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In this study, the researcher conceptualized the model of back-of-the-book indexer’s indexing behavior. The researcher used multiple methods to inquiry back-of-the-book indexer’s indexing behavior. Data collected by interview and cases in literature. CWA, Instance-proposition analysis, concept map technology were used to transcripts and content analysis. RGT was used to draw the mental strategies of a indexer. ATLAS.ti and RepIV are softwares for data analysis.
Citation preview
Lily & Sandy
HaizNatashaSShopping
&
ilya
Jerry
RGT
CWA- ATLAS.ti
RepIV
Abstrat
This study is a qualitative approach information behavior research. The
researcher used multiple methods to inquiry back-of-the-book indexers indexing
behavior. Data collected by interview and cases in literature. CWA,
Instance-proposition analysis, concept map technology were used to transcripts and
content analysis. RGT was used to draw the mental strategies of a indexer. ATLAS.ti
and RepIV are softwares for data analysis.
In this study, the researcher conceptualized the model of back-of-the-book
indexers indexing behavior. The explanation power of this model was examined by
Indexing Room Metaphor. This study proposes three arguments:
1. Back-of-the-book indexers depend on their term-selecting-project more than
simple term-selecting-judgement in entity selecton.
2. Back-of-the-book indexing behavior is a continuously projecting and deciding
activity.
3. The information resources used in back-of-the-book indexing are not merely
content itself, but involving social information resources and indexers personal
experience.
Finally, the researcher discussed some applicational and theortical issues in this
study.
We have systems that work. That is to say, these fortuitous mixtures of
professional know-how and technology called systems gather, operate on, and
provide information to an amazing array of people in every kind of imaginable
situation. (Taylor, R. S., 1986:2)
ii
........................................................................................................... 1
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........................................................................................ 3
............................................................................................ 8
............................................................................................ 9
.......................................................................................... 11
...................................................................................... 13
.......................................................................................... 13
.................................................................................. 19
................................................................... 21
.................................................................................................. 28
...................................................................................... 29
...................................................................................... 29
.............................................................................. 30
RGT .............................................................................. 40
CWA .................................................................. 62
- ................................................................................. 70
....................................................................... 78
.............................................................................. 80
.................................................................................. 87
........................................................................... 87
................................................................... 99
.............................................. 116
......................................................... 126
................................................................. 136
......................................................................... 153
............................................................................................ 171
................................................................................ 171
........................................................................ 172
............................................................................................... 176
.................................................................................... 180
............................................................................................................. 183
............................................................................................... 189
..................................................... 190
............................................................. 192
......................................................... 199
......................................................... 200
......................................................... 201
: ................................................................................. 202
........................................................................................ 204
-- (EXCEL ................................................................... 205
iv
1 ................................................................... 38
2 (CWA) ............................................................ 64
3 .................................... 65
4 WDA - ................................................. 69
5 ....................................................... 88
6 ....................................................... 90
7 ................................................ 93
8 ....................................................... 96
9 ..................................................................... 100
10 3-17 ........................................................... 102
11 ................................................ 102
12 ........................................................... 103
13 RGT ................................................................ 105
14 FOCUS ...................................................................... 107
15 PrinGrid ..................................................................... 112
16 ................................................... 117
17 ........................................................... 123
18 ................................................... 126
19 9-77 ........................................................... 127
20 ............................................ 129
21 (indexers indexing questions) .. 129
22 ........................................................... 131
23 .................................................................................. 141
24 Cindex ................................... 146
25 "Sky index" ......................... 146
26 TW-W Execl ........................................ 147
27 ........................................................... 154
28 ................................................................... 156
29 ................................................... 156
30 ................................................... 163
31 9-109 ........................................................ 163
32 ................................................................... 165
33 ....................................................... 169
vi
1 ........................................................... 20
2 .................................... 21
3 ........................................................................... 32
4 ................................................................... 32
5 ...................................................................................... 33
6 .................................................................................. 34
7 ................................................................... 39
8 ............................................................... 56
9 ........................................................... 57
10 ..................................................... 58
11 ..................................................................... 60
12 ............................................................................ 85
13 Cy DJ ............................... 104
14 ....................................................... 135
80
2
3M
67
American Society of
IndexersASI 1978 Wilson AwardF1F
/
1 http://www.asindexing.org/site/WilsonAward.shtml
3
/
Dervin Nilan
1986
(Dervin & Nilan,
1986)
R. S. Taylor(1982, 1986) Turing
(1950)Turing test
R. S. Taylor
R. S. Taylor 1982
Taylor (, 1994)
4
(R. S. Taylor,
1986)
Taylor
(value-added
spectrum) Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
()-(
)
5
Taylor
(Turing Test)
(information-processing)
(artificial intelligence)
(Turing test)
(Alan Turing)
(Turing machine)
(Harnad, 1992; Turing, 1950)
()
6
(Turing-indistinguishability)
(Chinese Room Argument)
John Searle (1980)(Chinese room
argument)Searle (Strong AI)
Searle AI
(1)(2)(2)
AI Searle Turing
s
Searle
Searle
7
( AI )
F2F
(Harnad, 2001)Searle
Searle
1980 20
Searle Searle
AI(axiom)
(Searle, 1984, 1990)
(A1)
(A2)
(A3)
Searle
-- Searle
(Searle-In-the-Room, SIR) Searle (Room-In-the-Searle,
RIS)--
2 (The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, BBS)BBS
(Open Peer Commentary)
1000
JCR 2005Impact factor(9.885)BBSSCI 6088
SSCI SCI
BBS
(Harnad, 2001)
8
Searle
-
9
10
RGT
11
12
back-of-the-book index
book index
(index)
14
(
)
(
, 1979)
(collection)(item)
() (ANSI
Z39.4-1968 F3
Index Indicare
Table
(, 1995)
Louis Shores 1737
Alexander Cruden (Concordance to the Bible)
1848 William F. Poole Index to
Subject Treated in the Review and other Periodicals 1802
1911 (, 1980, p. 1)
(CNS
13223, -)
3 (1994)
15
(Index)(, 1995)
(
, 1995)
()()
(,
http://edic.nict.gov.tw/tudic/start.htm)
a systematic guide to items contained in or concepts derived from a collection.
