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FramingHongKongssustainablefuture:beyondthegreeningmasterplan
LeslieChen,AnnZhang
PresentedbyShangWeijiay g j
October24,Tianjin
DivisionofLandscapeArchitecture,FacultyofArchitecture,TheUniversityofHongKong
TheHongKongInstituteofLandscapeArchitecture
PresentationOutline
Introduction ChangingSocialandCulturalEnvironmentofHongKongg g g g Challengesintheplanningandmanagementofgreenspacesin
HongKong
ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan ObjectivesofGMP EmergenceofGMP ResourceMobilizationofGMP Policy Efficiency and EffectivenessPolicyEfficiencyandEffectiveness DesignSolutionsandSustainabilityofGMP FeedbackfromtheCommunity OtherProblems
Conclusion
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TodevelopHongKongintoaworldclasscitywithaqualityandp g g y q ysustainablebuiltenvironmentthatiswellbalancedfortheneedsofthepresentandthefuturefromtheeconomic,socialandenvironmentalperspectives,reviewingourcurrentpoliciesonbuildingdesignmaybeagoodstart.Weshouldalsobemindfuloftheeconomic(e.g.affordabilityforflatunits,maintenancecosts,etc),social(e.g.spaceforcommunityinteraction)andenvironmental(e.g.greening)complicationsthereviewmayensue.
CouncilforSustainableDevelopment,HongKongSARGovernment
GREENSPACEandSUSTAINABILITY
RECREATIONAL Supporttherecreational,experientialandhealthrequirementsoflocalpeople,as
Greenspaceandsustainability
wellasvisitors;
TRANSIT Contributestothewaytheyencouragepeopletospendleisuretimelocallybyreducingvehicleusage
SENSEOFBELONGING
Fostersafeelingofcommunityprideinalocalarea;
BIODIVERSITY Supportsthedevelopmentandmaintenanceofbiodiversityinurbanareas;
WATER Supportsthelocalmanagementofwaterflowsandquality;
WASTE Allowslocalcompostingofbiodegradablewastep g g
AIR Contributestocleaningparticulatesoutoftheair,throughtheirtreeandshrubcover
CLIMATE Helpsreducetheurbanheatislandeffect
COMPETITIVENESS Increasestheeconomicattractivenessofacity,includinginvestment,tourismandbusinessallocationetc.,andfinallyincreasetheoverallcompetitivenessofacity
SOURCE: P.133, A.Beer et al, A changing understanding of the role of greenspace in high-density housing: a European perspective, Built Environment, Vol.29, No2, 2003
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ChangingSocialandCulturalEnvironmentofHongKong
ProblemsofHongKong facts Lackofurbanpublicopenspace:
L k f b bli Lackofurbanpublicopengreenspace; Lackofacontinuousgreennetwork; Lackofsystematicgreenspaceplanning;
PublicperceptiononHongKongsurbanlandscapes: Touristsperceptiononurbandensearea:
Concretejungle Lackofaestheticvalueofgreenspacesfortouristsattraction Lackofwellvegetatedroadsandgreeninfrastructure
ResidentsperceptiononHongKongsurbangreenspaces:p p g g g p Lackofgardensandvegetatedareainurbanarea; Lackofdaytodayplaygroundsandgreenspace; Lowaccessibilitytowaterfront; Lackoffacilitiesinpublicgreenspaces; Lackofopportunityfortreestomature.
ChangingSocialandCulturalEnvironmentofHongKong
Problemsofurbanenvironment theories: Urbanformofcompactcity threechallenges(Holdenetp y g (al): Densityandlongleisuretravelbyplane; Reductioninleisuretimetravelingardensnearby; Increasedpercapitaenergyconsumption;
Urbandensityandtheimpactofdensification(ABeeratal,2003): reducestheareaofopenunsealedsurface;
d il bl f l reducesavailablespacesforplantstogrow; reducestheopportunityfortreestomature; lowersaestheticvaluesandadverselyimpactedontheurbanheatingisland
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ChangingSocialandCulturalEnvironmentofHongKong
ChangingsocialandculturalenvironmentofHongKong Moreandmoregreengroups:
TheConservancyAssociation FriendsoftheEarth(HK) GreenPower HongKongMarineConservationSociety WorldWideFundforNatureHongKong GreenFun
Publicawarenessofenvironmentalissues Greenbuildingdesignandsustainablebuiltenvironment
ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan
ObjectivesofGMP:anevolutionl b Singleobjective:
AGMPseekstodefine comprehensivelythegreeningframeworkofanareabystudyingintoitscharacteristicsandparticularneedsaswellasprovidingaguidetotheplanning,designandimplementationofworkssoastoachievecomprehensive,consistentandsustainablegreeningresults.
