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Exodusexodos aigyptou

Semiticw� ��llê š�môt

š�môt

Torah Pentateuch

historicity

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1500 2000

historical-critical diachronic

1

canonical criticism

1 Brevard S. Childs, The Book of Exodus: A Critical Theological

Commentary , OTL (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1974)

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rhetorical criticismnarrative criticism narratology

reader-response criticismideological criticism synchronic

revisionist minimalist

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2 Robert Alter, The Art of

Biblical Narrative (New York: Basic Books, 1980)2005

3 Thomas L. Thompson, The Mythic Past: Biblical Archaeology and the Myth of Israel (London: Basic Books, 1999) Giovanni Garbini, Myth and History in the Bible , JSOTS 362 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2003)

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maximalist

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4 Philip R. Davies, In Search of ‘Ancient Israel’ , JSOTS 148 (Sheffield:

Sheffield Academic Press, 1992), 119. 5 William G. Dever

“Histories and Nonhistories of Ancient Israel,” BASOR 316 (1999): 89-105

6 Kenneth A. Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003)

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7 John R. Bartlett, “Between Scylla and Charybdis: The Problem of Israeli te

Historiography,” in Biblical and Near Eastern Essays: Studies in Honour of Kevin J. Cathcart , ed. Carmel McCarthy and John F. Healey, JSOTS 375 (London: T&T Clark International, 2004), 180-94.

8 Lester L. Grabbe, ed., Can a “History of Israel” Be Written? JSOT 245; European Seminar in Historical Methodology 1 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997)

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source criticism redaction criticism

9 Hans Barstad, “History and the Hebrew Bible,” in ibid., 39-53.

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Merneptah Stela11

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10 William G. Dever, What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did

They Know It? What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001)

11 Michael G. Hasel, “Israel in the Merneptah Stela,” BASOR 296 (1994): 45-61.

12 James Weinstein, “Exodus and Archaeological Reality,” in Exodus: The Egyptian Evidence, ed. Ernest S. Frerichs and Leonard H. Lesko (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1997), 87.

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Levant

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city-states

13 John Van Seters, “The Geography of the Exodus,” in The Land that I Will

Show You: Essays on the History and Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Honour of J. Maxwell Miller , ed. J. Andrew Dearman and M. Patrick Graham, JSOTS 343 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001), 255-76.

14 Carol Meyers, “Kadesh Barnea: Judah’s Last Outpost,” BA 39 (1976): 148-51.

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16

Yahweh17

15 Lawrence E. Stager, “Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient

Israel,” in The Oxford History of the Biblical World , ed. Michael D. Coogan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 131-34 and Table 3.1.

16 Elizabeth Bloch-Smith and Beth Alpert Nakhai, “A Landscape Comes to Life: The Iron Age,” NEA 62 (1999): 62-92, 101-27.

17 Beth Alpert Nakhai, “Israel on the Horizon: The Iron I Settlement of the Galilee,”in The Near East in the Southwest: Essays in Honor of William G. Dever , ed. Beth Alpert Nakhai, AASOR 58, (Boston: ASOR, 2003), 140-42.

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19

18 Ziony Zevit, The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic

Approaches (London: Continuum, 2001), 84-121. 19 James K. Hoffmeier, Israel in Egypt: The Evidence for the Authenticity of

the Exodus Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).

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40 411

21

550 240640 232 323 270

22

Apiru 33,600Shasu 15,200 36,000

89,600 23

20 John H. Walton, “Exodus, Date of,” DOTP , 258-72. 21 Carol Redmount, “Bitter

Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt,” in The Oxford History of the Biblical World , ed. Michael D. Coogan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 98-103

22 “The Memphis and Karnak Stelae of Amenhotep II,” trans. James K. Hoffmeier (COS 2.3), 21.

23 Ibid., 22 101,128

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24 15 25 The Amarna Letters , ed. and trans. William L. Moran (Baltimore: The

Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 366 (letter 369), 326-28 (letters 286, 287).

26 Redmount, “Bitter Lives,” 99. 27 “A Report of Bedouin,” trans. James P. Allen (COS 3.5), 16-17.

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28 William Johnstone, Exodus , OTG 2 (Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1990),

19 29 Redmount, “Bitter Lives,” 102-3. 30 “A Report of Escaped Laborers,” trans. James P. Allen (COS 3.4), 16. 31 Baruch Halpern, “The Exodus and the Israeli te Historians,” Eretz Israel

24: 89*-96*.

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memory

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mnemohistory33

32 Michael A. Signer, “Introduction: Memory and History in the Jewish and

Christian Traditions,” in Memory and History in Christianity and Judaism , ed. Michael A. Signer (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2001).