These items or concepts are represented by entries arranged in a searchable
order, such as alphabetical, chronological, or numerical. This order is normally
different from that of the items in or concepts in the collection itself. (ANSI
Z39.4-1984)
(elements)
()
16
(, 1980)
(
, 1993)
Diodato (1994)
(index)
17
-
Entry:
(, 1995)
(heading)(proper
name)(subject name)
(main heading)(subentry)
(locator)(reference)
(Cross-reference)
(1980)
(alphabetical) -
-
()
(category) -
(concordance) -
18
(fact-index) -
(1995)
19
Tagging
Folksonomy
--
(non-fiction)
(Knight, 1979)
--
20
(, 2005)
(1996) 846
(1994)
1454
1.2 (2004) 1064
2002~2003 33
3.1%
(2005)2004
1
1,286
532
386
368
328
310
294
252
238
219
(, 2005 38)
2005 12
2647 463 (
17.52%)
21
273 ( 10.33%
58.96%) 64
13.82%
2
273 64
100% 13.82%
463 273 N=273 58.96% 10.33%
20 90 Milstead (1994)
...
22
Diodato (1994)()
(sub heading)(line-by- line)
(run-on)
(letter by letter)(word by word)
(duplicate)(see)
Jorgensen & Liddy (1996)
(1)(name/title)(2)
/(see/see also)(3)
23
Knight(1969) Training in indexing
Langridge(1969)Subject heading
(1980)
1980
(2006)
Knight (1979)Indexing, the art of
Ward (1996)
24
Knight
(Art)
(, 1980) Diodato
& Gandt (1991)
Chan(1981) (1)
(2)(3)
25
Langridge(1989) (Subjcet analysis)
(summarizing)
Langridge (1)(2)
Shaw Fouchereaux(1993)(1)
(about)(2)
A. G. Taylor (1999)
(1)(2)
Sauperl (2002)
(a)(subject assessment)(b)(assignment)
P. Wilson(1968)
(purposive way)
Wilson
(figure-ground way)
26
Wilson
(constantly-referred-to method)
(appeal to unity)
Beghtol(1986)(aboutness)
(meanings)
(aboutness)
Beghtol Teun Van Dijk Walter
Kintsch
(1)
(2)(3)
(4)
Farrow (1991) Beghtol Teun Van Dijk Walter
Kintsch
(top-down / conceptual indexing)
(bottom-up / perceptual indexing)(scan)
27
in this paper we.
