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8/16/2019 3. Pendahuluan Protozologi
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Protozoology
INTRODUCTION
Isna Indrawati
Department of Parasitology
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PROTOZOA• Unicellular animal with full functions and
carry out complex metabolic activities.
• relatively complex internal structure
• Most species are free living
• Total species > 50,000 and parasitic:
about 10,000
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• Some species are considered
commensals , some are pathogen
• Protozoan diseases range from very mild
to life-threatening
depend on :
– the species and strain of the parasite
– the resistance of the host.
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Classification
• Class Rhizopoda
• Ciliata
•
Mastigophora / Flagellata• Sporozoa
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Morphology
• Vary in size and shape
• parasitic protozoa in humans are <
50 μm in size. – intracellular forms : are 1 - 10μm long
• Balantidium coli may measure70 μm (extracellular)
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Life Cycle Stages
1. Trophozoites / vegetative / proliferative.
– Active,
– feeding and multiply
– Relative thin wall/ cell membrane
2. Cysts :
– stages with a thickened wall
– Not active
– protective stages resistant to bad
environment
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Morphology
Cytoplasm
Nucleus : 1 or > 1
: vesicular / compact
Ectoplasm
Endoplasm
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Morphology• plasma / cell membrane enclosing the
cytoplasm
• Ectoplasm: the outer and transparentlayer
• Endoplasm : the inner layer containing
organelles, such as Golgi apparatus,mitochondria, lysosomes, food vacuoles,
contractile vacuoles
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Morphology
Nucleoplasma
ektoplasmaendoplasma
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Several types of nucleus
Chromatin granule
achromatic fibrils
Nuclear membrane
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• Some protozoa have a cytosome or
cell “mouth” for ingesting and
cytopyge for excretion
• Locomotive organelle
–Pseudopodium, flagellum, cilia,
undulating membrane• In flagellata : a kinetoplast
associated with the flagellum.
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Reproduction
Asexual
Sexual
• Binary fission
• Schizogony
• Cyst
• Sporogony
( after gametogony)• syngamy
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Sexual reproduction – Conjugation: exchange of nuclear materialsof 2 cells
– Sporogony ( after Gametogony) : sexuallydifferentiated cells unit zygote
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Reproduction
•
Binary fission : results in 2 daughter cells
– simple,
longitudinal transversal
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Binary fission
• Endodyogeny: by internal budding results in 2
cells, e.g. : Toxoplasma
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Schizogony: multiple fission, results inmultiple cells
Source :www.sciencedirect.com
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Multiple fission: Cyst
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Sexual reproduction
• Syngamy / conyugation
• exchange of nuclearmaterials of 2 cells
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Sexual : Sporogony ( After Gametogony)
Gamogony
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Sporogony : ordo Coccidia
Source:biology.unm.edu
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Transmission
• Cyst / oocyst
• Vegetative / trophozoite
Method of transmission
• Contaminated food and water
•
Sexual intercourse• Parentral
• Sucking blood vector
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Pathology and Clinical symptom
• Depending on :
– Organ that was infected
– Life cycle and reproduction methods of species
– Enzymes/ toxin produced by the protozoa
– Progress of the disease
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Diagnosis• Usually diagnosed from samples of
feces, blood, liquor cerebro-spinalis, and
tissue• Indirect identification:
– Serology
– radiology
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Thank You
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