Общие методические указания по изучению курса...

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.. , .. , .. , .. , .. , ..

-
2-
1
2021
1. . ......6
2. . . ......................................................12
3. .. ......................16 4. ..............................................19 5. . ...................................................24
6. ......................................................................30 7. . ...............37 8. . . .....................41
9. . ().............47 10. ................51 11. – ...................................58 12. .................................................................62
3

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-
.
, , «- -
», « », «-
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- «-
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-125/. 24.06.2001 . -
: 68 , 34 , 34 -
.
1- , -
: , -
, - , -
.
2- «», -

.
. . , , - . .
1. . . - . . . , - .
. : , , , . - .
2. . - - . . : , , - . . . - . , .
3. - , . . - ( ), - . . . , -, . . . , - . , . , - .
4. . , . . . . - : . - . , (). , , . : , , -.
, . , . .
5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 5 26 51 100 110 126 160 176 225 250 265 276 2 6 30 52 99 109 127 159 177 224 249 264 277 3 7 34 53 98 108 128 158 178 223 248 263 278 4 8 38 54 97 107 129 157 179 222 247 262 279 5 9 42 55 96 106 130 156 180 221 246 261 280 6 10 46 56 95 105 131 155 181 220 245 260 281 7 1 50 57 94 104 132 154 182 219 244 259 282 8 2 27 58 93 103 133 153 183 218 243 258 283 9 3 29 59 92 102 134 152 184 217 242 257 284
10 4 31 60 91 101 135 151 185 216 241 256 285 11 11 33 61 90 111 136 161 186 215 240 255 286 12 12 35 62 89 112 137 162 187 214 239 254 287 13 23 37 63 88 113 138 163 188 213 238 253 288 14 24 39 64 87 114 139 164 189 212 237 252 289 15 25 41 65 86 115 140 165 190 211 236 251 290 16 13 28 66 85 116 141 166 191 210 235 266 291 17 14 32 67 84 117 142 167 192 209 234 267 292 18 15 36 68 83 118 143 168 193 208 233 268 293 19 16 40 69 82 119 144 169 194 207 232 269 294 20 17 43 70 81 120 145 170 195 206 231 270 295 21 18 44 71 80 121 146 171 196 205 230 271 296 22 19 45 72 79 122 147 172 197 204 229 272 297 23 20 49 73 78 123 148 173 198 203 228 273 298 24 21 47 74 77 124 149 174 199 202 227 274 299 25 22 48 75 76 125 150 175 200 201 226 275 300 26 15 27 63 56 108 127 154 179 225 239 263 284 27 12 32 58 95 112 139 163 183 204 248 256 277 28 19 43 72 90 103 142 171 191 218 226 271 289 29 17 37 54 80 118 129 160 189 222 146 260 293 30 14 28 75 77 111 135 169 198 201 250 255 281
6
1. .
, , (1804 – 1814 .) : - , , () - (- ):
00 1 1 11 1 1
0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2
M Mm m V = = , = , m M V V V V 0
V (1.1)
m1, m2, M1, M2 – - ;
V1 0, V2
– -,
0 0
(1.2)
P V – ; V0 – (0 = 101332 )
(0 = 273 ). () ,
() 1 ½ - , ().
() – , - .
, .. = 1 , - 1 /.
½ , .. = 1/2 M, 8 /.
(V) , - . (..) (V0
) - , 22,4 . 1 /, , , 2 /, - 2 , .. V0
(2) = 11,2 . -
7
8 /, 32 /, 4 , .. V0
(2) = 5,6 .

: Mg = MMg 1= M,
B 2 (Mg) = 12 /; Al =
M 1Al = M B 3
,
(Al) = 9 /. , -
, - - - .

. = c.
. – , /; – , ; N – .
, ,
=
; (1.6)
= +
8
= -

o
(1.10)
.
.
, (1.12)
Z – . 1. -
PCl3 PCl5. . (1.3), , -
PCl3 PCl5 , 1.
Cl = M
B = 1MCl, 35,5 /.
3 PCl3 5 PCl5,
= 3 1 =
5 1 ,
: = 3 31 10,33 /
5 31 = 6,2 /.