Farrow Beghtol Farrow
Beghtol
Albrechtsen (1993)
(simplistic conception)
(content-oriented conception)
(requirement-oriented conception)
(pragmatic)
Albrechtsen
Mai(2005)
Mai (document-
centered)(domain-centered)
(document-oriented)(subject matter)
(index term)(1)
(2)
28
Mai
Hjorland & Albrechtsen 1995 (domain
analysis)(Hjorland & Albrechtsen, 1995)
90
(naturalistic research)
(presupposisitions)
(Lofland & Lofland, 2005)
RGTCWA-
30
Denzin (Denzin, 2000)
(interviewee)(informant)
II Smith Kells (2005)Inside Indexing
Cy RGT
/
Cy, Lc, W
31
RGTXX X XX50 X
X XX- XX70X
32
11
13 3XCyRGT
3
Ch ,
Cy DJ CYB-Cy NLJ-Cy
F DJ
G
Hh
Hc , WY-Hc
Lc , CR-Lc DJ CJK-Lc
HN-Lc CJB-Lc SLEB-Lc
LJ-Lc
Lh
K II-K
P , RI-P IRT-P
S II-S
W , TW-W
Y
CyHcLcKPSW
4
Cy
Hc
33
Lc
K
ASI 1998
P
S ASI 90s
W
5X
DJ
RGTII
Inside Indexing
5
CR-Lc , Lc
CJK-Lc Lc
HN-Lc Lc
CJB-Lc Lc
SLEB-Lc Lc
LJ-Lc Lc
DJ-Cy Lc, F, Cy
DJ-Lc Lc, F, Cy
CYB-Cy Cy
NLJ-Cy Cy
TW-W W
WY-Hc Hc
RI-P P
34
IRT-P P
II-K K
II-S S
F4F (1)
(3)
6
TW-W CYB-Cy
Lh CR-Lc Ch
WY-Hc RI-P
IRT-P
DJ-Cy
DJ-Lc
II-K
II-S
4
35
12
3
CyLcW
36
ACFG
ABCGHI
AC
AC
A C
37
-
DJ-Cy
Miles & Huberman (1994)
Miles & Huberman
(reduction) (display)/(conclusion
drawing and verification)
38
data reduction
data displaying
/conclusion drawing/ verification
data collecting
= (analysis)
1
Miles & Huberman (1994)
RGT
39
7
() (CWA)
(WDA)(AA)
() (WDA)
() (CWA)
-
RGT () (PCA),
-
ATLAS.ti
RGT ATLAS.ti
RGT
40
RGT
F5F(Repertory Grid Technique, RGT)
(construction of meaning)RGT
(Beail, 1985) RGT
()
RGT
RGT
RGT
RGT
RGT
X XX XX99 X
RGT George A. Kelly (1955)
RGT
5 Repertory Grid Technique RGT
RGT
41
RGT
(ontology)
RGT (construction) Kelly
Kelly (corollary)
(construction corollary)
(construct) Kelly
RGT
1. (elements)
2. (constructs)
3. (grid)
Kelly RGT (Role
repertroy grid test)
RGT
(role)
(Gammack & Robert A,
42
1994)
164B
165B
RGT
(Homogenous)
Easterby-Smith (1980)
43
(Representative coverage)
Beail (1985)
166B
RGT
RGT Beail (1985)
Gammack & Robert(1994) RGT
(stimuli)
(Constructs)
Kelly
44
Yorke (1985)
(sex)(acclimatize)
Kelly
/
(--)
(supply constructs)
Kelly
(Yorke, 1985)
(elicit constructs)(triad)
(dyadic)(card sorting)(laddering)
RGT
RGT
1. (Triad method) Kelly
(minimum context card)
45
2. (dyadic)
Yorke(1985) Kelly
Kelly
Yorke
3. (card sort)
4. (laddering)
(Why)
(how)(what)
grid (Easterby-Smith, 1980)
(difference)
(opposite)
46
Kelly 20-30
Easterby-Smith(1980)
10*10
Easterby-Smith(1980)
(pre-emptive)
(constellatorial):
-//
(propostional)X / Y X / not XKelly
X / Y Yorke(1985) X / Y
/
(yes/no)5 7
Kelly RGT
Kelly
Kelly
/
Kelly Bannister(1960)
47
(ranking)
(rating)
Yorke(1985)
Likert-scale
Likert-scale Likert-scale
RGT
RGT
Yorke(1985)
RGT
1.
(laddering)2.
3.(
)
48
RGT
RGT
RGT
RGT
Easterby-Smith(1980)
Easterby-Smith
(Principle Components Analysis, PCA) INGRID (Slater, 1977)
grid
PCA 80%
(Cluster Analysis) FOCUS (M. L. G. Shaw & Thomas, 1978)
()
RGT
49
RGT
RGT
RGT
RGT
RGT
RGT
RGT
50
DJ
DJ
RGT 10-15
15
15
540
15
51
167B
/
Gottlob
Frege (proper name)(common name)
()()
/
/
/
52
/
(1992)
(particular) F6F
98
(a) (the)/(a/an)
(the)
(a/an)
(/
)
/
(v)+(adj)+(n)(adj)+(n)
,
6(particular)
53
X192X
DJ 540
168B
169B
(proper nouns)(common
nouns)(abstract nouns)(collective nouns)
8 ( 56
(Digital
Stores)[c][u]
-
54
[u]:
133 24.63%
70%
[u.domain]: Content
AnalysisDigital Library
94 17.41%
[u_adj]: Educational
6 1.11%
[u+adj]: [u+adj]
Library without wall
116 21.48%
+n
[u]
++
[u]adj+noun
[u+adj]
[u+adj]
55
n+vadj+v
[u_sentence]:
12
2.22%
[u+and]: and,
15 2.78%
(grouped record
display)[u_sentence][u+adj]
