;
Ml;rpf;F MjuT mspj;jJ.
1920y; eilngw;w Nju;jypy; gpuhkzu; gpbapypUe;j
N`hk;&y; yPf;ifj; Njhw;fbj;J typikahd ngUk;ghd;ik
gyj;ijg; ngw;wJ ePjpf;fl;rp. fhq;fpu]; Nju;jiyg; Gwf;fzpj;jJ.
1920ypUe;J 1937 tiu ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;jJ.
Rg;guhaY nul;bahu; jiyikapy; mikr;ruit gjtp Vw;wJ (1920).
mjd;gpd; eilngw;w Nju;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rp Rauh[;af; fl;rpia
ntd;W gdfy; murupd; jiyikapy; Ml;rp mikj;jJ (1923).
cl;fl;rpg; G+ryhy; 1926y; ele;j Nju;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rp Njhw;wJ.
RNal;irahfg; Nghl;bapl;l fUg;Gf; Fjpiu (Dark Horse) Rg;guhad;
Rauh[;af; fl;rp MjuTld; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. 1927 Kjy;
ePjpf;fl;rp khepy Rahl;rpf; Nfhupf;ifia vOg;gpaJ. 1930y;
eilngw;w Nju;jypy; gpw fl;rpfs; gq;Nfw;fhjjhy;> ePjpf;fl;rp
vspjpy; ntw;wp ngw;W> KDrhkp ehAL jiyikapy; Ml;rpapy;
282
mku;e;jJ. ,e;jpah rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j
NghJ nghg;gpyp muru; Kjyikr;ruhdhu; (1932). 1935 ,e;jpa
murpay; rl;lk; nfhz;L te;j khepy Rahl;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd;gb
eilngw;w Nju;jypy; (1937) fhq;fpu]; ePjpf;fl;rpiaj; Njhw;fbj;J
rp. ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupahu; jiyikapy; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpaJ.
xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
1920-1922 kdk; jkpo; ehl;by; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; (Non-
cooperation Movement) rp.,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupapd; jiyikapy;
Mu;tj;Jld; elj;jg;gl;lJ. nrd;id gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}upapy;
gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j mtuJ kfd; ,uh.,uhkrhkpiaAk; khepyf;
fy;Y}upapy; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j kw;nwhU kfd;
,uh.fpU\;zrhkpiaAk; mf;fy;Y}upapypUe;J ntspNawr; nra;J>
mtu;fis fju;j; njhz;by; <LgLtjw;fhf Nryj;Jf;F mDg;gp
itj;jhu; mtu;. ghup];lu;' gl;lk; ngw;wpUe;j tof;fwpQu; [hu;[;
N[hrg; jdJ njhopiyj; Jwe;J xj;Jioaik ,af;fj;jpy;
Nru;e;jhu;. v .rPdpthr Ia;aq;fhu; jdJ ml;tNfl; n[duy;
gjtpiaAk;> rp.I.<' vd;w gl;lj;ijAk; Jwe;jhu;. t.c.rpjk;guk;
gps;is xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij Mjupf;fhtpl;lhYk; $l jdJ
tf;fPy; njhopiyj; Jwe;J ,yf;fpa gzpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. nrd;id
vd;.v .tujhr;rhup> v. ,uhkehjd; Mfpa ,sk; tof;fwpQu;fs;
ePjpkd;wk; nry;tij epWj;jptpl;ldu;. K];yPk;fspy; rpyu; jhq;fs;
tfpj;j kh[p];Nul; cj;jpNahfq;fis cjwpj; js;spdu;.
1920 ,Wjpapy; elf;ftpUe;j khepy rl;lkd;wg; Gwf;fzpg;Gg;
gpur;rhuj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;Lf; fhq;fpu]; fhuu;fs; jPtpukhf <Lgl;ldu;.
Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl Ntz;lhnkd;W Ntl;ghsu;fisAk;> kPwpg;
Nghl;bapLNthUf;F Mjutspf;f Ntz;lhk; vd;W thf;fhsu;fisAk;
mtu;fs; Ntz;bf; nfhz;ldu;. ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupAk;> ,uh[Dk;
jpUr;rp> NfhaKj;J}u;> Nryk; khtl;lq;fspy; R+whtspr;
Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;jdu;. nrd;idapYk; jpUr;rpapYk; fhq;fpu];
fpyhgj; njhz;lu;fs; Nju;jy; Gwf;fzpg;G Kaw;rpapy; ,wq;fpdu;.
mjd; tpisthf 24 Njrpathjpfs; Nju;jypypUe;J tpyfpf;
nfhz;ldu;. vdpDk; 1920 etk;gu; 30 Mk; Njjp eilngw;w
Nju;jypy; nrd;id khepy rl;l kd;wj;Jf;fhd 98 ,lq;fspy; 63If;
ifg;gw;wpaJ ePjpf;fl;rp. jkpo;ehl;ilg; nghWj;jtiu rl;lkd;wg;
Gwf;fzpg;G ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy. ePjpf;fl;rp Njrpa
ePNuhl;lj;jpypUe;J tpyfpr; nrd;W murhq;fj;jpd; Mjuitg; ngw;W
xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij xJf;fptpl;L kf;fspd; nry;thf;ifg;
gad;gLj;jp Ml;rpia vspjpy; ifg;gw;wpaJ.
1921 [dtup 10 Mk; Njjp nrd;idf;F tUif je;j fhdhl;
Nfhkfidg; Gwf;fzpj;jdu; jkpo;ehl;Lf; fhq;fpu]; fhuu;fs;.
nrd;id efupd; %iy KLf;Ffspnsy;yhk; Nfhkfd; Gwf;fzpg;Gg;
283
gpur;rhuk; Kk;Kukhf eilngw;wJ. efupy; G+uz mu;j;jhy;
filg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJ. md;W khiy nrd;id flw;fiu $l;lj;jpy;
gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; fye;J nfhz;L fhdhl; NfhkfdJ
tUiff;F vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jdu;. flw;fiuapd; kw;nwhU gFjpapy;
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; nry;thf;fpd; fPopUe;j nrd;id khefuhl;rpapd;
rhu;ghff; fhdhl; NfhkfDf;F tuNtw;G mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uz;L
ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd;du; nrd;id khepy Gjpa rl;lkd;wf; $l;lj;ijj;
Jtf;fp itj;J ciuahw;wpdhu; Nfhkfd;. vdpDk;
,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupapd; jiyikapy; nray;gl;l jkpo;ehL
fhq;fpu]; fhdhl; NfhkfdJ nrd;id tUifia ntw;wpfukhfg;
Gwf;fzpj;jJ vd;Nw $w Ntz;Lk;. xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd;
xU gFjpahfj; njhopyhsu;fs; Ntiy epWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;ldu;.
nrd;id njhopyhsu; A+dpad; rhu;ghf gf;fpq;fhk; njhopw;rhiy
njhopyhsu;fs; Ntiy epWj;jk; nra;jdu;. kPz;Lk; Ntiyapy;
Nrur; nrd;w 800f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Mjpjpuhtplj; njhopyhsu;fs;
jhf;fg;gl;ldu;; mtu;fsJ Fg;gq;fs; jPf;fpiuahf;fg;gl;lJ (1921
[_d; 27). jkpo; ehl;bd; gy gFjpfspy; fs;Sf;filfs;
gfp\;fupf;fg;gl;ld. NfhaKj;J}u;> Nryk;> njd; Mw;fhL Mfpa
khtl;lq;fspy; fs;Sf;fil kwpay; jPtpukhf eilngw;wJ.
kwpaypy; gyhj;fhuKk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. jil cj;juit
kPwpajhy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhNdhu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;.
fhe;jpabfs; Jtf;fpa xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpy;
,uh[ghisak; ngUk; gq;Nfw;wJ. Rahl;rp ,af;fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;w
efuj; jiytu;fs; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpYk; jPtpukhf
<Lgl;ldu;. jpUr;rpapy; eilngw;w 25tJ nrd;id khfhz fhq;fpu
khehl;by; gy gpujpepjpfs; ,t;T+upypUe;J nrd;W fye;J
nfhz;ldu;. rz;lkhUjg; gpurq;f v .rj;jpa%u;j;jpapd; tUif
,e;efu; kf;fspilNa cw;rhfk; gputhfj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
I.gp.muq;frhkp ,uh[h> gp.v .rpd;d ntq;fl;uh[h> ngUkhs; uh[h>
b.v.Nf.moFuh[h MfpNahu; ehf;G+u; fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J
nfhz;ldu; (1920). mk;khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;L jpUk;gpNahu;
,e;efupy; fhq;fpu]; ,af;fj;ijg; gyg;gLj;jpdu;. I.gp.muq;frhkp
uh[h tuyhw;W rpwg;Gkpf;f fju; ,af;fj;Jf;F ,uh[ghisaj;jpy;
cWjpahd mbj;jsk; mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jhu;. mjw;fhf mtu;
rpiwj;jz;lid ngw;whu;. mtUk; mtuJ rfhf;fSk; Nkw;nfhz;l
Kaw;rpapd; tpisthf ,uh[ghisak; if ru;f;fh E}y; E}w;Fk;
njhopw;rhiy' Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. fjupd; ngUik gw;wpa gpur;rhuk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,g;gpur;rhug; gpuRuq;fs; tpLjiy ,af;f
ePNuhl;lj;jpy; fye;jJ. gp.v .Fkhurhkp uh[h Jtf;fpa tptrhapfs;
rq;fk;' fpuhkq;fspy; Njrpa czu;itg; gug;gpaJ. jpUtpy;ypGj;J}u;
jhYf;fhtpy; eilngw;w murpay; khehL fpuhkq;fspy; fhq;fpu
fkpl;bfs; mikaf; fhuzkhapUe;jJ. 1922 khu;r; 18k; Njjp
284
fhe;jpabfs; ifJ nra;ag; gl;lijaLj;J ,uh[ghisaj;jpy;
murpay; nfhe;jspg;G Vw;gl;lJ. v.];uPdpthr Ia;aq;fhu;
,uh[ghisaj;ij Ra ,uh[ghisak; vd;W tu;zpj;jjpy;
tpag;gpy;iy.
xj;Jiahik ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ kyghupy; epfo;e;j
khg;gps;isfs; fpsu;r;rp jkpo; ehl;by; Nkhrkhd tpisTfis
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mjdhy; jkpo; ehl;by fpyhgj;> xj;Jioahik
,af;fq;fs; tYtpoe;J Nghapd. K];yPk;fspd; td;Kiwf;F
mQ;rpa jkpo;ehl;L ,e;Jf;fs; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpdpd;Wk;
xJq;fpf; nfhs;sj; Jtq;fpdu;. jpUr;rpapy; gyg;gl;bUe;j ,e;J
K];yPk; xw;Wik gykw;Wg; Nghapw;W. kJiu khefuhl;rp
cWg;gpdu;fs; fhe;jpf;Ff; nfhLf;ftpUe;j tuNtw;igf; iftpl;ldu;.
NtY}upy; K];yPk;fspilNa gjl;lepiy Vw;gl;lJ. khg;gps;isfs;
fpsu;r;rpapy; fsq;fg;gl;L Nghd xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij NkYk;
njhlu Ntz;Lkhntd ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup re;Njfpj;jhu;. 1921
nrg;lk;gu; khjk; jkpo;ehl;Lf;F tUif je;j fhe;jp ,e;J K];yPk;
xw;Wik Nfs;tpf;Fwpahf ,Ue;jijAk; fhzj; jtwtpy;iy.
,af;fk; vt;thW cUntLf;FNkh vd;w mr;rk; kf;fspilNa
gutyhff; fhzg;gl;ljhff; Fwpg;gpl;lhu; fhe;jp.
kyghu; khg;gps;isfs; fpsu;r;rpiaj; njhlu;e;J
xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij xLf;f jPu;kdpj;jJ nrd;id murhq;fk;.
ah$g; `hrd; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. mg;Jy; k[pj;\hu; 'jkpo;ehL'
gj;jpupf;if Mrpupau; tujuh[{Y ehAL> 'Njrgf;jd;' Mrpupau;
FOtpdu; MfpNahUk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. 1921 etk;gu; 4 Mk;
Njjp mfpy ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b> jdpegu;fs; rl;lkWg;G
,af;fj;jpy; <Lglyhk; vd;W vLj;j Kbit> jpUr;rpapy; $ba
jkpo;ehL fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b Mjupj;jJ (et.20). mjd;gb jil
cj;juit kPwpa ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupAk;> vk;.tp.Rg;gpukzpa
rh];jpupAk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. NfhaKj;J}upy; fs;Sf;fil
kwpaypy; <Lgl;l <.Nt. ,uhkrhkp ehaf;fUk; ifjhdhu;. Nty;
,sturu; nrd;idf;F tUif je;j NghJ (1922 [d.14) efupy;
G+uz mu;j;jhy; eilngw;wJ. Mdhy; td;KiwAk; Jg;ghf;fpr; R+Lk;
jkpo;ehl;by; eilngw;w xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;Jf;F
mtg;ngaiuj; Njbj;je;jd. tupnfhlh ,af;fj;Jf;Fj; jkpo;ehl;by;
Mjutpy;iy. jkpo;ehl;by; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd;
KJnfYk;ghf ,Ue;j ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;ljhYk;> fhq;fpuRf;Fs;NsNa gyUf;F xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;jpy; ek;gpf;ifapd;ikahYk;> ePjpf;fl;rp nghJ kf;fspilNa
nry;thf;F ngw;W Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wp murhq;fj;ij
Mjupj;jjhYk; jkpo;ehl;by; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; vjpu;ghu;j;j
msTf;F ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy. nrsup nrsuh td;Kiw epfo;r;rpia
285
(1922 gpg;utup 4) mLj;J fhe;jpNa xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij
tpyf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;.
13.6.2. Rauh[;af; fl;rp
xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; tpyf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl;l NghjpYk;
Njrj; jiytu;fs; tpLjiy nra;ag;gltpy;iy. ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;lk; Njf;f epiyapy; ,Ue;j NghJ Rauh[;af; fl;rpapdu;
rl;lkd;wj;Jf;Fs; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij Jtf;Ftnjd KbT
nra;jdu;. jkpo;ehl;by; f];J}upuq;f Ia;aq;fu;> rPdpthr Ia;aq;fhu;>
tujuh[{Y ehAL> tp[auhfthr;rhupahu;> V. ,uq;frhkp Ia;aq;fhu;
MfpNahu; Rauh[;af; fl;rpapy; Nru;e;J rl;lkd;w Eioit
Mjupj;jdu;. 1923 etk;gu; 13 Mk; Njjp eilngw;w kj;jpa
rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy; jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
Rauh[;af; fl;rpapdUs; rj;jpa%u;j;jp> V.,uq;frhkp ma;aq;fhu;>
Mu;.Nf.\z;Kfk; nrl;bahu;> vd;.rPdpthr ma;aq;fhu; MfpNahu;
Fwpg;gplj; jf;ftu;fs;. nrd;id khepy rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy;
Rauh[;af; fl;rp 41 ,lq;fisg; ngw;whYk;$l mikr;ruitia
mikf;f kWj;Jtpl;lJ. mjdhy; lhf;lu; gp.Rg;guhad; jiyikapy;
RNal;ir mikr;ruit mikf;fg;gl;lJ. Rauh[;af; fl;rpAk;>
ePjpf;fl;rpAk; vjpu;f;fl;rpfshf nray;gl Ntz;bajhapw;W. ,ul;il
Ml;rpiaj; Njhw;fbf;Fk; Nehf;fj;NjhL Rauh[;af; fl;rp
ePjpf;fl;rpAld; Nru;e;J RNal;ir mikr;ruitiaf; ftpo;f;Fk;
Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lJ. jkpo;ehl;by; Rauh[;af; fl;rpapduhy; ,ul;il
Ml;rpapd; jPikfis vLj;Jf;fhl;l Kbe;jNjnahopa mij
nraypof;fr; nra;a Kbatpy;iy. ,ul;il Ml;rpapd;
Kuz;ghLfSf;Fs; ,e;jpa Rauh[;af; fl;rpapdu; Gaypy; rpf;fpa
glnfd jpirjg;gpj; jkpo;ehl;L murpaypypUe;J kiwe;jdu;.
ePy; rpiy mwg;Nghuhl;lk;
nrd;id ,uhZtg; gpuptpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;j fu;dy; ePy;
1857 ngUq;fpsu;r;rpia xLf;Ftjpy; jdpj;jPtpuk; fhl;batu;.
mtUila Nritiag; ghuhl;b gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; nrd;idapd;
gpujhd gFjpapy; ePypd; rpiyia itj;jJ. tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ me;j 'mtkhdr; rpd;dj;ij' mfw;Wtjw;fhf
ney;iy e.Nrhkah[{Ytpd; jiyikapy; rj;jpahf;fpuff;FO
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. kJiu rPdpthrehj Ia;aq;fhu;> mtuJ kidtp
gj;khrdp mk;khs;> nu.rpjk;gughujp> lhf;lu; gp.tujuh[{Y MfpNahu;
mr;rj;jpahfpufj;jpy; ngUk; gq;Nfw;wdu;. 1927 Mf];L 11 Mk;
Njjp Jtq;fpa mg;Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F Rg;guhaY ehALTk;> KfkJ
rhypah ,uhTj;jUk; jiyik jhq;f ePypd; rpiyia cilj;J
Nrjg;gLj;jpdu;. mtu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L MWkhjk; fLq;fhty;
jz;lid ngw;wdu;. Mf];L khjk; Jtf;fg;gl;l ePy; rpiy
rj;jpahf;fpufk; brk;gu; tiu njhlu;e;J eilngw;wJ. jkpo;ehl;bd;
286
gy khtl;lq;fspypUe;Jk; njhz;lu;fs; nrd;idf;F te;J
mg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;ldu;. Nrhkah[{Y> Fbahj;jk;
rhkpehj Kjypahu;> gz;Ul;b v];.V.Njtehaf Iah MfpNahu;
KiwNa jsgjpfshapUe;J ePy; rpiy rj;jpahfpufj;ij elj;jp
ifjhfp fLe;jz;lidiag; ngw;wdu;. ‘ehfGupapy; eilngw;w
Njrpaf; nfhbg;Nghu;> gu;Nlhypapy; eilngw;w tupnfhlh ,af;fk;>
Nfusj;jpy; eilngw;w itf;fk; rj;jpahf;fpufk; Mfpatw;Wf;F
,izahdjhf ,Ue;jJ nrd;idapy; eilngw;w ePy; rpiyr;
rj;jpahf;fpufk;' vdg; Gfohuk; R+l;bAs;shu; k.ngh.rptQhdk;.
irkd; FO Gwf;fzpg;G> 1927-1929
1928 gpg;utup 3 Mk; Njjp irkd; FO (Simon Commission)
gk;ghapy; te;jpwq;fpa NghJ mij vjpu;j;J ,e;jpahnaq;fpYk;
mu;j;jhy; mD\;bf;fg;gl;lJ. nrd;idapy; eilngw;w
gpukhz;lkhd Mu;g;ghl;lj;ijf; fiyf;fg; NghyPrhu; Jg;ghf;fpg;
gpuNahfk; nra;jjpy; %d;W Ngu; khz;ldu;. gpufhrk;> Kj;Juq;f
Kjypahu;> gf;jtj;ryk; MfpNahu; jbabf;F Mshapdu;.
jpUty;ypf;Nfzp [hu;[; lTdpy; epiyikia rkhspf;f ,uhZtk;
miof;fg;gl;lJ. irkd; FO nrd;idf;F te;j NghJ 'irkNd
jpUk;gpg; Ngh' vd;w Kof;fk; vOe;jJ. mf;FOTf;nfjpuhff;
fUg;Gf; nfhb fhl;lg;gl;lJ. fz;ld Cu;tyKk; flw;fiuf;
$l;lKk; eilngw;wd. irkd; FOTf;F mspf;fg;gl;l murhq;f
tuNtw;gpy; lhf;lu; gp.Rg;guhad; fye;J nfhz;lijf; fz;bj;J
mtuJ mikr;ruitapypUe;J ,uq;fehj KjypahUk;>
MNuhf;fparhkp KjypahUk; gjtp tpyfpdu;. irkd; FO kPz;Lk;
nrd;id te;j NghJ (1930 gpg;utup 29) jPtpukhfg;
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ. irkd; FO tUifahy; jkpo; ehl;by;
gpupl;b\; Ml;rp kPjpUe;j mjpUg;jpAk; ntWg;Gzu;r;rpAk;
mjpfupf;fNt nra;jd.
G+uz Rje;jpu rgjk;
1927 nrd;idapy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; jhd;
Kjd; Kiwahfg; G+uz Rje;jpuNk ,e;jpahtpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; vd
mwptpf;fg; gl;lJ. mLj;j Mz;L fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w
fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; kf;fs; G+uz Rje;jpug; gpur;rhuj;jpy; <Lgl
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> 1929 ,Wjpf;Fs; ,e;jpahTf;F nlhkpdpad;
me;j];J toq;fg;glhtpby; fhq;fpu]; G+uz Rje;jpuk; Nfhupg;
Nghuhlyhnkd;W jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. jkpo;ehl;by;
,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup kPz;Lk; murpaypy; jPtpukhf <Lglyhdhu;.
njhlf;fg;gltpUe;j Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F kf;fisj; jahu;gLj;j jkpo;ehL
KOtJk; Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;jhu; mtu;. 1930 [dtup 26 Mk; Njjp
Njrnkq;Fk; G+uz Rje;jpu ehs; nfhz;lhlg;gl;l NghJ
287
jkpo;ehl;by; xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpYk; Cu;NjhWk; me;ehs;
nfhz;lhlg;gl Ntz;Lk;
ePjpf;fl;rp> 1916-1920 Kd;Ndhb Kaw;rpfs;
19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,ilg;gFjpapy; Mq;fpy murhq;fk;
xU Miziag; gpwg;gpj;jJ: 1854 epiy Miz (Standing Order
No.128(2)> 1854). ,e;j Mizg;gb 1) murhq;f fPo;epiyg;
gjtpfSf;fhd epakdq;fs; xUrpy nry;thf;Fkpf;f FLk;gq;fspd;
VfNghf cupikahf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ; 2) xt;nthU khtl;lj;Jf;fhd
gjtpfs; mk;khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s gpujhd r%fj;jpdUf;Ff;
fpilf;FkhW gfpu;e;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W njspthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1871 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; fzf;fPl;L Nkw;ghu;itahsu;
Nfhu;dp\; (Cornish, Superintendent W.R.Cornish, Census of Madras
Presidency, Vol.l, p.197) gpd;tUk; gupe;Jiuiar; nra;jhu;: 1)
xt;nthU gpur;ridAk; gpuhkzf; fz;zhb %yk; ghu;g;gJ murhq;f
murpaYf;F ey;yjy;y; 2) kpf mjpfkhf cs;s ,e;Jf;fs;>
K];yPk;fs; MfpNahupd; vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g murhq;fg;
gjtpfSf;F tuk;G tpjpf;f Ntz;Lk;; 3) ve;jnthU Fwpg;gpl;l
rhjpapdUf;Fk; Kjy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fhjthW murpd;
nfhs;iffs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. RUq;ff;$wpd;> 1854 epiy
MizAk;> 1871 gupe;JiuAk; ePjpf;fl;rp Njhd;wp> Ntu;tpl;L
tsu;tjw;fhd tpijfisj; jhq;fp ,Ue;jd vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
13.6.3. Mjpjpuhtplu; [drig
20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapy;
gpuhkzu; my;yhjhu; rhu;gpy; Jtf;fg;gl;l kpfg; ngupa gpuhe;jpa
murpay; mikg;G (Regional Political Party) ePjpf;fl;rp MFk;.
,f;fl;rp cUthf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;ghf ,j;jpir Nehf;fpg; gy
Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws; Kjd;ikahdJ
Mjpjpuhtpl [drig (Adi Dravidar Jana Saba) MFk;. Mjpjpuhtplu;
Kjy; Kiwahf 'jpuhtplu;' vd;w gl;lg;ngaiug; Nghl;Lf;
nfhz;ljhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; Mu;.fz;zd;. Mjpjpuhtplu; [drig
mikf;fg;gl;l %d;W Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF 1895 Mk; Mz;by;
,uz;L Jz;L gpuRuq;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ld: 1) gpuhkzuy;yhNjhu;
,dq;fSk; ,e;jpa nghJg;gzpAk; (The Non-Brahmin) Races and
Indian Public Service); 2) gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; ,dq;fis rPu;
nra;tjw;fhd toptiffs; (The Ways and Means for the
Amelioration of Non-Brahmin Races). ,t;tpU ntspaPLfSk;
eLepiyahsu; (Fair Play) vd;w Gidg; ngaupy; vOjg;gl;lit.
,e;j ntspaPLfs; muRg; gzpfspy; gpuhkzu;fs; Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;JtjhfTk;> ,g;gzpfspy; midj;J tFg;gpdiuAk; Nru;j;Jf;
288
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Nfhug;gl;bUe;jd. ,t;ntspaPLfs; Kjy;
Kiwahf gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; gw;wpa gpur;ridia ntspr;rj;Jf;Ff;
nfhz;L te;jd. NkYk; ,e;j gpuRuq;fspy; 'gpuhkzuy;yhjhu;
,dq;fs;'> ',e;jpag; nghJg;gzp' Mfpa nrhw;nwhlu;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,e;j ,uz;L
ntspaPLfSk; Njrpa fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL vOjg;gl;litahFk;.
rp.rq;fud;ehau;
rp.rq;fud; ehau; ePjpgjp Mtjw;F Kd; gpupl;b\hu; Nghw;Wk;
rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fs; rhjp Kiwf;F
Kw;wpYk; khWgl;lJ vd;W Ngrpdhu; (1904). nrd;idg;
gy;fiyf;fofk; gl;ljhupfSf;F ciuahw;wpa ePjpgjp rq;fud;
ehau; tu;z-[hjp Kiw mfw;wg;glhj tiu murpay; Kd;Ndw;wk;
rhj;jpakpy;iy vd;whu; (1908).
13.6.4. nrd;id gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; rq;fk;
1909 Mk; Mz;L gp.Rg;ukzpak;> vk;.GUN\hj;jk ehAL
Mfpa ,uz;L gpuhkzuy;yhj tof;FiuQu;fs; nrd;id
gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; rq;fk; (Madras Non-Brahmin Association) vd;w
mikg;igj; Jtf;fpdu;. ,e;j mikg;gpd; Nehf;fk;
gpuhkuy;yhNjhupilNa fy;tpiag; gug;GtjhFk;. NkYk;
,r;rq;fj;jpy; Xuhapuk; cWg;gpdu;fisr; Nru;f;fj; jpl;lkpl;bUe;jdu;.
Mdhy; mg;NghjpUe;j gpuhkzuy;yhj gpuKfu;fs; ,k;Kaw;rpf;F
Mjutspf;f Kd;tutpy;iy. fhyk; fdptjw;F Kd;Ng Jtf;fg;gl;l
,r;rq;fk; nray;gl Kbahky; Nghapw;W. nrd;id gpuhkzuy;yhjhu;
rq;fk; jhd; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l
Kjy; mikg;ghFk;.
nrd;id $l;likg;Gf; FO> 1912
nrd;id gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; rq;fk; Jtf;fg;gl;l
%d;whz;Lfspy; nrd;id $l;likg;Gf; FO (Madras United League>
1912) Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;FO gpuhkzuy;yhj murhq;f
mYtyu;fshy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. murhq;f epu;thfj;jpy; gpuhkzu;
Mjpf;fj;jhy; ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rutz gps;is> [p.tPuhrhkp
ehAL> Jiurhkp ehAL Nghd;Nwhu; ,f;FO Njhd;w %yfhuzkhf
,Ue;jdu;. murpay; rhuhj ,e;j mikg;G rKjha eltbf;iffspy;
jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ. nrd;id $l;likg;Gf; FONt
gpd;du; nrd;id jpuhtplu; rq;fk; (Madras Dravidian Association)
vd;W ngau; khw;wk; ngw;wJ (1912 mf;Nlhgu; 1). mg;NghJ kUj;Jt
khztuhf ,Ue;j rp.eNlr Kjypahu; ,r;rq;fj;jpd; nrayhsuhfTk;
gzpahw;wpdhu;.
289
13.6.5. nrd;id jpuhtplu; rq;f
jpuhtplu; rq;fk; Jtf;fg;gl;lgpd; rpy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rhjidfisr;
nra;jJ: 1) nrd;idapy; ,r;rq;fj;jpd; fpisfs; jpwf;fg;gl;ld; 2)
nrd;idapy; jq;fpapUe;j gpuhkzuy;yhj khztu;fSf;nfd;Nw
gpuj;Naf tpLjp (Hostel) Jtq;fg;gl;lJ; 3) nrd;idapypUe;j
gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; gl;ljhupfis Mz;LNjhWk; mioj;J
mtu;fSf;F ,r;rq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; eltbf;iffs; gw;wp
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ; mtu;fs; fTutpf;fg;gl;ldu;; 4) rq;ff;
Nfhupf;iffis cs;slf;fpa ,uz;L E}y;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ld.
nrd;id jpuhtplu; rq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffs; gbj;j
gpuhkzuy;yhNjhupilNa tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mJkl;Lky;y.
ntsp khtl;lq;fspypUe;J nrd;idapy; gy ,lu;ghLfSf;F
,ilNa fy;tp gapd;W te;j gpuhkzuy;yhj khztu;fSf;nfd
jdpahf xU tpLjpiaj; Jtf;fpaJ rKjha khw;wj;Jf;fhd
mbg;gil Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd epfo;r;rpahFk;.
