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Band Class
• There are totally 8 band class by IS-2000 :
– Band Class 0 USA Cellar UP824-849 Reverse869-894 ;– Band Class 1 USA PCS UP1850-1910 Reverse1930-1990 ;– Band Class 2 TACS UP872-915 Reverse917-960 ;– Band Class 3 JTACS UP832-870 Reverse887-925 ;– Band Class 4 KOREA PCS UP1750-1780 Reverse1840-1870 ;– Band Class 5 NMT-450 UP412-420 、 450-460 、 479-
483 , Reverse420-430 、 460-470 、 489-493 ;– Band Class 6 IMT-2000 UP1920-1980 Reverse2110-2170 ;– Band Class 7 USA700MHz CELLAR UP776-794 Reverse746-764 。
G !!!• 1G 2G 3G
• ????????• G = Generation
• 1G: AMPS, NMT
• 2G: IS95, GSM
• 3G: IMT-2000(cdma2000, WCDMA,SC-TDMA)
CHANNEL
• Legacy communication• A physical connection is set up
• PCM. TD(Time Division Multiplex) more capacity
LE
Why is Qualcomm so rich?
• CDMA technology has used a long time before Qualcomm introducing to public– For its high security, CD technology has been
used for military for a long time
– Power control gives the CD technology real capacity.
• Without good Power control algorithm, a CDMA system is unstable and with little capacity.
NoisenInformatio
Now we can communicate But they are not cellar/mobile system yet
• Capacity?
• cellar/mobile system need more capacity than 1 pairs or several pairs of channels
• 1000~2000 per basestation is suitable
CDMA Rules No. 1
• Forward : limitation is Power– More channels means more RF power needed– More channels leads to PA over-load
• Reverse: limitation is Channel– CSM5000 chip-set has 64 forward channel
elements, only 32 reverse channel elements
Code in CDMA
• Code Division Multiple Access
• CDMA uses code to differentiate channel.
• Code:– Walsh Code. 64/IS95, 128/2000 1x, 256/2000 3x
• To identify channel
– PN Code.• To identify Base Station
BS antenna diversity
BS BSMS
t
Time Diversity
200 - 300 KHz
1.25 MHz
RF Diversity
Spatial diversity
Correlator
Correlator
Correlator
Rake Receiver Soft hand off
MS
RX1
RX0
Two antenna
Diversity Technique
• 3 receive unit is used in MS; BTS use 4 recei
ver for diversity
System Architecture
MSC VLRBSCBTS
MSC EIR IWF
HLR
AUC
SCSC
ESME
MS
VLR
A B
CD
E F L
Q
M
M H
G
Abis
Um
Network Architecture: The Components
•PSTN - Public Switched Telephone Network•MSC - Mobile Switching Center•BSC - Base Station Controller•BTS - Base Transceiver Station (a cell)•HLR - Home Location Register•VLR - Visitor Location Register•MS - Mobile Station •IWF- Interworking Function•Internet
MSC
•Provides and controls mobile access to the PSTN– Interprets the dialed number
– Routes and switches call to destination number
•Manages mobile’s mobility•Manages mobile’s calls•Manages mobile’s supplementary services•Coordinates intersystem handoff
BSC
•Radio interface management (through BTS, MS)– Centralizes radio frequency (RF) resources
– Provides allocation and management of radio resources
•Handoff coordination
BTS
•A group of modems operating in parallel– “MODEM POOL” equals to CHM board
•RF Interface to the mobile (Tx, Rx)– Antennas
– RF signal modulation/demodulation
– Time distribution
System Architecture
BSS
BTS BSC
HIRS
NC
M
NIM
GPST
M
SVIC
M
SVM
SVBS
CPM
CPS
BSC
_CD
SU
BSM
系统
子系统
模块
CE
C
HP
SVE
SVP 单元
SIE
PAM
CDSUTS
TC
M
RFS BDS
TR
XH
PAR
FE
CH
M
CC
M
RFIM
BT
S_CD
SU
FDM
GPST
M
RFC
MT
XU
TX
UR
SUIQ
U
SAM
TC
M
TFS
BT
M
System Platform
• The Base of the whole system
• Inner System Data bus
• Like other system: Handset, Router….
