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8/4/2019 Bulan BioDiesel
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BIODIESEL AS AN ALTERNATIVEFUEL LEADING TO CLEANER
ENVIRONMENT
CLEOTILDE A. BULAN
Chemicals and Mineral Division
Industrial Technology Development InstituteDepartment of Science and Technology,DOST Cpd., Bicutan, Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines
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What is BIODIESEL?
Refers to neat vegetable oils used as dieselfuel as well as neat methyl esters preparedfrom vegetable oils or animal fats and evenblends of conventional diesel fuel with
vegetable oils or methyl esters.
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How to make Biodiesel?
Transesterification - transformation of one type of an esterinto another type of ester.
3 CH3OH
CH2COOR
CH2COOR
CHCOOR +
Triglyceride
Methanol
3 CH3COOR
CH2OH
CHOH
CH2OH
+
Glycerol
Methyl ester
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Why use Biodiesel?
Reliable, renewable, biodegradable and non-toxic
Environment friendly
Fuel properties comparable to mineral diesel
Can be produced from any kind of oil (vegetable,animal source and used frying oils)
Being agricultural product, all countries have the
abilities to produce and control this energy sourceCan strengthen economy
Can be used as a way of stimulating and supportingagriculture
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Biodiesel Emissions
Reduction of net carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by100%
Reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions by 100%
Reduction of soot emissions by 40-60%
Reduction of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 10-50%
Reduction of hydrocarbon emissions by 10-50%
Reduction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)Reduction or increase of nitrous oxide (NOx) emissionsby 5-10% depending on the age of the vehicle and thetuning of the engine.
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WHAT IS COCONUT METHYL ESTER Coconut Methyl Ester (CME) is a
coconut oil derived ester, with thecarbon chain from C8 to C18. It hasa lubricity, solvency and detergencyproperties. With its density,
kinematic viscosity and otherproperties similar to diesel fuel.
CME can be used as a pure fuel oras a Petrodiesel enhancer/additivefor all diesel engines and it is now
ready for commercial application. It can used in any proportion in any
conventional diesel engine withoutengine modification.
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Table 1 Chemical and Physical Requirements
Property CME Limit Test Method
Flash point Pensky Martens oC, min. 100.0 PNS 613 / ASTM D 93Water & Sediments % vol. Max. 0.050 PNS 707 / ASTM D 2709
Kinematic viscosity @ 40oC, mm2/s 2.0 4.5 PNS 407 / ASTM D 445
Sulfated ash % mass max. 0.020 PNS 2025 / ASTM D 874
Sulfur @ mass max. 0.050 PNS 504 / ASTM D 2622PNS 1685 / ASTM D 5453
PNS 505 / ASTM D 4294PNS 502 / ASTM D 1266
Copper strip corrosion 3 hrs @ 50oC max. No. 3 PNS 379 / ASTM D 130
Cetane number, min. 42a
PNS 653 / ASTM D 613
Cloud point,oC max. Report PNS 706 / ASTM D 2500
Carbon residue,100% sample,% mass, max. 0.050 PNS 708 / ASTM D 4530
Acid number, mg KOH/g,max. 0.50 PNS 2024 / ASTM D 664
PNS 2026 / ASTM D 974Free glycerin, % mass, max. 0.02
aPNS 2022 / AOCS Ea6-51 (1989)
a
Total glycerin, % mass, max. 0.24a
PNS 2023 / AOCS Ca 14 -- 56 (1997)a
Phosphorus,% mass,max. 0.001 PNS 2028 / ASTM D 4951
Distillation AET 90% recoveredoC, max. 360 PNS 2027 / ASTM D 1160
a
Transition standard
(Source:DOE/TCPPA)
Chemical and Physical Requirements
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2.32
0.81
1.24
1.03
0.430.35
0.24
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 200 1,400 3,900 5,033 15,663 16,928
Road Run Kilometer (Km)
Op
ac
ityor
"K"Rea
ding
(m
-1)
386.67
135.00
206.67
171.67
71.67 58.3340.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
400.00
450.00
0 200 1 ,400 3,900 5,033 1 5,663 1 6,928
Road Run Kilomete r (Km)
Equ
iva
len
tDiese
lPar
ticu
late
(PPM)
Reduction of smoke emission after
using 1% CME into petrodiesel
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After using 1% CME
Before using CME
After using 1% CME
Before using CME
After using 1% CME
EFFECTS OF CME ON THE ENGINE
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POWER TORQUE CURVE
8.80
9.00
9.20
9.40
9.60
9.8010.00
10.20
10.40
10.60
10.80
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
RPM
TORQUE(k
g-m)
LSD
1% CM E-13
1% CM E-15
2% CM E-13
2% CM E-15
5% CM E-13
5% CM E-15
Torque curve increase between 2.5% to 3.2% for CME blendsas compared to Low Sulfur Diesel (LSD)
Dynamometer Test Results
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California Buses Opacity Test Results
0.28
0.79
1.89
0.190.26
0.390.54
1.6
2.65
1.9
1.05
1.53
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 900 1800 2700 3600 4500
Distance Travelled (Km)
Op
ac
ityor
"K"Readi
ng
(m-1)
with 1% CME
w/o CME
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COST BENEFITS USING CME
Average increase of 1 to 2 kilometers for every liter ofdiesel consumed.
Translates into savings of P 0.916 to P 2.85 for everyliter of diesel fuel.
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SUMMARY
BIODIESEL (FAME) is a stable, cleaner-burningdiesel fuel replacement made from natural,
renewable and biodegradable sources. It cutsemission, no sulfur, no lead, no halogens, easy tomake and safe to handle. No doubt it is a verypromising fuel alternative leading to cleaner
environment.
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THANK YOU
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