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營建工程為一極消耗資源及高環境負荷之行為
15
20
24
25
30
40
42
0 10 20 30 40 50
土地使用
廢水排放
用水
固體廢棄物
原料
氣體排放
能源消耗
所佔之百分比(%)
營建工程對環境之衝擊(US EPA, 2001)
Dr. Udo Tegethof
Federal Highway Research Institute
Environmental measures
in road construction
and operation
Environmental impact assessment
Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the
assessment of the effects of certain public and private
projects on the environment
Instruments amended: 385L0337
Document 397L0011
Council Directive 97/11/EC of 3 March 1997 amending
Directive 85/337/EEC on the assessment of the effects
of certain public and private projects on the environment Official Journal L 073, 14/03/1997 p 0005 - 0015
Article 3
The environmental impact assessment shall identify, describe and assess
in an appropriate manner in the light of each individual case and in
accordance with the Articles 4 to 11, the direct and indirect effects of a
project on the following factors:
- human beings, fauna and flora,
- soil, water, air, climate and the landscape,
- material assets and the cultural heritage
- the interaction between these factors.
- a description of the project comprising information on the site,
design and size of the project,
- a description of the measures envisaged in order to avoid,
reduce and, if possible, remedy significant adverse effects,
- the data required to identify and assess the main effects which
the project is likely to have on the environment,
- an outline of the main alternatives studied by the developer and
an indication of the main reasons for his choice, taking into
account the environmental effects,
- a non-technical summary of the information mentioned in the
previous indents.
Information to be obtained:
Noise Reduction
1
Noise reduction
noise reduction by“open porous“ pavement (- 3 dB)
road surface „normal“ „open porous“
Radeinhausung
Impact on air
2
Development of NOX-Emissions and kilometric performance on German highways.
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year
NO
x -
em
iss
ion
s (
tho
us
an
d t
/a)
NOx
kilometric performance
kil
om
etr
ic p
erf
om
an
ce
(M
rd.
km
/a)
200
175
150
225
125
PM10 Tagesganglinien A4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Tageszeit
PM
10 -
Ko
nze
ntr
ati
on
[痢
/m設
PM10 13m Entfernung A4 2001
PM10 13m Entfernung A4 2002
PM10 13m Entfernung A4 2003
Diurnal course of PM10 - concentration
Daytime
PM10
(particulate matter smaller than 10 µm)
consists of:
• particles from diesel engines,
• abrasion of – tyres
– clutches
– brakes
Filtering of dust and reduction of air pollution
reduction optains 60 %
wind direction
wind direction
vertebration
Planting doesn‘t work like a sieve, reduction therefore is only 20%
Impact on Water
3
dam up
lower
Substances in drainage Water
inorganic organic
Heavy Metals Nutrients Aluminium Nitrat, Phosphat
Arsen
Cadmium Pestizide Chrom
Kupfer Phenole Eisen
Blei PAK Quecksilber Benzo(a)pyren
Nickel Anthracen
Zink Benzo(g,h,i)perylen
Salt Mineral oils
Bakterien, Viren
Passage through a 30 cm layer
of soil is excellent for purification
of stormage water. Neverthelesss a resisting part of
pollution can endanger drinking water of narrow pump stations
Impact On Water
Passage of Zinc through a 30 cm layer of verge-soil
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
0 5 10 15 20 25
time [weeks]
seepage water
drainage water
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n [
mg
/l]
Wasserspiegel
Schlammspiegel
befestigte Sohle
S,g,u`
U,s,t,g`
MQ
3
MQ
6
MQ
9
MQ
13
MQ
16
Drosselablauf D
N 200
Zulauf
DN 700
44,00
45,00
46,00
0 10 20 [m]30 40 50
Zulauf
DN 700 Drosselablauf
DN 200
Schilf
Rohrkolben
Insel (Ablagerungen)
Freiwasserzone
Legende
A
Schnitt A-A
Sedimentation is required to allow purification of drainage water
from heavy metals - best results are gained by „natural“ basins
with plants and low waterflow
Stormwater storage basin
Semi-natural stormwater storage basin
Concrete stormwater storage basin
Impact on soil
4
Lead, Cadmium,
Copper, Zinc
PAH, Mineral Oil
Impact on soil
Substances in drainage Water
inorganic organic
Heavy Metals Nutrients Aluminium Nitrat, Phosphat
Arsen
Cadmium Pestizide Chrom
Kupfer Phenole Eisen
Blei PAK Quecksilber Benzo(a)pyren
Nickel Anthracen
Zink Benzo(g,h,i)perylen
Salt Mineral oils
Bakterien, Viren
Heavy metals in soil
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Kupfer Zink Blei Cadmium (*100)
A 2
A 3
A 31
A42
B 224
Ko
nzentr
atio
n [m
g/k
g] i. T
r.