. Cl = 1 M; M(Cl) = 35,5 /; (PCl3) = 3 1 M;
() = 10,33 /; (PCl5) = 5 1 M; M (P) = 6,2 /.
2. , - , , :
C+O2 = CO2, CaCO3+2HCl = CaCl2+H2CO3
↓ 2+2
4
1 =
2 ,
, (1.7), (23) = 2 1 (23),
(23) = 2
62 = 31 /. (23) = (2)+(2),
(2) = (23)–(2) = 31–9 = 22 /, .. (2) = 2 1 (2).
. : (2) = 4 1 (2), (2) = 11 /,
– (2) = 2 1 (2), (2) = 22 /.
3. 0,320 0,672 . .
. , , , .. (Cl) = 35,5 / mCl = m –mCu = 0,672–0,320 = 0,352 .
(1.1) :
Cu
Cl

/.
B M (Cu) 32,27 ≈
Cu + Cl2 = CuCl2.
. (u) = 32,27 /; B(Cu) = 2. 4. 3,85 1,6 . -
. . (1.1)
- 3
m ()+ (NO )= ; m ()+ (OH )
10


Z(NO3 –) = Z(OH–) = 1,
() = 15 /. . = 15 /.
1. 1,2 (II) 0,27
2 (). , 2 (..).
2. 1,6 Cu (II) - 0,45 . , 2 (..) 270 .
3. 1,28 (I) 380 2, - t = 210 = 784 . . , , - , .
4. 0,943 34 1,288 . - .
2 Cl2 ..? 5. 1,44 -
(II) 0,44 . , - , .
6. 2 s – Me II - 1,23 , t = 270C = 760 . .
, , - .
7. 5,95 2,75 4,40 . , - ( = 1). (HCl) ..?
8. 7 HCl 3,2 2, t = 390C = 760 . . ? - .
9. 2,45 2,0 . - , - . 46 ?
10. 0,286 (II) 0,861 AgCl. - . ..?
11
11. 1 2,14 HCl. . - ?
12. , 3, 2, HBr.
13. 3 5 : - . 77,45%, 56,35%. , - .
14. 1,35 3,15 . - .
15. 1,3 2,85 . .
16. 31,58% . , .
17. 22,56% , – 50,60%. . .
18. 2,48 1,84 . . ?
19. 3,04 0,252 , 26,965 15,885 . - .
20. 28,57% , – 48,72% . .
21. 1,2 (II) 0,27 . .
22. 38,0% . 16 /. , .
23. 16,74 21,54 . . ?
24. 3,24 - 4,03 (..). - .
25. .. ? - , 8,34 0,68 (..).
12
n – , 1 ∞.
l - , 0 (n – 1). - () :
l 0 1 2 3 4 5
s p d f g h
s – ; p – , - ; d f – .
ml () - -l +l, , . . (2l+1) - . , (l = 1) ( ), x, y, z, . . ml : –1, 0,+1.
mS - : mS = –1/2 mS = +1/2.
– : , , .
– - .
– - , .. (- ) , ms,
. – -
, .
13
– (n+l), – n.
1. - 16.
. , 16 (S) : 1s22s2p63s2p4.
–
d p s ↑↓ ↑ ↑ n = 3 ↑↓ p s ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ n = 2 ↑↓ n = 1 ↑↓
2. , (n, l ml) - – , - 4s2p2., .
. n , n = 4. 0 n–1, . . n = 4, l = 0, 1, 2, 3 s, p, d, f.
ml –l 0 +l, .. l = 1, ml = -1, 0, +1. - .
, , 32 : 1s22s2p63s2p6d104s2p2, Ge.
3. - .
. , - 17, - , - Cl Cl– :
14
Cl 1s22s2p63s2p5 Cl- 1s22s2p63s2p6 3p 3p 3s ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ 3s ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ 2p ↑↓ 2p 2s ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ 2s ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ 1s 1s ↑↓ ↑↓
26. 4f5.
. ? ? - ?
27. - F Cl – , F - –1, Cl –1 +7. - .
28. – , np– , - ns2, ns1, (n–1)d10, (n – 2)f3? - .
29. ? , , - 5s 4d ? ?
30. 15 23. ? .
31. , , n = 3 l = 1? ml? - ?
32. 17 25. ? .
33. n = 4. - . , 4d . 4s 4p ?