[u+adj+and]: 2
0.37%
[c]:
(collective nouns)
(proper name)/
/
47 8.7
[c+adj]:
43 7.96%
[c.domain]:
OPAC Online Public Acess Catalog
OPAC
OPAC 70
12.96%
xx
DDCLCMARC
56
[c+and]: and,
2 0.37%
8
[c] 47 8.70% 14
[c.domain] 70 12.96% 21
[c+adj] 43 7.96% 13
[c+and] 2 0.37% 1
[u] 133 24.63% 39
[u.domain] 94 17.41% 28
[u_adj] 6 1.11% 2
[u_sentence] 12 2.22% 4
[u+adj] 116 21.48% 34
[u+and] 15 2.78% 5
[u+adj+and]
2 0.37% 1
540 100.00% 162
30
EXCEL CEILING
162
170B
-
540
162
57
-
-[t]
[p][s]
-[a]
[b][c]
[.obj][.sub]
[.iso][.cpx]
[.eng]
[.cons]
- 144
3x3x4x2x2 DJ 162
9
.eng .cons .iso .obj .sub .cpx
[a] 44 35 3 76 25 109 213 70.76%
[b] 2 4 34 8 7 1 50 16.61%
[c] 0 4 21 8 5 4 38 12.62%
.eng .eng .iso .obj .sub .cpx
[t] 46 35 38 85 28 108 259 86.05%
[p] 0 4 3 0 4 4 11 3.65%
[s]
0 4 17 7 5 2 31 10.30%
46 43 58 92 37 114 301
15.28% 14.29% 19.27% 30.56% 12.29% 37.87% 100.00%
162 301 - 1.82
70.76%-
86.05%
58
10
.eng .cons .iso .obj .sub .cpx
(a-t) 44 31 1 76 23 105
(a-p) 0 4 2 0 2 4
(a-s) 0 0 0 0 0 0
(b-t) 2 4 34 7 5 1
(b-p) 0 0 0 0 2 0
(b-s) 0 0 0 1 0 0
(c-t) 0 0 3 2 0 2
(c-p) 0 0 1 0 0 0
(c-s) 0 4 17 6 5 2
.eng:
.cons:
.iso:
.obj:
.sub:
.cpx:
171B
DJ 11 144
15 RGT
-
(4+2)
59
5 13
[.eng][.cons] 15
RGT 15
-
(c-s)(EXCEL)
-
-
172B
60
15 X 11
X
11
N
.cpx a-t [c.domain][u.domain] 26 10 417.2 p.121
.obj b-s [c] 1 1 409.1 p.105-107
.iso b-t [u.domain] 6 3 419.2 p.50
.iso b-t [u] 2 1 405.2 p.331
.iso c-p [u] 1 1 409.2 (in ) p.128-129
.sub b-p [u] 2 1 411.2 (in ) p.331-332
.cpx a-t [u] 5 4 405.1 (Affordability) p.27-28
.iso c-s [u][u+adj] 8 6 404.1 p.219-221
.sub a-p [u][u+adj] 1 1 404.1 (in ) p.22
.cpx a-t [u_adj][u+adj][u+and] 3 1 417.2 (ratcher-shaped) p.271
.iso c-t [u+adj] 2 2 421.2
(in
) p.13
* a-t [c+and] 5 5 422.1 / p.151(at.cons)
.cpx a-t [u.domain] 9 2 405.1 (Subject Heading) p.64
* a-t [c] 14 10 421.1 p.21(at.cpx)
.iso b-t [c][c.domain] 5 1 419.2 p.169(bt)
RGT
15 4x6
Centre for Person-Computer Studies RGT
RepIV
DJ Cy RGT
RGT
61
RepIV
62
CWA
(Cognitive work analysis, CWA) Rasmussen
(Rasmussen, Pejtersen, & Goodstein, 1994)
CWA Rasmussen 1960 Riso
(Sanderson, 2003)
Rasmussen
(cognitive systems engineering)
(Sanderson, 2003; Vicente, 1999)
(general system thinking)(adaptive control systems)Gibson
(Ecological Psychology)
Sanderson (2003)
63
OPAC()
(Fidel & Pejtersen, 2004)
(Pettigrew, Fidel, & Bruce, 2001)
(constraint)
(characteristics)
(Fidel & Pejtersen, 2004)
(Weinberg, 2003)
(Rasmussen, Pejtersen, & Schmidt, 1990)(Fidel & Pejtersen,
2004)
64
-
Dimensions of Cognitive Work Analysis
-
2 (CWA)
Fidel & Pejtersen(2004)
CWA
CWA
X 3XX65 X
CWA(Work Domain Analysis, WDA)
-(Means-End Analysis)-(Parts-Whole
Analysis)(Activity Analysis, AA)
65
, ,
-
1
2
3
4
5
5
7
6
3
Rasmussen et.al. (1990)
WDA
(Work domain analysis, WDA)WDA
(Rasmussen et al., 1994)
(reverse engineering)
(psycho-analysis)
66
(end)
(mean)-
-
delimitation of the work system
-the means-ends relations
-the part-whole relations
Pettigrew et. al. (2001)
(traditional or system-oriented
approach) Dervin & Nilan (1986)
67
(socio-technical)
()
-
WDA -WDA
-
WDA
1. Goals & constraints
68
2. Abstract functions & priorities
3. General work activities & functions
4. Physical processes
5. Physical configuration & anatomy
Rasmussen, J., Pejtersen, A. M., & Goodstein, L. P. (1994) CWA
-
Fidel
& Pejtersen (2004)
--
How
Why
-(end)
69
4 WDA -
Fidel & Pejtersen (2004)
-
WDA -
(zooming in)(zooming out)
--
-
-
70
-
Schutz (mutual knowledge) (Schutz & Wagner, 1970)
-
CWA
71
(instance)
(fact)(reality)
(reasonable)
72
(proposition)
(Strauss & Corbin, 1997, p.