,uhay; fkp\d;
1912 Mk; Mz;L murhq;fg; gzpfSf;fhd ,uhay; fkp\d;
(Royal Commission on Public Services) mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ
nrd;id rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;j gp.jpahfuha nrl;b
mf;fkp\id re;jpj;J khfhz murhq;fg; gjtpfis gpuhkzu;fs;
Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gijg; Gs;sp tptuq;fSld;
tpsf;fpdhu;. fkp\d; 42 rhl;rpfis tprhupj;jJ. mtu;fspy;
xUtuhd tUtha; Nfhl;l mjpfhup ghyh[p uht; ehAL
gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; eyidg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd xU top rhjpthupahd
tpfpjhr;rhu gpujpepjpj;Jtk; jhd; vd;gij typAWj;jpdhu;.
fbjf; fpsu;r;rp
1915 Mk; Mz;L 21 fbjq;fis cs;slf;fpa E}y;
ntspaplg;gl;lJ. gpuhkzuy;yhj rp.rq;fud; ehauhy; vOjg;gl;l
,f;fbjq;fs; midtuJ ftdj;ijAk; ftu;e;jd. ,e;j fbjq;fs;
gl;Lk; glhkypUe;j gpuhkzuy;yhj jiytu;fs; midtiuAk;
rpe;jpf;f itj;jd. cs;sha;T nra;Njhu; Cf;fKw;wdu;. jpuhtpl
kfhrig (Dravida Maha Sabha) vd;w murpay; mikg;ig
cUthf;fp mjd; fpisfis khtl;lq;fspYk;> fpuhkq;fspYk;
Jtf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; vOe;jJ. ,f;fbjq;fs; mlq;fpa
E}y; ntspaplg;gl;l mNj Mz;by; (1915) rp.rq;fud;ehau; vOjpa
jpuhtpl gpugyq;fs; (Dravidian Worthies) vd;w E}Yk;
ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,uz;L E}y;fSk; ey;y tuNtw;igg;
ngw;wd. ,it gpuhkzuy;yhNjhupilNa rpe;jidf; fpsu;r;rpia
Vw;gLj;jpd. mg;NghJ rp.rq;fud; ehau; fhq;fp fl;rpj; jiytuhf
,Ue;jhu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
290
13.6.6. Nju;jy; jpUg;GKid
Nju;jy; Njhy;tp
1916 Mk; Mz;L ,k;gPupay; rl;lkd;w (Imperial Legislative
Assembly) j;Jf;fhd Nju;jy; eilngw;wJ. mj;Nju;jypy;
Nghl;bapl;l gpuhkzuy;yhj gpugy Ntl;ghsu;fshd b.vk;.ehaUk;>
gp. ,uhkuhaUk; KiwNa gpuhkz Ntl;ghsu;fshd gp.v .];uPdpthr
rh];jpup> Nf.tp. ,uq;frhkp Iaq;fhu; MfpNahuhy;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldu;. mNjNghd;W> gpl;b jpahfuha nrl;bAk;> Fkhu
ntq;flnul;b ehALTk; md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahupd; Rahl;rp rq;f
(Home Rule League)j;jpd; MjuT ngw;w gpuhkz Ntl;ghsu;fshy;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldu;. midj;J Ntl;ghsu;fSk; fhq;fpuirr;
Nru;e;jtu;fs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Rarpe;jid
kpfr; rpWghd;ik r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;j gpuhkz Ntl;ghsu;fs; kpfg;
ngUk;ghd;ikr; r%fq;fisr; Nru;e;j nry;tKk; nry;thf;Fk;kpf;f
Ntl;ghsu;fis vspjpy; Njhw;fbj;jJ gpuhkzuy;yhj
gpugyq;fSf;Fg; Ngujpu;r;rpahf ,Ue;jJ. ,j;Nju;jy; Njhy;tpfs;
gpuhkzu;-gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; MfpNahUf;F ,ilNa ,Ue;j
,ilntspia NkYk; tpupTgLj;jptpl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf gpuhkzuy;yhj
thf;fhsu;fs; gpuhkz Ntl;ghsu;fSF Mjuthf thf;fspj;J
ntw;wp ngwr; nra;jJ gpuhkzuy;yhj jiytu;fspilNa
Rarpe;jidiaj; J}z;btpl;lJ. mjd; tpisNt ePjpf;fl;rpapd;
vOr;rpahFk;.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
6. jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jtu;?
7. ve;j Mz;L njd;dpe;jpau; ey cupikr; rq;fk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ?
8. ve;j Mz;L Mjpjpuhtplu; [drig Jtq;fg;gl;lJ?
13.7. ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Njhw;wk;
,k;gPupay; rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy; Njhy;tpiaj; jOtpa gpl;b
jpahfuha nrl;bAk;> vk;.ehaUk; mtu;fSila Mjuthsu;fSld;
1916 etk;gu; 20 Mk; ehs; nrd;id tpf;Nlhupah nghJ kz;lgj;jpy;
(Victoria Public Hall) $b tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;JtKila ,uz;L
KbTfis vLj;jdu;: 1) njd;dpe;jpa kf;fs; rq;fk; (South Indian
People's Association) vd;w ngaupy; xU mikg;igj; Jtf;FtJ; 2)
291
mNjNghd;W> njd;dpe;jpa ey cupikr; rq;fk; (South Indian Liberal
Federation) vd;w mikg;igAk; cUthf;ftJ.
njd;dpe;jpa kf;fs; rq;fk;
njd;dpe;jpa kf;fs; rq;fk; xU $l;Lg; gq;Ff; fof (Joint-
Stock Company)j;ijg; Nghd;W tu;j;jf mikg;ghFk;. mjd;
Nehf;fk; Mq;fpyk;> jkpo;> njYq;F Mfpa nkhopfspy;
nra;jpj;jhs;fisj; Jtf;fp> mtw;wpd; %yk; gpuhkzuy;yhjhupd;
Fiwfis ntspapLtjhFk;. mjhtJ> ,e;j rq;fk; xU gpur;rhu
rhjdkhf ,aq;Fk;. jpahfuha nrl;b ,jd; nrayuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
njd;dpe;jpa ey cupik rq;fk;
,uz;lhtJ epWtdkhd njd;dpe;jpa ey cupik rq;fk;
murpay; fl;rpahFk;. ,jd; Nehf;fq;fs;: 1) gpuhkzuy;yhjhu;
cupikf;fhfTk;> eyDf; fhfTk; Fuy; nfhLg;gJ; 2) murhq;f
mjpfhupfSld; njhlu;G nfhz;L ,it gw;wp vLj;Jiug;gJ; 3)
gpuhkzuy;yhjtu;fSf;fhd jpl;lq;fisj; jPl;b nray; gLj;JtJ;
,f;fl;rp ePjp (Justice)> jpuhtpld; (Dravidan)> Me;jpu gpufhrh
(Andhra Prakasa) Mfpa ehNsLfis KiwNa Mq;fpyj;jpYk;>
jkpopYk;> njYq;fpYk; ntspapLtnjd;Wk; KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
mjd;gbNa fl;rpAk;> gj;jpupiffSk; Jtf;fg;gl;ld. Mq;fpy
ehNslhd 'ePjp' nry;thf;F ngw;wikahy; njd;dpe;jpa ey
cupikr; rq;fk; ePjpf;fl;rp (justic Party) vd;w ngau; khw;wk;
ngw;wJ. jdpj;jdpNa nray;gl;L te;j nrd;id jpuhtplu; rq;fKk;>
njd;dpe;jpa kf;fs; rq;fKk; ePjpf;fl;rpAld; ,ize;jd.
xd;W Nru;e;j JUtq;fs;
nrd;id khefuhl;rpapy; ,U JUtq;fshf nray;gl;L te;j
gpl;b jpahfuha nrl;bf;Fk; ehaUf;FkpilNa ,Ue;j fUj;J
NtWghLfisg; Nghf;fp> ,UtiuAk; xd;W Nru;j;J ePjpf;fl;rpf;F
nfhz;L te;j ngUik rp.eNlr Kjypahiur; NrUk;. ,tu;jhd;
gpd;du; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,d;Nwy; tupapy;iy' (No taxation without
representation) vd;w Nfh\j;ij nrd;id rl;lkd;wj;jpy;
vOg;gpdhu;. ,tu;fSld; K.V.nul;b> gdfy; muru;> Nghg;gpyp muru;
Nghd;NwhUk; fhq;fpuir tpl;L ntspNawp ePjpf;fl;rpapy; Nru;e;jdu;.
,jdhy; ePjpf;fl;rpf;F kf;fspilNa mq;fPfhuKk; kjpg;Gk;
mjpfupj;jJ.
13.7.1. gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; gpufldk;
1916 brk;gu; khjk; jpahfuha nrl;b tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f
gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; gpufld (Non-Brahmin Manifesto)j;ij
ntspapl;lhu;. ,g;gpufldj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fshtd: 1)
,e;jpau;fs; ,d;Dk; Rahl;rpf;Fj; jahuhftpy;iy; 2) ,e;epiyapy;
292
gpupl;b\hu; ,e;jpau;fSf;F Rahl;rp toq;fpdhy; mJ gpuhkzu;fs;
gpwu;kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jtjpy; jhd; KbAk;; 3) nrd;id
,uh[jhdpapd; kf;fs; njhifapy; gpuhkzu;fs; 3% kl;LNk
cs;sdu;; Mdhy; mtu;fs; murhq;f mjpfhutu;f;fk; (Bureaucracy)>
rl;lk;> kUj;Jtk; Nghd;w Jiwfs;> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd;
Kf;fpa gjtpfs; Mfpatw;wpy; msTf;F kPwp mjpf ,lq;fisg;
gpbj;Js;sdu;. 4) kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikapy; cs;s gpuhkzuy;yhNjhu;
murhq;fj;Jf;F tup nrYj;Jfpd;wdu;; Mdhy; mtu;fSf;F murhq;f
NtiyapYk; fy;tpapYk; cupa ,lk; nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy; 5) ,e;j
epiy ePbj;jhy; gpuhkzu;fs; murhq;fg; gzpfs; kw;Wk; gpw
gpujpepjpj;Jt mikg;Gfs; midj;ijAk; Mf;fpukpj;Jf;nfhs;tu;; 6)
nrl;b> NfhKl;b> Kjypahu;> ehAL> ehau; Nghd;w rKjhaj;jpdu;
nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapd; nghUs; kw;Wk; xOf;f Nkk;ghl;L
Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fg; gq;fspg;G nra;jpUg;gpDk; ,tu;fs; gpd;Df;Fj;
js;sg;gl;Ls;sdu;. vdNt kf;fs; Rahl;rp ngWtjw;F Kd;ghf rhjp
NtLghLfs; ePf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf ePjpf;fl;rp gpupl;b\;
Ml;rpf;F tpRthrj;Jld; ed;wpf;fld; gl;bUf;Fk;. gpuhkzuy;yhjhu;
gpufldk; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;> nfhs;if> jpl;lq;fs; gw;wpa
mbg;gil MtzkhFk;. ,g;gpufldk; nrd;id ,uh[jhdp tho;
gpuhkzuy;yhjhupd; khf;dh fhu;lh (Magna Carta) vd;W
tu;zpj;Js;shu; rpjk;guk; FbauR.
fz;ldf; Fuy;
gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; gpufldk; milahs murpay; (Identify
Politics) mwptpg;ghfTk; miog;ghfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j mwptpg;G
gpuhkzuy;yhNjhUf;F jdpg;gl;l milahsj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. ,J
jw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L murpaYf;Fg; Gjpa tbtj;ijj; je;J> Gjpa
ghijiaAk; Nghl;Lf; nfhLj;jJ. vdNt> gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; vd;w
milahsj;ij typikg;gLj;j ,r;nrhy; gpufldj;jpy; 13
,lq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk; Njrpa gj;jpupiffs;
,g;gpufldj;ij ru;r;irf;Fupa MtzkhfNt ghu;j;jd; ,jw;F
vjpuhff; fz;ldf; Fuy; vOg;gpd. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf ,e;J
gj;jpupif ,e;j gpufldj;ij kpFe;j NtjidNahLk;> tpag;NghLk;
guprPypj;jjhfTk;> ,jpy; fhzg;gLk; gy tp\aq;fs;
epahakw;wjhfTk;> jpupj;Jf; $wg;gl;bUg;gjhfTk;> ngUikf;Fupa
,e;jpa r%fj;jhupilNa ,e;j mwptpg;G frg;Gzu;it
Vw;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu NtW ve;j Nehf;fj;ijAk; epiwNtw;wg;
Nghtjpy;iy vd;Wk; vOjpaJ (1916 brk;gu; 20).
,e;J Nerd; gj;jpupif ,g;Gjpa rq;fk; Jtf;fg;gl;lijg;
gw;wpa re;Njfj;ijf; fpsg;gpaJ. md;dpngrz;l;bd; epA+ V[; (New
Age) ,g;gpufldKk; ePjpf;fl;rpAk; mfhy kuzkilAk; vd;W
M&lk; $wpaJ. ,J nrl;bahupd; gpufldk;' vd;W tu;zpj;j
293
ilk;]; Mg; ,e;jpah (Times of India) xd;W Nru;e;J
nray;glf;$ba xUkpj;j gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; vd;w tFg;ghu;
ahUkpy;iy vd;W $wpaJ. ,g;gpufldk; xU KiwNflhd
fl;Lf;fij (Illegitimate Fabrication)> murpay; Nghypg;GidT
(Political Fiction)> fw;gidr; nra;jp (Figment of Imagination)
vd;nwy;yhk; Fiw $wg;gl;lJ. ,f;Fw;wr;rhl;LfSf;Fg; gjpy;
mspf;Fk; tifapy; gpuhkzu; my;yhjhu; (Non-Brahmin) vd;w
ePjpf;fl;rp gj;jpupif “Nfyp NgRNthu; Ngrl;Lk;. gpuhkzuy;yhjhu;
rKjhak; vtuhYk; jLj;J epWj;j Kbahj msTf;F Kd;NdWk;” vd;W vOjpaJ. vdpDk; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; vOr;rp Nfhg;igapy; vOe;j
Gay; my;y vd;gij czu itj;jJ.
ePjpf;fl;rp gj;jpupiffs;
1917 Mk; Mz;L njd;dpe;jpa kf;fs; rq;fk; jdJ
gq;Ffis (Shares) tpw;W> NkYk; gzk; jpul;b &.40>000f;F xU
mr;Rf;$lj;ij thq;fp ePjp (Justice) vd;w ngaupy; Kjy; ,jio
ntspapl;lJ (1917 gpg;utup 24). b.vk;.ehau; ,g;gj;jpupifapy;
fTutg; gjpg;ghsuhfTk;> vk;.v.G+u;zypq;fk; Jizg; gjpg;ghsuhfTk;
nghWg;Ngw;wdu;. mNjNghd;W> gf;jtj;ryk; gps;isiag;
gjpg;ghsuhff; nfhz;L jpuhtpld; vd;w jkpo; nra;jpg; gj;jpupif
1917 [_d; khjk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. V.rp.ghu;j;jrhujp ehAL Me;jpu
gpufhrpfh vd;w njYq;F nra;jpg; gj;jpupifia tpiyf;F thq;fp
gjpg;gpj;jhu;. ePjpf;fl;rp %d;W gj;jpupiffs; %yk;
nfhs;iffisAk;> jpl;lq;fisAk;> nray;ghLfisAk; gug;Gk;
gof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; gpuhkzu;
gj;jpupiffis vjpu;j;J epw;gJ vd;gJ epidj;Jg; ghu;f;f
KbahjJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> jpthd; gfJ}u; fUzhfu Nkdd; ePjp
(Justice) Mq;fpyg; gj;jpupif Mrpupauhf ,Uf;f xg;Gjy;
nfhLj;jhu;. Mdhy; md;dpngrz;l;> rp.gp. ,uhkrhkp Iau;> gp.Nfrt
gps;is MfpNahupd; Ngr;irf; Nfl;L filrp Neuj;jpy; Mrpupau;
nghWg;Ngw;f kWj;J tpl;lhu;.
gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; khehL
ePjpf;fl;rp Jtf;fg;gl;L> gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; gpufldk;
ntspaplg;gl;l gpd;> Kjy; gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; khehL (First Non-
Brahmin Conference) 1917 Mf];L 19 Mk; ehs; Nfhak;Gj;J}upy;
,ukuhadpd;fupd; jiyikapy; eilngw;wJ. ,k;khehl;by;
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Nehf;fq;fSk;> ,yf;FfSk; njspTgLj;jg; gl;lJ: 1)
njd;dpe;jpahtpYs;s midj;J rKjhaq;fspd; fy;tp> nghUshjhu>
r%f> xOf;f epiyfis Nkk;gLj;jy;; 2) gpuhkzuy;yhjhupd;
vz;zq;fisAk;> vjpu;ghu;g;GfisAk; Mq;fpy murhq;fj;jplk;
vLj;Jiuj;jy;; 3) nghJf;$l;lq;fs;> gpuRuq;fs; %yk; fl;rpf;
nfhs;iffisAk;> nray; jpl;lq;fisAk; gw;wpg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jy;.
294
,f;nfhs;iffis kf;fsplk; nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhf 1917 Mk;
Mz;L ,Wjpf;Fs; Nfhit> Nryk;> jpUney;Ntyp> gpf;fhtNs>
Gypntd;bah> ngrthlh Mfpa efuq;fspy; khehLfs;
elj;jg;gl;ld. ,k;khehLfs; ePjpf;fl;rp epiy ngw;Wtpl;lJ vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;jpd. xNu Mz;by; (1917) 6 tl;lhu khehLfis
elj;jpa gpd; Kjy; khepy khehL 1917 brk;gu; 28-29 Njjpfspy;
nrd;id nty;ypq;fld; jpiu muq;fpy; eilngw;wJ. mk;khehl;by;
Jtf;ff; fy;tp> tptrhaf; fy;tp> njhopy; fy;tp> nghJ
epWtdq;fs;> murhq;fg; gzp> cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs;>
mwf;fl;lis mikg;Gfs;> r%f-rka Kd;Ndw;wk;> jw;fhg;G
,af;fk;> murpay; rPu;jpUj;jk;> tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jtk;> yl;rpaf;
fdTfs; gw;wpnay;yhk; guprPypf;fg; gl;lJ. “murpay; Nghu;
Jtq;fptpl;lJ. XahJ cioAq;fs;. ntw;wp Nehf;fp eil
NghLq;fs;. cq;fSila rKjha cupikfs; cldbahf Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;glhky; Nghfyhk;. Mdhy; tUq;fhy rKjhak; ,tw;iw
epr;rak; mWtil nra;Ak;” vd;w miw$tYld; khehL KbTw;wJ.
Kjy; ehd;F Mz;Lfs;> 1916-1920
ePjpf;fl;rp Jtf;fg;gl;lgpd; mf;fl;rp gy rthy;fis re;jpf;f
Ntz;ba jhapw;W. mtw;Ws; KjyhtJ mwptpYk;> Mw;wypYk;>
murhq;f MjutpYk; tYthf ,Ue;j gpuhkzu;fSld;
NkhjpajhFk;. md;iwa nrd;idapy; %d;W tYthd gpuhkzu;
Nfh\;bfs; (Factions) nray;gl;L te;jd: 1) ikyhg;G+u; FO.
,f;FOtpy; Nrj;Jg;gl;L Iau;fSk;> ntk;ghf;fk; Iaq;fhu;fSk;
,lk; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. 2) vf;Nkhu; FO. ,e;jf; FO ',e;J' gj;jpupif
gjpg;ghsu; f];J}upuq;f Iaq;fhupd; jiyikapy; nray;gl;lJ. 3)
Nryk; FO. rp. ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupAk; gpw Njrpa thjpfSk; Nryk;
gpuptpd; gpujhd jiytu;fshtu;. ,f;Nfh\;bfs; ePjpf;fl;rpapd;
nfhs;iffis vjpu;j;jd.
ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rpf;F te;jhy; vj;jifa jpl;lq;fis
epiwNtw;Wk; vd;gJ gw;wp ,f;Nfh\;bfSld; Nghuhl
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Fwpg;ghf ikyhg;G+u;> vf;Nkhu; gpuhkzf;
Nfh\;bfs; ,dthup ,l xJf;fPl;L Kiwia (Communal
Representation) vjpu;f;f Nryk; FOtpd; jiytu; ,uh[h[pAk;
mtuJ Mjuthsu;fSk; fhe;jp Jtf;fpa xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;ij nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapy; ntw;wfpukhf nray;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; jPtpukhf ,Ue;jdu;. ePjpf;fl;rp tFg;Gthup ,l
xJf;fPl;Lf; nfhs;ifapYk;> xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij
vjpu;g;gjpYk; gpbthjkhf ,Ue;jJ.
ePjpf;fl;rpAk; Rahl;rp ,af;fKk;
ePjpf;fl;rpAk;> md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahupd; Rahl;rp
,af;fKk; (Home Rule Movement) xNu Mz;by; Jtf;fg;gl;ld
295
(1916). mk;ikahu; rdhjd ,e;J kjj;jpd; jPtpu Mjuthsu;.
mtuJ ,af;fj;ij jkpo; ehl;Lg; gpuhkzu;fs; Mu;tj;Jld;
Mjupj;jdu;. vdNt> ePjpf;fl;rp Rahl;rp ,af;fj;Jf;F vjpuhfr;
nray;gl;lJ. lhf;lu; b.vk;.ehau; md;dpngrz;l;bd; gpw;Nghf;F
kUj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fis vjpu;j;J te;jhu;. gpuhkzuy;yhjhu;
gpufldk; Rahl;rp ,af;fj;ijf; fLikahf vjpu;j;jJ. mNjNghd;W
md;dpngrz;bd; epA+ ,e;jpah gj;jpupifAk; ,g;gpufldj;ijr;
rhbaJ. ePjpf;fl;rp md;dpngrz;il 'mau;yhe;J gpuhkzp' vd;W
tu;zpj;jJ. Rahl;rp vd;gJ gpuhkzu; Ml;rp vd;W tpku;rpj;jJ
jpuhtpld; gj;jpupif. ePjpf; fl;rpapd; %d;W gj;jpupiffspYk;
Rahl;rp ,af;fj;ij vjpu;j;Jg; gy tpku;rdf; fl;Liufs;
gpuRupf;fg;gl;ld. nts;isf;fhu ngz;kdpahy; Jtf;fg;gl;l Rahl;rp
,af;fj;jpd; vjpu;kiwg; gaid gpuhkzu;fs; jhd; mWtil
nra;tu; vd;gij ePjpf;fl;rp gpur;rhuk; nra;jJ. ,jw;F vjpuhf
Rahl;rp ,af;fj;jpd; gpuhkz Mjuthsu;fs; xd;W Nru;e;J
jq;fSf;F mjpf gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;ifia
gpupl;b\; itrpuha;f;F mDg;gpajhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; rpjk;guk;
FbauR.
13.7.2. ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp> 1920-1937
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; mikg;G
ePjpf;fl;rp xU murpay; mikg;ghf Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd;
Nehf;fk; gpuhkzuy;yhjhupilNa tpopg;Gzu;it cUthf;fp>
Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L> Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wp> r%f ePjpia
epiyehl;LtjhFk;. ePjpf;fl;rpapd; epu;thfpfs; 1917 mf;Nlhgu; khjk;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. ePjpf;fl;rp ntspapl;l nfhs;if mwpf;ifNa
mf;fl;rpapd; murpay; rl;l tiuthff; fUjg;gl;lJ. 1925 brk;gu;
19 Mk; Njjp ePjpf;fl;rpapd; mikg;Gr; rl;lk; (Party Constitution)
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; mYtyfk; nksz;l; Nuhby; ,Ue;jJ.
fl;rpf; fpisfs; Kjypy; nrd;idapy; Jtf;fg;gl;L gpd;du;
khtl;lq;fSf;F tpupTgLj;jg;gl;ld. fl;rpj; jiytu;fs;
mt;tg;NghJ khtl;lf; fpisfSf;Fr; nry;tij tof;fkhff;
nfhz;ldu;.
ePjpf;fl;rpf;F xU jiytUk;> ehd;F Jizj; jiytu;fSk;>
xU nghJr; nrayUk;> xU nghUshsUk; ,Ue;jdu;. 25
cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l nraw;FO (Executive Committee)
fl;rpapd; nfhs;if KbTfis nray;gLj;jpaJ. 1920 Nju;jYf;Fg;
gpwF ePjpf;fl;rp INuhg;gpa murpay; fl;rp Nghd;W rPuikf;fg;
gl;lJ. fl;rpf; nfhulh (Party Whip) vd;w Gjpa fl;rpg; gjtp
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. nraw;FO cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l FOf;fs;
(Committees) mikf;fg; gl;ld. ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytu; fl;rpNahL
296
,izf;fg;gl;l midj;J gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; rq;fq;fSf;Fk;
nghJthd jiytu; vd;gJ cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ. mtNu rl;lkd;w
cWg;gpdu;fspd; jiytuhfTk; nray;gl;lhu;. nraw;FO> mjd;
cWg;gpdu;fsJ epiy tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU Mz;Lk;
ePjpf;fl;rp khehL $l;lg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ.
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Kjy; jiytuhf ru;.jpahfuha nrl;bAk;> Kjy;
nghJr; nrayhsuhf Mu;f;fhL ,uhkrhkpAk; nghWg;Ngw;wdu;. xU
khepy murpay; fl;rp vt;thW mikf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F
ePjpf;fl;rp rpwe;j Kd;Djhuzkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. ePjpf;fl;rp 1920 Mk;
Mz;L eilngw;w nrd;id rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy; Kjy;
Kiwahfg; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wp ngw;wJ.
nrd;id rl;lkd;wk;
nrd;id rl;lkd;wk; (Madras Legistative Council) 1861 Mk;
Mz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ mk;kd;wk; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;
,y;yhj MNyhrid mitahf kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ. mjd;gpd; 1909
,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l kpz;Nlhkhu;yp rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; (Minto-
Morley Reforms) tpisthf kiwKfkhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
cWg;gpdu;fs; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;wdu;. gpd;du; 1919 ,y;
khz;NlF-nrk;]; Nghu;L rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; (Montfort Reforms)gb
mikf;fg;gl;l ,ul;il Ml;rp (Diarchy)apd; fPo; eilngw;w
Nju;jypy; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; thf;fhsu;fshy; Neubahfj;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l rl;lkd;wk;
Xuit (Unicameral) mikg;ghf 1920ypUe;J 1937 tiu
nray;gl;lJ.
rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jy;> 1920
nrd;id rl;lkd;wj;jpy; 127 cWg;gpdu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.
MSeupd; epakd cWg;gpdu;fs; ,e;j vz;zpf;ifapy; mlq;fhu;.
127 cWg;gpdu;fspy; 98 Ngu; 61 njhFjpfspypUe;J
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. Nju;jy; njhFjpfs; %d;W tifahfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jd: 1) tFg;Gthup njhFjpfs; (Communal
Constituencies). ,tw;Ws; Kfkjpauy;yhj efuk;> Kfkjpauy;yhj
fpuhkk;> gpuhkzuy;yhj efuk;> Kfkjpau; efuk;> Kfkjpau; fpuhkk;>
,e;jpa fpwp];j;Jtu;> INuhg;gpau;> Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpau;
MfpNahUf;fhd njhFjpfs; mlq;Fk;; 2) rpwg;Gj; njhFjpfs;:
(Special Constituencies) epyr; nrhe;jf;fhuu;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;>
gz;izahu;> tu;j;jf rq;fq;fs; MfpNahUf;fhd njhFjpfs; ,it
3) xJf;fg;gl;l njhFjpfs; (Reserved Constituencies).
,j;njhFjpfspy; 28 gpuhkzuy;yhjtu;fSf;Fk;; 29 epakd
cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk;; 5 giwau;> gs;su;> ts;Stu;> khyh> kbfh>
rf;fpypau;> Njhl;bau;> nrDkhd;fs;> N`hNyau; Mfpa
tFg;gpdUf;Fk;; xU njhFjp gpw;gl;l gFjpfSf;Fk;' (Backward
297
Tracts) xJf;fg;gl;ld. epakd cWg;gpdu;fisAk; Nru;j;J nrd;id
rl;lkd;wj;jpd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if 134. thf;fhsu;fSk;>
thf;Fg;gjpTk; nrd;id rl;lkd;wj;Jf;fhd Kjy; nghJj; Nju;jy;
1920 etk;gu; khjk; eilngw;wJ. mg;NghJ nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapd;
kf;fs;njhif 40 kpy;ypad;. nrhj;Jj; jFjp cilNahu; kl;LNk
thf;fhsu;fshf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ldu;. vdNt> 12>48>156 Ngu; kl;LNk
thf;fspf;Fk; jFjpiag; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. ,tu;fSs; 3>03>558 Ngu;
kl;LNk thf;fspj;jdu;! ruhrupahf 24.9% thf;Fg; gjpthapw;W.
,Ug;gpDk;> ,j;Nju;jy; kf;fspd; murpay; tpopg;Gzu;itAk;>
nghJj; Nju;jypy; Neubahfg; gq;Nfw;Fk; Mu;tj;ijAk;
ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf ,Ue;jJ. ikyhg;G+u; njhFjpapy; kl;LNk
mjpfgl;rkhf 52% thf;Ffs; gjpthapd vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Nju;jy; KbTfs;
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;W
rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jiyg; Gwf;fzpj;jJ. gykpf;f vjpu;f;fl;rp
,d;ikahy; ePjpf;fl;rp 63 ,lq;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;wJ. nkhj;jk;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;glhj 18 cWg;gpdu;fs; Mjuitg; ngw;w
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; vz;zpf;if 81 Mf cau;e;jJ. 1920 rl;lkd;wj;
Nju;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rp Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ntw;wp ngw;wikf;fhd Kf;fpa
%d;W fhuzq;fshtd: 1) fhq;fpu ,j;Nju;jiyg; Gwf;fzpj;jJ; 2)
ePjpf; fl;rpapd; jPtpug; gpur;rhuk;; 3) gpuhkzuy;yhjhUf;fhd ,l
xJf;fPL thq;fpj; jUtjhff; nfhLj;j thf;FWjp.
ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp> 1920-1923
Rg;guhaY ehAL Ml;rp
nrd;id ,uh[jhdp MSeu; khu;f;F]; tpy;ypq;ld;
(Marquess Willington) Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;w ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytu;
gp.jpahfuha nrl;bia Ml;rp mikf;FkhW mioj;jhu;. Mdhy;
mtu; kf;fs; tupg;gzj;jpy; Cjpak; ngw tpUk;gtpy;iy vdf; $wp
me;j miog;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. mtUf;Fg; gjpy;
V.Rg;guhaY ehALtpd; ngaiug; gupe;Jiuj;jhu;. mtupd;
gupe;Jiuia Vw;W Rg;guhaY ehALf;F miog;G tpLj;jhu; MSeu;.
MSeupd; miog;ig Vw;Wf; ehAL Kjyikr;ruhdhu;. mtUld;
,uhkuhadpd;fUk;> ntq;flnul;b ehALTk; mikr;ru;fshf
epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs; 1920 brk;gu; 17 Mk; ehs; gjtpg;
nghWg;Ngw;wdu;.
ngUq;fhT+u; ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup rl;lkd;wj; jiytuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. vl;tpd; ngupaehafk;> Mu;f;fhL ,uhkrhkp
Kjypahu;> gp.Rg;guhad; Mfpa %tUk; rl;lkd;w nrayu;fshapdu;.
ru; ypNahdy; Nltpl;rd; (cs; Jiw)> ru; rhu;y NjhJe;ju; (epjp)>
KfkJ `gpGy;yh (tUtha;)> v .rPdpthr Iaq;fhu; (rl;lk;) Mfpa
298
rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; MSeu; Ml;rp mitapd; cWg;gpdu;fshf
epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; mikr;ruitapy; gpuhkzu;
mikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;gl;lJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. 1921 [_iy 11 Mk;
Njjp cly; epiy fhuzkhf Rg;guhaY nul;bahu; gjtp
tpyfpajhy; mtf;Fg; gjpy; gdfy; muru; (Raja of Panagal)
Kjyikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. V.gp.ghl;Nuh fy;tp mikr;ruhdhu;.