34. 8 16. , –2, –2 +6. .
15
35. 5 7 - . ? - , , - . .
36. - 9 28. . ?
37. . ?
38. , 2 3d–. , ?
39. – 20. - , ?
40. - .
41. . .
42. n, l, ml ms, - ? ?
43. - 24 33 , , “” 4s– 3d–. d- – ?
44. ? - – d– .
45. , , . ?
46. ? - : 4s 3d; 5s 4p? .
47. 32 42, , “” 5s– 4d–. ?
48. - ml l = 0, 1, 2, 3? d- f–? .
49. : 5d 6s, 4f 6s? .
50. – . ?
16
.. : , - .
, . n. -
ns1 ns2 ( ) ns2np6. (1 – 3) 2 8 , – 18 32 , – .
( ) .
, s – p – : s – p – ; - , (n – 1) d-: d – (n – 2) f – : f – .
, : , , .
– , - . (/) - (). - .
– - . (/) - (), - .
() – - ( . , ). . - (), 4. , .
17
, ? ? .
52. , - ? . ?
53. s– I II . (, ) s- II ? .
54. - , , . - , ? .
55. d- . - d-? “ ”?
56. - ? s- - ? .
57. ? () - ()? ?
58. - ? - ?
59. - ? - .
60. d- , ? d- - ? .
61. - , - , .
62. ? ? s-, p- - . ?
18
63. ()? - ?
64. : , - , .
65. ? ? ?
66. , . - ?
67. - - - ? - ?
68. , ? - ? . .
69. , - : : Ba(OH)2 Mg(OH)2; Ca(OH)2 Fe(OH)2; Cd(OH)2 Sr(OH)2?
70. , - - ? .
71. , , ? ? . ?
72. , ? , - , .
73. , , - ? ? , .
74. , ? ? , - .
75. , 4f- 5f-? - ? ?
19
: () ().
: 1. -
. 2. ,
- , .
3. .
4. , - .
. ,
. - , :
) , , , ;
) .
, - () () () – - .
, .
, () - , , - σ-. s – , s – p – - , – –, s – d – , d – d – .
, , , π – . – – pz – pz – .
20
σ – π – — .
.
(), . , , - , .
sp –, sp2 –, sp3 – . - - : sp- – , 180°; sp2 – – , 120°; sp3 – – , 109°29′.
. - , .
, , - () . 2. - , ` - μ, . - - . , 2 - = = , - = . - , (BF3), - (CCl4). , (2), (NH3) - .
() - ,
21
. . .
1. H – Cl, H – Se, H – K - ? ?
. - (Δ) . , , : 2,0; 1,0; 3,0; 2,5; 0,91 (. 1 ). Δ, (. 2 ).
Δ H – Cl = 3,0 – 2,1 = 0,79, ; Δ H – Se = 2,5 – 2,1 = 0,4, ; Δ H – K = 2,1 – 0,91 = 1,19, . , H – K ( Δ).
2. 2. ?
. 2 , . - -
2p 2s ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑↓
sp – , , – , σ – π – . sp – -
2, .. σ
π ⇐
, , . 2 , - = 2 , .. - .
22
76. , . -
( ). 77. , σ- π- . (
) . . 78. (). sp –, sp2 – sp3 –-
. . AlCl3.
79. BeCl2 - BCl3. ?
80. NH3 NF3. . .
81. . N – H N – F NH3 NF3. [μ(NH3) = 1,48 D, μ(NF3) = 0,2 D]. .
82. H2O H2S 1,84 0,94 D. . ? .
83. NH3 NF3 sp3 – . : μ(NH3) = 0,48 D; μ(NF3) = 0,2 D. - .
84. F3 - NF3. N. - .
85. 4 24. .
86. . - , . – 4? - ?
87. . ?
23
SiF4 [SiF6]2–. 88. sp –, sp2 –
sp3 – ? - .
89. [SiF6]2–? [CF6]2–? .
90. - Cl2, HCl, BCl3. ?
91. - F2 Cl2 - Cl2, , F2.
92. ? - . - : NaCl, CsCl, HCl? .
93. -? [Zn(H2O)4]Cl2. - .
94. ? 2 F, , - , ?
95. NH3 [Zn(NH3)4]2+. - - ?
96. ? ? NF3, - μ(NF3) = 0,2 D.