Multipleobjectives: Toestablishgreeningnetwork;
Toincreaselivability;
Tocreatesustainableurbanenvironment;
Toincreasecompetitiveness
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ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan
TheemergenceofHongKongsGreeningMasterPlan:1937 ForestryandCountrysideOrdinance
1976 Countryparkordinancey p
1970s treesonprivatelandprotectionclauseinlandlease;
2000 PolicyAddress:greenupHongKong;GreenFunestablished;
2002 GreeninghasbecomepolicyissueofETWB;
SteeringCommitteeonGreening () established;
2003 Spring,SARSevokes;2003PolicyAddress:sustainablegreenplan;thefirstbatchofgreeningmasterplansforprominentlocationsatSheungWan,Central,WanChai,CausewayBay,HungHom,MongKokandKwunTongbyWorksBranch,prototype of GMP;
PreparationPeriod
PilotProjectprototypeofGMP;
2004 Policyaddress:GreeningPolicy;
GreeningMasterPlanforTsimShaTsuiandCentralbyCEDD;
2005 Policyaddress:TSTandCentralGMP;
200607 GMPatMongkok,YauMaTei,SheungWan,WanChai,CausewayBay;
200809 GMPatWestern,SouthernandEasternHongKongIsland;
2010 GMPextendedtoNewTerritory
ot oject
Lobbying;
BudgetapprovedbyLegCo
Publicparticipation
Futurelandscapepolicybeingdiscussed
Source: author
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ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan
TheemergenceofHongKongsGreeningMasterPlan: EffortsbyGreenFunandotherlocalNGOs,greengroups:
GreenGroups GreenFunsvision:
Tobringcitywidequalitylife,greeneryandbeautifulenvironment; TobuildHongKongaBauhiniacity; Toraiseawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandenhancement;
Supportfrom: Government Professionals Community Privatesectors
ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan
TheemergenceofHongKongsGreeningMasterPlan:
Civiceducationinschools;
Greenerbuildingsschemefornewdevelopment;
CitypilotschemeatCentral;y p ;
RevitalizationschemeofWesternMarket;
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ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan
FrameworkofGMP:P li f GMP PolicyprocessofGMP Bottomup
Topdown
ResourcesmobilizationsystemofGMP GovernancesystemofGMP
Resourcesmobilization
l f k f LegalframeworkofGMP Softlaw
Hardlaw
ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan
PolicyprocessofGMPGreengroupsandcommunitymovements Publicopinions
BottomupCommunity/Greengroupinvolvement
BottomupCommunityFeedback
TraditionalTopdownpolicymakingprocess
TopdownpolicymakingofGreeningMasterPlan
Governmentgreeningpolicy GMPindenseurbanareas
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ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan
PolicyprocessofGMP
Publicopinions Territorylevel
BottomupCommunityFeedback
Districtlevel
TopdownpolicymakingofGreeningMasterPlan
GMPindenseurbanareas
Communitylevel
ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan
ResourcesforpolicyimplementationofGMP: Humanresources
Financial resources Financialresources Wisdom/Technologies Services Information Greenspaces Greennetworks Organizations Rules IdeasIdeas Senseofbelongings
Resourcemobilization Resourcecoordination Determination Effectiveness
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ChiefExecutive ofHKSAR
SecretaryforDevelopment
SCGSteeringCommitteeonGreening (2002)
CommunityInvolvementCommitteeon
Greening
PublicWorksCommitteeon
Greening
Standard&MaintenanceCommitteeonGreening
TheGreeningMasterPlanCommittee (2004)
CEDD
Lands
HAD
PlanDCEDDLandsHAD
BD
LCSD
AFCD
PlanD
TD(TransportDepartment
ArchSD
DrainageD
UrbanRenewal
Authority
HighWays
BENEFITS COSTS
Present Future Present
Future
TargetGroupsand
SymbolicBs1 =Visual&aestheticvalue+environmentalenhancement+
Communityspirit
SymbolicBs2=[Bs1]x(1.1*1)
SymbolicCs1=0
SymbolicCs2=0
Tangible Tangible Tangible TangibleandSituations
TangibleBs3=Amenityvalueoftrees&
vegetation=[5,160trees+1,110,000shrubs]=
appr.107.1Million
TangibleBs4=[Bs3]x(1.1*1)
TangibleCs3=
49.2Million
TangibleCs4=maintenancecost(9Million)X
(1.1*1)
NontargetGroupsand
Situations(Spillover)
SymbolicBs5=[urbansustainability+Livability+Competitiveness]
SymbolicBs6=[Bs5]x(1.1*1)
Symbolic0
Symbolic0
TangibleBs7=Tourismgrowth
TangibleBs8=[Bs7]x(1.1*1)
Tangible
Tangible0
)+propertyvalueincrease
0
Sum:PresentBenefits107.1M+(Bs1+Bs5+Bs7)
Sum:FutureBenefitsBs2+Bs4+Bs6+Bs8
Sum:presentCosts49.2M
Sum:Futurecosts9X(1.1*1)M
Sumallbenefits:107.1x1.1*+(Bs1+Bs5+Bs5+Bs7)x1.1*+
[Increasesonpropertyvalue]