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Kjy; mikr;ruit 1923 nrg;lk;gu; 11 tiu
gjtpapy; ,Ue;jJ.
13.7.3. rl;lr; rhjidfs;
Kjy; ePjpf;fl;rp murhq;fk; rpy tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;j rl;lq;fis epiwNtw;wp eilKiwg;gLj;jpaJ. 1) 1921
Vg;uy; Kjy; Njjp nrd;id rl;lkd;w jPu;khdj;jpd;gb rl;lkd;wj;
Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl ngz;fSf;F (1919 ,e;jpa murhq;fr;
rl;lj;jpy;) tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j jil ePf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jil ePf;fk;
1926 ,y; lhf;lu; Kj;Jyl;Rkp nul;b rl;lkd;wj;Jf;Fj;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl toptFj;jJ. 2) 1920 ,y; nrd;id khefuhl;rp
nrd;id Mapuk; tpsf;Fg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;j gs;spfspy; ,ytr
fhiy czT toq;fpajw;F rl;lkd;wk; mq;fPfhuk; mspj;jJ.
,JNt> gpd;du; kjpa czTj; jpl;lkhf tpuptile;jJ. 3) gQ;rku;>
jPz;lj;jfhNjhu;> mup[d; vd;W Kj;jpiu Fj;jp rKjhaj;jpypUe;J
xJf;fp itf;fg;gl;bUe;j kf;fs; Mjpjpuhtplu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;L
rKjha me;j];J mspf;fg;gl;lJ. 4) cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs;
rl;lk; (Local Boards Act> 1920) khtl;l> jhYfh>
gQ;rhaj;J epWtdq;fSf;F RNal;irahf ,aq;ff;$ba
mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. ,r;rl;lk; cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;baJ. ,e;j
mikg;GfSf;fhd Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupj;jNjhL mjpfhupfSf;F ,tw;wpd; kPJ
,Ue;j Mjpf;fj;ijf; Fiwj;jJ. 5) 1922 brk;gu; 18 Mk; ehs;
,e;J rka mwf;fl;lis rl;l kNrhjh (Madras Hindu Religious
Endowment Act). ,r;rl;lk; 1925 ,y; epiwNtw;wg; gl;lJ. ,e;jr;
rl;lj;jpd; %yk; nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapy; cs;s midj;J ,e;J
Nfhapy;fSk; murhq;fj;jpd; Neubf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lk; murhq;fj;jpd; rkaf; nfhs;ifiaj;
jPu;khdpj;jJ. gpd;du; ,J rk;ke;jkhf nfhz;Ltug;gl;l
rl;lq;fSf;F Kd;khjpupr; rl;lkhf mike;jJ. Kjy; ePjpf;fl;rp
murhq;fk; nfhz;L te;j ,e;j Ie;J rPu;jpUj;jq;fSk; mbg;gil
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jitahFk;.
jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;Fj; jdp mjpfhup
rl;lq;fis epiwNtw;wpdhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ; mit
nrk;ikahf epiwNtw;wg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp
299
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhupd; eydpy; rpwg;Gf; ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ. mtu;fsJ
eyidg; ghJfhj;Jg; guhkupg;gjw;fhfNt xU I.rp.v]; .mjpfhupia
fkp\du; (Labour Commissioner> I.C.S) Mf
epakpj;jJ. mtu; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu;> Mjpthrpfs;> kiytho; kf;fs;
Nghd;Nwhupd; cupikfisAk;> eyj; jpl;lq;fisAk; ghJfhj;J>
epiwNtw;Wk; nghWg;Gilatu;. mtu; Nkw;fz;l tFg;gpw;F 1)
tPl;Lkid toq;fpdhu;; 2) $l;LwT fld; rq;fq;fisj; Jtf;fpdhu;;
3) FbePu; trjp nra;J nfhLj;jhu;; 4) nghJ epyj;ij Fiwe;j
thliff;F toq;fpdhu;; 5) Fbg;gof;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgLkhW
Cf;Ftpj;jhu;; 6) rhjp ,e;Jf;fspd; vjpu;g;gpypUe;J ghJfhj;jhu;; 7)
murhq;f epyj;ij tptrhaj;Jf;fhf xJf;fpdhu;; 8) ,tu;fs; gpujhd
ghijia vspjpy; milg;gjw;fhd fpisg; ghijfisg; Nghl;Lf;
nfhLj;jhu;; 9) ngz;fSf;nfd fopg;giwfs; fl;bf; nfhLj;jhu;; 10)
Viofs; tPLfl;bf; nfhs;s 20 nrd;l; epyk; ,ytrkhff;
nfhLj;jhu;; kuf;fd;Wfs; elg;gl;ld; kpff; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; tPl;L
kidfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu; eyDf;fhfj; jdp
mjpfhupia epakpj;jJ ePjpf;fl;rpapy; epiyj;j kfj;jhd rupj;jpu
rhjidahFk;.
ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp> 1920-1923
ePjpf; fl;rpapd; Kjy; %d;whz;L fhy Ml;rpapd; NghJ gy
Kf;fpa rKjha> rka> fy;tp> cs;shl;rp> tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jt
jpl;lq;fis epiwNtw;wpa NghjpYk; fl;rpf;Fs; xw;Wik ,y;yhky;
Nghapw;W. fl;rp mjpUg;jpahsu;fs; murhq;f vjpu;g;Gf; FOtpdu;
(Anti-Ministerialists) vd;W $wpf; nfhz;L jdpNa nray;glyhapdu;.
rp.eNlr Kjypahu;> b.V. ,uhkypq;fk; nrl;bahu;> rp.Mu;.nul;b>
gp.Rg;guhad; Nghd;Nwhu; ,f;FOtpd; gpujhd gpuKfu;fs;. ,tu;fs;
ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytu; jpahfuha nrl;bapd; kPJ fPo;f;fz;l
Fw;wr;rhl;Lfisr; Rkj;jpdu;: 1) gpwiuf; fye;J MNyhrpf;fhj
aNjr;rhjpfhu jiyik; 2) gpw;gLj;jg; gl;l tFg;gpdupd; eyidtpl
cau;rhjp tFg;gpdUf;F rhjfkhfr; nray;gly;; 3) xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;ij ,Uk;Gf;fuk; nfhz;L mlf;fpa gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd;
nraiy Mjupj;jJ; 4) Kjy; ePjpf;fl;rp mikr;ruitapy;
jkpoUf;F ,lk; nfhLf;fhik. ,r;nray; jkpou; jiytu;fspilNa
kpFe;j kdf;frg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mtu;fs; Kjy;
mikr;ruitiaj; njYq;fu;fNs Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhz;ljhf Fw;wk;
rhl;bdu;. vdNt> ePjpf;fl;rpf;Fs; ,U Nfh\;bfs; vjpUk; GjpUkhfr;
nray;gl;ljhy; fl;rp gytPdkile;jJ.
Rauh[;af; fl;rp
1920 Nju;jy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpy; ngupa jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. fhe;jp> ,uh[h[p Nghd;Nwhu; fhq;fpu]; Nju;jy;fspy;
gq;Nfw;ff;$lhJ vd;gjpy; cWjpahf ,Ue;jdu;. Mdhy;
rpj;juQ;rd;jh];> Nkhjpyhy; NeU Nghd;Nwhu; fhq;fpu]; Nju;jypy;
300
gq;Nfw;gij Mjupj;jdu;. mjw;fhd jPu;khdj;ijAk; 1922 nrg;lk;gu;
7 Mk; Njjp epiwNtw;wpdu;. ,tu;fs; fhq;fpuRf;Ff; Rauh[;af;
fl;rp (Swaraj Party) vd;w jdp mikg;ig cUthf;fpdu;.
jkpo; ehl;by; f];J}upuq;f Iaq;fhu;> rPdpthr Iaq;fhu;> V.
,uq;frhkp Iaq;fhu;> tujuh[{Y ehAL> tp[auhfthr;rhup> V.
,uq;frhkp Iaq;fhu; MfpNahu; Rauh[;af; fl;rpapy; Nru;e;J>
Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L> rl;lkd;wk; nrd;W xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;ij elj;Jtnjd;W KbT nra;jdu;. 1923 etk;gu; 13 Mk;
Njjp eilngw;w Nju;jypy; gq;Nfw;wdu;.
rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jy;
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Kjy; Ml;rp 1923 nrg;lk;gu; 11 Mk; Njjp
Kbe;jJ. rl;lkd;wj;Jf;fhd Nju;jy; 1923 mf;Nlhgu; 31 Mk; ehs;
elj;jg;gl;lJ. mil kioAk;> nts;sKk; Nju;jy; cupa ehspy;
Kbtjpy; fhyjhkjk; Vw;gLj;jpd. Nju;jy; etk;gu; 10 Mk; Njjp
KbTw;wJ. 17 njhFjpfspy; 20 cWg;gpdu;fs; Nghl;bapd;wpj;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. 44 njhFjpfspy; kl;LNk Nju;jy;
eilngw;wJ. fle;j Nju;jiytpl ,j;Nju;jypy; mjpf thf;fhsu;fs;
gq;Nfw;wdu;. nrd;id efupy; 58.8% ; jpUney;Ntyp-ghisak;Nfhl;il
efupy; 77%; tlMu;f;fhL fpuhkj; njhFjp 58.8% thf;Fg;gjpT
,Ue;jJ. nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapd; ruhrup thf;Fg;gjpT 36.2%.
,j;Nju;jypy; Rauh[;af; fl;rp gq;Nfw;wjhy; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Nju;jy;
ntw;wpiag; ngupJk; ghjpj;jJ. Rauh[;af; fl;rp Nghl;bapl;l 11
,lq;fspYk; ntw;wp ngw;wJ. ePjpf;fl;rp jdpg;ngUk; fl;rpahf
ntw;wp ngw;whYk;> murhq;fj;ij mikf;ff;$ba ngUk;ghd;ikia
,oe;jJ.
1923 Nju;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rpf;Fg; ngUk; gpd;dilT Vw;gl;lJ.
mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;: 1) fl;rpf;Fs; Vw;gl;l fUj;J NtWghLfs;
ePjpf;fl;rpia gytPdg; gLj;jptpl;lJ. eNlr Kjypahu;> vk;.rp.
,uh[h> X.fe;jrhkp nrl;bahu; Nghd;Nwhu; fl;rpj; jiyikia
ntspg;gilahfNt tpku;rpj;jdu;. 2) Kjy; mikr;ruitapy;
jkpoUf;F ,lk; nfhLf;fhikahy; Vw;gl;l Vkhw;wk; njd;
jkpo;ehl;Lj; njhFjpfspy; ePjpf;fl;rp Ntl;ghsu;fs;
Njhy;tpailtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ; 3) Rauh[;af; fl;rp
ePjpf;fl;rpf;Fg; gpujhd gykpf;f vjpu;f;fl;rpahf cUntLj;jJ; 4)
fl;rpg; G+ryhy; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Nju;jy; gpur;rhuk; gykpoe;Jtpl;lJ.
RUq;ff;$wpd;> 1923 rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jy; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rupTf;fhd
milahskhf mike;jJ.
gdfy; muru; Ml;rp
Nju;jy; Kbe;jgpd; MSeu; nty;ypq;ld; ePjpf;fl;rp
murhq;fk; mikg;gjw;F miog;G tpLj;jhu;. jpahfuha nrl;bapd;
301
gupe;Jiuapd; Ngupy; gdfy; muru; Kjyikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;;
V.gp.ghl;Nuh mikr;ruitapy; ,lk; ngw;whu;; $u;kh ntq;flnul;b
ehALTf;Fg; gjpy; jkpo; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu; b.vd;.rptQhdk; ,lk;
ngw;whu;. 1923 etk;gu; 19 Mk; Njjp ePjpf;fl;rpapd; ,uz;lhk;
mikr;ruit gjtpg; nghWg;Ngw;wJ. mg;Jy;yh fhl;lyh rhfpg;
gfJ}u;> v.mw;Gjrhkp cilahu;> b.rp.jq;fNtY gps;is MfpNahu;
rl;lkd;w nrayu;fshf epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. MSeupd; Gjpa Ml;rpf;
FOtpy; rp.[p.NjhJz;ju;> V.Mu;.ehg;> rp.gp. ,uhkrhkp Iau;> thRNjt
,utptu;kh MfpNahu; ,lk; ngw;wdu;. vy;.b.rhkpf;fz;Z rl;lkd;wj;
jiytuhf MSeuhy; xU Mz;Lf;F epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;; mjd;gpd;
mg;gjtpf;F rl;l kd;wNk epakdk; nra;Ak;. ePjpf;fl;rpapd;
,uz;lhtJ mikr;ruit 1926 etk;gu; 7 Mk; Njjp tiu
nray;gl;lJ. gdfy; muru; Ml;rpapd; NghJ jhd; td;dpau;
tFg;igr; Nru;e;j rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu; khzpf;fNtY ehaf;fu;
ePjpf;fl;rp murhq;fj;jpd; ghuhSkd;w nrayuhfTk; tUtha;Jiw
mikr;ruhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;.
ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPu;khdk;
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; murhq;f vjpu;g;ghsu;fs; (Anti-Ministerialists)
If;fpa Njrpa fl;rp (United Nationalist Party) vd;w Gjpa fl;rpia
mikj;jdu;. If;fpa Njrpa fl;rpapd; rhu;ghf rp.Mu;.nul;b
ePjpf;fl;rpf;F vjpuhd ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPu;khdj;ij Kd;nkhope;jhu;
(1923 etk;gu; 27). mg;NghJ mtu; ePjpf;fl;rpiag; gw;wpa ,uz;L
Fw;wr;rhl;Lfisf; $wpdhu;: 1) ePjpf;fl;rp ngUk;ghd;ik gyj;ijg;
ngwhjjhy; thf;fhsu;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia ,oe;Jtpl;lJ; 2) gdfy;
muru; cs;shl;rp epWtdj; jiytu;fisj; Nju;e;njLf;ifapy;
mtuJ cwtpdu;fSf;F Kd;Dupik (Nepotism) nfhLj;jhu;.
,j;jPu;khdj;ij Rauh[;af; fl;rp Mjupj;jJ. mf;fl;rpapd; gpugy
cWg;gpduhd nrhy;tyu; v];.rj;jpa%u;j;jp ek;gpf;ifapy;yh
jPu;khdj;ij Mjupj;J mtuJ fd;dpg; Ngr;ir epfo;j;jpdhu; (gpd;du;
Rauh[;af; fl;rpapd; jiytuhdhu;). ,j;jPu;khdk; ,uz;L ehl;fs;
tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ. tpthjj;Jf;Fg;gpd; MSk; ePjpf;fl;rp epakd
cWg;gpdu;fspd; MjuNthL jPu;khdj;ijj; Njhw;fbj;J gjtpiaj;
jf;fitj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,e;jpa rl;lkd;w tuyhw;wpy; Kjy;
Kiwahff; nfhz;L tug;gl;l ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPu;khdk;
,JNtahFk;.
rhjid
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; ,uz;lhtJ murhq;fk; Gjpa rhjidfs;
vijAk; nra;atpy;iy. 1920-1923,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jpl;lq;fis
gdfy; murupd; Ml;rp njhlu;e;J nray;gLj;jpaJ. Fwpg;ghf 1922
brk;gu; 18 Mk; Njjp rl;lkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,e;J
mwepiya kNrhjh (Hindu Religious Endowment Bill)it
302
epiwNtw;wpaJ (1925). ,r;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapy;
,Ue;j ,e;J Nfhapy;fs; murhq;fj;jpd; Neub epu;thff;
fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld. vdpDk; rupTg; ghijapy;
nrd;w ePjpf;fl;rpf;F 1926 rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jy; ngUk; rthyhf
,Ue;jJ.
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; epiy
ePjpf;fl;rp cl;fl;rp Nfh\;bg; G+ry;fshy; gytPdg;gl;Lg;
NghapUe;jJ. mf;fl;rpj; jiytu; jpahfuha nrl;b ,we;jgpd; (1925
Vg;uy; 28) epiyik NkYk; Nkhrkhapw;W. Kjyikr;ruhapUe;j
gdfy; muru; fl;rpj; jiyikg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. eNlr Kjypahupd;
If;fpa Njrpa fl;rpapdiu kPz;Lk; ePjpf;fl;rpf;Ff; nfhz;L
tUtjw;F gdfy; muru; Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rp ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy.
gUtkio ngha;j;jjhy; tptrhak; ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;L
tptrhapfs; Ntiyapd;wp Gyk; ngau;e;J nrd;wdu;. ,e;j
,f;fl;lhd Neuj;jpy; ePjpf;fl;rpf;Fk; Gjpjhf MSeu; nghWg;Ngw;w
itnfsz;l; Nfh\Df;F (Viscount Goschen) kpilNaahd cwtpy;
tpupry; Vw;gl;lJ (1924). mjpfhug; gfpu;T kw;Wk; Ntz;batu;fSf;F
cjTtJ (Patronage) Nghd;w tptfhuq;fspy; mikr;ru;fSf;Fk;
MSeu; Ml;rpf; FOTf;FkpilNa fUj;J NtWghLfs; vOe;jd.
vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf> <.Nt. ,uhkrhkp ehaf;fu; fhq;fpuir tpl;L
ntspNawp Nju;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rp Ntl;ghsu;fis Mjupj;jhu;. mtu;
fhq;fpuir tpl;L ntspNawpajw;fhd Kf;fpaf; fhuzk; mtu;
tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij Mjupj;Jf; nfhz;L te;j
jPu;khdq;fis fhq;fpu]; Vw;Wf; nfhs;shjJjhd;.
rl;lkd;w Nju;jy;
1926 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jy; nrd;id
,uh[jhdp murpaypy; vjpu;ghuh khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
Rauh[;af; fl;rp v.rj;jpa%u;j;jp jiyikapy; ,j;Nju;jypy;
fskpwq;fpg; Nghl;bapl;lJ. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Nju;jiyg;
Gwf;fzpj;jJ. nehz;bf; Fjpiuahd ePjpf;fl;rp ek;gpf;if ,oe;j
,j;Nju;jypy; fye;J nfhz;lJ. mf;fl;rpahy; 21 ,lq;fis
kl;LNk ngw Kbe;jJ. Rauh[;af; fl;rp 41 ,lq;fisf;
ifg;gw;wpaJ. ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Nfhl;ilahff; fUjg;gl;l nrd;id
efupy; 4 ,lq;fspYk; ntw;wpthif R+baJ. eNlr Kjypahu;>
X.jzpfhryk; nrl;bahu;> $u;kh ntq;fpunul;b ehAL> Mu;f;fhL
,uhkrhkp Kjypahu; Nghd;w ePjpf;fl;rp gpugyq;fs; Njhy;tpiaj;
jOtpdu;.
Rg;guhad; Ml;rp> 1926-1929
,k;Kiw murhq;fk; mikg;gjpy; rpf;fy; Vw;gl;lJ. jdpg;
ngUk;ghd;ikiag; ngw;w Rauh[;af; fl;rpiar; Nru;e;j rp.tp.v
.eurpk;kuh[{it Ml;rp mikf;FkhW miog;G tpLj;jhu; MSeu;
303
Nfh\d; (Goschen). Mdhy; Rauh[;af; fl;rp murhq;fk; mikf;f
kWj;Jtpl;lJ. ngUk;ghd;ik ,d;ikahy; ePjpf;fl;rp murhq;fk;
mikf;f Kd;tutpy;iy. vdNt MSeu; Nfh\d; Njrpa
RNal;irfspy; xUtuhd lhf;lu; gp.Rg;guhaid Kjyikr;ruhf
epakpj;jhu;. Rg;guhad; Kd;dhs; ePjpf;fl;rp gpuKfu;. gdfy;
murUld; fUj;J NtWghL Vw;gl;ljhy; mtu; ePjpf; fl;rpapypUe;J
tpyfpdhu;. Rg;guhad; MSeupd; miog;ig Vw;W RNal;ir
murhq;fj;ij mikj;jhu;. Kd; tpNuhjj;ij kwe;J ePjpf;fl;rpAk;
mtUf;F Nerf;fuk; ePl;baJ! vdNt> lhf;lu; gp.Rg;guhad;
Rauh[;af; fl;rp> ePjpf;fl;rp Mfpatw;wpd; MjuNthL Ml;rp
elj;jpdhu;. Rg;guhad; mikr;ruitapy; V.,uq;fehj KjypahUk;>
Mu;.vd;.MNuhf;fparhkp KjypahUk; ,lk; ngw;wdu;. gpd;du;
,tu;fSf;Fg; gjpy; v.Kj;ijah KjypahUk;> vk;.Mu;.NrJuj;dk;
IaUk; mikr;ru;fshf epakpf;fg; gl;ldu;. ,t;tpUtk; Rauh[;af;
fl;rpapypUe;J gpupe;J te;jtu;fs;. mjdhy; Rg;guhad; mikr;ruit
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; kWgjpf;fhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ> RNal;ir
murhq;fk; vd;w ngaupy; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; epoyhl;rp (Prexy)
eilngw;wJ.
Nfhl;lh Kiw
lhf;lu; Rg;guhad; murhq;fj;jpd; kfj;jhd rhjidahff;
fUjg;gLtJ Nfhl;lh Kiw (Qutta System) MFk;. ePjpf;fl;rp
gpw;gl;NlhUf;Fk; jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;Fk; tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
ngw;Wj; je;jhYk; mjw;fhd mwptpay; G+u;tkhd Kiwia
tFf;ftpy;iy. ,g;nghWg;ig Rg;guhad; mikr;ruitapy; Gjpjhfr;
Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l v.Kj;ijah Kjypahu; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;.
Kjypahu; nry;te;ju;> epyr;Rthd;jhu;> rl;l ty;Yeu;. mtu; jdJ
rl;l mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jt nfhs;ifia
ntw;wpfukhf nray;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd tpjpKiw (Formula)
tFj;Jf; nfhLj;jhu;. ,J Kj;ijah Kjypahupd; Nfhl;lh Kiw
vd;W $wyhk;. Kj;ijah Kjypahu; tbtikj;j 'Nfhl;lh
Kiw'apd;gb xt;nthU tFg;ghUf;Fk; vj;jid ,lq;fs; vd;W
KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjd;gb gpuhkzuy;yhjhUf;F 44%;
K];yPk;fSf;F 16%; fpwpj;Jtu;fSf;F 16%; gpuhkzu;fSf;F 16%;
Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpaUf;F 16%; MjpjpuhtplUf;F 8% vd;W gq;fpl;L
mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;gbg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ 12 murhq;fg; gzpfSf;F
gpuhkzuy;yhjtu;fSf;F 5 ,lq;fSk;> gpuhkzu;fs;> Mq;fpNyh
,e;jpau;> K];yPk;fs; MfpNahUf;F jyh 2 ,lq;fSk;> Mjp
jpuhtplUf;F 1 ,lKk; fpilf;Fk;. ,e;j tpfpjhr;rhuk; Fwpg;gpl;l
tFg;Gfspd; kf;fs; njhiff;F Vw;g ,y;iy vd;W Fiw
$wg;gl;lJ. ,e;JTk; RNjrkpj;jpuDk; ,jw;F vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jd.
304
Kjypy; Kj;ijah Kjypahupd; Nfhl;lh Kiwapy; Fiw
fz;l <.nt.uhkrhkp ehaf;fu; gpd;du; mikr;ru; Kj;ijah
Kjypahu; ePz;l fhyk; tho;f vd;W FbauR gj;jpupifapy;
vOjpdhu; (FbauR> jiyaq;fk; 1928> etk;gu; 11). ,d;iwa
,lxJf;fPl;L Kiw (Reservation System)apd; mbj;jsj;ij
mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jjhy; Kj;ijah Kjypahiu tFg;Gthup ,l
xJf;fPl;L Kiwapd; je;ij vd;W $wpdhy; kpifahfhJ.
ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp 1930-1934
1926 Nju;jy; Njhy;tpf;Fg; gpwF ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rupT
njhlu;e;jJ. ,uhkuhadpd;fu; ,we;jgpd; (1928) nghg;gpyp muru;
(Raja of Bobbili) vd;w ,uhkfpU\;z ,uq;fhuht; ePjpf;fl;rpapd;
jiytu; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. lhf;lu; Rg;guhadpd; RNal;ir
murhq;fj;ij ePjpf;fl;rp njhlu;e;J Mjupj;jJ. ePjpf;fl;rpf;Fs;
epytpa Nfh\;bg; G+ry;fis Gjpa jiytuhy; jLf;f Kbatpy;iy.
mf;fl;rp ,uz;Lgl;l tPlhf ,Ue;jJ. cyfg; nghUshjhu
ke;jj;jhy; (World Economic Depression) jkpo; ehl;bd;
nghUshjhuk; ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. me;epiyapy; rl;lkd;wj;
Nju;jy; eilngw;wJ.
rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jy;> 1930
,ul;il Ml;rpapd; fPo; rl;l kd;wj;Jf;fhd ehd;fhtJ
Nju;jy; 1930 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;wJ. ePjpf;fl;rpapd; epiy kpfTk;
Nkhrkhf ,Ue;jjhy; mjd; Ml;rpf; FOtpd; jPu;khdj;jpd; (1930
[_d; 15) ePjpf;fl;rpapd; fjTfs; gpuhkzu;fSf;Fj;
jpwe;Jtplg;gl;ld. mjd; Nehf;fk; fhq;fpurpd; MjuNthL
Ml;rpiag; gpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJjhd;. murpaypy; khu;f;fj;ijtpl
KbT jhd; Kf;fpak;. 1929 ,y; eilngw;w yh$u; khehl;Lj;
jPu;khdj;jpd;gb fhq;fpu]; Nju;jypy; fye;J nfhs;tjpy;iy vd;W
KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;j Kbtpd;gb jkpo;ehl;L fhq;fpu];
rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jiyg; Gwf;fzpj;jJ. mJkl;Lky;y. rj;jpa%u;j;jp
cs;spl;l rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fSk; gjtp tpyfpdu;. vdpDk;> rhkp
ntq;flhryk;> Mu;.Nf.rz;Kfk; nrl;bahu; Nghd;w fhq;fpu
gpuKfu;fs; ,j;Nju;jypy; RNal;irfshfg; Nghl;bapl;ld;du;. vdNt>
,e;j rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jy; ePjpf; fl;rpf;Fk;> lhf;lu; gp.Rg;guhad;
jiyikapyhd Njrpa fl;rp (Nationalist Party)f;Fk; ,ilapyhd
Neubg; Nghl;bahf ,Ue;jJ.
rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy; 132 ,lq;fSf;F 61
njhFjpfspypUe;J 98 cWg;gpdhfs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;.
ePjpf;fl;rp Nghl;bapl;l 45 ,lq;fspy; 35 ,lq;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;wJ.
RNal;ir Njrpa fl;rpAk;> ypguy;fSk; (Liberals) 10 ,lq;fisf;
ifg;gw;wpdu;. 98 ,lq;fspy; 35 Ntl;ghsu;fs; Nghl;bapd;wp
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. vQ;rpapUe;j ,lq;fspy; RNal;irfs; ntw;wp
305
ngw;wdu;. ,j;Nju;jypy; 43% thf;Ffs; gjpthapd; ,J nrd;id
,uh[jhdpapd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; 4% kl;LNk.
rpWghd;ik murhq;fk;
ePjpf;fl;rpf;F jdpg; ngUk;ghd;ikAld; Ml;rp mikf;f
Kbatpy;iy. vdNt> MSeu; epakpj;j 32 cWg;gpdu;fspd;
MjuNthL ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytu; KDrhkp ehAL 1930 mf;Nlhgu; 27
Mk; Njjp Kjyikr;ru; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. gp.,uhkr;re;jpu nul;b
rl;lkd;wj; jiytuhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. gp.b.,uh[hTk;>
v.Fkhurhkp nul;bahUk; KDrhkp mikr;ruitapy; ,lk; ngw;wdu;.
Kd;dhs; Kjyikr;ru; gp.Rg;guhad; vjpu;f;fl;rpj; jiytuhdhu;.
jkpo; ehl;by; epytpa epiyaw;w R+o;epiyapy; KDrhkp ehAL
rpWghd;ik murhq;fj;Jf;Fj; jiyikNaw;W elj;jpdu;.
murhq;fj;jpd; mty epiy
fl;rp fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gld; ,Ue;jhy;jhd; murhq;fk; epiyahf
,Uf;Fk;. KDrhkp ehAL Kjy;tu; nghWg;Ngw;w NghJ ePjpf;fl;rp
Nfh\;bg; G+ry; Gaypy; rpf;fpapUe;jJ. ePjpf;fl;rpia Mjupj;j
[kPd;jhu;fSf;F mikr;ruitapy; ,lk; nfhLf;fhikahy; mtu;fs;
fl;rpf;F vjpuhfr; nray;gl;ldu;. mikr;ru; gjtpia vjpu;ghu;j;J
Vkhw;wkile;j nghg;gpyp murUk;> ntq;flfpup Fkhu uh[Tk;>
vk;.V.Kj;ijah nrl;bahupd; jiyikapy; ePjpf;fl;rpf;Fs;NsNa xU
,Q;rpf; FO (Ginger Group)it cUthf;fpdu;.
Kjyikr;ru; KDrhkp ehAL neUf;fbf;fpilNa kf;fspd;
nghUshjhu neUf;fbia rkhspg;gjpy; Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;lhu;.
murhq;fj;jpd; tUtha; ,og;ig rupf;fl;Ltjw;fhf epytupia
cau;j;jpdhu;. epytup cau;T Fotpf; $l;by; iftpl;lJ
Nghyhapw;W. epytup cau;thy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l [kPd;jhu;fSk;>
epyr;Rthd;jhu;fSk; Kjyikr;rUf;F vjpuhfg; Nghu;f;nfhb
cau;j;jpdu;. nghg;gpyp murUk;> ntq;flfpup Fkhu uh[hTk;
mikr;ruitapy; ,lk; ngwhjJ vupAk; neUg;gpy; vz;nzia
Cw;wpaJ Nghyhapw;W. ,jw;fpilNa> ePjpf;fl;rpapd; jiyikg;
gjtpf;fhf gp.b.,uh[hDk;> KDrhkp ehALTk; Nghl;bapl;lhu;fs;
(1928). ,g;Nghl;bapy; KDrhkp ehAL ntw;wp ngw;whu;. KDrhkp
ehAL fl;rpj; jiytuhfTk;> Kjyikr;ruhfTk; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;
mtuhy; fl;rpapd; fl;Lf;Nfhg;igAk;> khfhz epu;thfj;ijAk;
jpwikahff; ifahs Kbatpy;iy. ePjpf;fl;rp Mz;L khehl;il
%d;whz;L fhyk; $l;lhky; epiyikiar; rkhspj;jhu;. vdpDk;
cl;fl;rp ‘,Q;rpf; FO'> 1932 mf;Nlhgu; khjk; eilngw;w 12tJ
Mz;L khehl;by; KDrhkp ehALTf;Fg; gjpy; nghg;gpyp muriu
fl;rpj; jiytuhfj; Nju;e;njLj;jJ. nghg;gpyp muru; 1932 etk;gu; 5
Mk; Njjp Kjyikr;ruhdhu;.
