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José Roberto Postali ParraDepartment of Entomology and Acarology, ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
Dori Edson NavaEmbrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
BRAZILIAN AVOCADO PRODUCTION AND Stenoma catenifer DISTRIBUTION IN BRAZILBRAZILIAN AVOCADO PRODUCTION AND Stenoma catenifer DISTRIBUTION IN BRAZIL
Avocado productionS. catenifer distribution
SP ‐ 58%PR ‐ 17%
ES ‐ 8%MG ‐ 4.7%
RS ‐ 4.6%
Stenoma cateniferStenoma cateniferis native from the Neotropical Regionis native from the Neotropical Region
First record in Brazil
Costa Lima (1945)
Other countries where it occurs
GuatemalaEcuadorGalapagos
ColombiaPeruMexico
VenezuelaArgentina
Stenoma cateniferHOSTSStenoma cateniferHOSTS
Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae)Nectandra megapotamicaMez (Lauraceae)Cinnamomum camphora (L.) (Lauraceae)
Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae)Nectandra megapotamicaMez (Lauraceae)Cinnamomum camphora (L.) (Lauraceae)
Link & Link (2008)
Stenoma cateniferLIFE CYCLEStenoma cateniferLIFE CYCLE
eggseggs
Stenoma cateniferLIFE CYCLEStenoma cateniferLIFE CYCLE
larvalarva
pupapupa
adultadult
Stenoma cateniferDAMAGEStenoma cateniferDAMAGE
Stenoma cateniferVARIETIESStenoma cateniferVARIETIES
large fruits are attackedlarge fruits are attacked
In the Parana Statemore attacked varieties: Ouro Verde, Fortuna and Rinconless attacked varieties: Booth, Wagner, Geada and Quintal
In the Parana Statemore attacked varieties: Ouro Verde, Fortuna and Rinconless attacked varieties: Booth, Wagner, Geada and Quintal
fruits of all sizesare attackedfruits of all sizesare attacked
Stenoma cateniferOVIPOSITION BEHAVIORStenoma cateniferOVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR
Treatment Fruit PaperMargarida fruit + paper towel 110.85 ± 22.36 aB 321.10 ± 60.29 aA
Breda fruit + paper towel 87.51 ± 19.03 aB 362.72 ± 66.28 aA
Artificial fruit + paper towel ‐ 10.26 ± 3.06 b
No fruit + papertowel ‐ 8.06 ± 2.55 b
Number of eggs
Tukey, p≤ 0.05 Nava et al. (2005)
Stenoma cateniferOVIPOSITION BEHAVIORStenoma cateniferOVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR
Treatment Fruit PaperQuilted papertowel + fruit 74.00 ± 13.49 bB 315.63 ± 34.66 aA
Nonquilted papertowel + fruit 184.75 ± 25.00 aA 137.63 ± 70.95 bA
Sulfite paper + fruit 248.00 ± 47.21 aA 8.88 ± 4.25 cB
Number of eggs
Tukey, p≤ 0.05
Nava et al. (2005)
Stenoma cateniferOVIPOSITION BEHAVIORStenoma cateniferOVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR
The number of eggs in all treatments thatincluded avocado fruits were statisticallyhigher than the others.The number of eggs on quilted paper towelwere statistically higher than on non‐quilted paper towel or on smooth paper.
The number of eggs in all treatments thatincluded avocado fruits were statisticallyhigher than the others.The number of eggs on quilted paper towelwere statistically higher than on non‐quilted paper towel or on smooth paper.
Nava (2005)
Stenoma cateniferOVIPOSITION BEHAVIORStenoma cateniferOVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR
The peak of egg laying activityin the laboratory occurred from8 pm to 12 am
The peak of egg laying activityin the laboratory occurred from8 pm to 12 am
40
30
20
10
0
Percentage
ofeggs
1800 2000 2200 2400 0200 0400 0600Time of evaluation (hours)
Nava et al. (2005)
Stenoma cateniferBIOLOGYStenoma cateniferBIOLOGY
Rearing and development of S. cateniferon pulp and seed of avocado cultivarsBreda and Margarida and artificial diet
Rearing and development of S. cateniferon pulp and seed of avocado cultivarsBreda and Margarida and artificial diet
ParametersPulp Seed
Breda Margarida Breda MargaridaLarval period(days) 19.1 b 18.4 b 22.6 a 22.0 a
Larval survival(%) 71.0 b 72.0 b 85.0 a 81.0 a
Pupal period(days) 12.7 a 12.3 a 12.6 a 12.5 a
Pupal survival(%) 74.3 ab 69.3 b 81.4 a 80.0 a
Pupal weight(mg) 50.2 b 54.1 b 65.3 a 63.1 a
Fecundity 251.0 b 267.2 b 365.0 a 329.7 aMale longevity(days) 13.6 ab 11.5 b 16.9 a 14.1 a
Femalelongevity (days) 12.3 b 13.1 b 15.5 a 13.9 ab
Stenoma catenifer DEVELOPMENTStenoma catenifer DEVELOPMENT
Nava & Parra (2005)Tukey, p≤ 0.05
Stenoma cateniferBIOLOGYStenoma cateniferBIOLOGY
Larval and pupalsurvival, fecundity andlongevity (males andfemales) were higherin avocado seeds thanin pulp.