70)
(abduction) Charles S. Peirce
(reasoning)Peirce
(logical
reasoning)
(deduction)
(abduction)
(induction)
(, 1999)
(fact)
73
-
(Strauss & Corbin, 1997,
pp. 91-95)
(axial coding)
74
ATLAS.ti network view
(node)
(concept map) Novak 1970 (Cornell
University)
Novak (1982)
David Ausubel
Ausubel (constructivism learning)
(prior knowledge)(framework)
(assimilation)
Novak
ATLAS.ti
(Muhr, 1991)--
ATLAS.ti
Muhr(1991)
75
ATLAS.ti Network view
Novak & Canas (2007)
1. (create context)
2. (construct a Focus Question)
3. (identify key concepts)Novak 15-25
(parking lot)
4. (construct a preliminary concept map)Novak
(Post-i)t IHMC CmapTools (Caas et al., 2004b,
http://cmap.ihmc.us)
5. (seek Cross-link)
(link words)
(sentences in the boxes)(string map)
6.
76
(Joseph D. Novak & Caas, 2006; Strauss & Corbin, 1997)
(Joseph D.
Novak & Caas, 2006)
(
)
ATLAS.ti network view
ATLAS.ti
ATLAS.ti
ATLAS.ti
77
ATLAS.ti Network view
ATLAS.ti
WDA --
(problem solving)
-(weakness
method)
(Gagne, Yekovich, & Yekovich, 1998) CWA
(end)
(mean)-
-
78
Miles & Huberman (1994)
/
/(external validity/transferability/fittingness)//
(utilization/application/action orientation)
(objectivity)
(reliability)
(DJ)
(Cy) RGT
79
ATLAS.ti
(internal validity)
80
12 X X
85 X
I
81
(Flower & Hayes, 1981; Hayes, 1989)George Kelly
(Kelly, 1955)Kelly
(Role Construct Repertory Test)
(Repertory Grid Technique,
RGT)
X
XX X X40X
II
RGT
RGT
82
(Cognitive work analysis, CWA)
CWA(Rasmussen et al.,
1994; Vicente, 1999)
(Rasmussen et al., 1990)
(Fidel & Pejtersen, 2004, 2005)
(Sanderson, 1998, 2003)CWA
CWA
-
CWA
CWA
CWA
ATLAS.ti
(concept map ATLAS.ti Network view )
CWA
-
X XX X XX X-
X
83
(schema)
Inside indexing--
(think aloud)
Amazon
-
code
-(instance)
ATLAS.ti
ATLAS.ti
84
12
I
(2005.12-2006.06)
1.
2.
3.
1.(2005.11)
2.(2005.11)
3.(2005.12)
(2006.07-2006.10)
RGT
1.
2.
RGT
3. RGT
1.
Kelly
2.
3.
4.RGT
II
(2006.11-2007.04-)
RGT
1.CWA
2.-
3.ATLAS.ti
1. CWA(2006.11)
2. ATLAS.ti Network view
(2007.01)
3.
(2007.04)
(2007.04-)
1. Visio
CWA-WDA
CWA-AA
2.
1.inside indexing
(2007.05)
2.meeting
(2007.05-)
1.
2.
1.
(2007.05)
2. Weber, Schutz, Parsons,
Garfinkal, Giddens
(2007.06-09)
3.
(2007.08)
(2007.11-)
(WDA)
WDA
(ends)(depends)(activities)(tools)
(strategy)(approach)
88
Schutz(1967)(projet)
-
/ /
/
/
///////..
()// //
1
23
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1415
16
5
-
(1)(2)
(3)
89
-
/
X 5X
90
-
-
()
(Activity Analysis Diagram)
6
91
Polanyi (1962)
X
X X 92 XX XX 95 X
92
Lc B
(2:69)
93
(gathering)
(re-phrasing)
(decide access
route)
(sorting entry)
7
DJ
... Cy
...
X
Cy
94
(3:17-18)
II-K
I create a main heading for NIMBY because it is an attitude that many people
are familiar with and I imagine this heading getting a lot of use.(9:108)
[ NIMBY
]
NIMBY Not In My Back Yard
NIMBY
Mulvany (1994)
(1)
(2)
95
/
X99X X118 X
(Schtuz, 1967)
96
8
X XX XX155 X
X XX X X138X
97
CWA
(goal)
(
)
X 8XX XX96X
X
X X118X
RT (8:13)
98
X101 X
TW
(3M Post-it)
Excel
WY-Hc
99
Lc
Lc-- B
(2:69)
Cy
c-p------()----
Cy...
...
[]...
(3:20)
Word
100
(WDA)
X 9
X
1
2 3
4
5 6
7
8
9
10
11
12 13 14
15 16
A
17
18
19 20
9
WDA
(17) (18)
WDA
()
()
101
(11) (A)
(page proof)
Microsoft Word Excel
(Notepad)
()
Cy...()...
c-p
()
() ()
Cy
...