Sumallcosts:49.2+9x(1.1*1)
Benefitswillincreasebytime,whereascostsremainsjustasmaintenancecost.
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ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan
Institutional model
Process model
Rational model:Landscape policy
Incremental model
Group model Elite model
Six types of policy modelSixtypesofpolicymodel:ConceptualpolicymodelofGMP Rationalmodel
Policyisintendedtoachievemaximumsocialgain.Rationally,thepolicythatmaximizesbenefitswhileminimizingcostsisthebestpolicy.Itisapartofchoicetheory.
ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan
Legislativeframeworkoflandscapepolicy:hardlaw&softlawhardlaws softlaws
LawsOrdinances
ActsStatutory Plans of Planning & Landuse
Development StrategiesSchemes & Plans
Programmes
R l ti
Landscape Policy
Regulation Guideline
Practice noteNon-statutory Plans of Planning & Landuse
Governing mechanism & agencyAdministration & Implementation
Management & Maintenance
GMPaslandscapeenhancementscheme,actsassoftlawinalargerframeworkofHongKongslandscapepolicy.
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ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan
PolicyefficiencyandeffectivenessofGMP:
GMP as greening policy it works well in high density urban areas suchGMPasgreeningpolicy,itworkswellinhighdensityurbanareassuchasTST,Central,SheungWantoEastern,MonkokandYauMaTei,effectivelyachieveditsobjectives;sincethelandscapeenhancementcouldinducetourismandprovidemoregreentourbandenseareaofHongKong,thebenefitcouldbereflectedfrombelowaspectsmainly: valueofvegetations
increasesontourismandrelatedcommercialvalues
enhance Hong Kongs global city imageenhanceHongKong s globalcity image
attractmoreforeigninvestmentsandtalents
ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan
D i l ti f GMP DesignsolutionsofGMP Phasing:short/medium/longterm
IncreaseliveabilityofurbanHongKong
Increaseaccessibilityofpublicgreenopenspaces
Establishgreencorridorandgreennetwork
Design themes for different districts Designthemesfordifferentdistricts
Increasesenseofbelongings
Plantingtheme
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GMP for Tsim Sha Tsui
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GMP- Theme Plants
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GMP for Yau Ma Tei / Mong Kok
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GMP for Sheung Wan, Wan Chai & Causeway Bay
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District Greening Theme Proposed major tree species Planting quantity
Tsim Sha Tsui Jade Necklace Spathodea campanulataCrateva unilocularisCinnamomum burmanniiCinnamomum camphora
680 trees and 145,000 shrubs approximately
Central Heart of Gold Plumeria speciesTerminalia mantalyRoystonea regia
570 trees and 155,000 shrubs approximately
Mong Kok and Yau Ma Tei
Coastal Scenery
Green Kaleidoscope
Parkland
Terminalia catappaRoystonea regiaAraucaria heterophyllaBischofia javanicaGrevillea robustaMichelia x albaChorisia speciosaIlex rotundaLiquidambar formosana
2,000 trees and 400,000 shrubs
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Liquidambar formosanaPlumeria rubra
Sheung Wan, Wan Chai and Causeway Bay
Rainbow Delonix regiaSpathodea campanulataPeltophorum pterocarpumFicus mirocarpaCinnamomum camphoraJacaranda mimosifoliaMelia azedarach
2,200 trees and 500,000 shrubs
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ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan
PolicyoutcomeofGMPy Generally,GMPsoutcomeasagreeningscheme:
Sustainabilityingreening Tourismandrelatedgrowth Characterandvisualimage Retainingasenseofplace Environmentalmanagement Comprehensiveregulationoflandscapingandlandscapingrequirements
ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan
PolicyoutcomeofGMP Social capital:Socialcapital:
heavilylobbiedandsupportedbycitizengroupsandmainstreamenvironmentalsocieties;
tominimizedegradationofthecitysappearance,character,andvalueofexistinglanduse;
Environmental: topreventsiteclearingandhabitatdestruction; includesiteandlandscapedesignstandardssuchasminimumsitedesign and landscape design standards that the communitydesignandlandscapedesignstandardsthatthecommunitybelievesareimportanttoprotectthepublichealthanduniquenaturalresourcepreservation;
regulatinglandscapepracticeandencouraginggooddesign; statescontextualconcerns,administrativeproceduresandtechnicalrequirements.