RFControl
SVBS
Clock
HIRS
HIRS High-speed Interconnect Router Subsystem
Et her net
NCM
NI M
BSC_CDSU
BTS_CDSU
NCM
NI MNI MNI M NI MNI MNI MNI M
di sco
I 2c
di sco
I 2c
SVI CM
网 关接 口单 元
模 块控 制单 元SVMSVMSVM
di scoI 2c
CCM
网 关接 口单 元
CHMCHMRFI M
模 块控 制单 元
di sco
I 2c
CPM主 用
Ser ver Cl i ent Cl i ent
LVDS
RFCM
TRXRFEHPA
I 2c
hi r s大 hi r s大
hi r s小
hi r s小
CPM备 用
MSC
DTI
E1
E1
HW
Main HIRS:16*19.44=311.04Mbps
Slave HIRS:8*5=40Mbps
HIRS
BSS
BTS BSC
HIRS
NC
M
NIM
GP
STM
SVIC
M
SVM
SVBS
CP
M
CPS
BSC
_CD
SU
BSM
系统
子系统
模块
CE
CH
P
SVE
SVP 单元
SIE
PA
M
CDSUTS
TC
M
RFS BDS
TR
X
HP
A
RF
E
CH
M
CC
M
RF
IM
BT
S_CD
SU
FD
M
GP
STM
RF
CM
TX
UT
XU
RSU
IQU
SAM
TC
M
TFS
BT
M
Main HIRS
NCMNCM
NIM NIM
disco
7 0 7 0
NCMNCM
NIMNIM
dis
co
077
BSC_CDSU
BSM
TS
TOD clkclk Ethernet 接口HIRS
CPMCPM
CPS
422
I 2 CI 2 C
非信道化 E1
U 形
网关
U 形网关
非信道化 E1SVBS
BTS_CDSU
BDS
BTS_CDSU
BDS
BTS_CDSU
BDS
CDSUSBSC_CDSU
SVBS
Sub HIRS
NCMNCM
NIM NIM
disco
7 0 7 0
NCMNCM
NIMNIM
dis
co
077
BSC_CDSU
BSM
TS
TOD clkclk Ethernet 接口HIRS
CPMCPM
CPS
422
I 2 CI 2 C
非信道化 E1
U 形
网关
U 形
网关
非信道化 E1SVBS
BTS_CDSU
BDS
BTS_CDSU
BDS
BTS_CDSU
BDS
CDSUSBSC_CDSU
SVBS
ZXC10-BSC/PCF Architecture
BSM
PCFS
CPS CDSUS TO BTS
TS
SVBS TO
MSC
TO
PDSN
HIRS
CPS : Call Processing Sub-systemBSM: Base Station Management Sub-systemTS:Timing Sub-systemCDSU : Channel Data Service Unit
HIRS: High-speed Interconnect Router SubsystemSVBS:Selector/Vocoder Bank Sub-systemPCFS : Packet data Control Functions Sub-system
Real Picture of BSC
• HIRS: High speed inter routing system NCM: Network Control Module NIM: Network interface Module
• CDSU:Channel Data Service Unit• CPS: Call Processing Sub-system
CPM: Call Processing Module
• TS :Time sub-system TCM:Time Control Module GPSTM : GPS/GLONASS Receiver
Module• SVBS:Selector/Vocoder Bank Sub-
system SVM:Selector/Vocoder Module SVICM: Selector/Vocoder Control Module
• PCFS:Pack data Control Function sub-system
PCF: Pack data Control Function PCFIM: Pack data Control Function
interface Module
PCF
PCF
PCF
PCF
PCF
PCF
PCF
PCF
PCF
PCF
PCF
PCF
PCF
PCF
PCF
PCF
PCF I M
PCF I M
BTS BTS BTS
E1sE1sE1s
High Speed Interconnection
Router Subsystem (HIRS)NIM: 2 * (8 + 1)NCM: (1 + 1)