X(3:17)
102
10 3-17
11
103
is a
is produced from
is cause of
is produced from
is property of is property of
is a
is property of
is a
is a
is produced from
is produced from
is end of
is property of
is cause of is cause of
is produced from is end of
is ais cause of is a
is a
is end of
is cause ofis a
is ais a
is property of
is a
is a
is property of
()
() (term-selectingschema)
()(scope)
()(planningentity selecting, create entity
selecting schema)
()(index scope)
(indexing planning)
(marking note)
12
x:
w:
x:
w:
x:
w:
x:
w: (6:7)
RT
104
(8:13)
RGT
CyDJ
12
13 Cy DJ
() vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
/ vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
12 Cy grid
rating 1-5
vs.
RGT
105
0 3
13 RGT
RGT Rep IV Focus
prinGrid
Focus
X Y (M.
L. G. Shaw & Thomas, 1978)Focus
PrinGrid (principle component
analysis)
106
PrinGrid
3
Focus
75 6
75 5
107
14 FOCUS
108
(ratcher-shaped)
(main heading)
109
()
Focus
(ratcher-shaped)
110
(double-post)
/
111
PrinGrid
PrinGrid
112
15 PrinGrid
113
(X ) 39.8
(Y ) 21.7
60
FOCUS PrinGrid
114
15 3
(Affordability)(ratcher-shaped)
(
)
-
//
-
/
115
116
Lancaster(1998)
(1)(2)
(derivative indexing, or extraction
indexing) (assignment indexing)
117
()
16
(A)
(13)
118
(12)
(17)(18)
(15)(19)(16)(20)
WDA -
(13)(12)
(13)[]()
Cy
Cy[OO]([])
([])
119
...
X[]
Cy.........()......
A B
A B A A B
A B
(3:16)
II-S
... or the cities and counties, I add the state to the main heading. Providing this
context helps the readers because they will need less time to understand the
entry. Closter, New Jersey and Montgomery County, Maryland are easier to
understand than Closter and Montgomery County. (9:28)
[
..]
120
Lancaster(1998)Translation
()
...
......
(3:13)
"the", "a/an"
growth cost, cost of growth
cost
121
RT
-
xx(8:10)
II-K
K in-migration
K
in-migration
Adding an in-migration entry for this passage illustrates how I sometimes
reveal relationships that arent overtly presented in the text itself. (9:105)
[
]
c
...
122
(3:18)
(a)(b)
(c)
///
(access point)
/
(double-post)
(AA)
123
17
c...
124
(3:18)
II-S
II-K II-S
(13)(12)(15) (19)
(16)(20)
125
126
(WDA)
18
()
127
(11)(12)(13)
(A)
(15)(16)
(17)
II-K
9:77 ( X 19 9-77X)II-K
19 9-77
128
-
A
B
CA
('d)
(d)B
AB
E
(projecting)(monitoring)
129
20
(indexers indexing questions)
9:77
is a
is a
is a
is a is a
is a
is a
is a
is a
is a
is a
is a
is a
is a
is a
(questionabout author's argument's
opposition)
(questionabout what is unique argument in
this book)
(question aboutauthor's argument's position)
(question aboutthe point of make someone buy
this book)
(question aboutwho will buy it)
(question aboutauthor's aboutness)
(indexers indexingquestions)
(questionabout the point of make someone
familiar this topic to buy this
book)
(reader-orientedindexing question)
(text-orientedindexing questions)
(author-intention-oriented question)
(question abouttext aboutness)
(question aboutrelated aboutness)
21 (indexers indexing questions)
(indexing problem condition)
II-S II-K
(1)
TW-W,
130
(2)
( DJ-Cy,WY-Hc, RT-P)
DJ-Cy RGT
(3)
( 9:77 )
(problem solving)
Rasmussen (1994)
()
know-how
X
XX XX166 X
131
X X X XX155X
(gathering)
(re-phrasing)
(sorting)
22
132
WY-HcDJ-CyTW-W
133
977
RT-P 2-3
-
(merge)
Excel
8:7
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
134
135
14
136
(Borko &
Bernier, 1978; Collison, 1959; Mulvany, 1994; , 1932; , 2006; ,
1973; , 1930) 14
135X
DJ-Cy
137
(habit)(custom)
DJ-Cy
TW-W
DJ-Cy
138
c
x...
c(3:22)
(custom)
(scope)
Cy
c:..
...
x
c
139
......(3:25)
c...
(3:30)
(approach)
(index card)
3"x5"
(index card holder)(index
140
card box)
(shoes box)
Mulvany(1994)Book indexing
1. (marking the page proof)
Mulvany
141
23
Mulvany (1994)
2. (creating entries on index cards)
142
3.