97. (). - σ – π – . - 2 .
98. N2 (945 /) (1071 /). .
99. NO (149 /) NO+ (251 /). NO NO+?
100. H2O - NH3.
24
, - , . , , , - . , , - .
, - ( ), , , - , .
( ) (): - () , , - , , .
2NO()+2() = 2NO2()
[ ] [ ] 2
2 2 . 2 . NO O= k NO O = kP Pυ υ . (5.1)
, , . - ,
Fe2O3() + 32() = 2Fe() + 32()
[ ] 2
3 3 . 2 . Hυ = k H υ = kP , (5.2)
k – , , - , 1 /. k , -
.
-: 10° - 2 – 4 ,
25
t tυ = υ γ , (5.3)
vt1 vt2 – t1 t2 ; γ – , ,
100. γ
.
:
-T T
, (5.4)
– , .. , - , - , /. -
. 2 – 1 = 10, (5.4)
2 1
. (5.5)
: , (- ) – .
1. , -
) CaO() + 2() = 3(), ) 2NO() + 2() = 2NO2().
3 ? . , -
() - , , ,
υx.p = k[CO2] υx.p = kPco2.
26
3 2, , 3 , , 3 .
, ,
[ ] [ ] 2
2 2 . 2 . NO O=k NO O , =kP Pυ υ .
3 3 υ. = k ⋅[3NO]2⋅[3O2], .. 27 .
. 3 , – 27 .
2. - 300 400 , - (γ) 2? ().
. (5.3), 400-300
10 400 300ν = ν γ
100 400 10
2. , 10400
ν , .. 210 .
(5.4), -
400 2 1
300 2 1
,
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
27
101. 298 308 -
3 . - γ . - ?
102. () , (υ.)
2SO2+O2 = 2SO3, 3 . - ?
103. () (γ) , 285 60 , 298 30 . - ? ?
104. 24()+2 = 26() 9 . , - . ?
105. , - 280 300 () 10 . ? ?
106. Fe2O3() + 3() = 2Fe() + 32(),
[CO] = 0,5 /. - , 3 ? - ?
107. 2NO() + Cl2() = 2NOCl().
: [NO] = 0,4 /, [Cl2] = 0,3 /. , 50% NO? O - ?
108. 2SO3() = 2SO2() + 2()
SO3, 2,8 /, , 1 / 2. SO2? - .
109. 3() + () = 2().
28
, /: A = 4,2; B = 2,0. υ. , [A] = 1,2 /. - ?
110. 2() + 2() = 22()
10 . - ?
111. N2() + 32() = 2NH3()
[N2] = 2 / [H2] = 8 / - , 10%.
112. , () 500 1000 , () 95,5 /. - ?
113. 3() + () = 2(),
: [A] = 1 /; [B] = 0,5 /. , [A] 30% ( = 300 ).
114. : Fe3O4()+() = 3Fe()+2(); Fe2O3()+3() = 2Fe()+3().
, ) 3 ; ) 100 ( , – )?
115. ? :
1) NO()+3() = 2()+NO2(); 2) Fe2O3()+32() = 2Fe()+32().
, - 36 , – 27 ? .
116. 423 16 . 473 , (γ) 3? γ - ?
117. () 2NO2() = 2NO() + 2(),
(k) 600 640
29
84 407 /⋅. ?
118. ?
2() + () = 2(), 16 ? , .
119. () (γ), 290 300 - 2 . - ?
120. , () + 2() = (),
: [A] = 0,03 /, [B] = 0,05 /. k = 0,4. - , [A] 0,01 /. ?
121. - 300 400 , γ = 2? - () . (γ) ?
122. 298 318 - 9 . . ?
123. : N2() + 32() = 2NH3(); () + 3() = 2()+ ()
3 - ? . - ?
124. 2 2NO() + 2() = 2NO2(),
NO 4 - ? . - ?
125. () (γ) , 290 310 - 4 ? γ ?
30
– , - (υ) (υ). - , - υp = υ. , . ,
N2 + 32 2NH3
k1 C3 = k22 k1P P3 = k2P2 . -
k1/k2 KC KP , 2N 2H 3NH 2N 3NH 3NH
3
– .
, - ( ) , .. - , , . () < 1, , () > 1 – . , - .