33 Jan Assman, Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 8-22

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actuality factuality 34

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36

ethnos

commemoration

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38

34 Maurice Halbwachs, The Collective Memory , trans. Francis J. Ditter, Jr.

and Vida Y. Ditter (New York: Harper and Row, 1980) 35 Assman, Moses the Egyptian , 14-15. 36 Elizabeth Bloch-Smith, “Israelite Ethnicity in Iron I: Archaeology

Preserves What Is Remembered and What Is Forgotten in Israel’s History,” JBL 122 (2003): 401-25.

37 Ronald S. Hendel, “The Exodus in Biblical Memory,” JBL 120 (2001): 601-4.

38 Mark S. Smith, The Memoirs of God (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2004), 131-50.

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communitas 39

foundational stories

II.

40

Yahwism

39 Victor Turner Edith Turner, “Rites of Communitas,” in

Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals , ed. Frank A. Salamone, Religions and Society 6 (New York: Routledge, 2004), 97-101

40 Hendel, “Exodus in Biblical Memory,” 615-20.

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1 4

Midianite Hypothesis

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Midianite ware Hijaz pottery

Negev

41 Stager, “Forging an Identity,” 142-49

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Scrr2

ya-h-wa42

YHWH 43

42 Frank Moore Cross, From Epic to Canon: History and Literature in Ancient

Israel (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 67. 43 David Noel Freedman, Michael Patrick O’Conner, and Helmer Ringgren,

“YHWH ,” TDOT 5:510 13 1577

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super-humandemi-god

George Washington

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44 Catherine L. Albanese, Sons of the Fathers: The Civil Religion of the

American Revolution (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1976), 143-81.

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46

38 47

45 Turner, “Rites of Communitas,” 98. 46 Paul Spikard and W. Jeffrey Burroughs, “We Are a People,” in We Are a

People: Narrative and Multiplicity in Constructing Ethnic Identity, ed. Paul Spikard and W. Jeffrey Burroughs (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000), 10-11.

47 Heinz-Josef Fabry and Hedwig Lamberty-Zielinski, “II/III ‘rb II/III,” TDOT 11:332.

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49

48 David Noel Freedman, “The Formation of the Canon of the Old Testament,”

in Religion and Law: Biblical-Judaic and Islamic Perspectives, ed. Erwin B. Firmage, Bernard G. Weiss, and John W. Welch (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1990), 328-29.

49 E. P. Sanders, “When Is a Law a Law? The Case of Jesus and Paul,” 139-58, and Bernard G. Weiss, “Covenant and Law in Islam,” 49-83, both in Religion and Law: Biblical-Judaic and Islamic Perspectives , ed. Edwin B. Firmage, Bernard G. Weiss, and John W. Welch (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1990).

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III.

2 1

52

Julius WellhausenDocumentary

Hypothesis J E P D

50 25 51 F. Volker Greifenhagen, “Ethnicity In, With, and Under the Pentateuch,”

JRS 3 (2001): 1-17; http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/2001/2001-1.html. 52 David Lowenthal, The Past Is a Foreign Country (Cambridge: Harvard

University Press, 1985), 235.

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J EJ

Jahweh JE Elohim

D Deuteronomist

53 P

JE EP D

P

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53 Johnstone, Exodus , 76-86. 54 Richard E. Friedman, The Bible with Sources Revealed: A New View into

the Five Books of Moses (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2003), 1-31.

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J E P DP

1200

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57

55 Rolf Rendtorff, “Directions in Pentateuchal Studies,” CR:BS 5 (1997):

43-65; David M. Carr, “Controversy and Convergence in Recent Studies of the Formation of the Pentateuch,” RSR 23 (1997): 22-29.

56 Mark S. Smith, “The Literary Arrangement of the Priestly Redaction of Exodus: A Preliminary Investigation,” CBQ 58 (1996): 25-50.

57 Eugene Carpenter, “Exodus 18: Its Structure, Style, Motifs and Function in the Book of Exodus,” in A Biblical Itinerary: In Search of Method, Form and Content: Essays in Honor of George W. Coats , ed. Eugene E. Carpenter, JSOTS 240 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997), 91-108.

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motif

IV.

58 John I. Durham, Exodus , WBS 3 (Waco: Word Publishers, 1987), xxi-xxii. 59 William H. C. Propp, Exodus 1-18 , AB 2 (New York: Doubleday,

1998), 37-38 60 Menahem Haran, “Book-Scrolls at the Beginning of the Second Temple

Period: The Transition from Papyrus to Skins,” HUCA 14 (1983): 11-22

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