306
,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf Kjyikr;ru; nghWg;Ngw;w nghg;gpyp
muru; kf;fs; gpur;ridfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fhky;
[kPd;jhuu;fSf;F Mjuthfr; nray;gl;lhu;. ,tuJ [kPd;jhu; MjuT
nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifahy; kf;fs; kpFe;j Vkhw;wkile;jdu;.
ePjpf;fl;rp kf;fspd; Mjuit ,oe;jJ. [kPd;jhuu;fis kl;Lk; ek;gp
Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw Kbahjy;yth? vdNt> ePjpf;fl;rp 1934 Mk;
Mz;L eilngw;w rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy; epiyFiye;J Nghapw;W.
ek;gpf;ifNahL Jtf;fg;gl;l ePjpf;fl;rp kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia
,oe;j murpay; mikg;ghf Xuq;fl;lg;gl;lJ. mf;fl;rpapd;
tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; tUkhW: 1) ePjpf;fl;rpf;Fs; epytpa
cl;FOf;fspilNa epytpa Nkhjy;fs;; 2) jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu;
eyd;fisg; Gwf;fzpj;Jtpl;L cau; tFg;ghupd; cau;Tf;fhfg;
ghLgl;lJ; 3) murhq;fj;jpd; midj;J epiyfspYk;
cwtpdu;fSf;Fk;> Ntz;batu;fSf;Fk; gjtpfis toq;fpaJ; 4)
mjpfhuj;ijj; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jpaJ; 5) Ml;rpiaf;
ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhd Nghl;b; 6) Njrg;gw;Wila fhq;fpu kf;fspilNa
nry;thf;F ngw;wJ.
ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp (1934-1937)
kPz;Lk; nghg;gpyp muru; Ml;rp
ePjpf;fl;rp [kPd;jhu; MjuT FO> [kPd;jhu; vjpu;g;Gf; FO
vd;W ,U Nfh\;bfshfg; gpupe;J G+ry;fspy; KO %r;Rld;
<Lgl;bUe;jd. nghg;gpyp muru; kf;fs; epiyiag; gw;wpf;
ftiyg;glhky; jdJ [kPd;jhu; MjuTg; nghUshjhuf;
nfhs;ifiaj; njhlu;e;J gpd;gw;wpdhu;. ,jw;fpilNa 1930-1931 ,y;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l cg;Gr; rj;jpahfpufk; kw;Wk; xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;jhy; jkpo; ehl;by; fhq;fpurpd; kPJ kf;fSf;F
kupahijAk;> ek;gpf;ifAk; mjpfupj;jJ. ,ul;il Ml;rpiaj;
njhlu;e;J vjpu;j;J te;j Rauh[;af; fl;rp rj;jpa%u;j;jpapd;
jpwikahd jiyikapd; fPo; Nju;jypy; fye;J nfhs;sj; jahuhf
,Ue;jJ. ,e;epiyapy; ePjpf;fl;rp jd; nry;thf;ifg; ngUf;fpf;
nfhs;s ,uz;L Kf;fpa KbTfis vLj;jJ: 1) ePjpf;fl;rpapy;
gpuhkzu;fis cWg;gpdu;fshfr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;; 2)
Rakupahij ,af;fj;ij (Self-Respect Movement) ntw;wpfukhf
elj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;j <.nt. ,uhkrhkpapd; Mjuitg; ngWtJ.
ePjpf;fl;rp ngupahupd; <Nuhl;Lj; jpl;l' (Erode Plan)j;ij
Vw;Wf; nfhz;L mtupd; Mjuitg; ngw;wJ. <Nuhl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd;
Kf;fpaf; $Wfshtd: 1) mj;jpahtrpa njhopy;fis ehl;L
cilikahf;fy;; 2) midtUf;Fk; MAs; fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lj;ij
tpupTgLj;jy;; 3) kJtpyf;Ff; nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpbj;jy;; 4)
midtUf;Fk; fl;lha ,ytrf; fy;tp mspj;jy;; 5) jPz;lhik
xopg;G; 6) midtUf;Fk; tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwia
307
eilKiwg;gLj;jy;; 7) midj;J epu;thf mikg;GfSf;Fk;
mjpfhuj;ijg; gfpu;e;J nfhLj;jy;. ,Ug;gpDk; ePjpf;fl;rp 1934
rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy; gLNjhy;tp mile;jJ. Rauh[;af; fl;rp 29
,lq;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;W jdpg; ngUk;ghd;ikAld; jpfo;e;jJ.
vdpDk;> mf;fl;rp Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;f kWj;Jtpl;ljhy; nghg;gpyp
muru; njhlu;e;J Kjyikr;ruhf ePbj;jhu;.
13.7.4.Ml;rpapd; tPo;r;rp
nghg;gpyp muru; rpWghd;ik murhq;fj;jpd; Kjy;tuhf
ePbj;jhYk; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; tPo;r;rpiaj; jLf;f Kbatpy;iy.
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; jiyikf; nfhwlh (Chief Whip)thf ,Ue;j
vk;.V.Kj;ijah nrl;bahu; mtuJ Mjuit tpyf;fpf; nfhz;ljhy;
Mu;.Nf.rz;Kfk; nrl;bAk;> Mu;f;fhL ,uhkrhkp KjypahUk;
Nju;jypy; Njhw;f Neu;e;jJ. vdNt nghg;gpyp muru; vk;.V.Kj;ijah
nrl;bahiu fl;rpapd; jiyikf; nfhwlh gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fpdhu;.
mjdhy; Mj;jpukile;j nrl;bahu; nghg;gpyp murhq;fj;Jf;F
vjpuhf ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPu;khdj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jhu;. mtiuj;
jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf v.Fkhurhkp nul;bahUf;F gjpy;
vk;.V.Kj;ijah nrl;bahiuf; fy;tp mikr;ruhf;fpdhu;. gpwiuj;
jpUg;jpg;gLj;J tjw;fhf Gjpjhf cs;Jiw mikr;rufj;ij
Vw;gLj;jp mjpy; KfkJ c];khidAk;> gpd;du; V.b.gd;dPu;
nry;tj;ijAk; mikr;ru;fshf epakpj;jhu;. nghg;gpyp murupd;
aNjr;rhjpfhug; Nghf;F ePjpf;fl;rpapdupilNa mjpUg;jpia
mjpfupj;J tpl;lJ. fl;rp Kf;fpa];ju;fNs mtiu Neupy; ghu;j;Jg;
Ngr Kbatpy;iy. jd;id vjpu;j;jtu;fisAk;> mtUld;
xj;Jg;Nghfhj cs;shl;rp epWtdq;fisAk; xLf;f Kw;gl;lhu;.
,jw;fhf cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs; rl;lk; (Local Boards
Act) jpUj;jg;gl;lJ. jhYfh Nghu;Lfs; fiyf;fg;gl;ld. jdf;F
Ntz;lhj xU khtl;l kd;wk; ,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. mtNuhL
xj;Jiof;fhj gpw khtl;l kd;wq;fisAk; gpupg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mNjNghd;W mtuJ mjpfhuj;Jf;Ff;
fPo;g;gzpahj efuhl;rp kd;wq;fs; Klf;fg;gl;ld; jdf;F Ntz;lhj
efuhl;rp kd;wj; jiytu; jz;bf;fg;gl;ldu;. fkp\du;fis
epakpg;gjd; %yk; ,k;kd;wq;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ijf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. RUq;ff;$wpd;> ePjpf; fl;rpapd; Nju;jy;
ntw;wpf;F Cw;Wf; fz;fshf ,Ue;j cs;shl;rp epWtdj;
jiytu;fis tpNuhjpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu; nghg;gpyp muru;.
mJkl;Lky;y. [kPd;jhupay;yhj epyg; gFjpfspy; mjPjkhd
epytupiaf; Fiwf;f tplhg;gpbahf kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. nghUshjhu
neUf;fbapy; cod;W nfhz;bUe;j tptrhapfSk;> epyr;
nrhe;jf;fhuu;fSk; nghg;gpyp murupd; tpNtfkw;w eltbf;iffshy;
308
ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,jd; fhuzkhf ,tu; fpuhk kf;fspd;
Mjuit ,oe;jhu;.
fhq;fpurpd; nry;thf;F
,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;dpd;W elj;jpa mfpy
,e;jpa fhq;fpurpd; nry;thf;F kf;fspilNa tpiue;J gutpf;
nfhz;bUe;j rkaj;jpy; nghg;gpyp muru; gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;NjhL
Nru;e;J nfhz;L epytupiaf; Fiwf;ff; Nfhup fhq;fpurhu; elj;jpa
Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F vjpuhff; fLikahd
eltbf;iffis vLj;jhu;. ,j;jifa mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffs;
fhq;fpurpd; kf;fs; nry;thf;if mjpfupf;fNt nra;jd. vspa
cil mzpe;J ehl;L tpLjiyf;fhf fhq;fpu];fhuu;fs; Nghuhbf;
nfhz;bUf;ifapy; ePjpf;fl;rp Kjyikr;rUk;> gpw mikr;ru;fSk;
mjpf Cjpak; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L Mlk;gukhf tho;e;jij kf;fs;
ntWg;NghL ghu;j;jdu;; gj;jpupiffs; fz;bj;jd. RUq;ff;$wpd;>
nghg;gpyp muru; mlf;FKiwia tpijj;J kf;fspd; ntWg;ig
mWtil nra;jhu;. ePjpf;fl;rp kPz;Lk; jiyJ}f;f Kbahj
msTf;F 1934 rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ; fhq;fpu];
ntw;wp ngw;W Ml;rpiag; gpbj;jJ. mjd;gpd; vjpu;f;fl;rpahf
nray;gl;L te;j ePjpf;fl;rp 1938 brk;gu; 29 Mk; NjjpapypUe;J
1944 Mf];L 27 Mk; Njjp tiu ngupahupd; jiyikapd; fPo;
nray;gl;lJ. ngupahu; jdpahfj; jpuhtplu; fofj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;j
gpd;du; (1944) ePjpf;fl;rp gp.,uhkr;re;jpu nul;bapd; jiyikapd;
fPOk; (1944-1945)> gp.b. ,uh[d; jiyikapYk; (1945-1957)
ngausTf;F ePbj;jJ. mjd;gpd; ePjpf;fl;rp jkpo;ehl;L murpay;
thdpypUe;J kiwe;Jtpl;lJ.
ePjpf;fl;rp gpuhkzu; vjpu;g;G mikg;gh? ePjpf;fl;rpapd;
gpuhkzu; nfhs;if Jtf;fj;jpypUe;Nj njsptpy;yhky; ,Ue;jJ.
lhf;lu; b.vk;.ehau; kl;LNk Mjpfhy Mupau;fs; 'J}q;Fk;NghJ
Eioe;j jpUlu;fisg; Nghd;wtu;fs;' vd;Wk;> mtu;fSila
thupRfNs gpuhkzu;fs; vd;Wk;> Mupau; fsKk; jpuhtplu; fsKk;
,UNtW ,dq;fs; vd;Wk; gfpuq;fkhfg; Ngrpdhu;. nghJthf
ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytu;fs; murhq;fg; gjtpfspy; gpuhkzu;
Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;jhu;fNsad;wp gpuhkzu;fis tpNuhjpj;Jf;
nfhs;stpy;iy.
ePjpf;fl;rp Jtf;fg;gl;l NghJ fl;rpf; $l;lq;fspy;
gpuhkzu;fs; ghu;itahsu;fshf mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. 1926 Nju;jy;
Njhy;tpf;Fg; gpwF gpuhkzu;fspd; Mjuitg; ngWtjw;fhd Kaw;rp
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 1929 mf;Nlhgu; khjk; $ba ePjpf;fl;rpapd;
nraw;FOf; $l;lj;jpy; ,jw;fhf epiwNtw;wg;gl;l jPu;khdk; gpd;du;
ney;Y}upy; $ba 11tJ fl;rp khehl;by; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
KDrhkp ehAL> ghl;Nuh Nghd;w ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytu;fs;
309
,j;jPu;khdj;Jf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;jdu;. Mdhy; ngupahu; <.nt.uh>
Mu;.Nf.rz;Kfk; nrl;bahu; Nghd;Nwhu; ,g;Nghf;iff; fLikahf
vjpu;j;jdu;. 1930fspy; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; nry;thf;F rupe;jNghJ 1934
Mf];L khjk; ePjpf;fl;rp mjd; fjTfisg; gpuhkzu;fSf;Fj;
jpwe;Jtpl;lJ. ngupahu; <.nt.uh. mf;fl;rpf;F mspj;J te;j
Mjuit tpyf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;.
ePjpf;fl;rp midj;J gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; eyd;fisAk;
ghJfhf;Fk; vd;w Nju;jy; thf;FWjpAld; Ml;rpf;F te;jJ (1920).
Mjpjpuhtplu;fSk;> K];yPk;fSk; gpw rpWghd;ik tFg;gpdUk;
me;j thf;FWjpia ek;gpdu;; ePjpf;fl;rpia Mu;tj;Jld; Mjupj;jdu;.
Mdhy; Ml;rpf;F te;j rpy Mz;LfSf;Fs;shfNt ePjpf;fl;rp
nrl;bahu;> Kjypahu;> ehAL> gps;is Nghd;w cau; rhjpapdupd;
Nfhl;il vd;w vz;zk; rpWghd;ikapdupilNa vOe;jJ. rl;lkd;w
cWg;gpdu; mg;gh mypfhd; xU K];yPKf;Ff;$l mikr;ruitapy;
,lk; jutpy;iy vd;W ntspg;gilahff; Fw;wk; rhl;bdhu; (1923).
lhf;lu; b.vk;.ehau; ,we;jgpd; Mjp jpuhtplu;fspd; eyd;
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ. 'Gspae;Njhg;G epfo;r;rpfs;' vd;W
miof;fg;gl;l gp md;L rp kpy; NtiyepWj;jk; (B and C Mill Strike)
gpuhkzuy;yhj cau; tFg;ghUf;Fk; Mjp jpuhtplu;fSf;FkpilNa
ngUk; gpsit Vw;gLj;jptpl;lJ. RUq;ff;$wpd;> nrd;id
,uh[jhdpapypUe;j rpWghd;ikapdu; kiyia vjpu;ghu;j;J kiy
vypiaf;$l ngwtpy;iy.
ePjpf;fl;rp gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; MjuTld;
gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; eyd;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l
gpuhe;jpa murpay; mikg;ghFk;. Jtf;fj;jpypUe;Nj ePjpf;fl;rpapdu;
gpupl;b\; murhq;f tpRthrpfs; vd;gij ntspg;gilahfNt $wp
te;jdu;. mtu;fs; md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahupd; Rahl;rp
,af;fj;ijAk;> fhe;jpapd; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ijAk; vjpu;f;fj;
jaq;ftpy;iy. ePjpf;fl;rp [hypad; thyhghj; gLnfhiyiaf;$l
fz;bf;ftpy;iy vd;w Fw;wr;rhl;L vOe;jJ. ePjpf;fl;rpapdu;
Njrpathjpfsh? my;yJ Njr tpNuhjpfsh? vd;w tpdh
tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ePjpf;fl;rpapdu; Njr tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l
ePNuhl;lj;jpypUe;J tpyfpr; nrd;W me;epa murhq;f MjuTld;
tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jtf; nfhs;ifia epiwNtw;WtjpNyNa
Fwpahf ,Ue;jdu;. me;j Nehf;fk; epiwNtwpa gpd; ePjpf;fl;rp
rupTg; ghijapy; gazpf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. ePjpf;fl;rpapdu;
gpuhe;jpathjpfNsad;wp Njrpathjpfs; my;yu;.
13.7.5. ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rhjidfs;
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; vOr;rp jw;fhyj; jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;wpd;
jpUg;GKid epfo;r;rpahFk;. nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapd;
310
gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; rhu;ghfj; Jtf;fg;gl;l Kjy; murpay; mikg;G
ePjpf;fl;rp jhd;. ,f;fl;rpapd; rhjidfs; tUkhW: 1) ePjpf;fl;rp
Fuy; ,y;yhjpUe;j gpuhkzuy;yhjhupd; Fuyhf xypj;jJ.
,f;fl;rpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; gpuhkzuy;yhNjhu; gpufldj;jpd; %yk;
njspthf;fg; gl;lJ. fl;rpg; gj;jpupiffs; %yk; ,f;Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
kf;fspilNa gpur;rhuk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. 2) ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rl;lr;
rhjidfspy; Kjy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ tFg;Gthup
gpujpepjpj;Jt murhq;f MizahFk;. ,e;j Mizapd;
mbg;gilapy; jhd; gpw;fhy ,l xJf;fPl;Lf; nfhs;iffs;
tFf;fg;gl;ld. 3) ,e;J kj mwf;fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,e;J
Nfhapy;fis murhq;fj;jpd; Neub epu;thfj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L te;j
Gul;rpfukhd rPu;jpUj;jkhFk;. 4) ngz;fSf;F thf;Fupik
toq;fpaJ ngz;Zupik toq;fg;gl;ljw;fhd Kjy; Kd;Ndw;w
eltbf;ifahFk;. 5) nrd;id khefuhl;rp Jtf;fpa ,ytr
czTj; jpl;lj;Jf;F rl;l mq;fPfhuk; mspj;jJ. gpd;du; te;j
murhq;fq;fs; tpupTgLj;jpa gs;sp kjpa czTj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd
mbj;jskhFk;. 6) gQ;rku;fs; vd;W xJf;fp itf;fg;gl;bUe;j
jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F Mjp jpuhtplu; vd;W ngaupl;L rKjha
mq;fPfhuk; mspj;jJ ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Jzpr;ry; kpf;f r%f
rPu;jpUj;jr; nrayhFk;. 7) cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs; rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
jkpo; ehl;bd; ghuk;gupa Gy;ypjo; [dehaf mikg;GfSf;F
Gj;Japu; Cl;lg;gl;lJ. ,e;j epWtdq;fSf;F mjpfhuk; gfpu;e;J
mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Kaw;rp njhiyNehf;Fld;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ghuhl;Lf;Fupa GJtopahFk;. 8) jho;j;jg;gl;l
kf;fs; nrhe;j tPL fl;bf; nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gl;lh kidfs;
toq;Fk; jpl;lj;ij ePjpf;fl;rp mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. 9) khepyj;jpd;
nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp njhopy;kakhtjpy;jhd; cs;sJ vd;gij
ed;Fzu;e;j ePjpf;fl;rp nrd;id khepy njhopw;rhiyfSf;F
cjtr; rl;l (Madras State Aid to Industries> 1922)j;ij
epiwNtw;wpaJ. ,J njhiyNehf;Fila nghUshjhuj; jpl;lkhFk;.
10) ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Jtf;ffhy eltbf;iffspd; tpisthf khepy
kf;fspilNa> Fwpg;ghf jho;j;jg;gl;l> gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l kf;fspilNa
jd;khd czu;Tk;> cupik Ntl;ifAk;> tho;f;ifapy; cau
Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zKk; Ntu;tpl;L tsuyhapw;W.
ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rpapd; fPo; nrd;id tuyhW fhzhj tsu;r;rp
mile;jJ. nrd;id efuj; jpl;l rl;lk; (Madras Town Planning Act>
1920) nray;gLj;jg; gl;ljd; tpisthf gy FbapUg;Gf; fhydpfs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ePz;l Eq;fk;ghf;fk; ePu;epiy mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
ku;kyhd; fpuhkk;> khk;gyk; Mapw;W; jpahfuha efu; vd;w ngau;
ngw;wJ. nrd;id efupd; ikag;gFjpapy; gdfy; G+q;fh
Gd;difj;jJ. c];khd; NuhL> `gpGy;yh NuhL> jzpfhryk; NuhL>
eNlrd; G+q;fh> ghz;b grhu; Nghd;wit etehfupf
311
milahsq;fshapd. kUj;Jtg; gbg;Gf;fhf ,e;jpa kUj;Jtg;
gs;sp (Indian School of Medicine) Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. rptQhdk;
gps;isf; FOtpd; (1926 khu;r; 22) gupe;Jiuapd; Ngupy;jhd; gpd;du;
mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ (1929).
jkpo; ehl;by; ,ul;il Ml;rpf; fhyk; (Dyarchy)
KOtijAk; ePjpf;fl;rp Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,ul;il
Ml;rpapd; fPo; epu;thfg; nghWg;Gfs; ,U $Wfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;ld:
1) gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;l Jiwfs; (Transferred Subjects); 2)
xJf;fg;gl;l Jiwfs; (Reserved Subjects). fy;tp> nghJg; gzpfs;>
tptrhak;> cs;shl;rp> nghJ Rfhjhuk;> kUj;Jt epu;thfk;> njhopy;
fy;tptsu;r;rp-Muha;r;rp Nghd;w Jiwfs; gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;l
JiwfshFk;. mNjNghd;W> fhty;> ePjp epu;thfk;> epy tUtha;>
rpiwfs;> njhopy; jfuhWfisj; jPu;j;jy; Nghd;wit xJf;fg;gl;l
JiwfshFk;. ePjpf;fl;rp gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;l Jiwfspy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rhjidfisr; nra;jJ.
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; epiyahd murhq;fj;ij
(Stable Government) mikj;Jr; nray;gl;lJ. mjd; tpisthf rpy
MNuhf;fpakhd [dehaf tof;fhWfs; (Democratic Conventions)
gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld: 1) kf;fs; eyk; rk;ke;jg;gl;l Jiwfis
epu;tfpf;Fk; mDgtk; fpilj;jJ; 2) MSeu; rl;lkd;wj;jpy;
ngUk;ghd;ik gyk; ngw;w fl;rpapd; jiytiu murhq;fk; mikf;f
miof;Fk; tof;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. 3) mikr;ruitapd; $l;Lg; nghWg;G
(Collective Responsibility)> mikr;ruit rl;l rigf;Fg;
nghWg;ghdJ Nghd;w gpupl;b\; eilKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld. 4)
rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; midtUk;-Rauh[;af; fl;rpapdu; cl;gl-
rl;l rigapd; KbTf;Ff; fl;Lg;gly; vd;w tof;fk; eilKiwf;F
te;jJ. 5) MSk; fl;rp-vjpu;f;fl;rp njhlu;G [dehaf murpay;
gz;Gf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F Kd;khjpupahf
mike;jJ. 6) fl;rpf; nfhwlh (Party Whip) rl;lkd;wj;Jf;Fs;
fl;rpf; fl;Lg;ghl;il epiyehl;Lk; gof;fk; tof;fj;Jf;F te;jJ.
,e;jpa murpay; r%ftpaiy (Political Sociology) Mo;e;J Ma;T
nra;j Mu;.gh];fud; gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapy;
kl;LNk ,ul;il Ml;rp ntw;wpfukhf nray;gl;lJ vd;W $Wfpwhu;.
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Fiwfs;
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; FiwghLfs; fl;rpapd; gytPdq;fspd;
ntspg;ghLfNs ad;wp Ntupy;iy. mf;Fiwfs; tUkhW: 1)
ePjpf;fl;rp xw;iwf; Fwpf;Nfhs; fl;rpahf nray;gl;L
Njf;fkile;jJ. tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jt rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l
gpd; ePjpf;fl;rp jd;idg; GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;sj; jtwptpl;lJ. mjd;
fhuzkhf mf;fl;rp ce;J rf;jpia ,oe;jJ. 2) murhq;fj;ij
312
ve;j tFg;ghu; mikf;fpd;whu;fNsh me;j tFg;G eyDf;fhfNt
ghLgLtu; vd;w murpay; mwptpay; tpjpf;Nfw;g ePjpf;fl;rp
Ml;rpahsu;fs; cau; tFg;ghupd; cau;Tf;fhf kl;LNk Kd;Dupik
nfhLj;jjhy; kf;fspd; kjpg;igAk;> MjuitAk; ,oe;jdu;. 3)
ePjpf;fl;rpaplkpUe;J epiwa vjpu;ghu;j;j rpWghd;ikapdu;> Fwpg;ghf
jho;j;jg;gl;l Mjpjpuhtplu;fs; ngUj;j Vkhw;wkile;jdu;. mf;fl;rp
ek;gfj;jd;ikia ,oe;jJ. 4) mjpfhu MirAk;> gjtpg; gpj;Jk;
ePjpf;fl;rpf;Fs; Nfh\;bg; G+ry;fisAk;> Nghuhl;lq;fisAk;
jPtpug;gLj;jptpl;ld. cl;fl;rpg; G+ry;fNs ePjpf;fl;rpapd; tPo;r;rpf;F
toptFj;jJ. 5) ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytu;fspd; Mlk;gu tho;f;if
Kiw mf;fl;rpia kf;fsplkpUe;J me;epag;gLj;jptpl;lJ. 6)
Kjyikr;ruhapUe;j nghg;gpyp muru; jdJ aNjr;rhjpfhu
jd;Kidg; ghl;rpahy; ePjpf;fl;rpia kPz;Lk; jiyJ}f;f Kbahky;
nra;Jtpl;lhu;! RUq;ff;$wpd; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; FiwghLfs;
mf;fl;rpapd; FiwghLfNsahFk;. tpbnts;spahfj; Njhd;wpa
ePjpf;fl;rp vupel;rj;jpukhf vupe;J kiwe;jJ.
kjpg;gPL
ePjpf;fl;rp gpuhkzuy;yhjhUf;F Mjuthfj; Jtf;fg;gl;l
mikg;Ngad;wp gpuhkzu;fSf;F vjpuhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l fl;rp
my;y. ePjpf;fl;rp gpuhkzu;fSf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ
epahakw;w Fw;wr;rhl;lhFk;. Vnddpy;> ePjpf;fl;rpapd; tFg;Gthup
gpujpepjpj;Jt rl;lk; gpuhkzu;fspd; murhq;f Ntiy tha;g;ig
ntFthff; Fiwj;J tpl;lJ; mjd; fhuzkhf jkpo; ehl;by;
gpuhkzu; Mjpf;fk; Fiwayhapw;W. ePjpf;fl;rp nfhz;L te;j
khw;wj;jhy; jkpo;ehL fhq;fpuRk; mjpf mstpy; gpuhkzuy;yhjhiu
cWg;gpdu;fshfTk;> nghWg;ghsu;fshfTk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;ba fl;lhak; Vw;gl;lJ.
Nju;jy; Njhy;tpia re;jpf;f tpUk;ghj ePjpf;fl;rp
gpuhkzu;fis fl;rp cWg;gpdu;fshfr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;lJ
re;ju;g;gthj murpayhFk;. ePjpf;fl;rp tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jtf;
nfhs;ifia nray;gLj;jpaJ gpuhkzuy;yhjhupd; thf;Ffisg;
ngWtjw;fhfj;jhd; vd;W Fiw $wpdhu; fk;A+dpl; jiytu; gp.
,uhk%u;j;jp. nghUshjhu neUf;fbapy; tptrhapfs; rpf;fpj;
jtpj;jNghJ epyj;jPu;it ,uj;J nra;ahjJ nghUshjhuj;
jtwhFk;. mNjNghd;W> ePjpf;fl;rp rpy gpuhkzuy;yhj
r%fj;jpdiuf; Fw;wthspfshff; fUjpa Fw;wg; goq;Fbapdu; rl;l
(Criminal Tribe Act)j;ij ePf;fhjJ rKjhaj; jtwhFk;.
ePjpf;fl;rpapdu; Jtf;f fhyj;jpy; me;epa Mjpf;f murhq;f
Mjuthsu;fshf> tpRthrpfshf ,Ue;jdu; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
vdpDk; tpiutpNyNa mtu;fs; Njrpa RNjrpg; nghUshjhuj;
jpl;lj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;L mjw;fhd jPu;khdj;ij 1925,y;
313
eilngw;w Mz;L khehl;by; epiwNtw;wpdu;. ePjpf;fl;rp
murpayikg;gpy; Rtuh[;' vd;w nrhy; ,lk; ngw;wJ. ePjpf;fl;rpapd;
ehd;fhtJ Mz;Lf; $l;lj;jpy; [hypad;thyhghf; gLnfhiyf;Ff;
fz;ldk; njuptpj;jNjhL mjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jtu;fs;
jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;>
ePjpf;fl;rp Njrpaj;ij (Nationalism)tpl gpuhe;jpaj;Jf;Nf
(Regionalism) mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jJ. gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapy;
ek;gpf;ifAila ePjpf;fl;rp jpuhtplu; ,af;fj;jpd; murpay;
fpisahf ,Ue;jjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; rp.Rg;gpukzpak;.
RUq;ff;$wpd;> ePjpf;fl;rpapd; vOr;rp jw;fhyj; jkpo;ehl;L murpay;
tuyhw;iwj; jpirjpUg;gpa epfo;r;rpahFk;.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
9.tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jt nfhs;ifia ntw;wpfukhf
nray;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd tpjpKiw (Formula) tFj;Jf;
nfhLj;jtu; ahu;?
10. 1922 brk;gu; 18 Mk; Njjp rl;lkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l
,e;J mwepiya kNrhjhit ve;j Mz;L epiwNtw;wpdu;?