-
, (6.3)
,
Δn K = K (RT) , (6.4)
Δn – - .
Δn = 0, = . ( - ) = .
31
- , - , . .
- , .. - , .
, (Δ > 0), – , (Δ < 0). - .
1. () 2NO() + 2() 2NO2(),
: C0 NO = 4 /;
C0 = 2 /, 80% . -
( = 298 ).
2O
. (6.1):
2
2
C K = .
C C
80% NO, .. ΔNO = 4 0,8 = 3,2 /, (NO) = C(NO)–C(NO) = = 4–3,2 = 0,8 /. 2 NO 1 2 2 NO2, , Δ2 = 1/2 ΔNO = = 1,6 /, (2) = (2)–Δ(2) = 2–1,6 = 0,4 /; (NO2) = =Δ(NO) = 2ΔC(O2) = 3,2 /.
32
= 3,22/0,82 ⋅ 0,4 = 40.
= const = Σ RT, = (0,8 + 0,4 + 3,2)⋅8,314⋅298 = 10901,32 .
. = 40; P = 10901,32 . 2.
2() + I2() 2HI()
2 , , γ = 2, γ = 3,5. ? : - ?
. HI() (Δn = 0), - .
, ,
10 υ(.) 2 (γ = 2), υ(.) - 3,5 (γ = 3,5). ,
. - . , HI() – .
33
126.
2()+I2() 2HI() , /: 2 = 0,025; I2 = 0,005; HI = 0,09. () ( = 298 ). , - ?
127. ()
N2O4() 2NO2(),
N2O4 0,08 /, 50%. . - ?
128.
2NO2() 2NO() + 2()
CNO = 0,024 /; = 0,012 /. 2NO
2O ()
NO2. , ?
129. N2()+32() = 2NH3()
: C = 3 /; = 9 /;
C = 4 /. 2N 2H
3NH () -
N2 2. , ?
130. FeO() + CO() Fe() + CO2()
0,5. CO2, : = 0,05 /; 2 = 0,01 /. ?
131. () 298
PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2,
34
= 1 /, -
50%. - , ?
5PCl
+ + D
1. , : = 0,02 /; CB = 0,1 /? ( )? ?
133.
()+2() 2() – Q
. : ) = const; ) T = const. ( ) - ? .
134.
2+2 2,
2 10 . , - , 2 3. - ? - .
135. ()
+ + D
1. , 10 60 40 . ( ). ?
136. 10
+Cl2 COCl2+Q.
: 11 O; 36 Cl2; 42 COCl2. - () CO Cl2. - ?
137. 0,2 0,3 2 0,8 I2. - 0,7 HI. , -
35
, . - ?
138.
2ZnS()+3O2() 2ZnO()+2SO2()+Q
, 1 , 2 = 0,26 . - : ) (T = const); ) (P = const).
139.
2HI I2+H2 – Q,
: PHI = 4,05⋅104 ; P = 4,4⋅102 ; 2 = 7,5⋅102 .
? . 2I
140. ()
4HCl()+O2() 2Cl2()+2H2O()+Q
0,3. ? - ? - .
141. ,
3() ()+2() – Q
2 1 ? ?
142. 2SO2()+2() 2SO3()+Q
? . ? 143. 782 - 0,16 0,0047. ? - ? ?
144. : ()+2() 2()+Q.
2 : ) ( = const); ) (T = const). .
36
145. 2SO2+O2 2SO3
, /: SO2 = 0,04; O2 = 0,06; SO3 = 0,02. SO2 O2. , - - , . - .
146. 2NO + Cl2 2NOCl
0,5 0,2 /. , 20% NO (T = 298 K). - ?
147. () +2() 2()
() + 2() 2(), 2 0,2 - 1 . - ?
148. 2HI H2+I2 – Q,
HI 0,05 /, = 0,02. ? .
149. 300 2HI H2 + I2 – Q,
HI 0,55 /, - 0,12? ? , , ?
150. , :
2NO2() 2NO()+O2() – Q; ZnS()+O2() Zn()+SO2()+Q; 3() ()+2() – Q.
, . ?
37
– - () .
: ) (ω) – (m`)
(m):
m`ω = m
, , – 100 .