Book indexing"Getting Start"
()
(the depth of
indexing)
(Salton, 1988; Wellisch, 1991)
Mulvany
(Salton, 1988)
()
143
(Mulvany,1994:63)
Chicago Manual
13 7% 300
() 21
15 (Mulvany, 1994)
2-5 3-5
(
)
7-8 6-8
I (
)
10% 8-10
II (
)
15+ 10+
Mulvany
(Over-index strategy)
(Mulvany, 1994:50)
II-K WY-Hc
144
K: "I overindex during this step because I find it easier to whittle down a long
index than to inflate a short one. .... My tendency to overindex manifests itself
in my first draft in several ways."(9:51)
Hc: (7:3)
(two-passes
strategy)(iterative approach)
II-S(Sherry L. Smith)
(first pass)Smith
CIndexSmith
(aboutness)
Smith Smith
(flag)
X X X128X
(second pass)Smith
145
Smith Cindex
FIND ALLCindex DOS
Smith Cindex
Smith
Cindex
(computer-aid)
( II-S CINDEX II-K Sky Index)
( WY-Hc Word RT Excel)
()
Mulvany Book indexing
()
Excel
146
24 Cindex
25 "Sky index"
TW-W W EXCEL
TW-W
.
EXECL
()
147
()
26 TW-W Execl
Smith
FIND ALL
--
--
148
1. ()
(8:13)
x:
w:
(6:13)
2.
x:
w:
x:
w:
x:
w:
149
x:
w: (6:7)
3.
w:
x:
w: A
B (6:28)
150
WY
(Cy, F, Lh, P)
WY-Hc
/
(Hc[], Lh[
])
P 10
(over-index)
151
/
WY-Hc
/
(7:5)
WY
Hc
152
153
ATLAS.ti auto
coding
( :
154
27
(known)
(knowing)
155
( DJ)
ATLAS.ti auto-coding
IDENTIFY:=aware*|encouter*|familia*|flag*|find*|gain*|give me
a|identif*|kn[eo]w*|notic*|realiz*|reveal*|pick*|perception|see|seek*|underst*|*
*|**|**|**|**|**
see/
156
[/]
28
XXX128X
29
157
(aboutness)
......
(3:13)
I decide what each discussion is about. Once I have identified the primary
aboutness,(9:24)
[]
I consider how the information answers potential questions of readers as well as
deciding what that section is about. In his book Lancaster provides terms I find
useful in describing a couple of different types of my analysis decisions:
conceptual analysis (deciding the aboutness) and translation (deciding what
terms to use when describing the aboutness for readers).(9:80)
[
Lancaster
]
158
(pattern)
Another of my editorial changes involves the in-migration discussion on pages
42-44. I originally created this main heading for discussions in other parts of the
book. While editing, I realize that in-migration is a concept that also applies
to page 43 even though there arent explicit mentions of in-migration in the
passage. (9:105)
[ 42-44 (in-migration)
43
]
159
in-migrationin-migration
in-margration
Lc
Lc
600 1000
160
X
Lc
X
Lc
L
X
Lc
(2:37)
1. (2:37)
2.
Lc
Lc(
)
X()
Lc
(2:10)
161
K
Translating passages for users is a very important aspect of my analysis process.
Because of this, my analysis is dependent on the assumptions Ive made about
Fodors audience and the kinds of information they need when turning to my
index. In a way, Im role-playing when I analyze a piece of text. I am wearing
their shoes and asking their questions. To do this effectively, I need to have a
clear and accurate understanding of my target audience and their
information-seeking behavior.(9:81)
[
Fodor
]
K
162
3.
(1) (see readers understanding about this topic,
domain knowledge)
(2) (identify reader term)
Ideally, my clients would provide character sketches of their target audience for
each book. In the real world, I usually define readers for myself. I like to have a
handle on a books audience before I start creating entries, although I often
adjust my impressions throughout my process.(9:61)
[
]
-
163
30
II-K
31 9-109
Deciding to provide access form quality of life to this passage makes a
significant impact on the structure of my index. Because this concept is implicit,
I want to make sure that I consistently analyze this and other unstated ideas
such as businesses, citizens, and ecology. This decision results in
increased time and energy that I spend reading between the lines, looking for
relationships between stated and unstated concepts, and determining whether
the unstated topics are pertinent and warrant entries being created for them.
(9:109)
[
164
]
()
Hc
165
(7:13)
(assumption)
(known)
auto-coding
32
ASSUME:=[anticipat*|assum*|imagine*|**|**|**|**]
166
......
II-S
(9:85)
167
(confirm)
II-S (9:22, 9:66)
II-K(9:155) K
2004
K
K
Cy
...