Petrolium-derived hydrocarbons
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
A 2 A 31 A 3 B 224 B 42
Standort
0-5 cm
5-10 cm
10-30 cm
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n [m
g/k
g]
dm
Location
Distance to pavement (m) 0,5 0,75 2,0
Depth
(cm)
0-5 413 268 25
5-10
10-20
78
31
69
25
20
11
mg/kg
Copper: distance and depth
Pollution of Soil Near Roads
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Distance to Road (m)
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n p
er
kg
So
il
Base layer Verge
Sampling bottles
Pavement
Anti-freeze-course
Soil
Collecting seepage water
Passage of Zinc through a 30 cm layer of verge-soil
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
0 5 10 15 20 25
time [weeks]
seepage water
drainage water
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n [
mg
/l]
Recommended composition of verge soils
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100
Korndurchmesser [mm]
Ge
wic
hts
pro
zente
de
r G
esam
tme
nge
fein fein fein mittel mittel mittel grob grob grob Ton Schluff Sand Kies
5
5
40
80
95
20
15
40
75
90
• Clay / Silt 5 % to 25 %
• Sand min. 50 % • Capacity to buffer acids min. 50 mmol H+ kg-1 pH-1 • pH-value not under 6
Side areas
5
ecological management of side areas
Ä gäische Mauereidechse (Podarcis erhardii)
verge ditch bank intensiv - maintenance - extensiv
verge
bank
ditch
road ditch
risk of landslide
groove
protection against landslide by planting
falling rocks
solution:
vegetation on
the soft layers,
not too steep
enough soil for roots
not enough room for roots
compare the plants!
this part
grew under
good
conditions
this part
grew here bad conditions,
strong reduced growth
enough soil is needed for planting
A planting hole
road pavement
about 4 square meters wide
tree
1 m deep
kerb and roots
- a bridge -
Roots need space under the road and pavement
kerb as a bridge and ventilation for the roots
Tasks of verge and side areas
– leading the drainage-water
– protection of neighbours (waterspray, emissions)
– aesthetics
– integrate the road into landscape
– connection of biotopes
– safety aspects
low vegetation on the left side give insight into the bend
tree hinders insight into the crossing area
Aesthetics and landscape
5
Aesthetics and landscape
impact on aesthetics -
river Rhine
riverside promenade
what a nice view!
6 Cultural goods
Cultural goods
how to find if not obviously
Cultural goods
Mitigation
Roads impact on nature and landscape has different effects:
• direct loss of areas
• impacts on the neighbourhood
• fragmantation of landscape
Fragmentation of landscape
means
break of game passes:
It is nearly impossible for animals like red
deer, roe, wild sow, badgers and others to
survive crossing the highway.
Parts of the population are isolated with a
high risk of eradication.
Possibilities of Minimisation
Bridge over river Wildlive underpass
Viaduct
Tunnel
Wildlife overpass
Amphibian tunnel
B3a Tiefenbachtal B3a Zwester Ohmtal
B42 Eltville Umfahrung Annweiler
Length of overpass
Wildlife overpass
Landscape tunnel
36
8
33
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Anzahl
gebaut in Bau in Planung
Wildlife overpasses in Germany - status of construction 2002
constructed under construction planned
36 33
8
A 560 Sieg
River passes
Top soil allows vegetation
Highway A4 crossing a creek
Underpass for biotopes
Two negetative examples from a biological point of view:
• no cover possible
• the floor is too slippery
• no humidity for plants
• the creek becomes a chanel
• animals wandering along the bank can‘t go through
Tunnel for deers and wild boars
Tunnel for Amphibians and other small animals
Guiding structure
Tunnel
Guiding structure
Guiding structure
• Top end bent over to
prevent from climbing
• smooth surface of the
barrier 40 to 60 cm in
height
• Movement surface free
from vegetation
Barrier
Top end bent over
Movement surface
Passages for small animals
A Fence to guide the animals, combined with a tunnel
under the road
Hinweise zur Anlage von Querungs-hilfen für Tiere an Straßen
– Grünbrücken, Unterführungen und Durchlässe –
FGSV
AK 2.11.15
Version November
Technical bulletin:
Details for the Construction
of Fauna Passages
Overpasses and Underpasses
Compensation
direct loss of areas
• in general less space remains for plants and
animals to live in
• in particular it means the loss of biotops /
habitats of high value, for example
– hedges,
– ponts,
– woodland
– etc.
Impacts on the neighbourhood of roads
• Noises
• Substances
• Motion of vehicles
• the width of this band parallel to the road
depends on the species considered
– noises and motion affect birds up to distances of
500 m
– saltspray affects plants up to 200 m
Brutv鐷 eln (an Hecken bzw . Hochstauden gebundene)
in Relation zur D istanz zur A 44
0
0 ,2
0 ,4
0 ,6
0 ,8
1
1 ,2
13 -25 26 -35 36 -50 51 -71 72 -100 101 -141 142 -200 201 -282 283 -400 401 -562
En tfe rn u n g sk la sse n in m
Re
vie
re p
ro 1
ha
F e ld le rc he gem it te lt (n = 300 )
S ons t ige (n = 65 )
Density of Breeding Birds near Highways
Distance from highway (m)
Compensation
• To compensate the loss of biotops it is often
possible to create new ones. They should be
situated in the neighbourhood of the lost
ones.
• For the time of their development they belong
to the road-administration. Later it is possible
to hand them over to the administration of the
state-owned forests.
Extensive meadow with bushes
The end
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