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2

Exodusexodos aigyptou

Semiticw� ��llê š�môt

š�môt

Torah Pentateuch

historicity

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3

I.

1500 2000

historical-critical diachronic

1

canonical criticism

1 Brevard S. Childs, The Book of Exodus: A Critical Theological

Commentary , OTL (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1974)

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4

2

rhetorical criticismnarrative criticism narratology

reader-response criticismideological criticism synchronic

revisionist minimalist

3

2 Robert Alter, The Art of

Biblical Narrative (New York: Basic Books, 1980)2005

3 Thomas L. Thompson, The Mythic Past: Biblical Archaeology and the Myth of Israel (London: Basic Books, 1999) Giovanni Garbini, Myth and History in the Bible , JSOTS 362 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2003)

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4

5

maximalist

6

4 Philip R. Davies, In Search of ‘Ancient Israel’ , JSOTS 148 (Sheffield:

Sheffield Academic Press, 1992), 119. 5 William G. Dever

“Histories and Nonhistories of Ancient Israel,” BASOR 316 (1999): 89-105

6 Kenneth A. Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003)

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6

7

8

7 John R. Bartlett, “Between Scylla and Charybdis: The Problem of Israeli te

Historiography,” in Biblical and Near Eastern Essays: Studies in Honour of Kevin J. Cathcart , ed. Carmel McCarthy and John F. Healey, JSOTS 375 (London: T&T Clark International, 2004), 180-94.

8 Lester L. Grabbe, ed., Can a “History of Israel” Be Written? JSOT 245; European Seminar in Historical Methodology 1 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997)

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9

source criticism redaction criticism

9 Hans Barstad, “History and the Hebrew Bible,” in ibid., 39-53.

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10

Merneptah Stela11

12

10 William G. Dever, What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did

They Know It? What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001)

11 Michael G. Hasel, “Israel in the Merneptah Stela,” BASOR 296 (1994): 45-61.

12 James Weinstein, “Exodus and Archaeological Reality,” in Exodus: The Egyptian Evidence, ed. Ernest S. Frerichs and Leonard H. Lesko (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1997), 87.

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Levant

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14

city-states

13 John Van Seters, “The Geography of the Exodus,” in The Land that I Will

Show You: Essays on the History and Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Honour of J. Maxwell Miller , ed. J. Andrew Dearman and M. Patrick Graham, JSOTS 343 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001), 255-76.

14 Carol Meyers, “Kadesh Barnea: Judah’s Last Outpost,” BA 39 (1976): 148-51.

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15

16

Yahweh17

15 Lawrence E. Stager, “Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient

Israel,” in The Oxford History of the Biblical World , ed. Michael D. Coogan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 131-34 and Table 3.1.

16 Elizabeth Bloch-Smith and Beth Alpert Nakhai, “A Landscape Comes to Life: The Iron Age,” NEA 62 (1999): 62-92, 101-27.

17 Beth Alpert Nakhai, “Israel on the Horizon: The Iron I Settlement of the Galilee,”in The Near East in the Southwest: Essays in Honor of William G. Dever , ed. Beth Alpert Nakhai, AASOR 58, (Boston: ASOR, 2003), 140-42.

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18

19

18 Ziony Zevit, The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic

Approaches (London: Continuum, 2001), 84-121. 19 James K. Hoffmeier, Israel in Egypt: The Evidence for the Authenticity of

the Exodus Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).

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20

40 411

21

550 240640 232 323 270

22

Apiru 33,600Shasu 15,200 36,000

89,600 23

20 John H. Walton, “Exodus, Date of,” DOTP , 258-72. 21 Carol Redmount, “Bitter

Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt,” in The Oxford History of the Biblical World , ed. Michael D. Coogan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 98-103

22 “The Memphis and Karnak Stelae of Amenhotep II,” trans. James K. Hoffmeier (COS 2.3), 21.

23 Ibid., 22 101,128

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25

26

27

24 15 25 The Amarna Letters , ed. and trans. William L. Moran (Baltimore: The

Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 366 (letter 369), 326-28 (letters 286, 287).

26 Redmount, “Bitter Lives,” 99. 27 “A Report of Bedouin,” trans. James P. Allen (COS 3.5), 16-17.

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29

30

31

28 William Johnstone, Exodus , OTG 2 (Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1990),

19 29 Redmount, “Bitter Lives,” 102-3. 30 “A Report of Escaped Laborers,” trans. James P. Allen (COS 3.4), 16. 31 Baruch Halpern, “The Exodus and the Israeli te Historians,” Eretz Israel

24: 89*-96*.

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memory

32

mnemohistory33

32 Michael A. Signer, “Introduction: Memory and History in the Jewish and

Christian Traditions,” in Memory and History in Christianity and Judaism , ed. Michael A. Signer (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2001).