, 15%- NaCl 15 NaCl() 85 (- );
) , , () – 1 :
/ m`C = ,
MV , (7.2)
– , /; V – , ; m`/M – ;
) , , (, ) – - 1 :
H
m`/ – - . , -
, , , .
V1 – 1, V2 - 2. () – - , V1⋅1 V2⋅2 – , . V1⋅1 = V2⋅2 :
38
) , , (m, m) – 1 :
m m`1000C =
1. , 15%- H2SO4, ρ = 1,1 /3.
. (7.1) 15%- H2SO4 100 15 85 . H2SO4 1000 (1 ) :
15 - 85 - 1000 = 15⋅1000/85 = 176,5 H2SO4 98 /, ,
Cm = 176,5/98 = 1,8 /. 1
(1000 , 1000 3). ρ = 1,1 /3, 1 1100 . H2SO4 :
15 - 100 - 1100 = 15⋅1000/100 = 165 , = 165/98 = 1,68 /. H2SO4 49 /,
= 165/49 = 3,37 /. . Cm = 1,8 /; = 1,68 /; = 3,37 /. 2. 42 H2SO4 14
0,3 . . H2SO4. . (7.4) H2SO4:


V 42 0,3 14 0,3 = , = , = = 0,1 /. V 14 42
H2SO4 ½ , H2SO4 = 0,1⋅0,5 = 0,05 /.
. = 0,05 /.
39
151. NaCl 2 0,5
2 . ? (: 58,5 NaCl 441,5 2). 152. H2SO4, 250 -
24,5 H2SO4. (: 2 .; 1 M). 153. 1 . HCl ,
10 0,2 . ? (: 50 ). 154. H2SO4, 15 -
30 0,5 . l2. (: 1 .). 155. , -
80 160 ? (: 33,3%). 156. ()
20%- CaCl2, 1,178 /3. (: 2,1 ; 4,2 .). 157. 2,5%- NaOH (ρ = 1,03 /3) -
80 35%- (ρ = 1,38 /3)? (: 1,5 ). 158. 2,5%- NaOH
(ρ = 1,03 /3) (: 0,64 ; 0,64 .) 159. H2SO4, 250 -
12,25 . (: 1 .; 0,5 M). 160. , 10%- H2SO4
(ρ = 1,07 /3). (: 1,09 /; 1,13 /; 2,18 /). 161. 20 0,1 . 8
NaOH. NaOH 1 ? (: 10 ).
162. 20%- - CaCl2, 1,178 /3. (: 2,1 ; 4,2 .).
163. 30%- NaOH, 1,326 /3? 1 5 . . (: 9,96 .; 6,3%).
164. 3 10%- HNO3, 1,054 /3, - 5 2%- 1,009 /3. , , 8 . (: 5%; 0,82 M).
40
165. 20,8%- - HNO3, 1,12 /3. - 4 ? (: 3,70 .; 3,70 ; 931,8 ).
166. , 16%- AlCl3, 1,149 /3. (: 1,38 M; 4,14 .; 1,43 m).
167. 20,01%- HCl (1,100 /3) 1 10,17%- HCl ( 1,050 /3). (: 485,38 3).
168. 10 3 10%- HNO3 ( 1,056 /3) 100 3 30%- HNO3 ( 1,538 /3). . (: 28,7%).
169. 0,3 . , 0,32 NaOH 40 3. (: 26,6 3).
170. 50%- ( 1,538 /3) 3 6%- ( 1,048 /3)? (: 245,5 3).
171. 10%- Na2CO3 ( 1,105 /3) - 5 2%- ( 1,02 /3)? (: 923,1 3).
172. 31 3 0,16 . 217 3 H2SO4. H2SO4? (: 0,023 .; 1,127 ⋅10–3 /3).
173. HNO3 , - 35 3 0,4 . NaOH? NaOH? (: 0,882 ; 0,016 /3).
174. 1 , 1,4 , 50 3 . . (: 0,53 .).
175. NaNO3 400 , - 20%- ? (: 100 ).
41
8. . .
– , ( ) - . - ( ) , - . , , , s – , .. - . - .