TimingSubsystem
(1 + 1)
CallProcessingSubsystem
(1 + 1)
Base Station Controller
PacketControl
FunctionM + 1
PDSN
MSC
Selector &Vocoder Bank
Subsystem(N + 1)Channel Digital
Service UnitsN = 1 ~ 15
M = 1 ~ 9
ZTE BSC /Backup Mechanism
ZXC10-BSC Specification
• Max. 170,000 subs at 30mErl/sub• 240 E1 links to MSC;• 380 E1 links to BTSs; • 7,200 selector/vocoder; • Vocoder: 8k,13K,EVRC;• 5,040 Erl traffic capacity; • BSC/PCF supports up to 2,400 active sessions and
40,000 dormant PPP sessions• MTBF > 20 Years• Recovery Time < 15 Minutes• Dimension : 810mm x 600mm x 2000 mm• Weight : 290kg• Power consumption :
– Central Rack : 750W
– SVM Rack : 750W
TCM
SVMSVM
SVM
BTSBTSBTS
LAN
TO OMC
ATM
BSC
MSCE1
SVICM
E1
CPMH I R SNCMSTM-155
CDSU
Abis Abis
Gps orGlonass
ATMGATEWAY
Other
BSC
SVBS
SVBS
• Codec for QCELP,EVRC and 64kb/s PCM• CDMA system power control functions• Signaling interface between MSC and BSC(SS7)• Selector
Selector : process the routines of Handoff/Handover
CODECSVBS64K PCM
Wireless
Wireless
8K EVRC
SVBS
NIM
DIS
CO
SVM ... SVM SVM
HW
SVICM
E1MSCSVBS
•One SVM can handle 15 channels
• One SVBS sub-system can handle 120 channels
•One ESVIM can handle 6 IWF channels
•One SVBS rack can hold 10 SVBS sub-system
•One BSC can support 6 SVBS racks
TCM
SVMSVM
SVM
BTSBTSBTS
LAN
TO OMC
ATM
BSC
MSCE1
SVICM
E1
CPMH I R SNCMSTM-155
CDSU
Abis Abis
Gps orGlonass
ATMGATEWAY
Other
BSC
CDSU
CDSU
BSC BTS
CDSU
CDSU
CDSU
CDSU
CDSUAbis
Non-channelized E1
SDHPDH
SatelliteMicroWave
….
•192 channels per 1 E1.•Based on Packet data mode
CDSU
CCM
CHM
CPM
SVI CM
SVM
Am
Abi sc
Abi sdAv
Aba
Abi st
BTS BSC
AbisBased
OnCDSU
•Data communication between BTS and BSC
•Using normal E1
•Daisy chain networking
BTS BTSBTS
E1 E1
To BSC
TCM
SVMSVM
SVM
BTSBTSBTS
LAN
TO OMC
ATM
BSC
MSCE1
SVICM
E1
CPMH I R SNCMSTM-155
CDSU
Abis Abis
Gps orGlonass
ATMGATEWAY
Other
BSC
BTS
BDS
TFS
RFSE1
Monitoring
CDSU
GPS
RFS:Radio Frequence Sub-systemBDS:Base band Data Sub-systemCDSU:Channelized Data Service UnitTFS : Timing Frequence Sub-system
ZXC10-BTS1x80 BTS Architecture
BTS Architecture
CCM2:1
CHM1
CHM2
CHM12. . . . . .CHM
3RFIM
2:1
C DS U
C DS U
BSC
E1CO
DI S
. . ..