33 Jan Assman, Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 8-22

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actuality factuality 34

35

36

ethnos

commemoration

37

38

34 Maurice Halbwachs, The Collective Memory , trans. Francis J. Ditter, Jr.

and Vida Y. Ditter (New York: Harper and Row, 1980) 35 Assman, Moses the Egyptian , 14-15. 36 Elizabeth Bloch-Smith, “Israelite Ethnicity in Iron I: Archaeology

Preserves What Is Remembered and What Is Forgotten in Israel’s History,” JBL 122 (2003): 401-25.

37 Ronald S. Hendel, “The Exodus in Biblical Memory,” JBL 120 (2001): 601-4.

38 Mark S. Smith, The Memoirs of God (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2004), 131-50.

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communitas 39

foundational stories

II.

40

Yahwism

39 Victor Turner Edith Turner, “Rites of Communitas,” in

Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals , ed. Frank A. Salamone, Religions and Society 6 (New York: Routledge, 2004), 97-101

40 Hendel, “Exodus in Biblical Memory,” 615-20.

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24 26

1 4

Midianite Hypothesis

41

Midianite ware Hijaz pottery

Negev

41 Stager, “Forging an Identity,” 142-49

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Scrr2

ya-h-wa42

YHWH 43

42 Frank Moore Cross, From Epic to Canon: History and Literature in Ancient

Israel (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 67. 43 David Noel Freedman, Michael Patrick O’Conner, and Helmer Ringgren,

“YHWH ,” TDOT 5:510 13 1577

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super-humandemi-god

George Washington

44

44 Catherine L. Albanese, Sons of the Fathers: The Civil Religion of the

American Revolution (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1976), 143-81.

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45

46

38 47

45 Turner, “Rites of Communitas,” 98. 46 Paul Spikard and W. Jeffrey Burroughs, “We Are a People,” in We Are a

People: Narrative and Multiplicity in Constructing Ethnic Identity, ed. Paul Spikard and W. Jeffrey Burroughs (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000), 10-11.

47 Heinz-Josef Fabry and Hedwig Lamberty-Zielinski, “II/III ‘rb II/III,” TDOT 11:332.

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48

49

48 David Noel Freedman, “The Formation of the Canon of the Old Testament,”

in Religion and Law: Biblical-Judaic and Islamic Perspectives, ed. Erwin B. Firmage, Bernard G. Weiss, and John W. Welch (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1990), 328-29.

49 E. P. Sanders, “When Is a Law a Law? The Case of Jesus and Paul,” 139-58, and Bernard G. Weiss, “Covenant and Law in Islam,” 49-83, both in Religion and Law: Biblical-Judaic and Islamic Perspectives , ed. Edwin B. Firmage, Bernard G. Weiss, and John W. Welch (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1990).

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50

51

III.

2 1

52

Julius WellhausenDocumentary

Hypothesis J E P D

50 25 51 F. Volker Greifenhagen, “Ethnicity In, With, and Under the Pentateuch,”

JRS 3 (2001): 1-17; http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/2001/2001-1.html. 52 David Lowenthal, The Past Is a Foreign Country (Cambridge: Harvard

University Press, 1985), 235.

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J EJ

Jahweh JE Elohim

D Deuteronomist

53 P

JE EP D

P

54

53 Johnstone, Exodus , 76-86. 54 Richard E. Friedman, The Bible with Sources Revealed: A New View into

the Five Books of Moses (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2003), 1-31.

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55

J E P DP

1200

56

57

55 Rolf Rendtorff, “Directions in Pentateuchal Studies,” CR:BS 5 (1997):

43-65; David M. Carr, “Controversy and Convergence in Recent Studies of the Formation of the Pentateuch,” RSR 23 (1997): 22-29.

56 Mark S. Smith, “The Literary Arrangement of the Priestly Redaction of Exodus: A Preliminary Investigation,” CBQ 58 (1996): 25-50.

57 Eugene Carpenter, “Exodus 18: Its Structure, Style, Motifs and Function in the Book of Exodus,” in A Biblical Itinerary: In Search of Method, Form and Content: Essays in Honor of George W. Coats , ed. Eugene E. Carpenter, JSOTS 240 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997), 91-108.

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58

59

60

motif

IV.

58 John I. Durham, Exodus , WBS 3 (Waco: Word Publishers, 1987), xxi-xxii. 59 William H. C. Propp, Exodus 1-18 , AB 2 (New York: Doubleday,

1998), 37-38 60 Menahem Haran, “Book-Scrolls at the Beginning of the Second Temple

Period: The Transition from Papyrus to Skins,” HUCA 14 (1983): 11-22

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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1.

2.

3.

61

61 1 17

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