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ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan
Feedback from the communityFeedbackfromthecommunity Supportedbycitizensandmainstreamenvironmentalsocieties;
Regulatelandscapepracticeandencouragegooddesign;
Developmentofsocialcapital: Publicparticipationforum
Opinioncollection
Reflectionofpublicopinion
Asystematicapproach:deviation amplifyingsystem(Buckley,1967) Topreventambiguityandcreateanewsocialsystemthatcoordinatesrelationsbetweenindividualhumanbeingsandthenaturalenvironment
ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan
Other problems Otherproblems Iftoomuchequityonresourcedistribution,thegovernmentwillbebureaucratic,thuseffectivenesswillbereduced,asaresult,innovativeideaswillbeobstructed.IsitnecessarytoexpandGMPtoNewTerritoryjustbecauseofthereasonofequalresourcedistribution?
IsitanappropriatedecisiontoexpandGMPtoterritorypp p p ywide,orweneedtoestablishamorevisionaryapproache.g.acomprehensivelandscapepolicyforterritorywidelandscapeenhancementandgreening?
IsgreeningthemeanessentialforGMP?
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Conclusion
DoesGreeningMasterPlan: seekallpossibleopportunitiesforgreeningindenseurbanp pp g g
areas? conserveresources? helpHongKongreduce/eliminatetoxicmaterials? helptheCitygrowinnovationandgreenbusinesses? restoreecosystemsandhabitats? helptopromoteandcommunicatetheideaofsustainability
within the community?withinthecommunity? improvehealth,safetyandqualityoflifeforallcitizens? Isthereabalancebetweenthecostandbenefitofthisaction?
Conclusion
Towardsamodelofsustainablepractice,GMPstillneedto: InvolvegreengroupsandpublicopinionsinformationofGMP;
Promoteoutreachandpubliceducation; Includeecologicalplanningandanalysisinschemedesign; Formtaskforcetoidentifysustainableprocurementopportunities;Develop green product purchasing policy; Developgreenproductpurchasingpolicy;
Developsustainablepolicy; Facilitatedevelopmentofcommunitygardenpilotproject;
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References P.Hills,EnvironmentalpolicyandplanninginHongKong:anemerging
regionalagenda,2002 P Hills Environmental reform ecological modernization and the policy P.Hills,Environmentalreform,ecologicalmodernizationandthepolicy
processinHongKong:anexploratorystudyofstakeholderperspectives,2005
P.Hills&W.Barron,HongKong:thechallengeofsustainability,1997 M.K.Ng&P.Hills,Worldcitiesorgreatcities?Acomparativestudyoffive
Asianmetropolises,2003 DevelopmentBureau,HongKong2030:planningvisionandstrategy,Final
Report,2007 Thesustainabledevelopmentparadox,edit.R.Krueger&D.Gibbs,2007The sustainable development paradox, edit. R. Krueger & . Gibbs, 007 A.Beeretal,Achangingunderstandingoftheroleofgreenspaceinhigh
densityhousing:aeuropeanperspective,2003 ThreeChallengesfortheCompactCityasaSustainableUrbanForm:
HouseholdConsumptionofEnergyandTransportinEightResidentialAreasintheGreaterOsloRegion,Holdenetal.,2005
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