TCM
G P S
I 2C
FDM
RFCM6:1
TOD 10M 16CHI P PP2S、 、
PP2S
16CHI P
10M
CDMA前 反 向数 字 基 带 数 据
BDSRS232
R FSCDMA前 反 向
模 拟 基 带 数 据
12M
HIRS
GPS
BDS
CDSU
BasebandSubsystem
CEs
TRXs HPAs/LPAs RFEs
Local RF Subsystem
TRXs HPAs/LPAs RFEs
Remote RF Subsystem
Cable
Fiber
GPS* BTS
BTS
GPSGPS + GPSGPS + GlonassGlonass
BTS Data flow
ZXC10-BTS
• RFS:RF sub-system RFE: RF element HPA: High Power Amplifier TRX: Trans-receiver
• TFS : Time Frequency sub-system– GPS– TCM– FDM
• BDS:Base band Digital sub-system RFIM: RF Interface Module CHM32/64: 1x Channel Board CCM: Communication Control
Module• CDSU:Channel Data Service Unit
ZXC10-BTS 1x 80 Specification
• Frequency: 450MHz, 800MHz, 1.9GHz• Sector: 1 - 3 sectors• Carrier: 1 - 4• RF power: 30watts ( 450MHz, 800MHz )• 20watts ( 1.9GHz )• Forward Link: 256 - 768 Channels/Carrier• Reverse Link: 128 - 384 Channels/Carrier• Capacity: 48 simultaneous calls/sector-carrier• 3x144kbps data/sector-carrier• Dimensions: 180cm x 70cm x 60cm (H x W X D)• MTBF: > 10 Years • Recovery Time < 5 Minutes
MSC (ZXC10) Common Platform Architecture
GMSC
Common Platform
STPMSC/VLR SSP
GMSCMSC/VLRHLR/AC
STP SSP
The ZTE common platform architecture will REDUCE YOUR INVESTMENT!!!• Integrated solutions for the suburban and rural coverage areas• Distributed solutions for the dense urban and urban coverage areas• Reduced resources in the system Operation, Administration & Maintenance
HLR/AC
Distributed Integrated
CDMA Cellular Mobile Communication System Network Structure
A MSC/VLR
GMSC
E L
IWF
HLR/AC
C
SMSC
N
SME
BTS BSC Ai
Q
Abis
PDSN
M
PSTN
PSDN
STP
SS7
MSC Highlights
Call Model: 75 mErl/Sub
MSC Loading: 75%
Max. Capacity: 280K Subscribers
Call processing ability: 5000K BHCA
Max. traffic : 21000Erl
Max. number of SS7 : 640 Links
Dimensions: 200cm x 81cm x 60cm (HxWxD)
Weight: ≤ 250Kg
Power Supply: -48VDC
Voltage tolerance : –57V to –40V
Power: ≤700w (MPM module)
≤1170w (CSM module)
ZXC10-HLR/AUCZXC10-HLR/AUC
Max. Capacity: 1,200K Subscribers
Reliability: Active/Standby or Load Sharing
Virtual HLR Configurable
SS7 Links: 32 for a Single Module & 192 for
Multiple Modules
Message Loss Probability < 10-7
MTBF > 10 Years
MSC1 MSC2 MSC3
HLR
VHLR1 VHLR2 VHLR3
Flexible HLR Configurations
MSC
HLR
MSC1 MSC2
HLR1:1 1:N
1:N & logically 1:1
Max. N = 256
VHLR = Virtual HLR
ZTE SMSC: Some Key Parameters
• System Capacity: 4.32M BHSM
• Supporting 8.64M Subscribers at 0.5 BHSM
• Up to 1200 Short Messages/Second
• Short Message Storage Delay < 1 Second at 95% Probability
CDMA Network
GSM MSBSS
Shared Short Message Center
MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR BSS
CDMA MS
Cost Effective Design: SMSC Sharing Between Systems
• ZTE Short Message Center Can Be Shard Between CDMA and GSM Networks• The Investment, Operation and Maintenance Cost Can Be Reduced
GSM Network
Another Cost Effective Solution: SMSC GatewayAllows SMSC Services Sharing