13.8. Rakupahij ,af;fk;
13.8.1. ngupahu; <.nt. ,uhkrhkp (1879-1973)
<NuhL ntq;fl ,uhkrhkp (<.nt.uh) 1879 nrg;lk;gu; 17 Mk;
Njjp <Nuhl;by; kz;b ntq;fl;lg;g ehaf;fu; rpd;dj;jhak;ik
MfpNahUf;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; nry;tKk; nry;thf;Fkpf;f
fu;ehlf gyp[thu; tFg;igr; Nru;e;jtu;. ,uhkrhkp jpz;izg;
gs;spapYk;> Jtf;fg; gs;spapYk; gbj;jhu;. 12tJ tajpNyNa
gs;spg; gbg;ig epWj;jptpl;L> ntq;fl;lg;g ehaf;fu; kz;bf;fil
tpahghuj;ijg; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. 19 MtJ tajpy; Nryk;
ehjk;gl;biar; Nru;e;j 13 taJ ehfk;ikiaj; jpUkzk; nra;J
nfhz;lhu; (1898). 25 Mk; tajpy; tPl;iltpl;L ntspNawp> fhrp>
fy;fj;jh Kjyhd ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;Wtpl;L kPz;Lk; <Nuhl;Lf;Nf
te;J '<.nt. ,uhkrhkp ehaf;fu; kz;b' tpahghupahdhu; (1904).
tpahghupahf ,Ue;j NghNj fhq;fpu]; ,af;fj;jpy; Mu;tk;
nfhz;lhu;. fhq;fpu]; khehLfspy; fye;J nfhz;lhu;. mNjrkak;
<NuhL efu; kd;wj; jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. gpd;du; efu; kd;wj;
jiytu; gjtpiaAk;> gy fTutg; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; tpl;Ltpl;L
fhq;fpu]; cWg;gpduhfp ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jPtpug;
gq;Nfw;whu; (1919).
314
fhq;fpu]; Nghuhsp
fhq;fpu]; ,af;fj;jpy; jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhz;l <.nt.
,uhkrhkp ehaf;fu; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;Jf;F KO
xj;Jiog;igf; nfhLj;jhu;. ney;iy fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy;
tFg;Gupikj; jPu;khdj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jhu;. <Nuhl;by; fs;Sf;fil
kwpaiyj; jiyik jhq;fp elj;jpdhu;. fhe;jpapd; epu;khdj;
jpl;lj;ij rpuNkw;nfhz;L eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhu;. jhjk;gl;bapy;
mtUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd njd;de;Njhg;gpy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd njd;id
kuq;fis ntl;br; rha;j;jhu;. tPjp tPjpahfr; nrd;W jPtpuf; fju;
gpur;rhuk; nra;jhu;. jQ;rhT+u; fhq;fpurpy; kPz;Lk; tFg;Gupikj;
jPu;khdj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jhu; (1921). fs;Sf;fil kwpaypy;
<Lgl;ljw;fhf rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu; (1922).
<.nt.,uhkrhkp ehaf;fu; 1923 Mk; Mz;L jkpo;ehL
fhq;fpu]; jiytuhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. jkpo; ehl;by; Kjy;
Kjyhf fhq;fpu]; jiyikg; nghWg;Ngw;w gpuhkzuy;yhjtu;
,tu;jhd;. mg;gbAk; t.Nt.R.Iau; ,tUf;F vjpuhf
ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPu;khdk; nfhz;L te;jhu;. (tpLjiy> 1960>
[dtup 6). 'jl;rpz fhe;jp' vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,uh[h[pAld;
ngupahu; nghs;shr;rpf;F te;jjhf (1925)f; Fwpg;gl;Ls;shu;
rp.Rg;gpukzpak;. fhq;fpu]; fkpl;bj; jiytuhd gpd;dUk;
tFg;Gupik Nfhupf;ifiaf; iftpltpy;iy. <.nt.uh 1924 Mk;
Mz;by; %d;W Kf;fpa eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;: 1)
Nfushtpy; itf;fk; kfhNjtu; Nfhtpy; Kd; jPz;lhik xopg;Gr;
rj;jpahfpufj;jpy; gq;Nfw;W> ,UKiw rpiw nrd;W> Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
ntw;wp ngw;W itf;fk; tPuu;' vd;W ghuhl;lg;gl;lhu;; 2)
jpUtz;zhkiy fhq;fpurpy; tFg;Gupikj; jPu;khdj;ij
Kd;nkhope;J czu;r;rp ciuahw;wpdhu;; 3) Nrud;kfhNjtp
FUFyj;jpy; jho;j;jg;gl;l khztu;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gl;l mePjpia
td;ikahff; fz;bj;jhu;. ,tw;NwhL ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rpapd;
mwepiyag; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;ij Mjupj;jhu;. <.nt. ,uhkrhkp
ehaf;fu; 1925 etk;gu; 25 Mk; Njjp eilngw;w fhQ;rpGuk;
fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; ,Wjpahf tFg;Gupikj; jPu;khdj;ij
Kd;nkhope;jhu;. mj;jPu;khdk; Vw;fg;glhikahy; mtUk; mtuJ
Mjuthsu;fSk; fhq;fpuir tpl;L ntspNawpdu;. ntspNawpa
gpd;dUk; mtu; fhq;fpuir xU tFg;Gthj rig'ahfNt fUjpdhu;.
19.1.3 Rakupahij rkju;kk;> 1925-1938 fahtJ Nghahq;fhd
‘jkpo;ehl;L &Nrh' gg;g fhq;fpuir tpl;L ntspNawpa <.nt.uhkrhkp ehaf;fu; gy rKjha rPu;jpUj;jg; gupNrhjidfspy; <Lgl;lhu;.
fhq;fpurpd; ,e;jpf; nfhs;if'iaf; fz;bj;J vOjpdhu;. 1926
brk;gu; khjk; kJiuapy; gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; Kjy; khepy
khehl;ilf; $l;b gpw;gl;Nlhu;> gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhupd; gpur;ridfs;
gw;wpg; Ngrpdhu;. fhe;jpapd; epu;khzj; jpl;lj;ij epuhfupj;jhu;.
315
fhe;jpahiu ngq;fShupy; re;jpj;J gpuhkz vjpu;g;Gf; nfhs;ifiag;
gw;wp tpthjpj;jhu; (1927). ehif njhopyhsu; fpsu;r;rpapy; gq;Nfw;W
rpiw nrd;whu;. irkd; fkp\id tuNtw;whu;. jpUf;Fws;> Gj;ju;
nfhs;iffisg; gug;gpdhu;. jd; ngaUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ,Ue;j
'ehaf;fu;' rhjpg; gl;lj;ij tpyf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;. ru;.V. ,uhkrhkp
Kjypahu; <.nt.,uhkrhkpia jkpo; ehl;bd; &Nrh' vd;W mioj;J
ngUikg;gLj;jpdhu; (1927 [_iy). 1928 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J
fhe;jpia 'kfhj;kh' vd;W miog;gij epWj;jptpl;lhu;. mNjNghd;W
fhe;jpapd; ,e;J kjk; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijAk;> Mjp
jpuhtplu;fSf;nfd jdpf; Nfhapy;fs; Ntz;Lk;> fyg;Gj;
jpUkzq;fSk;> rkge;jp tpUe;Jk; jdpg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; vd;w
fUj;Jf;fis ngupahu; Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy.
ngupahu; <.nt. ,uh
<.nt.,uhkrhkp vd;W ngaiu kl;Lk; Nghl;Lf; nfhs;tJ
kupahijahf ,Uf;fhJ vd;W fUjpa ehfu;Nfhtpy; tof;FiuQu;
gp.rpjk;guk; gps;is Kjy; Kjyhf <.nt. ,uh.ngupahu; vd;W
mioj;jhu; (1927). mjpypUe;J <.nt.,uh.ngupahu; vd;w ngau;
gpugykhapw;W. 1929 gpg;utup 17-18 Njjpfspy; nrq;fy;gl;by;
KjyhtJ nrd;id khfhz Rakupahij khehl;ilf; $l;b
Kiwg;gb Rakupahij ,af;fj;ijj; Jtf;fpdhu;. kidtp
ehfk;ikAld; kNyrpa ehl;by; Rw;Wg; gazk; nra;J
Rakupahijg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhu;. mg;gazj;jpd; NghJjhd; ngupahu;
jhb tsu;f;fj; njhlq;fpdhu;.
rkju;kthjp
kNyrpahtpypUe;J jpUk;gpa ngupahu; <.nt.,uh gy
gFj;jwpthsu; rq;fq;fisj; Jtf;fpdhu;. ,uz;lhtJ Rakupahij
khehl;il <Nuhl;bYk; (1930)> %d;whtJ khehl;il tpUJefupYk;
(1931) elj;jpdhu;. 1932 Mk; Mz;L gy INuhg;gpa ehLfspy;
Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;Jtpl;L te;j ngupahu; rkju;kthjpahdhu;.
rkju;kg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jjw;fhfg; ngupahu; jz;bf;fg;gl;L rpiw
jz;lid ngw;whu; (1933). ngupahu; jahupj;j rkju;k Ntiyj;
jpl;lj;ij ePjpf;fl;rp Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljhy; mf;fl;rpapd;
Mjuthsuhdhu; (1935). gFj;jwpT vd;w ehNsl;ilj; Jtf;fpdhu;.
1937 ,y; eilngw;w rl;lrigj; Nju;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rpf;fhf gpur;rhuk;
nra;jhu;. ,Ug;gpDk; ePjpf;fl;rp gLNjhy;tp mile;jJ. ,j;Nju;jypy;
fhq;fpu]; kfj;jhd ntw;wp ngw;W ,uh[h[p nrd;id
,uh[jhdpapd; Kjyikr;rhuhdhu;. mtu; gs;spfspy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ,e;jpia vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhb rpiw nrd;whu;
ngupahu; (1938). ngupahu; ngy;yhup rpiwapy; ,Ue;jNghJjhd;
ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytuhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. jkpo;ehl;Lg; ngz;fs;
316
khehL <.nt.,uhit vg;NghJk; ngupahu; vd;Nw Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;
vd;W mwptpj;jJ.
ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytu;> 1938-1944
ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytuhd ngupahu; mf;fl;rpia xU rKjha
rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fkhf cUkhw;wk; nra;tjpy; Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;lhu;.
rpiwapypUe;J jpUk;gpa ngupahu; 'jpuhtpl ehL' Nfhupf;ifia
vOg;gpdhu;. jpuhtpl ehl;il ,yl;rpakhff; nfhz;L mjw;fhd
gpur;rhuj;ijj; Jtf;fpdhu;. ru;. ];lhNghu;L fpupg;ir (Sir Staford
Gripps) re;jpj;J 'jpuhtpl ehL gpuptpid' gw;wpg; Ngrpdhu; (1939).
1940 [dtup 8 Mk; Njjp KfkJ myp [pd;dhit gk;ghapy;
mtuJ ,y;yj;jpy; re;jpj;J jdpehL Nfhupf;iff;F mtuJ
Mjuitf; Nfhupdhu;. me;j ciuahlypd; NghJ lhf;lu;
gp.Mu;.mk;Ngj;fhUk; cldpUe;jhu;. jpUth&u; khehl;by; jpuhtpl ehL
Nfhupf;ifia tpsf;fpg; Ngrpdhu; (1940 Vg;uy;). ,uh[h[p Neupy;
Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;Jk; ngupahu; mikr;ru; gjtpia Vw;f
kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. gpuhkzu; kw;Wk; ,e;jpf;fhu tlehl;ltuplkpUe;J
jkpo;ehl;L kf;fisf; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhfNt jdpehL NfhUtjhff;
$wpdhu;. Mdhy; mg;NghJ ngupahUf;F jpuhtpl ehL gw;wpa
njsptpy;iy. xUgf;fk; jkpo;ehL jkpoUf;Nf' vd;W Kof;fkpl;lhu;.
me;j thrfj;ij xt;nthU jkpoDk; ifapy; gr;ir Fj;jpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;. mNj rkak; jpuhtpl gpuptpid gw;wpAk;
gpur;rhuk; nra;jhu;. gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; vd;w ngaupy; nray;gl;Lte;j
mikg;Gfisg; gbg;gbahf jpuhtplu; fofk; vd;W ngau; khw;wk;
nra;J te;jhu; (1941). mikr;ruit mikf;Fk; tha;g;G te;Jk;
mijg; ngupahu; epuhfupj;Jtpl;lhu; (1942). jpuhtplg; gpuptpidg;
gpur;rhuj;jpy; jd;id KOtJkhf <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu; ngupahu;.
1944 Mf];L 27 Mk; Njjp Nryj;jpy; ngupahu; ePjpf;fl;rp vd;w
ngaiu jpuhtplu; fofk; vd;W mjpfhug;G+u;tkhf mwptpj;jhu;.
jpuhtplu; fofj; jiytu;> 1944-1973
ePjpf;fl;rpia jpuhtplu; fofkhf khw;wpagpd; ngupahu; juhR
rpd;dk; nghwpj;j ePjpf;fl;rpapd; nfhbia fUg;Gg; gpd;dzpapy;
rptg;G tl;lk; nfhz;l nfhbahf khw;wpdhu;. jdpf; nfhbAld;
jpUr;rp jpuhtplu; fof khepy khehl;by; fUQ;rl;ilj; njhz;lu;
gil vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fpdhu; (1945 nrg;lk;gu; 29-30).
mjd;gpd; kJiuapy; fUQ;rl;ilg; gil khehL elj;jg;gl;lJ (1946
Nk 11). jpuhtplu; foff; nfhb Kiwahf Vw;fg;gl;lJ.
,af;fk; ,uz;Lgl;lJ
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;fhf
mikf;fg;gl;l murpay; epu;za rigapd; mikg;G Kiwia
vjpu;j;jhu; ngupahu; (1946). 1947 Mf];L 15 Mk; Njjp ehL
KOtJk; Rje;jpu ehshff; nfhz;lhba NghJ ngupahu; me;j
317
ehis 'jpuhtplUf;F Jf;f ehs;' vd;W mwptpj;jhu;. tlehl;ltu;
jkpo;ehl;L MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gLtij vjpu;j;jhu;. flY}upy;
jpuhtplu; khehL $l;b ehl;Lg; gpuptpidg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhu;. ,e;jp
vjpu;g;Gf; nfhs;ifia jPtpug;gLj;jpdhu;. nrd;idf;F te;j
,uh[h[pf;F vjpuhf Mu;g;gl;lk; nra;jjw;fhf rpiw jz;lid
ngw;whu; (1948). %j;j fofj; jiytu;fs; kPJ ek;gpf;ifapd;wp
jpuhtplu; fofg; ghJfhg;G fUjp 1949 [_iy 9 Mk; Njjp ngupahu;
kzpak;ikiaj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhu;. ngupahupd;
aNjr;rhjpfhu ru;thjpfhug; Nghf;if vjpu;j;J rp.vd;.mz;zhJiuAk;
mtuJ Mjuthsu;fSk; jpuhtplu; fofj;ij tpl;Lg; gpupe;J nrd;W
jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk; vd;w ngaupy; jdpf;fl;rpiaj;
Jtf;fpdu;. mjd;gpd; jpuhtplu; fofj;J jiytu; ngupahu; gy
Nghuhl;lq;fis elj;jp 1973 brk;gu; 24 Mk; Njjp fhiy 94
tajpy; ,aw;if va;jpdhu;.
Rakupahij ,af;fk;> 1925-1935
ngupahu; <.nt.,uhkrhkp Rakupahij ,af;fj;ijj;
Jtf;Ftjw;F Kd;dhy; ntspehLfspy; Rakupahijf;
nfhs;iffSf;fhf mikf;fg;gl;L nray;gl;L te;j ,af;fq;fisg;
gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;lhu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ,yz;ld; gFj;jwpthsu;
rq;fk; (RDA)> mnkupf;f Rje;jpu rpe;jidahsu; rq;fk; (Free
Thinkers' Association)> ,u\;a flTs; vjpu;g;G rq;fk; (Anti-God
Society)> rPd thypg rPdu;fs; (Young Chinese) Mfpatw;iwg;
ngupahu; Kd;khjpup ,af;fq;fshff; fUjpdhu;. ,tw;Ws; ,u\;a
rq;fk; murhq;fj;jhy; Mjupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,itad;wp
Mg;fhdp];jhdj;jpYk;> JUf;fpapYk; Rakupahijg; gpur;rhuq;fs;
eilngw;W te;jd. ,r;rq;fq;fspd; nray;ghLfs; ngupahUf;F
ce;J rf;jpfshf ,Ue;jd.
Rakupahij-tpsf;fk;
ngupahu; <.nt.,uhkrhkp Rakupahijia capUf;F xg;ghff;
fUjpdhu;. 'Rakupahijaw;wtidg; gpznkd;Wjhd; nrhy;y
Ntz;Lk;' vd;whu;. Rakupahij ,y;yhjtu;fSf;F ,e;jpah me;epa
Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy miltjhy; ve;jg; gaDkpy;iy vd;W
fUjpdhu; <.nt.,uh. mtUila Nehf;fpy; Rakupahij vd;gJ
rkj;Jtk;> rk cupik> rk tha;g;G> rpf;fdk;> md;G> ,uf;fk;>
xOf;fk; Mfpatw;iwAk;; FUl;L ek;gpf;if> %lg;
gof;ftof;fq;fs;> jPz;lhik> ngz; mbik xopg;G> vspNahiu
typNahu; mlf;fp Mshik> gbj;jtu;fs; gbf;fhky; ,Ug;Nghiu
Vkhw;whky; ,Uj;jy;> gFj;jwpT tsu;r;rp ngwy;> jd; Kaw;rpf;F
Cf;fkspj;jy; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpajhFk;. RUq;ff;$wpd;>
Rarpe;jidAk;> Ra rhu;GilikAk; Rakupahijapd; ,U
fz;fshdhy; gFj;jwpTk; jd;khdKk; ,U fhy;fshFk;.
318
ePjpf;fl;rpapy; Vd; Nrutpy;iy?
ePjpf;fl;rp gpuhkzuy;yhjhu; midtuJ r%f
rkj;Jtj;ijAk;> cupikfisAk;> rktha;g;igAk; mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. mf;fl;rp vjpu;g;GfSf;fpilNa vjw;Fk;
mQ;rhky;> cWjpAld; ,Ue;J rthy;fis rkhspj;J>
mt;tpaf;fj;ij mopatplhky; fhg;ghw;wp> kf;fspilNa
Rakupahij czu;r;rpia Cl;b te;jhu;fs; vd;gij ngupahu;
<.nt.,uh Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. Mdhy; mf;fl;rp gpuhkzu;fis
cWg;gpdu;fshf Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;tJ vd;w Kbit Njd; $l;by;
neUg;G itf;fg;gl;lJ Nghd;wJ' vd;Wk; ,e;j ‘,af;fk; nrj;J> ghu;g;gd Mjpf;fj;jpw;F kw;nwhU rhjdkha; khwptpLk;' vd;Wk;
mQ;rpa ngupahu; <.nt.,uh. mf;fl;rpapy; Nrutpy;iy; Mdhy;
mf;fl;rpia Mjupj;jhu;. vdpDk; ePjpf;fl;rpia 'cj;jpNahf
Ntl;ilf; fl;rp'ahfNt fUjpdhu;. vdNt ngupahu; Rakupahij
,af;fj;ijj; Jtf;fp mjd; jdpj;jd;ikia epiy ehl;Ltjpy;
Fwpahf ,Ue;jhu;. Mq;fpyk; njupe;j kf;fspilNa Rakupahijf;
nfhs;ifiag; gug;Gtjw;fhf upNthy;l; (Revolt) vd;w ,jio
elj;jpdhu; (1928). Rakupahij ,af;fk; Ntu;gpbj;J tsu
ePjpf;fl;rpiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;. 1929 ,y; nrq;fy;gl;by;
eilngw;w nrd;id khfhz Rakupahij Kjy; khehL ,ijj;
njspTgLj;jpaJ. ,e;j tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f khehL
Rakupahij ,af;fj;jpd; Njhw;Wthahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. - 1925
murpay; fl;rpay;y Rakupahij ,af;fk; xU murpay; fl;rpiag;
Nghd;W Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; rpyu; $b Jtf;fg;gl;l mikg;gy;y.
,e;j ,af;fk; ngupahu; <.nt.,uhtpd; jiyikapd; fPo; nray;gl;l
jdpkdpj rKjha rPu;jpUj;j ,uhZtkhFk;; ,uhZtf;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; elj;jg;gl;lJ. ngupahupd; thu;j;ijfspy;
$Wtjhapd; "Rakupahij ,af;fkhdJ murpay;fspd; Nguhy; ekJ
ehl;bYs;s gy fl;rpfisg; Nghyy;yhky;> md;dpau;fsplk; ,Ue;J
ahnjhUtpjkhd rpW tp\aj;ijAk; vjpu;ghuhky; kf;fs; mwpit
tpsf;if mtutu;fspd; kdg;ghd;ikia khw;Wtjd; %yk;
cz;ikahd tpLjiyiaAk;> rkj;Jtj;ijAk;> jd;kjpg;igAk;
cz;lhf;ff; $ba xU ,af;fkhFk;” (jiyaq;fk;> FbauR 25-8-1929). mjhtJ> Rakupahij ,af;fk; jkpou;fspd; mwpit
tpupTgLj;jp> kdg;ghd;ikia khw;wp> rkj;Jt rKjhaj;ij
cUthf;Fk; ,af;fkhFk;. Vnddpy; murpay; njhz;L vd;gJ
“mNahf;fpau;fis cw;gj;jp nra;J mtu;fs; %yk; ghku kf;fis
tQ;rpf;fr; nra;tNj my;yhky; Ntwpy;iy” vd;whu; ngupahu;.
ngupahu; <.nt.,uhkrhkpahy; Jtf;fg;gl;l Rakupahij
,af;fk; Ntfkhf tsuj; Jtq;fpaJ. ,e;j Ntf tsu;r;rpiaf;
fz;l ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytu;fs; mjd;ghy; Mu;tk; fhl;lyhapdu;.
1929 Nk khjk; gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilapy; v.FUrhkpapd; jiyikapd; fPo;
319
khngUk; Rakupahij eilngw;wJ. Nf.tp.mofpuprhkp njhz;lu;
gilf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. ,e;j khehl;ilg; Nghy; nrd;id
,uh[jhdpapd; gpw efuq;fspYk; Rakupahij khehLfs;
elj;jg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws; xd;Wjhd; 1929 Mk; Mz;L nrq;fy;gl;by;
elj;jg;gl;l tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f Rakupahij khehL MFk;.
13.8.2. ,af;fj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
1929 ,y; nrq;fy;gl;by; eilngw;w Rakupahij ,af;f
khehl;by; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l jPu;khdq;fspd; %yk; ,e;j ,af;fj;jpd;
10 mk;rf; nfhs;ifia ntspapl;lhu; ngupahu; <.nt.,uh.
mitahtd: 1) kf;fs; gpwg;ghy; rhjpNgjk; mw;wtu;fs;; 2)
rhjpNgjk; fw;gpf;Fk; kjk;> Ntjk;> rh];jpuk;> Guhzk; ,itfisg;
gpd;gw;wf;$lhJ; 3) tUzhrpukg;gb gpuhkzu;> rj;jpupau;> itrpau;>
R+j;jpuu;> gQ;rku; vd;w gpupTfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$lhJ; 4)
kf;fspilNa jPz;lhikia xopj;J> nghJf;fpzW> Fsk;>
gs;spf;$lk;> rj;jpuk;> njU> Nfhapy; Kjypatw;wpy; nghJ
kf;fSf;Fr; rkcupik ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;; 5) ,tw;Wf;F vjpu;g;G
te;jhy; murhq;fk; %yk; rl;lk; ,aw;wp> mr;rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
epiwNtw;w Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;; 6) rhjp kj NtWghl;ilf;
fhl;lf;$ba gl;lk;> FwpaPLfs; Kjypatw;iw cgNahfpf;ff;
$lhJ; 7) ngz;fisg; nghWj;jtiu> jpUkz taJ 16f;F Nky;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;; fztDf;Fk; kidtpf;FkpilNa xj;Jg;Nghf
Kbahtpby; gpupe;J NghFk; cupik Ntz;Lk;; tpjitfs; kWkzk;
nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;; fyg;G kzk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;;
Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; jq;fs; Jizfis mtu;fNs
Nju;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;; 8) jpUkzr; rlq;Ffs; Nghd;wit
kpfTk; RUf;fkhfTk;> rpf;fdkhfTk;> xU ehisf;F kpfhkYk;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;; > 9) Nfhapy; G+irfSf;Fg; gz tpuak;
nra;af;$lhJ; flTSf;Fk; gf;jDf;FkpilNa ,ilj;jufu; $lhJ;
Nfhapy; nrhj;ij fy;tpf;Fk;> Muha;r;rpf;Fk;> njhopy; tsu;r;rpf;Fk;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. 10) %lg;gof;f tof;fq;fis xopj;jy;; 11)
ngz;fSf;F nrhj;Jupik> cj;jpNahf cupik mspj;jy;;
Mrpupau;fs; midtUk; ngz;fshfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;; 12)
jPz;lj;jfhNjhu;' vd;W xJf;fp itf;fg;gl;bUg;NghUf;F czT>
cil> Gj;jfk; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhLj;J mtu;fSf;F murhq;f
epyq;fis toq;fy;. 13) gpuhkzuy;yhj ,isQu;fSf;F cs;s
jilfisAk;> ,lu;ghLfisAk; ePf;fy;; 14) fy;tp rk;ge;jkhf
jha;nkhop> murhq;f nkhop fy;tpf;Fg; nghJg; gzk; nrytopj;J
fl;lhakhf fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; cau;epiyf; fy;tp nghJ gzk;
nrytplf;$lhJ; murhq;f mYty;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gl;lhy; -
xJf;fPl;bd;gb khztu;fisj; Nju;e;njLj;J gbg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;: 15)
320
rpw;Wz;b> Xl;ly; Kjypa ,lq;fspy; NtWghL vJTk;
,Uf;ff;$lhJ.
13.8.3. Rakupahij ,af;fj;jpd; rhjidfs;
Rakupahij ,af;fk; Nfhg;igapy; vOe;j Gay; my;y;
thdj;jpy; Njhd;wp kiwe;j thdtpy;Yk; my;y. mJ xU rKjha>
rka> fyhr;rhu rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fk;. Rakupahij ,af;fk; rKjhag;
Gul;rpf;fhd Kd;Ndhb Kaw;rpahFk;. me;jg; ghijapy;
Kisj;jitjhd; jpuhtplu; fofKk;> jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofKk;
MFk;. Rakupahij ,af;fj;jpd; rhjidfs; gy. mit tUkhW:
1) jkpo; ehl;by; gpuhkzu; Mjpf;fk; gbg;gbahff; Fiwe;jJ; 2)
gpuhkzu;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;L te;j fz;%bj;jdkhd
kupahijAk;> kjpg;Gk;> Kd;DupikAk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,oe;jd; 3)
nghJj; Nju;jy;fspy; gpuhkz Ntl;ghsu; fSf;Fg; gpuhkzuy;yhj
thf;fhsu;fspd; MjuT ntFthff; Fiwe;jJ; 4) gz;biffs;>
tpujq;fs;> rkar; rlq;Ffs; rpwg;gpoe;jd; 5) tpjitfs; jpUkzk;>
fyg;G kdk;> rhjp NtWghL fUjhik> jPz;lhik xopg;G> Nfhtpy;
EioT Mfpait kf;fshy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. 6) GNuhfpj
tpyf;Fr; rq;fq;fs; Njhd;wp> kjg; Gul;Lfis mk;gyg;gLj;jp>
GNuhfpju;fspd; Njitia kl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ; 7) kf;fs; thf;nfLg;gpd;
NghJ> xt;nthU FbkfDk; ,e;jpad; vd;W $w Ntz;Lk;>
vf;fhuzk; nfhz;Lk; rhjpg; ngaiur; nrhy;yf;$lhJ vd;W
jPu;khdq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L mDg;gg;gl;ld; 8) tFg;Gupik
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; eilKiw rhj;jpakhapw;W; 9) gjpTj; jpUkzq;fs;
gpugykile;jd; 10) rdhjd itjPfq;fSk;> Guhzq;fSk;>
tu;zhrpuk ju;kKk; nry;thf;F ,oe;jd; 11) nghJ czT
tpLjpfs;> Myaq;fs;> Giftz;b epiyaq;fs;> rj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;w
nghJ ,lq;fspy; gpuhkzu;fSf;Fk; gpwu;f;Fk; fhl;lg;gl;L te;j
NtWghLfs; kiwe;jd.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
11. ahu; jhjk;gl;bapy; mtUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd njd;de;Njhg;gpy;
E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd njd;id kuq;fis ntl;br; rha;j;jhu;?
12. ahiu 'jl;rpz fhe;jp' vd;W mioj;jdu;?
13.9.cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
1. fz;zg;gh
2. ru; [hd; gpf;];
3. 1712
321
4. 1813
5. jhk;rhdpd;
6. kiwkiy mbfshu;
7. 1916
8. 1892
9. Kj;ijah Kjypahu;
10. 1925
11. ngupahu;
12. ,uh[h[p
13.10. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. Mq;fpNyau; fhyj;jpy; fpuhk epu;thfk; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
2. jkpofj;jpd; fy;tp tsu;r;rpapy; nkf;fhNytpd; gq;F vd;d?
3. ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Njhy;tpia Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.
tpupthd tpdhf;fs;
1. Mq;fpNyaupd; ePjp epu;thfk; Fwpj;J tpthjp.
2. jkpofj;jpy; murpay; tsu;r;rp Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf.
3. Rakupahij ,af;fj;jpy; ngupahupd; gq;F Fwpj;J tptup.
4. jkpo; tsu;r;rpf;F kiwkiy mbfshupd; gq;F Fwpj;J fl;Liu
vOJf.