313
168
I create main headings for each myth using terms that I imagine readers will
look for. I dont create subheadings for each specific myth under the main
heading myths about growth. In thinking about the variety of readers
questions that are answered by this passage, I imagine questions like where is
the myth about subsidizing business to create good jobs? I cant see many
people looking under myths for answers to questions like this. I can see them
looking for specific topics addressed by each myth. (9:88)
[
(myths)
]
X 33
X
33
is
a
is
a
is
a
is
a
is
cau
se
of
is
a
is
a
is
a
is
en
d
of
is
cau
se
of
is
a
is
a
is
ass
oci
ate
d
wit
h
is
cau
se
of
is
ass
oci
ate
d
wit
h
is
a
is
en
d
of
is
a
is
en
d
of
is
cau
se
of
is
cau
se
of
is
cau
se
of
is
a
is
a
is
cau
se
of
is
a is
a
is
en
d
of
is
a
is
cau
se
of
is
a
is
a
is
cau
se
of
is
a
is
a
is
a
is
ass
oci
ate
d
wit
h
is
cau
se
of
is
a
is
a
is
a
is
a
is
cau
se
of
is
en
d
of
is
ass
oci
ate
d
wit
h
is
a
is
en
d
of
is
ais
ca
use
o
f
is
cau
se
of
is
cau
se
of
is
ass
oci
ate
d
wit
h
is
a
is
a
is
ass
oci
ate
d
wit
h
is
a
(ass
um
e re
ader
)(d
efin
ep
rim
ary
re
ad
er)
(ass
um
e re
ader
pe
rso
na
)
(i
den
tify
rea
der
pe
rso
na
)
(id
enti
fyre
ad
er
be
ha
vio
r a
nd
n
ee
d)
(i
den
tify
rea
de
r m
ost
u
sed
in
de
x e
lem
en
t)
(a
ssu
me
read
erb
eh
av
ior(
x)
an
d
ne
ed
(x))
(a
ssu
me
read
erse
arc
h
be
ha
vio
r)
(c
on
firm
rea
de
r in
form
ati
on
b
eh
av
ior
ne
ed
)
(ass
um
e)
(f
ind
-id
enti
fy-s
ee-k
no
w-u
nd
erst
an
d)
(id
enti
fy r
ead
er)
(id
enti
fyre
ad
er
qu
est
ion
)
(ass
um
e au
tho
rin
ten
tio
n)
(co
nfi
rm r
ead
era
ssu
mp
tio
n)
(co
nfi
rm a
uth
or
inte
nti
on
a
ssu
mti
on
)
(id
enti
fy a
uth
or
inte
nti
on
)
(ass
um
ein
de
xin
g
wo
rk)
,
(im
agin
ere
ad
ers
in
de
x u
sin
g)(
tho
ug
h
exp
eri
me
nt)
(c
om
firm
in
dex
ers
ass
um
pti
on
)
end
:
end
:
(
)
(k
no
wre
ad
ers
k
no
wle
dg
e
sta
tus)
(a
ssu
me
rea
de
r q
ue
stio
n)
(a
ssu
me
read
erk
no
wle
dg
e
sta
tus)
(a
ssu
me
rea
de
rs
cog
nit
ive
ch
an
ge
)
(id
enti
fy r
ead
er t
erm
)
(see
rea
der
su
nd
ers
tan
din
g
ab
ou
t th
is
top
ic,
do
ma
in
kn
ow
led
ge
)
(co
nfi
rm
th
e
ass
um
pti
on
o
f a
uth
or'
s
inte
nti
on
a
bo
ut
rea
de
rs)
(
assu
me
art
ho
rs
targ
et
rea
de
r)
(id
enti
tya
uth
or
inte
nti
on
al
targ
et
rea
de
rs)
(ass
um
e
rea
de
rs
rea
ctio
n
of
ind
exi
ng
de
cisi
on
)
172
Searle
Google PageRank
173
PageRank
(Brin & Page,
1998)
Taylor
PageRank
Polanyi (1958)
(trick-learning):
(sign-learning):
(latent learning):
(sensory field)
Polanyi Piaget
(reversibility)
-
174
Polanyi
16
A
- -B
C
/
A,B,C,D(D') D
17
A
- -B
C
A,B,C,D(D')
(A,B,C)
D
175
18
A
- -B
C
A,B,C,D(D')
(A,B,C)
D
-
Folksonomy Folksonomy
Tagging -
Folksonomy
176
Giddens
177
T. D. Wilson
(T. Wilson & Walsh, 1995; T. D. Wilson, 1981, 1997, 2000)T. D. Wilson
(T. D. Wilson, 2000)
T. D. Wilson
T. D. Wilson
(T. Wilson & Walsh,
1995; T. D. Wilson, 1997)
T. D. Wilson (1994)
178
T. D. Wilson
(seeking-centered)
Pettigrew, Fidel & Bruce (2001) 1980-2000
Godbold (2006)
Dervin-Wilson
(Gap)
(Krikelas 1983; Savolainen 1995; Williamson 1998)
(Krikelas 1983; Savolainen 1995;
Williamson 1998; Erdelez 2005)
(Krikelas 1983; Wilson 1994; Haythornthwaite 1996;
Williamson 1998; Pettigrew 1999; Rioux 2005)
(Krikelas 1983)
(Chatman 1996, 1999, 2000; Wilson 1997;
Solomon 2005)
179
(Schtuz, 1967; Weber,
1993)
Weber
Weber (behavior)(action)
Weber (1993[1956])
(Handeln, [v.] action):
(p.19)
(Soziales Handeln, social action):
(p.19)
Schutz (1967)
Weber-Schutz
180
(sense-making)
Taylor (R. S. Taylor, 1967)
Taylor
(R. S. Taylor, 1991)
Taylor
(R. S. Taylor, 1982, 1986)
(1993)
(elicitation)
Rosenbaum (1996)
Giddens (structuration) Taylor
(1991)
--
181
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Denzin, N. K.2000
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