GSM Network
CDMA Network
NSS/BSS
GSM MS
CDMA MS
NSS/BSS
SMPP
CDMA SMSC
GSM SMSC
ZXSC100-GW
ESME
ESME
ESME
SMPP
SMPP SMPP
SMPP
• ZTE Short Message Center Gateway Allows Operators to Share The Value Added Extended Short Message Services (ESMEs) Between CDMA and GSM Networks• The Investment, Operation and Maintenance Cost Can Be Reduced
Virtual SMSC Provides You Flexible Marketing Strategies
• A ZTE SMSC can be configured as multiple virtual SMSCs (max. 256)
• These virtual SMSCs are independent of each other
• Each virtual SMSC serves a designated network (market)
• Depending on the market needs, a virtual SMSC selects the required ESME services
ZTE Reduces Your Investment in The Initial Network Deployment
Mobile Wireless Evolution
Mobile WirelessEvolution
Packet Voice/Data
Internet
PSTN
IP
MSCIP
PDSN
RANt
All IP
Internet
PSTN
RAN
IP
VoIP
t
Packet Data
PSTN
RAN
MSC
BSC
IP
PDSN
Packet
TDM
Circuit-Switched Voice/Data
PSTNRAN
MSC
BSCBTS
IP
TDM
ZTE CDMA Packet Data Solution
Mobile Station
Visited AccessProvider Network
MSC/VLR
VisitedAAA
ZXPDSS-A100
BSC / PCF
R-P Interface A10/A11 MIP/GRE
PDSN/FAZXPDSS-P100
FirewallFirewall
ZTE CDMA2000 Data Services Solution is Shown in “Green”
Home IP Network
Home AAA
ZXPDSS-A100
Home ISPPrivate NetworkVisited ProviderHome Provider
HLR
Home AccessProvider Network
Broker AAA
ZXPDSS-A100
AAA Broker Network
HA
ZXPDSS-H100
SS7Network
IPNetwork
IPNetwork
BTS
Radio Access Network (RAN)
t
t
NetworkManagement
DNS ServerDHCPServer
Packet Data Services Support
• Internet Access Services– Through Home ISP– From CDMA2000 service provider network
• Intranet Access Services– A user can access its private network– Private network can uses non-registered pool of address for
mobile users– Overlapping non-registered IP address pools from different
private networks also supported• Simple IP Services
– Similar to traditional ‘dial in’ type of services– Different IP address assigned for each network access– Limited mobility, changing point of access disrupts service co
nnection• Mobile IP Services
– User able to move/roam without disrupting service connection– User terminal maintains fixed IP address
ZTE BaseStation
Subsystem
3rd PartyNetworkSwitch
Subsystem
IOS 4.0
IOS Interoperability
ZTE BSS Complies with IOS 4.0 and Testedwith Third Party MSCs:
• Nortel• Lucent• Shanghai Bell (Alcatel in China) • Datang (China)• Eastcom (china)
Validated and Certified by China Government
ZTE NSS3rd Party
BSSIOS 4.0
IOS Interoperability
ZTE NSS Complies with IOS 4.0 and Testedwith Third Party BSSs:
• Nortel• Motorola• Ericsson
Validated and Certified by China Government
Packet Data Standards Compliance (1)
• 3GPP2 TSG-P standard, Wireless IP Network Standard (P-S0001-A)
– Defines overall architecture of a CDMA2000 networks, including enhanced Mobile IP, authentication, authorization, carrier-class accounting, data compression, security etc.