13.11. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Rajayyan K. History of Tamil Nadu
gps;is Nf.Nf. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW
Nilakanda Sastri K.N. A History of South India
Sathianathair R. History of India
ntq;fNlrd; f. jw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
,uhkrhkp m. jkpo; ehl;L tuyhW
David Arnold. The Congress in Tamilnadu: nationalist politics in
South India, 1919-1937
,uhN[e;jpud; eh. jkpo;ehl;by; Njrpak; RNjrpak;
322
myF - 14
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jkpofj;jpd; gq;F - Muk;g fl;lk;
- t.c.rp. -Rg;ukzpa ghujp-thQ;rpehjd;-Rg;ukzpa rpth-
gpw;fhyfl;lk;-,uh[h[p-rj;jpa%u;j;jp-fhkuh[;
ghl mikg;G
14.1. Kd;Diu
14.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
14.3. jkpo;ehLk; Jtf;f fhy fhq;fpuRk;
14.4. thQ;rpehjd;
14.5. ghujpahu;
14.6. t.c.rpjk;guk;
14.7. Rg;gpukzpa rpth
14.8. ,uh[h[p
14.8.1. efu;kd;w rhjidfs;
14.8.2. tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;G
14.8.3.rl;lr; rhjidfs;
14.8.4. ,e;jp vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lk;
14.9. v];. rj;jpa%u;j;jp
14.10. F.fhkuhru;
14.11. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
14.12. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
14.13. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
14.1. Kd;Diu
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Njhw;wk; xU tuyhw;Wr;
rpwg;Gkpf;f epfo;r;rpahFk;. Nkw;fj;jpag; gz;ghl;bd; jhf;fk;; ,e;jpa
rKjha> rka kWkyu;r;rp; Mq;fpy mjpfhutu;f;fj;jpd; Mjpf;fg;
Nghf;F; me;epa murhq;fj;jpd; Ruz;ly; nfhs;if Mfpatw;wpd;
tpisthf ,e;jpaupilNa Njrpa czu;r;rp cUthapw;W. nrd;id>
tq;fhsk;> gk;gha; ,uh[jhdpfspy; Jtf;fg;gl;l murpay; rhu;e;j
mikg;Gfs; ,e;jpa Njrpaj;jpd; Cw;Wf; fz;fshapd. ,g;Nghf;fpd;
,ay;ghd tpisNt ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Njhw;wkhFk;.
fhq;fpu]; Jtf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l
323
tuyhw;wpy; xU Gjpa jpUg;gk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Jtf;f
fhyj;jpy; jkpo; ehl;bd; gq;Nfw;G ngUikf;Fupajhf ,Ue;jJ.
tp[a efu> kJiu Ry;jhdpa> kuhj;jpa Nkyhjpf;fq;fis
me;epa Mjpf;fkhff; fUjhj jkpo;ehL Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;nfjpuhd
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;lJ. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd;
Jtf;fj;jpNyNa ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l fpsu;r;rpf;Fj;
Njhw;Wthahf ,Ue;jJ jkpo;ehL. NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp (1806)apy;
jkpo; ehl;Lg; giltPuu;fs; JzpTld; Nghuhbdhu;fs;. MapDk;
mt;tpU Jtf;ffhy Mq;fpNya Mjpf;f vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;
Kwpabf;fg;gl;ld. mjd; gpd;du; Mq;fpyf; fy;tp ngw;w jkpo;
ehl;Lj; jiytu;fs; cupik czu;Tk;> tpLjiy Ntl;ifAk; ngw;W
murpay; rhu;e;j mikg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpdu;. nrd;id RNjrp
rq;fKk;> nrd;id kfh[d rigAk; mj;jifa mikg;GfNsahFk;.
1884 brk;gu; khjk; nrd;id milahw;wpy; gpuk;kQhd rigapd;
Mz;Lf; $l;lj;Jf;Fg; gpd; jpthd; ,uFehjuht; ,y;yj;jpy; ehl;bd;
gy;NtW gFjpfspypUe;Jk; te;jpUe;j gpujpepjpfs; $b
,e;jpahTf;Fg; nghJthd xU mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jTk;> mjd;
khepyf; fpisfisj; Jtf;fTk;> mLj;j Mz;L ,Wjpapy; Njrpa
khehl;ilf; fy;fj;jhtpy; $l;lTk; jPu;khdpj;jdu;. Mdhy;
mj;jPu;khdk; nray;tbtk; ngWtjw;F Kd;dNu gk;ghapy; ,e;jpa
Njrpa fhq;fpu mikf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. ,e;j gpd;dzpapy; ,e;jpa
tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jkpofj;jpd; gq;F Fwpj;J ,e;j
mj;jpahak; tptupf;fpwJ.
14.2. Nehf;fq;fs;
ePq;fs; ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapd;w gpd;du; fPo; fz;ltw;iw mwpa
KbAk;
• Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jkpofj;jpd; gq;F Fwpj;J
tptupf;fpwJ.
• tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Rg;ukzpa ghujp t. c. rp>
thQ;rpehjd;> kw;Wk; Rg;ukzpa rpth MfpNahupd;
gq;fspg;ig tpsf;FfpwJ.
• tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,uh[h[p> rj;jpa%u;j;jp> kw;Wk;
fhkuh[; MfpNahupd; gq;fspg;ig tpthjpf;fpwJ.
324
14.3. jkpo;ehLk; Jtf;f fhy fhq;fpuRk;
Myd; Mf;Nltpad; `pA+kpd; Nrhu;tw;w Kaw;rpapd;
tpisthf ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; khehL 1885 brk;gu; 28
Mk; Njjp gk;ghapy; $baJ. mf;$l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;l 72
gpujpepjpfspy; nrd;id khepyj;jpypUe;J nrd;wtu;fs; 21 Ngu;;
mtu;fSs; jkpo;ehl;Lg; gFjpapypUe;J nrd;w gpujpepjpfs; 16 Ngu;.
v.Rg;gpukzpa ma;au;> tp.mde;jhr;rhupahu;> vk;.tPuuhfthr;rhupahu;>
gp.nuq;ifa ehAL> v.V.Rthkpehj Ia;au;> v.ntq;flRg;guha ge;JY>
gp.Nfrtg; gps;is> rp.rpq;fhuNtY Kjypahu;> ,uq;fhr;rhup>
v.tp.mjy;aP> rghgjp Kjypahu;> ghy;gPl;lu; gps;is> rhkpehj Ia;au;>
eurpk;kYehAL> ntq;fl Rg;guhaY> Nfrtg; gps;is MfpNahu;
jkpo;ehl;Lg; gpujpepjpfs; Mtu;. mtu;fs; midtUk; nrd;id
kfh[d rq;fj;jpd; rhu;ghfr; nrd;wtu;fs; Mtu;. ,tu;fsd;wp
nrd;id bNu\pad; rq;fj;jpd; jiytu; b.v.xapl;> nrd;id
fnyf;lu; Mu;.,uFehj Ia;au;> Mu;f;fhL Nguhrpupau; Nf.Re;juuhkd;>
jpUts;Shu; b.vd;.Ia;au; MfpNahu; ghu;itahsu;fshfr;
nrd;wpUe;jdu;. Kjy; fhq;fpu]; khehl;Lj; jiytuhf
lGs;A.rp.ghdu;[papd; ngaiu topnkhope;J> khehl;bd; Kjy;
jPu;khdj;ij Kd;nkhope;j ngUik jkpo; ehl;Lg; gpujpepjpahd
v.Rg;gpukzpa Ia;aUf;Nf fpilj;jJ. ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Gjpa rfhg;jj;ijj; Jtf;fpa ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; khehl;bNyNa jkpo; ehl;bypUe;J nrd;w
gpujpepjpfs; rpwg;gplk; ngw;wdu;.
nrd;idapy; %d;whtJ khehL
1886 brk;gu; khjk; fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpurpd;
,uz;lhtJ khehl;by; nrd;idapypUe;J 47 gpujpepjpfs; nrd;W
fye;J nfhz;ldu;. mtu;fSs; [p.Rg;gpukzpa Ia;au;>
v.Rg;gpukzpa Ia;au;> v.V.Rthkpehj Ia;au;> Nfrtg;gps;is>
gp.nuq;ifa ehAL> gp.mde;jhr;rhup MfpNahu; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.
fhq;fpurpd; %d;whtJ khehL 1887 brk;gupy; nrd;id efupy;>
jw;NghJ Mapuk; tpsf;F vd;wiof;fg;gLk; gFjpapy; kf;fP Njhl;lk;
vd;Dkplj;jpy; kpfr; rpwg;ghf eilngw;wJ. gf;UjPd; jpahg;[papd;
jiyikapy; $ba mk;khehL Kjd; Kiwahfj; jpwe;j ntspj;
jplypy; gpuj;Nafkhf mikf;fg;gl;l myq;fhug; ge;jypy; jdJ
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. mjpy; nrd;id khepyj;jpd;
rhu;ghf 362 gpujpepjpfs; fye;J nfhz;ldu;. nrd;id gl;ljhupfs;
rq;fk;> nrd;id kfh[d rig> jpUty;ypf;Nfzp ,yf;fpa rq;fk;>
njd;dpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;ngdp> nrd;id nkl;ly; fk;ngdp>
mQ;Rkhd; Kg;j ,yk;> Guirthf;fk; ,e;J epjp> rhzhu; Kd;Ndw;w
rq;fk; Mfpa gy;NtW mikg;Gfisr; Nru;e;j gpujpepjpfs;
,k;khehl;by; gq;Nfw;wdu;. nrd;id khehl;bd; xU rpwg;G mk;rk;
325
mjd; nrytpd; ngUk;gFjp nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J
tR+ypf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. khehL tuNtw;Gf; FOr; nrayUk; ,e;J
gj;jpupif epu;thfpAkhd K.tp[auhfthr;rhupahu; jkpopy; vOjpa
fhq;fpu]; tpdhtpil' vd;w rpW E}y; kypT tpw;gidapy; tpw;gid
nra;ag;gl;L> mjdhy; fpilj;j epjpAk; khehl;Lr; nryTf;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,uh[h ru;.b.khjtuht; tuNtw;Gf; FOj;
jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wp khehl;il ntw;wpfukhf elj;jpf;
nfhLj;jhu;. ,uht;rhfpg; %f;fzhr;rhup jkpopy; Ngrp midtuJ
ghuhl;ilAk; ngw;whu;. mg;NghJ nrd;id ftu;duhapUe;j fd;dpkhuh
gpuG nrd;id khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l gpujpepjpfs;
midtUf;Fk; rpwg;G tpUe;jspj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;jhu;.
Jtf;ffhy fhq;fpuNrhL jkpo;ehL neUq;fpa njhlu;G
nfhz;bUe;jJ. 1887f;Fg; gpd;du; 1894> 1898> 1908> 1923> 1927
Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; fhq;fpu]; khehL nrd;id efupy; eilngw;wJ.
1920 nfsfhj;jp fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; jiytu;
rp.gp.tp[auhfthr;rhupAk;> 1926 nfsfhj;jp fhq;fpu khehl;Lj;
jiytu; v.rPdpthr Ia;aq;fhUk; jkpo;ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtu;fNs.
Jtf;f fhy jkpo; ehl;Lf; fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fs; midtUk;
Mq;fpyf; fy;tp ngw;w nry;tKk; nry;thf;Fkpf;f murhq;f
tpRthrpfshfNt ,Ue;jdu;. tpf;Nlhupah kfhuhzpapd; kiwtpd;
NghJk; (1901) mtu;fsJ muR tpRthrk; njspthf ntspg;gl;lJ.
,e;JTk; RNjrkpj;jpuDk; jkpo; ehl;L kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisg;
gpujpgypj;jd. mit mt;tg;NghJ murhq;fj;jpd; Nehf;ifAk;
Nghf;ifAk; fz;bf;fhtpl;lhYk; Fiw $wNt nra;jd.
,e;E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy; epfo;e;j tq;fg; gpuptpidAk; (1905)>
[g;ghd; ,u\;ahitj; Njhw;fbj;j epfo;r;rpAk; (1904-1905) jkpo;
ehl;bd; murpay; tpopg;Gzu;r;rpf;Fg; Gjpa gupkhzj;ijj; je;jd.
jkpo;ehl;L kpjthjpfs;
Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNyiag; gpd;gw;wpatu;fs; fhq;fpu
kpjthjpfs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldu;. NfhfNyapd; tyf;fukhfj;
jpfo;e;j jkpo; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j tp.v.rPdpthr rh];jpup
kpjthjpfSf;nfy;yhk; kpjthjpahf tpsq;fpdhu;. mtiug; Nghd;Nw
gp.v.rptfhkp Ia;aUk;> tp.fpU\;zrhkp Ia;aUk;> b.Mu;.ntq;fl;uhk
rh];jpupAk;> ,e;jpad; nut;A+' gj;jpupf;if Mrpupauhd [p.V.eNlrDk;
jkpo; ehl;bd; jiyrpwe;j kpjthjpfshtu;. mtu;fs; midtUk;
gpuhkz kj;jpa ju tFg;igr; rhu;e;jtu;fshfNt ,Ue;jdu;.
ngUk;ghYk; tf;fPy; njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. jkpo;ehl;L
kpjthjpfs; murhq;f Mjuthsu;fs;. khu;yp-kpz;Nlh rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd;
(1909) tpisthf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l nrd;id rl;lkd;wj;jpy;
kpjthjpfs; ,lk; ngw;wdu;. tp.fpU\;zrhkp Ia;aUk;> gp.v .rptfhkp
Ia;aUk; 1914f;F Kd; nrd;id khepy ftu;du; Ml;rpf; FOtpy;
,lk; ngw;w Kf;fpa kpjthjj; jiytu;fshtu;. 1917 Mf];L 20
326
Mk; Njjp ntspaplg;gl;l khz;NlFtpd; mwpf;ifiaj; jkpo;ehl;L
kpjthjpfs; Mu;tj;Jld; Mjupj;jdu;. mNjNghd;W ,ul;il
Ml;rpiaAk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. rPdpthr rh];jpup Nghd;w kpjthjj;
jiytu;fs; nusyl; rl;lj;ij vjpu;j;J rj;jpahfpufj;jpdpd;Wk;
xJq;fpNa epd;wdu;. xJq;fp epd;wNjhL kl;Lkd;wp me;Neub
eltbf;ifiaf; fz;bf;fTk; nra;jdu;. mjdhy; jhd; fhe;jp jdJ
nusyl; rj;jpahfpufj;Jf;Fj; jkpo;ehl;L jPtputhjpfspd; Mjuit
ehl Ntz;bajhapw;W vd;fpwhu; Nltpl; mu;dhy;L.
jkpo;ehl;Lj; jPtputhjpfs;
ghyfq;fhju jpyfiug; gpd;gw;wpatu;fs; jPtputhjpfs;
vd;wiof;fg; gl;ldu;. Nryk; tp[auhfthr;rhupiaj; jkpo; ehl;Lj;
jPtputhjj;jpd; je;ij vdf; $wyhk;. mtuJ ghriwapy; gapw;rp
ngw;wtu;jhd; rp.,uh[Nfhghyhr;rrhup. Nryj;ijj; njd;dhl;bd; G+dh
vdf; fUjpf; nfhz;L jpyfu; mbgw;wpj; jkpo; ehl;Lj; jPtputhjpfs;
nray;gl;ldu;. nrd;idapy; b.vk;.ehau;> v.f];J}upuq;f Ia;aq;fhu;>
V.,uhkrhkp Ia;aq;fhu;> b.nuq;fhr;rhup MfpNahu; nry;thf;F kpf;fj;
jPtputhjpfshfj; jpfo;e;jdu;.
tq;fhsg; gpuptpidapd; tpisthf vOe;j Njrpa
,af;fj;jhy; ngupJk; ftug;gl;l t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is
J}j;Jf;Fbapy; RNjrp fg;gy; fk;ngdp xd;iw 1906 etk;gupy;
Jtf;fpdhu;. 1907 Mk; Mz;by; eilngw;w R+uj; fhq;fpuRf;F
E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jkpo;ehl;Lj; jPtputhjpfisj; jpul;b tUkhW
t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;isf;F mutpe;j;Nfh\; nfhLj;j je;jpiar;
rpuNkw;nfhz;L jkpo; ehl;Lj; jpyfuhd mtu; nrd;id nrd;W
Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahUlDk;> kz;ilak; rPdpthrhr;rhupAlDk;
fye;J Ngrpj; jkpo; ehl;Lg; gpujpepjpfis R+uj; khehl;Lf;F
mioj;Jr; nrd;whu;. RNje;jpuehj; vj;jpuh[;> jpUty;ypf;Nfzp
fpU\;zkhr;rhup> ghujpahu;> t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is>
rPdpthruhfthr;rhup> rf;fiur; nrl;bahu; Mfpa jkpo; ehl;Lj;
jPtputhjg; gpujpepjpfs; jpyfiur; R+o;e;J nfhz;L mtUf;Fg;
ghJfhg;gspj;jdu;. 'jkf;F vj;jid mbgl;lNghJk; jpyfiuf;
fhf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W mirahJ epd;w ,e;j nrd;id gpujpepjpfspd;
jPuj;jd;ikia vz;Zk; NghJ cly; Gy;yupj;J kpFe;j kfpo;r;rp
cz;lhf;fpaJ' vd;W me;j mDgtj;ijg; gw;wp vOjpAs;shu;
ghujpahu;.
1908 gpg;utup khjk; Nfhuy; njhopw;rhiy Ntiy
epWj;jj;jpy; t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is rk;ge;jg;gl;lJk;> khu;r; khjk;
jil cj;juit kPwp mtUk; Rg;gpukzpa rpthTk; nghJf;
$l;lj;jpy; NgrpaJk; mtu;fs; ,UtUk; ifJ nra;ag;glf;
fhuzkhapd. mtu;fs; ifjhdij mLj;J J}j;Jf;FbapYk;>
jpUney;NtypapYk; td;Kiwf; fytuq;fs; Vw;gl;Lj; Jg;ghf;fpr;
327
R+l;by; Kbe;jJ. 1911 [_d; 11 Mk; Njjp thQ;rpehjd;
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj; Jizf; fnyf;liu kzpahr;rp ,uapy;
re;jpg;G epiyaj;jpy; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whu;. td;Kiw epfo;r;rpfis
xLf;f murhq;fk; Nkw;nfhz;l mlf;FKiwapd; tpisthfj;
jkpo;ehl;Lj; jPtputhjpfs; kiwKfkhfr; nray;glj; Jtq;fpdu;.
mtu;fspy; rp.Rg;gpukzpa ghujpAk;> t.Nt.Rg;gpukzpa Ia;aUk;>
ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhupAk;> RNjrp gj;kehg Ia;aUk;> Rg;gpukzpa
rpthTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.
jkpo;ehl;L ‘Njrpa Nghuhspfs;' kpjthjpfs;> jPtputhjpfs; MfpNahupd; rl;luPjpahd
eltbf;iffisf; $l gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; Kwpabj;j NghJ
jPtputhjpfspy; rpyu; gaq;futhjpfshapdu; (Terrorists).
kpjthjpfsplkpUe;J jPtputhjpfs; Njhd;wpaJ Nghd;W
jPtputhjpfsplkpUe;J gaq;futhjpfs; cUthapdu;. ,tu;fspy; rpyu;
1905-y; ,yz;ldpy; 'N`hk; &y; yPf;' vd;w mikg;igAk;> 1906-y;
,e;jpah tpLjp' vd;w KfhikAk; mikj;jdu;. jkpo;ehl;ilr;
Nru;e;j t.Nt.Rg;gpukzpa IaUk;> jpUr;rp lhf;lu;
b.v];.v];.,uh[Dk;> vk;.gp.b.Mr;rhupahTk; ,g;gaq;futhjg;
ghriwapy; gapw;rp ngw;Nwhu; Mtu;. nts;is mjpfhupfisf;
nfhd;W me;epa Ml;rpahsu;fspilNa gaj;ij Vw;gLj;jp jf;f
jUzj;jpy; td;Kiwf; fpsu;r;rp nra;J> ,e;jpahit tpLtpg;gJ
,tu;fsJ Fwpf;NfhshFk;.
t.Nt.R.Iau;
ghup];lu; gbg;Gf;fhf ,yz;ld; nrd;w t.Nt.R.Iau;
gaq;futhjpahdhu;. ,e;jpah tpLjp'apy; jq;fpapUe;j ,tu; gpw
gaq;futhjpfSld; Nru;e;J ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;fhf gpupl;b\; muir
vjpu;j;J MAjg; Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;jj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;. 1908y;
,tu;fNshL ,e;jpah tpLjpapy; jq;fpapUe;j kjd;yhy; jpq;fuh vd;w
,e;jpa gaq;futhjp fu;]hd; thyp vd;w gpupl;b\; mjpfhupiar;
Rl;Lf; nfhd;wijaLj;J ,e;jpah tpLjp gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd;
jPtpu fz;fhzpg;Gf;Fs;shfpaJ. gaq;futhjpfs; jq;fsJ
ghriwia ,yz;ldpypUe;J ghupRf;F khw;wpdu;. t.Nt.R. Iau;
tPurthu;f;fupd; 1857 KjyhtJ ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;' vd;w
E}iy kuhj;jpapypUe;J Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngau;j;J murhq;fj;
jilia kPwp> cyfpd; gy gFjpfSf;Fk; mDg;gpdhu;. “jpahfg; gypf;F Maj;jkhFq;fs;> ghuj khjh miof;fpd;whs;> 1857
jpUk;GfpwJ” vd;w Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fSld; Gj;jfq;fs; jhq;fpa
ngl;b xd;iwg; ghz;br;Nrupf;F mDg;gpdhu;. Iau; ,u\;ahTf;Fr;
nrd;W ntbFz;L jahupf;Fk; Kiwiaf; fw;Wf; nfhz;L
GJitf;F te;jhu; (1910).
328
GJitapy; jQ;irapy; GFe;j Iau; ju;khyak;' vd;w
mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jp gaq;futhjg; Gul;rpahsu;fSf;Ff;
Fj;Jr;rz;il> ky;Aj;jk;> fj;jpr;rz;il> Jg;ghf;fpr; Rly;
Mfpatw;wpy; gapw;rp mspj;J te;jhu;. GJitapy; Gfyplk;
ngw;wpUe;j kw;nwhU jkpo;ehl;Lg; gaq;futhjpahd ePyfz;l
gpuk;kr;rhupiag; ghu;f;fr; nrd;w ,isQu; thQ;rpehjDf;Fg;
gpnusdpq;' ifj;Jg;ghf;fpahy; RLtjw;Fg; gapw;rp mspj;jhu;
t.Nt.R.Iau;.
14.4. thQ;rpehjd;
nrq;Nfhl;il ,uFgjp Iaupd; kfdhd thQ;rpehjd;
jpUtpjhq;$upYs;s GdY}upy; murhq;ff; fhl;byhfhtpy; gzpGupe;J
te;jhu;. t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is> Rg;gpukzpa rpth Nghdw;
J}a;ikahd NjrpathjpfSf;F ,iof;fg;gl;l nfhLikfshy;
nts;is mjpfhupfSf;nfjpuhf ntWg;igAk;> tQ;rj;ijAk;
tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu; thQ;rpehjd;. murhq;f mlf;FKiwf;Ff;
fhuzkhd ney;iy khtl;lf; fnyf;lu; ,uhgu;l; tpy;ypak; M\;
(Robert William D.Ethcourt Ashe) vd;w mjpfhupiaf;
nfhy;yj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;. GJitapypUe;j ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhupia
re;jpj;jhu;. t.Nt.R.Iauplk; Jg;ghf;fp Rl gapw;rp ngw;whu;. 1911
[_d; 17 Mk; Njjp nfhilf;fhdYf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhf
ney;iyapypUe;J Giftz;bapy; jd; kidtpAld; Gwg;gl;Lr;
nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j Mi\ kzpahl;rp Giftz;b epiyaj;jpy;
'gpnusdpq;' ifj;Jg;ghf;fpahy; Rl;Lf; nfhd;Wtpl;L jd;idAk;
Rl;Lf; nfhz;L capu;j;jpahfk; nra;jhu; thQ;rpehjd;.
ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhup
ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhup M\; nfhiy tof;fpy; Fw;wthspahff;
fUjg;gl;L Vohz;L fhy rpiwj; jz;lid ngw;whu;. ,tu;
GJitapy; jQ;rk; GFe;jpUe;j NghJ 1910 Vg;uy; 10 Mk; Njjp
ghuj khjh rq;fk;' vd;w mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. jpUney;Ntyp
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s me;epa mjpfhupfisf; nfhd;W ,e;jpahTf;F
Rauh[;ak; ngWtNj mjd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,r;rq;f cWg;gpdu;fs;
fhsp rpiyf;F Kd; epd;W nfhz;L jiytupd; Mizf;Ff;
fl;lg;gl;L vijAk; jpahfk; nra;aj; jahuhapUg;gjhf Ms;fhl;b
tpuiy mWj;J ,uj;jj;jpy; Njha;j;Jf; ifnahg;g kpl;ldu;.
,ufrpa rjp Ntiyfspy; <Lgl;ldu;. rq;Nfj nkhopapy;
fbjq;fis vOjpf; nfhz;ldu;.
ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhupapd; jiyikapy; ,aq;fpte;j
gaq;futhj Gul;rpg; gil INuhg;gpa ehLfspypUe;J
MNyhridfisAk;> MAj cjtpiaAk;> nghUSjtpiaAk; ngw;W
329
te;jJ. GJitapy; R+upNahjak;' vd;w gj;jpupf;ifia elj;jp
te;jhu;. thQ;rpehjd; Mi\ Rl;Lf; nfhy;tjw;F Kd;G GJit
te;J ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhupia re;jpj;jhu;. ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhup kPJ
rhl;lg;gl;l M\; nfhiyf; Fw;wk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;ljhff; $wp
,tUf;F Vohz;L fhy rpiwj; jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,tu; ,uz;lhz;L fhyk; rpiwapy; ,Ue;j gpd;du; 1914y;
ngy;yhup rpiwapypUe;J jg;gpNahbtpl;lhu;! vdpDk; ,uz;Nl
ehl;fspy; ju;khtuk; Gif tz;b epiyaj;jpy; gpbgl;lhu;.
rpiwapypUe;J jg;gpNahba Fw;wj;Jf;fhf ,tUf;F NkYk; MWkhj
fhy rpiw jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. rpiw kPz;l ePyfz;l
gpuk;kr;rhup fk;A+dp];lhf khwpdhu;. tq;fg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;L
1922y; gj;jhz;L fhy rpiwjz;lid ngw;whu;. t.Nt.R.Iau;
Nrud;khNjtpapy; guj;Jth[ Mrpukk;' xd;iw epWtpaijg; Nghd;W
ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhupAk; fu;ehlfj;jpYs;s ee;jpkiyapy; Mrpukk;
xd;iw mikj;J mikjpahf tho;e;J jdJ 88tJ tajpy; capu;
ePj;jhu;.
khlrhkp
xl;lg;gplhuj;jpy; gpwe;j khlrhkp t.c.rpapd; tyf;fukhf
,Ue;J rl;lg; G+u;tkhf elj;jg;gl;l RNjrpf; fpsu;r;rpapy;
gq;Nfw;whu;. gpd;du; thQ;rpehjd; rhu;e;jpUe;j gaq;futhjg; gilapy;
Nru;e;jhu;. M\; nfhiyf;Fg; gpwF jiykiwthfp tpl;lhu;. ,tiuf;
ifJ nra;a gfPujg; gpuaj;jdk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. mtuJ tPl;bypUe;j
nghUs;fSk; mtUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyq;fSk; gwpKjy;
nra;ag;gl;ld. xl;lg;gplhuk; khlrhkp ghz;br;Nrup> rpq;fg;G+u;
topahf n[u;kdpf;Fr; nrd;Wtpl;ljhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
Mr;rhupah
vk;.gp.b.Mr;rhupah nrd;id jpUty;ypf;Nfzpapy; tho;e;J
te;j ikR+iur; Nru;e;j kz;lak; FLk;gj;ijr; rhu;e;jtu;. ,tuJ
KOg; ngau; kz;lak; gpujpthjp jpUkyhr;rhupahu; MFk;. ,tu;
,yz;ld; ,e;jpah tpLjp'apy; t.Nt.R.Iau;> b.v];.v];.,uh[d;
MfpNahNuhL jq;fp gaq;futhjg; Gul;rp eltbf;iffspy;
<Lgl;bUe;jhu;. ,tu; J}j;Jf;Fb FUehj Iau;> lhf;lu;
nrz;gfuhkd; MfpNahUld; Nru;e;J ngu;ypd; KfhkpypUe;j
Gul;rpahsupilNa kpFe;j nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;jhu;. gl;ljhupahd
Mr;rhupah ngu;ypd; Kfhkpy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L gaq;futhj MAjg;
Gul;rptop me;epa Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;j ,e;jpahit tpLtpf;f
Kad;whu;.
330
FUehj Iau;
J}j;Jf;Fb FUehj Iau; NghyP]; ,yhfhtpy; jiyikf;
fhtyuhf gzpahw;wpatu;. t.c.rp. elj;jpa RNjrp ,af;fj;jpy;
gq;Nfw;gjw;fhf Ntiyiaj; Jwe;jhu;. t.c.rp. ifjhdijnahl;b
ney;iy efupy; eilngw;w fytuj;jpy; <Lgl;L> murhq;ff;
fl;blq;fSf;Fj; jP itj;jjhf FUehj Iau; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
tof;F ele;jJ. rpiw jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ. rpiw kPz;l ,tu;
ngu;ypd; nrd;W mq;F jq;fpapUe;j gaq;futhjg; Gul;rpahsu;fSld;
Nru;e;J nfhz;L ,e;jpa tpLjiyf; fpsu;r;rpf;Fg; ghLgl;ljhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
lhf;lu; nrz;gfuhkd;
ehQ;rpy; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j lhf;lu; nrz;gfuhkd; INuhg;gpa
ehLfspy; Rw;Wg; gazk; nra;jhu;. gpupl;lDf;F vjpuhfg; gpur;rhuk;
nra;a rpy mikg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. GNuh ,e;jpah' vd;w
ngaupy; gj;jpupf;if elj;jpdhu;. Mq;fpyk; jtpu gpw nkhopfspYk;
gj;jpupf;if elj;jpatu;. ngu;ypd; Kfhkpy; ,Ue;jtu;fspy; kpFe;j
nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wtu;. n[u;kd; mjpguhd nfa;rupd; ek;gpf;iff;Fg;
ghj;jpukhdtu;. nydpid re;jpj;J mtuJ Mjuitg; ngw;wtu;.