Larval and pupalsurvival, fecundity andlongevity (males andfemales) were higherin avocado seeds thanin pulp.
Stenoma cateniferCOMPOSITION OF THE ARTIFICIAL DIETStenoma cateniferCOMPOSITION OF THE ARTIFICIAL DIET
Ingredient Amount
White bean 130.0 g
Carrot 30.0 g
Yeast 20.0 g
Vitaminic solution 40 mL
Vitagol™ 2.0 mL
Sorbic acid 0.6 g
Ascorbic acid 1.6 g
Methyl‐p‐hydroxybenzoate 1.1 g
Propionic acid 0.4 mL
Tetracycline 0.3 mg
Formaldehyde 1.0 mL
Agar 7.0 g
Water 500.0 mLNava & Parra (2005)
Stenoma cateniferDEVELOPMENT ON ARTIFICIAL DIETStenoma cateniferDEVELOPMENT ON ARTIFICIAL DIET
Diet Life cycle (egg –adult) (days)
Survival (egg‐adult) (%) Pupal weight (mg)
Natural Breda 42.8 a 50.1 a 66.4 aNatural Margarida 43.0 a 52.6 a 63.8 aArtificial 35.6 b 32.1 b 56.2 b
Diet Male longevity (d)
Femalelongevity (d) Fecundity Sex ratio
Natural Breda 10.9 ns 11.1 ns 261.3 ns 0.51 nsNatural Margarida 9.6 ns 10.8 ns 240.1 ns 0.47 nsArtificial 10.5 ns 11.9 ns 246.7 ns 0.48 ns
Nava & Parra (2005)
Tukey, p≤ 0.05
Stenoma cateniferFECUNDITY DURING SEVEN GENERATIONSStenoma cateniferFECUNDITY DURING SEVEN GENERATIONS
on artificial diet400
300
200
100
0
Eggs
(num
ber)
Nava (2005)Tukey, p≤ 0.05Generations
319.3a 298.4
a 256.6ab
318.9a
234.3b
284.4a
278.2a
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7
Stenoma cateniferStenoma catenifer
It is possible to rear S. catenifer using anartificial diet, since the diet was used
for seven generations and proved to besuitable since the biological and
morphological parameters evaluateddid not change throughout all the
generations studied.
Stenoma cateniferNUMBER OF SPERMATOPHORES /FEMALEStenoma cateniferNUMBER OF SPERMATOPHORES /FEMALE
1.81.61.41.21.00.80.60.40.20
1.40(1‐3)
aa
Spermatop
hores(num
ber/female)
Honeysolution 10%
Nava (2005)Tukey, p≤ 0.05
1.27(1‐2) 1.00
a
Water Control
Stenoma cateniferSPERMATOPHOREStenoma cateniferSPERMATOPHORE
Milano et al. (2010)
Stenoma cateniferTHERMAL REQUIREMENTSStenoma cateniferTHERMAL REQUIREMENTS
Temperature (ºC) Life cycle (days) Fecundity18 65.4 ± 4.7 a ‐20 64.5 ± 3.1 a 318.3 ± 34.4 a22 63.2 ± 5.6 a ‐25 64.2 ± 3.5 a 318.9 ± 28.5 a28 52.3 ± 2.8 a ‐30 28.7 ± 2.9 b 133.4 ± 17.8 b32 ‐ ‐
K = 644.5 degree‐days – TT = 8.9ºC5.1 to 7.8 generations/year
Nava et al. (2005)
Stenoma cateniferBIOLOGICAL CONTROLStenoma cateniferBIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Selected from 12 strains byusing cluster analysis
The best parasitization was found byusing 28 T. annulata or 30 T. atopovirilia
wasps per egg of S. catenifer
Nava et al. (2007)
egg parasitoids
Stenoma cateniferBIOLOGICAL CONTROLStenoma cateniferBIOLOGICAL CONTROL
2001/20022001/2002
2002/20032002/2003
larval parasitoids
Nava et al. (2005)
BraconidaeIchneumonidae
Peak of parasitoids – August. At least, 30‐40% total larval parasitism was observed.
enoma cateniferenoma catenifer
The pest was observedespecially at the lower andcentral part of the plant,
and the inner cannopy wasthe least attacked in
comparison with the N, S, E and W quadrants.
jrpparrajrpparraesalq.usp.bresalq.usp.br
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