• 3GPP2 TSG-A, Inter-Operability Specification (IOS) for CDMA 2000 Access Network Interfaces, (A-S0001-A)
– Focuses on the radio network architecture and the specifies interfaces between radio network entities and the PDSN
Packet Data Standards Compliance (2)
• MS/PDSN – PPP (RFC1661/1662)
• PCF/PDSN – A10/A11, Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)
• FA/HA – IP Tunnel (IPSec, IP In IP, GRE)
• PDSN/AAA Client – RADIUS (RFC2865/2866)
• HA/AAA Client– RADIUS (RFC2865/2866)
• VAAA/HAAA– RADIUS (RFC2865/2866)
ZTE PCF3rd Party
PDSNA10/A11
PCF Interoperability
ZTE PCF Complies with A10/A11 Interface and Tested with Third Party PDSNs:
• CISCO, 3COM, Lawton, Starent• Nortel, Lucent, Ericsson,
Validated and Certified by China Government
ZTE CDMA Systems Operate Smoothlyin Various Environments
PSTN
ZXC10-BTS
ZXC10-BTS ZXC10-
BTS
ZXC10-MSC/VLR
HLR
PSTNPSTN
ZXC10- BSC
BTSBTS
ZXC10-BTS
ZXC10-BTS
ZXC10-BTS ZXC10-
BTSZXC10-
BTS
Central area
CHTF
ZXC10-MSC/VLR
HLR
China Telecom
Shenzhen CDMA System
146 BTSs with 350K Subs
Yantian Port
Antenna choose 1
20 、 30 (normally with high gain)for narrow belt areas and highways65 :for density urban city. Standard antenna90 :for suburb areas105: for low traffic areas, like mountain areas with vast coverage needs120 、 180 : for some very wide angle coverage. Seldom use.
Antenna choose 2
• Antenna Gain– Higher gain, longer shooting range– Less gain , larger coverage near antenna
• Polarity– Dual polarized antennas are easy to be with
higher gains– Dual polarized antennas are easier to install
Antenna choose 2
• Antenna Gain– Higher gain, longer shooting range– Less gain , larger coverage near antenna
• Polarity– Dual polarized antennas are easy to be with
higher gains– Dual polarized antennas are easier to install
Polarity
• Single polarity antenna work in pairs. Engineering is very hard to do
• Dual polarity antenna work with one enough. Engineering is very easy.
• Omni antenna is single polarity only
An
tenn
a
An
tenn
a
An
tenn
a
Relative position has to
be carefully adjusted
Single polarity antenna Dual polarity antenna
PART II How to do configuration
• BSC– SVM/PCF Capacity– CDSU How many base stations
• BTS– CHM Capacity– RF Module Carriers/Sectors
PART II How to do configuration
• International market is special
• Making configuration is difficult then domestic market
Estimate
BSC: 5040Erl,7200
BTS: 4 carriers/ 3 sections. 0~50 channel per section
Indoor signal distribution system
• High voice/data traffic in buildings of Metro CDB
• Pilot pollution problems in high buildings of Metro
CDB
• Provide coverage at the blind point in buildings of
Metro CDB. Such as basement parking area, life
• Provide better performance.
ZTE BSS solution
ZXC10-BSC/PCF
ZXCBTS-M800+ZXICS-C800
城区
ZXCBTS-R800
ZXC10-BTS
ZXCBTS-M804
ZXCBTS-M800
MBTS
ESU
RU_8
RU_2
ESU
RURU_1
ZXCBTS-R800
ZXCBTS-M800
ZXRPT-C810
Modulation and Carrier
446AB_00
•Modulation is the process of having a baseband (voice, video, or digital) signal modify another, higher frequency signal, the carrier.At the receiver, an antenna picks up the signal which is then amplified and processed in other ways. It is then applied to a demodulator or a detector, where the original baseband signal is recovered.Different modulation schemes will determine the bandwidth requirement of selecting a channel.
Flat Fading
•If multipath delays are less than one CDMA spreading chip, then the receiver will experience a flat fading. In flat fading, the amplitudes of the signal changes with time, but the spectral characteristics of the transmitted signal are preserved at the receiver.
134AC_00
Frequency Selective Fading
137AC_00
•When the coherent bandwidth is greater than or equal to the transmitted signal's bandwidth, the received signal will undergo flat fading.•When the coherent bandwidth is less than the transmitted signal's bandwidth, the received signal will undergo frequency selective fading.
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