Kjy; cyfg; Nghupd; NghJ n[u;kdpapd; Jiz nfhz;L gpupl;b\;
Ml;rpia ,e;jpahtpypUe;J mfw;w Kw;gl;ltu;. 'vk;ld;' vd;w
ePu;%o;fpf; fg;gy; %yk; nrd;id cau;ePjpkd;wf; fl;blj;ijf;
Fwpitj;J Fz;L tPrpatu; (1914). ,e;jpag; Gul;rpahsu;fs;
Mg;fhdp];jhd; jiyefuhd fhG+ypy; jw;fhypf ,e;jpaf; FbauR'
xd;iw epWtpa NghJ mjd; mikr;ruitapy; may;ehl;L
mikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. MAj Mf;fpukpg;ghy; ,e;jpahtpy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l me;epa Ml;rpia MAj Mf;fpukpg;ghy; mfw;w
Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;fhf jd;id
mu;g;gzpj;Jf; nfhz;ltu; 'vk;ld; nrz;gfuhkd;! jkpo;ehl;Lg;
gaq;futhjpfspd; td;Kiw MAjg; Gul;rp %yk; ,e;jpahTf;F
tpLjiy ngw;Wj;ju Ntz;Lk; vd;w fdT edthftpy;iy. vdpDk;
,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Njrpa gaq;fug; Gul;rpahsu;fspd;
gq;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
14.5. ghujpahu;
1904 Mk; Mz;L ghujpahu; 'RNjrkpj;jpud;' gj;jpupf;ifapd;
Jiz Mrpupau; nghWg;Ngw;wjpypUe;J mtUila gj;jpupf;if
tho;f;ifNahL murpay; tho;f;ifAk; Jtq;fpaJ vdyhk;. tq;fg;
gpuptpidia vjpu;j;J tq;fj;ijg; ghuhl;b mtu; vOjpa Kjy;
331
ftpijia mg;gj;jpupf;ifapy; ntspapl;lhu; (1905 nrg;.15).
thuzhrp fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;L nrd;id jpUk;Gk;
Kd;du; fy;fj;jh nrd;W Rthkp tpNtfhde;jupd; gpujk
rp\;iaahd rNfhjup epNtjpijia re;jpj;jhu;. tq;fg; gpuptpid
vjpu;g;gpNy gpwe;j RNjrp ,af;fj;ij Mu;tj;NjhL tuNtw;whu;
ghujpahu;. gf;fpk; re;jpuupd; 'te;Nj khjuk;' ghliyj; jkpopy; nkhop
ngau;j;J rf;utu;j;jpdp' khj ,jopy; ntspapl;lhu;. jhNa te;Nj
khjuk;' vd;w ghliyAk; Gide;jhu;. [p.Rg;gpukzpa Iau; RNjrp
,af;f tsu;r;rpf;nfd epjp jpul;Lk; Kaw;rpapy; jPtpukhf <Lgl;l
NghJ mtuJ eltbf;ifia Mjupj;Jk; ghuhl;bAk; ,e;jpah'
gj;jpupifapy; vOjpdhu;. t.c.rp. thq;fpa fg;gy;fis ghuj Njtp
ngw;nwLj;j ,uz;L jtg; Gjy;tu;fs; vd;W tu;zpj;jhu;.
jkpo; ehl;Lj; jPtputhjpfspd; gpujpepjpahfj; jpfo;e;jtu;
ghujpahu;. mtuJ ,e;jpah gj;jpupf;if jPtputhjf; fl;rpapdupd;
Nghu; Kurhf xypj;jJ. 1906 brk;gu; khjk; eilngw;w fy;fj;jh
fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;lhu; ghujpahu;. mf;$l;lj;jpy;
jiytuhf nll; vd;w Mq;fpNyaiu epakpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
kpjthjpfs; Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpia %lj;jdk;' vd;W fz;bj;jhu;.
mNj Nghd;W jPtputhjpfs; ntspehl;Lg; nghUs;fisg; Gwf;fzpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W fy;fj;jh fhq;fpurpy; nfhz;L te;j jPu;khdj;ij
vjpu;j;j kpjthjpfisAk; rhbdhu;. njd;dfj;Jf;F tUif je;j
tq;fj;J jPtputhjpfspd; jiytuhd gpgpd; re;jpughyiu ghujpahu;
Me;jpuhTf;Fr; nrd;W re;jpj;J nrd;idf;F mioj;J te;jhu; (1907
Nk). yhyh y[gjpuha; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;l
NghJ Mq;fpNya murhq;fj;ijf; fz;bj;Jk;> ,uhapd; jpahfj;ijg;
ghuhl;bAk;> y[gjpuha; Jjp> y[gjpuha; gputhgk; vd;w
ftpijfisg; Gide;jhu;. kpjthjpfisf; Nfyp nra;Jk;>
jPtputhjpfisg; Gfo;e;Jk; gy ghly;fis ,aw;wpdhu; ghujpahu;.
R+uj; fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;L jpUk;gpa ghujpahu;
mq;F kpjthjpfSf;Fk; jPtputhjpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l mksp
gw;wp tpupthf vOjpdhu;. “vq;fs; fhq;fpu ahj;jpiu” vd;w E}iy ntspapl;lhu;. 'Gjpa fl;rpapdupd; Nfhl;ghLfs;' vd;w jpyfupd;
Mq;fpyr; nrhw;nghopitj; jkpopy; nkhop ngau;j;jhu;.
Njrpa jPtputhjpfs; fl;rpapd; njd;dfr; nrayhsuhd
t.c.rp. jPtpug; gpur;rhuj;jpYk; Nghuhl;lj;jpYk; <Lgl;bUe;j NghJ
mtupd; miog;gpd; Ngupy; ney;iy fnyf;lu; tpQ;r;ir re;jpj;jij
'Njrgf;jDf;F Mq;fpNyad; nrhd;dJ' Mq;fpNyaDf;F
Njrgf;jd; nrhd;dJ' vd;w jiyg;gpy; ghbdhu;. t.c.rp.> rpth
MfpNahiuf; ifJ nra;J rpiwapy; milj;Jg; gpd;du; mtu;fs;
kPJ tof;F njhlug;gl;l NghJ ghujpahu;> ney;iyapNyNa
jq;fpapUe;J gy ehl;fs; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Nf nrd;W tof;F
tprhuiziaf; ftdpj;J te;jNjhby;yhky; t.c.rp.> rpth
332
MfpNahUf;Fr; rhu;ghf rhl;rp nrhy;yTk; jahuhfp ,Ue;jhu;. tof;F
Kbe;jgpd; t.c.rp.f;F ehw;gjhz;Lk;> rpthTf;Fg; gj;jhz;Lk; rpiw
jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;l NghJ ePjpgjp gpd;N`apd; jPu;g;ig vjpu;j;jhu;
ghujpahu;. mjw;fhf ,e;jpah' gj;jpupf;if Mrpupaiuf; ifJ nra;a
cj;juT gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;gj;jpupf;ifapd; mrpupau;
vk;.];uPdpthrd; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L Ie;jhz;Lfs; rpiw jz;lid
ngw;whu;. rpiw nry;tijj; jtpu;f;f tpUk;gpa ghujpahu;
GJr;Nrupapy; jQ;rk; GFj;jhu; (1908 [_d;).
jdJ 27tJ tajpy; GJit GFe;j ghujpahu; rpjk;gudhUk;>
rpthTk; rpiwapy; nfhLikg;gLj;jg;gl;lij mwpe;J FKwpdhu;>
gjwpdhu;> ghbdhu;. ,e;jpahtpw;F gpupl;b\hu; toq;fpa khu;yp-
kpz;Nlh rPu;jpUj;jj;ij Nfyp nra;jhu;. thQ;rpehjd; Mi\f;
nfhiy nra;j nra;jp Nfl;L mjpu;r;rpAw;whu;. mij xU
Jujp\;lkhd rk;gtk;> vjpu;ghuhj tpgj;J' vd;W tu;zpj;jhu;. M\;
nfhiyia td;ikahff; fz;bj;J vOjpdhu; ghujpahu;. mtUf;F
murpay; nfhiyapYk;> MAjg; Gul;rpapYk; ek;gpf;ifapy;iy.
GJit thrk; ghujpahiu Njrpaf; ftpQuhfTk;> ,yf;fpag;
gilg;ghspahfTk;> ciueil> fl;LiuahsuhfTk; jj;Jt
QhdpahfTk;> kdpjhgpkhd KdptuhfTk; khw;wpaJ. GJitg; Gfypl
tho;f;ifapy; rypg;Gw;W jdJ kidtp kf;fNshL jkpo;ehL
jpUk;gpa ghujpahu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L flY}u; rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;lhu; (1918 brk;gu;). Neha;tha;g; gl;l ghujpahu; rpy
thuq;fspy; epge;jidapd; Ngupy; tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhu;. 1919 khu;r; khjk;
nusyl; rl;lk; vjpu;g;G gw;wpj; jkpo;ehl;Lj; jiytu;fSld; Ngr
nrd;id te;j fhe;jpabfis re;jpj;Jg; Ngrpdhu; ghujpahu;.
kpjthjpahd ghujpahu; jPtputhjpahf khwp gaq;fug; Gul;rp
topiaj; jtpu;j;J mfpk;rhthjpahdhu;. mtuJ Njrgf;jpg; ghly;fs;
kf;fspilNa ehl;L tpLjiyAzu;r;rpg; ngUf;if Vw;gLj;jpd.
14.6. t.c.rpjk;guk;
tq;fhsg; gpuptpidapd; tpisthf vOe;j RNjrpa ,af;fk;
jkpo;ehl;Lf;F mspj;j jtg;Gjy;td; t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is.
Nfhtpy;gl;b jhYf;fhtpYs;s xl;lg;gplhuk; vd;w rpw;W}upy; gpwe;j
t.c.rp.> tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kdplk; jiyik mikr;ruhfg;
gzpahw;wpa jhdhgjpg; gps;isapd; FLk;g topj;Njhd;wy; Mthu;.
J}j;Jf;Fbapy; tof;fwpQuhf ,Ue;j mtu; ,uhkfpU\;zhde;ju;>
mNgjhde;ju;> gpukhde;ju; Mfpa tq;fj; JwtpfNshL njhlu;G
nfhz;L RNjrp ,af;fj;jpy; jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;.
fly;top te;j nts;is tpahghupia fly; topNa mDg;g
Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;NjhL 1882 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpaf;
fk;ngdpfs; rl;lg;gl;b 1906 mf;Nlhgu; 16k; Njjp 'RNjrp ];Bk;
333
NetpNfrd; fk;ngdp' gjpT nra;ag;gl;lJ. fhypah'> yhNth' vd;w
ngaUila ,uz;L fg;gy;fSk;> ruf;F %l;ilfis Vw;Wtjw;F
trjpahf ,uz;L ,ae;jpug; glFfSk; thq;fg;gl;ld. Mq;fpNya
tpahghupfs;> murhq;fk; Vw;gLj;jpa fLikahd> nfhLikahd
,lu;g;ghLfSf;fpilNa fg;gy;fis Xl;bdhu; t.c.rp.
RNjrp fg;gy; fk;ngdpia epWtpaNjhL epy;yhky; RNjrp
,af;fj;ij gy njhopy; JiwfSf;Fk; tpupTgLj;jpdhu;
fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod; t.c.rp. J}j;Jf;Fbapy; jUkyq;f nerTr;
rhiy> Njrpa gz;lf rhiy Mfpatw;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;.
nrd;id efupy; 'nrd;id tptrha-ifj;njhopy; rq;fk; ypkpnll;'
xd;iw epWtpdhu;. jdJ RNjrg; gzpf;F kf;fspilNa Mjuitj;
jpul;l tp.ru;f;fiur; nrl;bahu; jiyikapy; nrd;id efupy; RNjrp
gpur;rhu rigiaAk; mikj;jhu;.
1906 Mk; Mz;L ,Wjpapy; fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w
fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; t.c.rp.> ,uh[h[p> f];J}upuq;f Iaq;fhu;>
nt.uhkypq;fk;gps;is> v.rj;jpa%u;j;jp MfpNahu; fye;J nfhz;ldu;.
1907 R+uj; fhq;fpuRf;Fj; jPtputhjpfis mjpf mstpy; mioj;J
tUkhW mutpe;ju; t.c.rpf;Ff; nfhLj;j je;jpia rpuNkw;nfhz;L
jkpo;ehl;Lj; jpyfuhd mtu; nrd;id nrd;W ghujpahUlDk;>
kz;ilak; rPdpthrhr;rhupAlDk; fye;J Ngrpj; jkpo; ehl;Lg;
gpujpepjpfis R+uj; khehl;Lf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;whu;. R+uj; khehl;Lg;
ge;jypy; Vw;gl;l ,ufisapd; NghJ t.c.rp> Jiurhkp Iau;>
RNje;jpuehj; vj;jpuh[;> jpUty;ypf;Nfzp fpU\;zkhr;rhup> ghujpahu;>
rPdpthruhfthr;rhup> rf;fiur; nrl;bahu; Mfpa jkpo; ehl;Lj;
jPtputhjg; gpujpepjpfs; jpyfiur; R+o;e;J nfhz;L mtUf;Fg;
ghJfhg;gspj;jdu;. R+uj; khehl;Lg; ge;jypNyNa Njrpaj;
jPtputhjpfs; jdpf; fl;rpiaj; Jtf;fp mf;fl;rpf;F tq;fhsj;Jf;F
mutpe;jUk;> kfhuh\;buj;Jf;Fj; jpyfUk;> nrd;id khfhzj;Jf;F
t.c.rpAk; nrayhsu;fshfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;.
R+uj;jpypUe;J jpUk;gpa t.c.rp.> gpgpd; re;jpughyu;
tpLjiyahd ehis tpkupirahff; nfhz;lhlj; jpl;lkpl;lhu;.
mjd;gb ney;iy efupy; tpaj;jF Cu;tyj;ij elj;jpdhu;. t.c.rp.
khtl;l kh[pl;Nul; Nfhu;l; vjpupy;> jhkpuguzp Mw;wq;fiuapy;
eilngw;w nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; t.c.rpAk;> Rg;gpukzpa rpthTk;
vOr;rpg; NgUiuahw;wpdu;. te;Nj khjuk; Nfh\k; tpz;izg;
gpse;jJ. miog;gpd; Ngupy; ney;iyf; fnyf;lu; tpQ;r;ir
re;jpj;jhu;. t.c.rpAld; rpthTk;> gj;kehg Iaq;fhUk;
cldpUe;jdu;. gpd;du; ,k;%tUk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;.
,uh[JNuhff; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;L t.c.rpf;F 40 Mz;Lfs;
rpiwjz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. kf;fs; mjpu;r;rp mile;jdu;.
,e;jpag; gj;jpupiffs; fz;ldf; Fuy; vOg;gpd. t.c.rpapd;
334
Nky;KiwaPLfs; epuhfupf;fg;gl;ld. vdpDk; ,yz;ld; gpupT
fTd;rpypy; t.c.rpf;F mspf;fg;gl;l MAs; jz;lidia
fLq;fhty; jz;lidahf khw;wpaJ. t.c.rp. NfhaKj;J}u;
rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;. mq;F mtu; muf;fj;jdkhd
nfhLikfSf;F Mshf;fg;gl;lhu;. gpd;du; mtu; Nfus
khepyj;jpYs;s fz;zD}u; kj;jpa rpiwf;F khw;wg;gl;lhu;. mq;Fk;
mtu; kyr;rl;b J}f;fpdhu;. fy;Yilj;jhu;> nrf;fpOj;jhu;. M\;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lijj; jdf;Ff; fpilj;j 'ew;nra;jp'ahff;
fUjpdhu; t.c.rp. 1912 brk;gu; ,Wjpapy; tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;L
tpl;lhu; t.c.rp. vdpDk; mtuJ RNjrpf; fg;gy; fk;ngdpiaf;
fhg;ghw;w Kbatpy;iy; mJ ftpo;e;Jtpl;lJ; mNjhL jkpo;ehl;L
murpaypNy t.c.rp.> rfhg;jk; Kbe;jJ vdyhk;' vdf; fUJfpwhu;
k.ngh.rp.
nrd;id [drq;fk;
jpyfupd; tpUg;gj;Jf;Nfw;g jkpo;ehl;L RNjrpj; jiytu;fs;
1908 [dtup 11 Mk; Njjp nrd;id jpUty;ypf;Nfzp fq;if
nfhz;lhd; kz;lgj;jpy; nrd;id [drq;fk; vd;w mikg;igj;
Jtf;fpdu;. ,e;j mikg;igj; Jtf;fg; ghujp ngupJk; fhuzkhf
,Ue;jhu;. t.c.rp. ,r;rq;fj;jpd; jiytuhfTk;> kz;lak;
v.rPdpthrhr;rhup> rp.v.Mupah> Nf.ntq;fl;ukzuht; MfpNahu;
epu;thff; FO cWg;gpdu;fshfTk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. gy
khztu;fs; ,r;rq;fj;jpy; cWg;gpdu;fshf Nru;e;jdu;. nrd;id
[drq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;: 1) RNjrpg; nghUl;fisg; Gwf;fzpj;jy;;
2) Njrpaf; fy;tpiag; gug;Gjy;; 3) gs;spfspy; ,isQu;fSf;F
clw;gapw;rp mspj;jy;; 4) ,isQu;fspilNa tpopg;Gzu;it
cUthf;fy;; 5) RNjrp ,af;ff; $l;lq;fSf;F Vw;ghL nra;jy;; 6)
rq;f cWg;gpdu;fis mjpfupj;jy;. nrd;id [drq;fk; 1912 tiu
nray;gl;L jkpo;ehl;L RNjrp ,af;fj;ij Kd;nfhz;L nrd;wJ.
14.7. Rg;gpukzpa rpth
t.c.rpAk; rpthTk; jkpo;ehl;L RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd;
,ul;ilau;fshfj; jpfo;e;jhu;fs;. t.c.rpiag; Nghd;Nw rpthTk;
,uhkfpU\;z-tpNtfhde;jh Ntjhe;j ,af;fj;jpy; <Lgl;L> mjd;
top RNjrp ,af;fj;Jf;F <u;f;fg;gl;ltu;. 'Rje;jpuhde;jh' vd;w
Gidg; ngaiu R+l;bf; nfhz;ltu; rpth. kJiu khtl;lj;ijr;
Nru;e;j tj;jyf;Fz;L thrpahd ,isQu; rpth> J}j;Jf;Fb te;J
t.c.rpAld; ,ize;J nray;glyhdhu;. RNjrp ,af;fg;
gpur;rhuj;jpy; ,t;,UtUk; jPtpukhfg; gq;F nfhz;ldu;. gpgpd;
re;jpughyu; tpLjiy ehis jilia kPwp jhkpuguzp
nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; Ngrpajw;fhf t.c.rpAld; rpthTk; ifJ
335
nra;ag;gl;L> tprhupf;fg;gl;L> gj;jhz;Lfs; rpiw jz;lid ngw;whu;.
jpUr;rp rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;l rpth gy
nfhLikfSf;Fs;shdNjhL njhONehahy; ghjpf;fg; gl;lhu;. vdNt
mtu; Nryj;jpy; njhONeha; fz;l fpupkpdy; Fw;wthspfs;
milf;fg;gl;bUe;j rpiwr;rhiyf;F khw;wg;gl;lhu;. rpiwapypUe;J
tpLjiyahd rpth jUkGup khtl;lj;jpYs;s ghg;ghug;gl;bapy;
ghujp Mrpukk;' vd;w ngauhy; Njrgf;ju;fspd; ghriw xd;iw
epWtp> ,sk; NjrhgpkhdpfSf;F ehl;L tpLjiyg; NghUf;fhd
gapw;rp mspj;jhu;. ghujpahupd; Njrpag; ghly;fisg; ghbr;
nry;tjw;nfd ghuj Mrpupag; ghly; FOit mikj;jhu;. rpth[p>
Njrpq;Fuh[d; Mfpa khtPuu;fspd; tuyhw;iw ehlfq;fshf;fpdhu;.
Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpu;g;Gzu;r;rpiaj; J}z;Lk; tifapy; ehlf
ciuahly;fis vOjpdhu;. ghbAk;> NgrpAk;> ebj;Jk; kf;fspilNa
tpLjiy czu;it Cl;b te;jhu; rpth. muRf;nfjpuhf
nray;gl;lhu; vd rpth kPJ ehd;F Kiw (1908> 1921> 1922> 1924)
Fw;wk; rhl;b tof;F njhLj;J jz;bj;jJ murhq;fk;. ‘Njr NritapYk; rup> rpiwgl;L ,d;dYw;w jpahfj;jpNyAk; rup>
rpthTf;F ,izahf kw;nwhU Njrgf;jiur; nrhy;y KbahJ'
vd;W Gfohuk; R+bAs;shu; k.ngh.rp.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
1. ahu; tPurthu;f;fupd; 1857 KjyhtJ ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;'
vd;w E}iy kuhj;jpapypUe;J Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngau;j;jJ?
2. vg;nghOJ 'RNjrp ];Bk; NetpNfrd; fk;ngdp' gjpT
nra;ag;gl;lJ?
3. ahu; 'Rje;jpuhde;jh' vd;w Gidg; ngaiu R+l;bf; nfhz;ld?
14.8. ,uh[h[p
,uh[Nfhghyd; 1878 brk;gu; 8 Mk; ehs; jUkGup khtl;lk;
XR+Uf;F mUNf njhug;gs;sp vd;w Cupy; rf;utu;j;jp
[aq;fhUf;Fk;> rpq;fhuk;khSf;Fk; %d;whtJ kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;.
eurpk;khr;rhupAk;> rPdpthrDk; ,tUf;F %j;jtu;fs;.
njhug;gs;spapYk;> XR+upYk; gs;spg; gbg;ig Kbj;j ,uh[Nfhghyd;
ngq;fShu; kj;jpa fy;Y}upapy; gl;lg; gbg;igAk; (1894)> nrd;id
khepyf; fy;Y}upapy; rl;lg; gbg;igAk; (1897) Kbj;jhu;. jdJ
21tJ tajpy; myNkY kq;fk;khitj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;l
,uh[Nfhghyd; 1900 ,y; Nryj;jpy; tof;FiuQu; njhopiyj;
Jtf;fpdhu;. gpugykile;jgpd; ,tu; rf;futu;j;jp
336
,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupahu;> rp.Mu;.uh[h[p vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
‘Nryj;J khk;gok;' vd;gJ ,tuJ nry;yg; ngauhFk;.
murpay; Mu;tk;
,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup Nryj;jpy; tf;fPy; njhopy; ghu;j;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;j NghJ murpay; Mu;tk; Vw;gl;lJ. tq;fhsg;
gpuptpidapd; tpisthf vOe;j RNjrp ,af;fk; ,tuJ
ftdj;ijf; ftu;e;jJ. ,tu; t.c.rp.> nt.,uhkypq;fk; gps;is
MfpNahUld; 1906 Mk; Mz;L ,Wjpapy; fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w
fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;lhu;. 1900fspy; ghyfq;fhju
jpyfu; vOg;gpa 'Rje;jpuk; vdJ gpwg;Gupik' vd;w Kof;fk;
,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupia kpfTk; ftu;e;jJ. mNjNghd;W ghujpapd;
ehl;Lg;gw;Wg; ghly;fs; ,tiuf; fhe;jk; Nghy; <u;j;jd. t.c.rp.
gpupl;b\; fg;gy; fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhf RNjrp Bk; NetpNf\d;
fk;ngdp (Swadeshi Steam Navigation
Company)iaj; Jtf;fpa NghJ ,tu; epjp tR+y; nra;Jk;>
gq;Ffis thq;fp epjp cjtp nra;Jk; Cf;Ftpj;jhu;. Rg;gpukzpa
rpth ,tuJ ez;guhdhu;. nrd;id RNjrpfspy; xUtuhdhu;.
14.8.1. efu;kd;w rhjidfs;
Nryj;jpy; gpugy tf;fPyhfg; Gfo; ngw;wpUe;j
,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup Nryk; efu; kd;w cWg;gpduhfj;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu; (1911). gpd;du; mjd; jiytuhf ,uz;L
Mz;Lfs; (1917-1919) gzpahw;wpdhu;. mg;NghJ mtu; 1) jPz;lhik
xopg;Gg; gzpapy; jPtpu ftdk; nrYj;jpdhu;; 2) mup[d; efuhl;rp
kd;w cWg;gpduhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLtjw;F cWJizahf
,Ue;jhu;; 3) gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhu; fy;tp trjpf;Fk;> tsu;r;rpf;Fk;
Vw;ghL nra;jhu;; 4) vjpu;g;ig vjpu;f;nfhz;L rkge;jp rhg;ghl;il
elj;jp itj;jhu;; 5)efUf;fhd gy eyj;jpl;lq;fis epiwNtw;wpdhu;.
,g;gzpfSf;fpilNa Njrj;JNuhff; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l
gp.tujuh[{Y ehALtpd; rhu;ghf tof;F kd;wj;jpy; thjhbdhu;
(1917). ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupapd; njhopYk;
NritAk; ifNfhu;j;Jr; nrd;wd. 1919 Mk; Mz;L nrd;idapy;
FbNawp cau;ePjp kd;w tof;FiuQuhdhu;. ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;
,uh[h[p mup[d rkj;Jtj;Jf;F milahskhf mtu;fSld;
'rkge;jp Ngh[dk;' nra;jhu;. “,uh[h[p mtu;fshy;jhd; jpuhtpl
ehl;by; rkge;jp Ngh[dk; vd;gJk;> mijtplj; jPtpukhd rhjpNgjk;
vd;gNj ,y;yhky; ahu; tPl;by; ahUk; czT mUe;jyhk; vd;w
jd;ikAk; Vw;gl;lJ” vd;W gjpT nra;Js;shu; ngupahu; <.nt.uh
(tpLjiy> 1972 brk;gu; 26). ,uh[h[p fyg;Gj; jpUkzj;ij
Mjupj;jhu;.
337
14.8.2. tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;G
nrd;idf;F te;j ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup fhe;jp Jtf;fpa
nusyl; mwg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;whu;; tf;fPy; njhopYf;F tpil
nfhLj;jhu;. 1919 khu;r; 30 Mk; Njjpia mwg;Nghuhl;l ehshf
(Satyagraha Day) mwptpj;j fhe;jp nrd;idf;F te;j NghJ (khu;r;
17) ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup> v.f];J}upuq;f Iaq;fhu;>
rp.tp[auhfthr;rhupahu; MfpNahUld; fye;J MNyhrpj;j gpd;du;
mwg;Nghuhl;l ehis Vg;uy; 6-f;Fj; js;sp itj;jhu; fhe;jp.
fhe;jpia re;jpj;j gpwF ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup ,uh[h[p Mdhu;.
1921 Mk; Mz;L ,uh[h[p fhq;fpu]; nraw;FO (Congress
Working Committee) cWg;gpduhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;L> mjd;
nghJr; nrayuhfr; nray;gl;lhu;. 1922 ,y; $ba ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpu]; fah (Gaya) khehl;by; ,uh[h[p fye;J nfhz;lhu;. ,e;j
khehl;by; jhd; fhe;jpapd; rl;lkd;wg; Gwf;fzpg;ig vjpu;j;J
Nkhjpyhy; NeUTk;> rp.Mu;.jhRTk; fhq;fpuir tpl;L ntspNawpdu;.
fhq;fpu]; 'khw;wk; Ntz;LNthu;' (Pro-Changes)> khw;wk;
Ntz;lhNjhu; (No-Changers) vd;W ,uz;L fl;rpapduhfg;
gpupe;jdu;. fhe;jpiag; gpd;gw;wp rl;lkd;wg; Gwf;fzpg;igj; njhlu
Ntz;Lnkd;w khw;wk; Ntz;lhNjhu;' gf;fk; cWjpahf epd;whu;
,uh[h[p. 1923 ,y; fhq;fpu]; gpsTgl;l NghJ ,uh[h[p
rl;lkWg;G ,af;f tprhuizf; FO (Civil Disobedience Enquiry
Committee) cWg;gpduhdhu;. mjpypUe;J mtu; Njrpa murpaypy;
gpujhd gq;Nfw;fyhdhu;. ,uh[h[p 1924 Mk; Mz;L
jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;Lf;F mUNf GJg;ghisaj;jpy; fhe;jp Mrpukk;
Muk;gpj;J fpuhk kf;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhd eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
jkpo;ehl;Lj; jiyik
fhe;jp Jtf;fpa xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd;NghJ (Non Co-
operation Movement> 1920-1922) ,uh[h[p jkpo; ehl;by; me;j
,af;fj;Jf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fp rpwg;ghf elj;jpdhu;. 1920 Mk;
Mz;L ,Wjpapy; elf;ftpUe;j rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jiyg; Gwf;fzpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,uh[h[pAk;> b.v];.v];.uh[Dk; jkpo;ehL
khtl;lq;fspy; R+whtsp Rw;Wg; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. 1921
[dtup 10 Mk; Njjp nrd;idf;F te;j fhdhl; Nfhkfid (Duke
of Connaught)g; Gwf;fzpf;fg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhu;. mjd; gpd;du; 1930
[dtup 26 Mk; ehsd;W Njrnkq;Fk; G+uz Rje;jpu ehs;
338
nfhz;lhlg;gl;l NghJ> ,uh[h[pAk; mtuJ mZf;f ez;gu; kJiu
V.itj;jpaehj IaUk; ,f;nfhz;lhl;lk; jkpo;ehl;by;
Nfhyhfykhff; nfhz;lhbajpy; gpujhd gq;Nfw;wdu;. mjd;gpd;
,t;tpUtUk; kJiuapy; gpd;dtu; tPl;by; re;jpj;J jkpo; ehl;by;
cg;Gr; rj;jpahf;fpufk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd jpl;lj;ij KbT
nra;jjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; gp.v .re;jpugpuG. ,uh[h[papd;
jiyikapy; jkpo; ehl;by; cg;G mwg;Nghuhl;lk; ntw;wpfukhf
eilngw;wJ. ,uh[h[p ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;lhu; (Vg;uy; 30).
1937f;Fk; 1947f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l 10 Mz;Lfspy; ,uh[h[papd;
murpay; tho;f;ifapy; gy miyfs; vOe;J mlq;fpd; gy
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiyahd ,uh[h[p (1934
gpg;utup 6) jdJ epiyia khw;wpf; nfhz;L kj;jpa khepy
rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jy;fspy; fhq;fpu]; gq;Nfw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
$wpdhu;. 'khw;wk; tpUk;ghjtuhf' mtu; 'khw;wk; tpUk;Ggtuhf'
khwptpl;lhu;! 1937 jkpo;ehL rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L>
ntw;wp ngw;W> nrd;id ,uh[jhdpapd; Kjy; fhq;fpu gpujku;'
(Kjyikr;ru;) Mdhu; (1937-1939). mtuJ nkhopf; nfhs;if jkpo;
ehl;by; ,e;jp vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W. ,e;jp
fw;Wf; nfhz;lhy; ,e;jpa mstpy; Ntiy tha;g;Gfisg; ngwyhk;
vd;w vz;zj;jpy; ,e;jpia ghlnkhopahf;fpdhu; ,uh[h[p vd;W
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; ek;gp M&uhd;. ,e;jpaj; jiytu;fisf; fye;J
MNyhrpf;fhky; gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; n[u;kdp kPJ Nghu;
njhLj;jjhy; fhq;fpu]; kj;jpa-khepy murhq;fq;fspypUe;J
tpyFtnjd KbntLj;jJ. me;j Kbtpd;gb ,uh[h[p
mikr;ruit 1939 mf;Nlhgu; 29 Mk; Njjp gjtp tpyfpaJ.
,e;jpag; ghJfhg;G tpjpfspd; (Defence of India Rules)gb ,uh[h[p
ifJ nra;ag;gl;L Xuhz;L fhyk; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;.
Nghuhl;lg; Gwf;fzpg;G
rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiyahfp te;j ,uh[h[p jd; murpay;
epiyg;ghl;il Kw;wpYkhf khw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;. gpupl;lDf;F ,e;jpah
MjuT nfhLg;gJ gw;wp fhq;fpu]; Nkyplj;Jld; fUj;J NtWghL
nfhz;lhu;. gpur;ridia gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;Jld; Ngrpj; jPu;j;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;ij
(Quit India Movement) vjpu;j;jhu;; me;j ,af;fj;ijg; Gwf;fzpj;jhu;.
jdp Rje;jpu ehL Nfhupa K];yPk; yPf;Fld; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;. ,e;J-K];yPk; cld;ghl;Lf;fhd jdJ jpl;lj;ij
(C.R.Formula) ntspapl;lhu;. ,uh[h[papd; eltbf;iffs;
fhq;fpurhupilNa kpFe;j kdNtjidiaj; je;jd. ,uz;lhk;
cyfg; Nghu; Kbe;jTld; 1946 ,y; eilngw;w khepy rl;lkd;wj;
Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;W kPz;Lk; Kjyikr;ruhf Kad;whu;.
339
mk;Kaw;rp gydspf;fhikahy; mtu; jkpo;ehL fhq;fpurpypUe;J
tpyfpf; nfhz;lhu;. fhkuhrupd; MjuNthL b.gpufhrk;
Kjyikr;rhuhdhu;.
14.8.3.rl;lr; rhjidfs;
,uh[h[p 1937 [_iy 15 Mk; Njjp Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;.
mtuJ mikr;ruitapy; b.gpufhrk;> gp.Rg;guhad;> tp.tp.fpup>
ngrthlh Nfhghy nul;b> b.v];.v];.,uh[d;> nksyhdh ah$g;
fhrd; Nrj;> tp.I.KDrhkp gps;is> v .uhkehjd; gps;is>
Nfhq;fl;b ,uhkd; Nkdd; MfpNahu; ,lk; ngw;wdu;. ,uh[h[p
Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;wTld; rpy rKjhar; rPu;jpUj;j
eltbf;iffisf; fhy ,og;gpd;wp Nkw;nfhz;lhu;: 1) tptrhapfs;
fld; js;Sgb rl;lk; (Agricultural Debt Relief Act, March 1938).
,r;rl;lk; khepy tptrhapfisf; fld; gpbapypUe;J tpLtpj;J
epk;kjpg; ngU%r;R tplr; nra;jJ; 2) Mya EioT kw;Wk;
,og;gPl;Lr; rl;lk; (Temple Entry Authorisation and Indemnity Act>
1939). ,e;jr; rl;lk; jypj;JfSk;> ehlhu;fSk; NfhtpYf;Fs;
Eiotjw;F vjpuhf ,Ue;j fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; jilfisAk;
ePf;fpaJ. gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhu; cau; rhjpapdUf;Fr; rkkhf
NfhtpYf;Fr; nrd;W ,iwtid topgLtjw;fhd cupik
toq;fg;gl;lJ; 3) rl;lk; ,aw;WtNjhL epd;Wtplhky; cldbahf
kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Myak; jypj;JfSf;Fk; ehlhu;fSf;Fk;
jpwe;Jtplg;gl;lJ (1939). 4) khepyk; KOtjk; kJtpyf;F
(Prohibition) eilKiwg;gLj;jg; gl;lJ. rKjhaj;jpd; mbj;jl;L
kf;fspd; eyd; fUjp ,j;jpl;lk; cWjpAld; nray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ; 5)
kJtpyf;Fj; jpl;lj;jhy; Vw;gLk; tUtha; ,og;ig <L
nra;tjw;fhf tpw;gid tup (Sales Tax) tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ; 6)
murhq;f nryitf; Fiwf;f E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd murhq;f Muk;gg;
gs;spfs; %lg;gl;ld! 7) gs;spfspy; fhe;jpapd; thu;jh fy;tpj;
jpl;lk; (Wardha Scheme) mwpKfg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 8) gs;spfspy;
Mwhk; tFg;gpypUe;J vl;lhk; tFg;G tiu ,uz;lhtJ nkhopahf
,e;jp ghlkhf;fg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ khztu;fs; jha;nkhopNahL
,e;jpiaAk; fl;lhag; ghlkhff; fw;f Ntz;Lk;.
14.8.4. ,e;jp vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lk;
,uh[h[p mwpKfg;gLj;jpa jpl;lq;fspy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd
Jtf;fg; gs;spfis %baJk;> gs;spfspy; thu;jh jpl;lj;ij
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJk;> fl;lha ,e;jpg; gbg;Gk; gpw rKjha rPu;jpUj;j
jpl;lq;fisg; gpd;Df;Fj; js;sptpl;L vjpu; tpisTfis
Vw;gLj;jpd. kJtpyf;Fj; jpl;lj;jhy; murhq;fj;Jf;F Vw;gl;l
tUtha; ,og;ig rupf;fl;Ltjw;fhf ,uh[h[p Gjpjhff; nfhz;L
te;j tpw;gid tupia Vw;Wf; nfhz;l kf;fs; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd
340
murhq;fg; gs;spfs; %lg;gl;lij epuhfupj;jdu;. ,uh[h[papd; ,e;j
eltbf;if Mapuf;fzf;fhd fPo;r;rhjp kf;fspd; Fwpg;ghf
jypj;Jfspd;> fy;tp tha;g;igg; gwpj;Jtpl;ljhff; fUjpdhu;. thu;jh
jpl;lk; tu;zhrpukj; jpl;lkhf rpj;jupf;fg;gl;lJ; ,j;jpl;lk;
rhjpKiwia rhRtjg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kaw;rp vd;W $wg;gl;lJ. .
<.nt.uh vjpu;g;G
,e;jp Mjuthsuhd ,uh[h[p Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;W ,e;jp
nkhopiaf; fw;gpg;gijg; gw;wpa mwptpg;ig ntspapl;lhu;. mijj;
njhlu;e;J 1938 Vg;uy; 21 Mk; Njjp xU murhiz (Government
Order> G.O) ntspaplg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb nrd;id
,uh[jhdpapYs;s 125 cau;epiyg; gs;spfspy; ,e;jp nkhop
fl;lhakhf fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j murhiz ntspaplg;gl;l
clNd ngupahu; <.nt.uhtpd; jiyikapyhd Rakupahij
,af;fj;jpdUk;> V.b.gd;dPu; nry;tj;jpd; jiyikapyhd
ePjpf;fl;rpapdUk; vjpu;j;jdu;. ,tu;fsJ vjpu;g;ig kiwkiy
mbfs;> NrhkRe;jughujp> Nf.mg;ghJiu> Kbaurd;> ,yf;Ftdhu;
Nghd;w jkpo; mwpQu;fs; Mjupj;jdu;.
ngz;fSk; mjpf mstpy; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;wdu;.
%tY}u; ,uhkhkpu;jk;> ehuhazp> t.g.jhkiuf;fdp> Kd;dfu;
mofpahu;> lhf;lu; ju;khk;ghs;> kyu; Kfj;jk;ikahu;> gl;lk;khs;>
rPj;jk;khs; MfpNahu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. jkpo;ehL ngz;fs;
khehl;by; $ba ngz;fSk; ,e;jp vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F MjuT
mspj;jdu; (1938 etk;gu; 13). fhQ;rp ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup Nghd;w
gpuhkzu;fSk; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;wdu; vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jkpo; NgRk; K];yPk;fSk; Mjutspj;jdu;. ,e;jp
vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lk; midj;J jug;gpdUk; fye;J nfhz;l kf;fs;
,af;fkhf khwpw;W.
gs;sp khztu;fs; ,e;jpiaf; fl;lhakhff; fw;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w ,uh[h[papd; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;Jf;F cs;Nehf;fk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;L
vjpu;f;fl;rpfs;> Fwpg;ghf ngupahu; <.nt.uhtpd; jiyikapyhd
Rakupahij ,af;fk; Nghu;f;nfhb cau;j;jpaJ. fl;lha ,e;jp
vjpu;g;G ngupa Nghuhl;lkhf cUntLj;J tpuptile;jJ.
%d;whz;Lfs; ePbj;j ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ cz;zhtpujq;fs;>
Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs;> fUg;Gf; nfhb Cu;tyq;fs;> kwpay;fs;>
fz;ldq;fs;> ,e;jpvjpu;g;G khehLfs; elj;jg;gl;ld. 1938 [_iy
Kjy; NjjpAk;> brk;gu; %d;whk; NjjpAk; ,e;jp vjpu;g;G ehl;fshf
mDrupf;fg;gl;ld. ,g;Nghuhl;lk; ,uhkehjGuk;> jpUney;Ntyp>
Nryk;> jQ;rhT+u;> tlMu;f;fhL Mfpa jkpo; NgRk; khtl;lq;fspy;
jPtpukile;jJ. epiyik fl;Lf;flq;fhky; Nghapw;W.
341
,e;jp nkhopf; fy;tp gw;wp MSk; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapdupilNa
fUj;J xw;Wik ,y;iy. ,e;jp Mjuthsuhd ,uh[h[p ,jpy;
tplhg;gpbahf ,Ue;jhu;. epiyik fl;LkPwpr; nry;tijj; jLf;Fk;
nghUl;L rj;jpa%u;j;jpAk;> ru;tgs;sp ,uhjhfpU\;zDk; xU
rkurj; jPu;itf; $wpdu;. mjhtJ> ,e;jpia tpUg;gg; ghlkhf
nrhy;ypf; nfhLg;gNj me;j jPu;thFk;. Mdhy; ,uh[h[p ,jw;F
rk;kjpf;f tpy;iy. ,e;jp vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lj;ij rl;lk; xOq;Fg;
gpur;ridahfg; ghu;j;j ,uh[h[p NghyP]; jPu;T' fhzj;
jPu;khdpj;jhu;.
,e;jp vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhspfs; NghyP]; jhf;Fjiy
vjpu;nfhz;ldu;. rpy ,lq;fspy; ,g;Nghuhl;lk; td;Kiwapy;
Kbe;jJ. Mapuf;fzf;fhNdhu; NghyP]; jbabf;F cs;shapdu;.
nkhj;jk; 1>198 Ngu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. ngz;fs;
iff;Foe;ijfSld; rpiw nrd;wdu;. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ
jhsKj;J> eluhrd; Mfpa ,UtUk; capupoe;jdu;. 1>179 Ngu;
jz;bf;fg;gl;ldu;. ngupahUf;F &.1>000 mguhjKk;> xU Mz;L
fLq;fhty; jz;lidAk; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. mz;zhJiu ehd;F
khjq;fs; rpiw jz;lid ngw;whu;. 1939 [_d; 7 Mk; Njjp
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;W ifjhd midtUk; tpLtpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;Jf;F vjpuhf mfpy ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; vLj;j
Kbtpd;gb fhq;fpu]; Ml;rp nra;j khepy Kjyikr;ru;fs; gjtp
tpyfpdu;. mjd;gb ,uh[h[p mikr;ruit gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpaJ
(1939 mf;Nlhgu; 20). nrd;id murhq;fk; MSeu; Ml;rpapd; fPo;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. 1940 gpg;utup 21 Mk; Njjp MSeu; vu;];fpd;
(Erskine) ,e;jp nkhop gw;wpa murhizia tpyf;fpf;
nfhz;lhu;. ,e;jp tpUg;g ghlkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ngupahu; ,e;jp
vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lj;ij tpyf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;.
kjpg;gPL
,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup gy gupkhzq;fisf; nfhz;l MSik
ngw;wtu;. mtu; xU mg;gOf;fw;w Njrpathjp> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;l tPuu;> r%f Nrtfu;> rl;l epGzu;> murpay; tpNtfp>
rpe;jidahsu;> ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghsp> kj;jpa-khepy murpaypy;
gpujhd gq;Nfw;wtu;. jkpo; ehl;by; r%f rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd;
Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;e;jtu;; fpuhk kf;fspd;> Fwpg;ghf jypj;
kf;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F Kd;Dupik nfhLj;jtu;;
gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhupd; Mya EioTf;F rl;l mq;fPfhuk; nfhLj;jtu;;
kJtpyf;if khepyk; KOtJk; eilKiwg; gLj;jpatu;; nkhoptop
khfhzq;fs; kf;fspilNa gpuhe;jpa kdg;ghd;ikia Cjp
tsu;f;Fk; vd;W vr;rupj;jtu;.
,uh[h[p FiwfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;ltu; my;yu;. mtuhy;
Njrpa mstpy; gpufhrpj;jijg; Nghd;W khepy mstpy; ntw;wp ngw
342
Kbatpy;iy. ,e;jpaj; jiytu;fspd; kdepiyiag; Gupe;J
nfhz;l mtuhy; kf;fspd; tpUg;G ntWg;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;s
Kbatpy;iy. fhq;fpu]; Nkyplj;jpd; MjuNthL khepy murpaYf;F
te;j ,uh[h[p kf;fspd; Nguhjuitg; ngw;wpUe;j rj;jpa
%u;j;jpapd; cau;Tf;Fj; jilahf ,Ue;jhu;; jkpo; ehl;L fhq;fpu];
,uz;lhfg; gpsTglf; fhuzkhdtu;. ,tuJ nkhopf;nfhs;if
jkpof kf;fis ,e;jp vjpu;g;ghsu;fshf;fptpl;lJ. ,uh[h[papd;
gpbthjg; Nghf;F mtuJ Mf;fg; G+u;tkhd rhjidfisg;
gpd;Df;Fj; js;sptpl;lJ. vdpDk; ,uh[h[p ,e;jpa murpay;
kzw;gug;gpy; mopahj fhybr; RtLfis tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;shu;
vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. ',tu;jhd; vd; kdrhl;rpapd; fhtyu;' vd;whu;
fhe;jp. cz;ikahd thu;j;ijfs;.
14.9. v];. rj;jpa%u;j;jp
v];. rj;jpa %u;j;jp mtu;fs;> xU Njrgf;ju; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa
tpLjiyf;fhf ghLgl;l tpLjiy tPuUk; Mthu;. rpwe;j
tof;fwpQuhf tpsq;fpa v];. rj;jpa%u;j;jp mtu;fs;> jkpof
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; tsu;r;rpf;fhf ghLgl;l xg;gw;w jiytuhthu;.
1937-38 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w ,e;jp vjpu;g;G Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ>
,e;jpia Mjupj;J cuf;f Fuy;nfhLj;jtu;. ,e;jpa kf;fspd;
tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij xLf;f vz;zpa Mq;fpy muirg; ghu;j;J
“ehq;fs; Rje;jpukhfNt tho tpUk;GfpNwhk;> ahUila
mjpfhuj;jpd; fPOk; ehq;fs; tho tpUk;gtpy;iy” vd Jzpr;ryhf
$wp jd;Dila Rje;jpu czu;it ntspgLj;jpa v];.
rj;jpa%u;j;jp. rj;jpa %u;j;jp mtu;fs;> ,e;jpahtpd; jkpo;ehL
khepyj;jpYs;s GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ‘jpUkak;’ vd;w Cupy; gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; Mr;rhukhd gpuhkzu; FLk;gj;ijr;
Nru;e;jtu;. mtUila je;ij Re;jNur rh];jpupau; xU gz;bju;
kw;Wk; njhopy;uPjpahf tof;fwpQUk; Mthu;. rj;jpa%u;j;jpf;F vl;L
rNfhjuu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.
Muk;g tho;f;if
rj;jpa %u;j;jp mtu;fspd;> ,sk; tajpNyNa mtuJ je;ij
fhykhdjhy;> jd;Dila jha; kw;Wk; rNfhjuu;fis
ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; nghWg;G ,tUf;F mjpfkhdJ. 1906 Mk;
Mz;L “nrd;id fpwp];Jt fy;Y}upapy;” tuyhw;Wj; Jiwapy;
,sq;fiyg; gl;lk; ngw;whu;. gpd;du;> nrd;id rl;lf; fy;Y}upapy;
Nru;e;J rl;lk; gapd;w mtu; jpU. ];uPdpthr Iaq;fhu; kw;Wk;
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;u]; jiytuhd ];uP.v];.];uPdpthr Iaq;fhupd;
fPo; rl;lg; gapw;rp Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
343
murpay; tho;f;if
jdJ fy;Y}up ehl;fspNyNa fy;Y}up Nju;jy;fspy;
fye;Jnfhz;L ntw;wpngw;w mtUf;F kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy; Mo;e;j
gpbg;igAk; murpaypy; <LglTk; toptFj;jJ. mjdhy; 1919
ypUe;J v];. rj;jpa%u;j;jpapd; murpay; tho;f;if njhlq;fpaJ
vdyhk;. fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; nfhs;iffspy; <LghLnfhz;L> jkpof
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; cWg;gpduhf Nru;e;J> mf;fl;rpapd; ed;kjpg;igg;
ngw;w mtu;> fhq;fpurpd; gpujpepjpahf khz;NlF nrk;];Nghu;l;
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; nust;yj; rl;lj;jpw;nfjpuhd ,iz
ehlhSkd;wf; FOtpy; thjhl ,q;fpyhe;J mDg;gg;gl;lhu;. gpd;du;>
1923 Mk; mz;L rl;lrig Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L rl;lrig
cWg;gpduhfTk; Mdhu;. 1930 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id ghu;j;jrhujp
Nfhtpypy; ,e;jpa Nfhb Vw;w Kad;wNghJ ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
rp.Mu;. jh]; kw;Wk; Nkhjpyhy; NeU Nghd;Nwhu;fs; njhlq;fpa
“Rauh[;af; fl;rpapy;” jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;l rj;jpa%u;j;jp
mtu;fs;> ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; miktjw;F
cWJizahf ,Ue;jhu;. 1937 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w nrd;id
rl;lkd;w Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wpngw;w mtu;> nrd;id
khfhz fTd;rpyuhfTk; Nju;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. 1939 Mk; Mz;L
nrd;id khefuhl;rp jiytuhf gzpahw;wpa nghOJ>
nrd;idapy; fLk; jz;zPu; gQ;rk; epytpaJ (,uz;lhk; cyfg;
Nghu;eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;j fhyfl;lk;). ,e;j gpur;ridiaj;
jPu;f;f gpupl;b\; muRld; Nghuhb G+z;b ePu;Njf;fj;jpu;fhd
(,g;nghOJ rj;jpa%u;j;jp rhfu; ePu;Njf;fk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ)
tiuT xg;Gikg; ngw;W gzpfs; clNd njhluTk; jPtpuk;
fhl;bdhu;. gpd;du;> RNjrp ,af;fj;jpy; jPtpu <LghL nfhz;L
nray;gl;l mtu;> 1940 Mk; Mz;L ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. 1942 Mk;
Mz;L eilngw;w “nts;isaNd ntspNaW” Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhf
kPz;Lk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;.
rj;jpa %u;j;jp mtu;fs;> Fkhurhkp fhkuh[Uf;F xU rpwe;j
murpay; topfhl;bahf jpfo;e;jtu;. 1936 Mk; Mz;L fhq;fpu];
fkpl;b jiytuhf Nju;njLf;fg;gl;l rj;jpa%u;j;jp> fhkuh[iu
nghJ nrayhsuhfTk; epakpj;jhu;. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;w NghJ
fhkuh[u;> Kjypy; rj;jpa%u;j;jp tPl;Lf;F nrd;W> Rje;jpuf;nfhbia
Vw;wp> jd;Dila FUtpd; kPJ nfhz;l gf;jpia ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;.
jkpof Kjiyr;ruhf gjtpNaw;w fhkuh[u; Kjypy; rj;jpa%u;j;jp
tPl;Lf;F nrd;W> mtUila Gifg;glj;jpw;F khiy mzptpj;J
mQ;ryp nrYj;jptpl;Lj; jpUk;gpdhu;. NkYk;> mtu; jkpo;ehL
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpf;F Mw;wpa njhz;il epidT$Wk; tifapy;>
jkpo;ehL fhq;fpu]; fl;rp jiyikafj;jpw;F “rj;jpa%u;j;jp gtd;” vd ngau; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. G+z;b ePu;Njf;fk; ,tuhy;
njhlq;fg;gl;L 1944 Mk; Mz;L fl;bKbf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> fl;b
344
Kbf;fg;gl;lNghJ ,tu; capUld; ,y;iy. ,tUila Kjd;ik
rPluhd fhkuh[u; me;j ePu;Njf;fj;jpw;F “rj;jpa%u;j;jp rhfu; miz” vd ngau; R+l;bdhu;. rj;jpa %u;j;jp mtu;fs;> 1942 Mk; Mz;L
jdpegu; rj;jpahfpufk; nra;jikahy; ifJnra;ag;gl;L
ehf;G+upYs;s mkuhtjp rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;. gpd;du;> KJF
jz;L fhaj;jpdhy; mtjpg;gl;l rj;jpa%u;j;jp> khu;r; 28> 1943 Mk;
Mz;L nrd;id kUj;Jtkidapy; jd;Dila 55 tJ tajpy;
fhykhdhu;.
14.10. F.fhkuhru;
fhkuhru; vd;w fhkhl;rp 1903 [_iy 15 Mk; Njjp
,uhkehjGuk; khtl;l tpUJefupy; eLj;ju ehlhu; FLk;gj;jpy;
Fkhurhkpf;Fk; rptfhkp mk;ikahUf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. ,tu;
cs;Shu; gs;spapYk;> Vdhjp ehadhu; tpj;ahrhyhtpYk;> rj;jpupa
tpj;ahrhyhtpYk; gbj;jhu;. ,sikapNyNa je;ijiaAk;>
ghl;ldhiuAk; ,oe;j fhkhl;rp gs;spg; gbg;igg; ghjpapNyNa
epWj;j Neupl;lJ. mjd;gpd; ,tu; jdJ rpj;jg;gh fUg;igah ehlhu;
Jzpf; filapYk;> jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; jha;khkd; fhrp ehuhaz
ehlhupd; kuj; njhl;bapYk; Ntiy nra;jhu;. mg;NghJ fhkuhrUf;F
ehl;L murpaypYk;> r%f rPu;jpUj;jj;jpYk; Mu;tk; Vw;gl;lJ.
Nfushtpy; jPz;lj;jfhNjhuhf; fUjg;gl;L gy nfhLikfSf;F
cs;shd <otu;fs; gw;wpa mwpa Neupl;lJ. itf;fk;
mwg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Mapuj;jpy; xUtuhff; fye;J nfhz;lhu;. mjd;
gpd;du; RrPe;jpu Mya EioTg; Nghuhl;lj;jpYk; gq;Nfw;whu;.
tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
jpUtde;jGuj;jpypUe;J tpUJefu; jpUk;gpa fhkuhru; ,e;jpa
tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fj;NjhL 1919 ,y;
fhq;fpu njhz;luhfr; Nru;e;jhu;. 1920 Mk; Mz;by; mtUf;Ff;
fhe;jpia kJiuapy; re;jpf;Fk; tha;g;G fpilj;jJ. mjd;gpd; mtu;
tpUJefupYk;> khtl;lj;jpYk; fhq;fpuirg; gyg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpapy;
<Lgl;lhu;. mg;NghJjhd; mtUf;F v];.rj;jpa%u;j;jpAld; njhlu;G
Vw;gl;lJ. mg;NghjpypUe;J fhkuhru; rj;jpa%u;j;jpapd;
ek;gpf;iff;Fupa rPluhdhu;. jpUr;rp> kJiu Nghd;w efuq;fspy;
fhq;fpu]; fpisfisj; Jtf;fpdhu;. fhq;fpu]; njhz;lu;fSf;Fg;
gapw;rp mspj;jhu;. 1920 ,y; Jtf;fg;gl;l xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;L kJf;fil kwpay; nra;jhu;.
fhkuhru; 1922 Mk; Mz;by; mg;NghJ fhq;fpurpy; ,Ue;j
<.nt.,uhkrhkp ehaf;fu; jiyikapd; fPo; nray;gl;l fhq;fpu
Nguitapd; nrayuhf ,Ue;jhu;; mg;Nguitapd; khepy fhq;fpu];
cWg;gpduhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. kf;fSf;F ed;F mwpKfkhd
345
fhkuhru; tpUJefu; efuhl;rp cWg;gpduhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;
(1922). khtl;l fhq;fpu rpwg;Gf; $l;lj;Jf;F Vw;ghL nra;J mjpy;
cau; kl;lj; jiytu;fis mioj;Jg; gq;Nfw;fr; nra;jhu;. 1924
,y; fhkuhru; rj;jpa%u;j;jpAld; Nru;e;J tpUJefu; khtl;lj;jpy;
Nju;jy; Rw;Wg; gazk; nra;jhu;. fhe;jp rPdpthr Iaq;fhupd;
tpUe;jpduhf ,Ue;jNghJ fhkuhru; fhe;jpia re;jpj;J
xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij Kd;dpd;W elj;j mDkjp ngw;whu;.
kJf;fil kwpay; nra;jhu;. irkd; FOit vjpu;j;J kwpay;
Nghuhl;lk; nra;jhu; (1928). cg;G mwg;Nguhl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;L
,uz;L Mz;Lfs; rpiw jz;lid ngw;whu; fhkuhru;. mypg;G+u;
rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;.
fhq;fpu]; jiytu;
1930 Mk; Mz;L mypg;G+u; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;l fhkuhru;
1931y; tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lhu;. mtUf;F tpUJefupy; khngUk;
tuNtw;G mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mijj; njhlu;e;J mtu; ,uhkehjGuk;
khtl;lj;jpypUe;J jkpo;ehL fhq;fpu]; fkpl;bf;Fj;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. fhe;jp ,uz;lhtJ tl;lNki[ khehl;by;
fye;J nfhs;sr; nrd;wNghJ fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jj;ij kPwp
rl;lkWg;Gg; Nghuhl;l tPuu;fs; kPJ gop thq;fg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ
fhkuhru; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L jpUr;rp rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;L>
gpd;du; NtY}u; rpiwf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lhu;. mtu; kPJ gy
Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs; Rkj;jg;gl;ld. tpLjiyahd gpd; 1935 brk;gu; 20
Mk; Njjp fhkuhru; tpUJefupy; fhq;fpu nghd;tpohit rpwg;ghff;
nfhz;lhbdhu;. 1936 ,y; [t`u;yhy; NeU jkpo; ehl;by; Rw;Wg;
gazk; nra;j NghJ rj;jpa%u;j;jpAk;> fhkuhrUk; cld; nrd;wdu;.
mLj;j Mz;Nl fhkuhru; rhj;J}u; njhFjpapypUe;J nrd;id rl;lg;
Nguitj; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapd;wpj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. 1940 ,y;
jkpo;ehL fhq;fpu fkpl;bj; jiytu; Nju;jYf;fhd Nju;jy;
eilngw;wJ. mg;NghJ Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;j ,uh[h[papd;
MjuNthL rp.gp.Rg;igahTk;> rj;jpa%u;j;jpapd; MjuNthLk;
fhkuhrUk; Nghl;bapl;ldu;. fhkuhru; %d;W thf;F tpj;jpahrj;jpy;
ntw;wp ngw;whu;. mtu; mg;gjtpapy; njhlu;e;J 16 Mz;Lfs;
ePbj;jhu;. rj;jpa%u;j;jp fhq;fpu]; nrayuhdhu;.
efu; kd;wj; jiytu;
1940 ,y; Jtf;fg;gl;l jdpegu; mwg;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ
jkpo;ehL fhq;fpu]; jiytuhapUe;j fhkuhru; jkpo;ehL
KOtjw;Fkhd rj;jpahf;fpufpfspd; ngau;g; gl;baiyj; jahupj;Jf;
nfhz;L fhe;jpia re;jpj;Jg; NgRtjw;fhf thu;jhTf;Fr; nry;Yk;
topapy; f&u; Gif tz;b epiyaj;jpy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L NtY}u;
rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;. fhkuhru; rpiwapy; ,Ue;jNghJ mtu;
tpUJefu; efu; kd;wj; jiytuhf xUkdjhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;
346
(1941 Nk 31). tpLjiyahdTld; fhkuhru; kupahij epkpj;jk;
efuhl;rpj; jiytuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;W tpiutpNyNa fl;rpg;
gzpf;fhfg; gjtp tpyfpdhu;.
rpiwthrk;
1942 Mf];L 7-8 Njjpfspy; gk;ghapy; $ba fhq;fpu];
$l;lj;jpy; 'nts;isaNd ntspNaW' Nghuhl;lj; jPu;khdk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. mf;$l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;L jpUk;gpa
fhkuhru; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L mk;Nuhyp rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;Lg;
gpd;du; NtY}u; rpiwf;F khw;wg;gl;lhu;. %d;W Mz;Lfhy
rpiwthrj;Jf;Fg; gpd; tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhu; (1945 [_d; 30). fhkuhru;
rpiwapypUe;j NghJ mtuJ murpay; Mrhd; rj;jpa%u;j;jp
fhykhdhu; (1943). 1945 [_iy khjk; rpiwapypUe;J jpUk;gpa
fhkuhru; fl;rpg; gzpapy; fUj;J}d;wp nray;gl;lhu;. 1946 ,y;
eilngw;w nghJj; Nju;jypy; jkpo; ehl;by; 205 ,lq;fspy; 165
,lq;fisf; fhq;fpu]; ifg;gw;wpaJ. fhkuhru; rhj;J}u;
njhFjpapypUe;J rl;lg; Nguitf;Fg; Nghl;bapd;wpj;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. fhkuhrupd; MjuNthL b.gpufhrk;> Xke;J}u;
,uhkrhkp nul;bahu;> Fkhurhkp ,uh[h MfpNahu; KiwNa nrd;id
Kjyikr;ruhdhu;fs; (1946-1952). mtu; Ml;rpahsu;fis
cUthf;Fgtu;' (King-Maker) vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;
4. ve;j Mz;L ,uh[h[p fhq;fpu]; nraw;FO (Congress
Working Committee) cWg;gpduhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;?
5. 1930 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id ghu;j;jrhujp Nfhtpypy; ,e;jpa
Njrpa nfhbia Vw;w Kad;wNghJ ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu; ahu;?
6. ve;j Mz;L fhkuhru;f;F fhe;jpia kJiuapy; re;jpf;Fk; tha;g;G
fpilj;jJ?
14.11. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f tpilfs;
1. t.Nt.R. Iau;
2. 1906 mf;Nlhgu; 16-k; Njjp
3. Rg;gpukzpa rpth
4. 1921
5. v];. rj;jpa %u;j;jp
6. 1920
347
14.12. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWfpa tpdhf;fs;
1. thQ;rpehjd; Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G vOJf
2. tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Rg;ukzpa ghujpapd; gq;fspg;ig tptup
3. tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fhkuh[upd; gq;F Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff
tpupthd tpdhf;fs;
1. tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpy; t. c. rp. gq;fspg;ig tpsf;Ff
2. ,uh[h[papd; epu;thf jpwik Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
3. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jkpofj;jpd; gq;F Fwpj;J fl;Liu
vOJf
14.13. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;
Rajayyan K. History of Tamil Nadu
gps;is Nf.Nf. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW
Nilakanda Sastri K.N. A History of South India
Sathianathair R. History of India
ntq;fNlrd; f. jw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW
,uhkrhkp m. jkpo; ehl;L tuyhW
David Arnold. The Congress in Tamilnadu: nationalist politics in
South India, 1919-1937
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