, . - (α) – - (N), (N0):
0
. (8.1)
α , , , (α ≤ 1). α (α → 1) (α << 1). (HCl, HBr, HNO3, HClO4 .) - (H2SO4), (LiOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2 .), . - (3, , 224 .), (HCN, HF, HNO2, HClO .) (H2SO3, H2CO3, H3PO4 .), - (Cu(OH)2, Ni(OH)2, Fe(OH)3 .) (AgCl, BaSO4, CaSO4 .). (NH4OH) - .
, : H2SO4 → 2H++SO4
2–; Ba(OH)2 → Ba2++2OH–; AlCl3 → Al3++3Cl–. ,
42
(), - . 298 . 3 .
: + -
2 3
3
[H ][HCO ]1) H CO H + HCO , = , [H CO ]
[H ][CO ]2) HCO H + CO , = , [HCO ]
→ ←
→ ←
2 << 1. (α) () -
, : 2
M
, (8.2)
– . α << 1
2 M
. (8.3)
(8.3) , ( ).
(α = 1) (α → 1) -
= α n± , (8.4)
n – , , : Al2(SO4)3 → 2Al3++3SO4
2–; CAl
n = 1 ( ) ± = α,



± . (8.5)
-
43
, - , - (f). f ≤ 1; , f. f = 1. - (±), -
a± = f± C±. (8.6)
lgf± = – 0,5 Z2 I . (8.7)
Z – , I – ,
I = 1/2 Σ Ci Z2, (8.8)
Ci – . (f) -
. 4 . 1. (
+) 0,2 - ( = 1,8 ⋅ 10–4) , , 1 0,1 Na (α = 1).
. , , :
++–, = 1,8 10–4.
(8.5) +:
+ -4 -1 -3
C = = 1,8 10 2 10 = 6 10 /.⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
HCOONa : HCOONa → Na++HCOO–.
++–
HCOO– - , .. -
44
, , +. -
. `
+:
HCOONa - , 0,1 0,2 ,
-4 -40,11,8 10 = , = 3,6 10 /. 0,2
⋅ ⋅
+(610–3) (3,6 10–4), ,
16,7 . .
+ = 610–3 /; C`
+ = 3,610–4 /; CH +/C`
H + = 16,7 .
2. , - 0,01 / MgSO4 0,01 / MgCl2.
. MgSO4 MgCl2 (α = 1), :
MgSO4 → Mg2++SO4 2–;
MgCl2 → Mg2++2Cl–. Mg2+ 0,02 /,
SO4 2– - 0,01 /, Cl– - 0,02 /. ,
(8.8):
–·12) = 0,5(0,02·4 + 0,01·4 + 0,02·1) = 0,07.
fMg 2+ = fSO4
2– (8.7): lgf = – 0,5 Z2 I = – 0,54 0,07 = – 0,53; f = 0,30.
: lgfCl
– = – 0,51 0,07 = – 0,13; fCl – = 0,74.
, f - - I . 4 .
(8.6), - :
aMg 2+ = fMg
2– = fSO4 2–CM = 0,3 · 0,01 = 0,03 /;
aCl – = fCl
45
, 1 (, , ..), - – 6,02 ⋅ 1023.
: NMg 2+ = 0,066,02⋅1023 = 3,6 ⋅ 1021
NSO4 2– = 0,036,02⋅1023 = 1,8 ⋅ 1021 ;
NCl – = 0,01486,02⋅1023 = 8,9 ⋅ 1021 .
: aMg 2+ = 0,06 /; NMg
2+ = 3,6 ⋅ 1021 ; aSO4
2– = 0,03 /; NSO4 2– = 1,8 ⋅ 1021 ;
aCl – = 0,0148 /. NCl
– = 8,9 ⋅ 1021 .
176. 0,02 .
Na2CO3 (α = 1). . 177. α 0,2
0,03. + . 178. 0,06 . FeCl3. 179. – , 1 -
3,5 NH4OH. . α ? .
180. 0,002 . CuCl2.
181. NaOH NH4OH - –, 1 :
a) 0,4 NaOH; ) 0,35 NH4OH. 182. NH4OH ( = 1,8⋅10–5), -
α = 20%. . α - ? .
183. 0,5 . H2SO4 (α = 90%) .
184. 3 ,
+ = 10-4 /. . 3 . 185. ,
1 3,5 NH4OH ( = 1,8⋅10–5). - . α - ? .
186. , 100 0,01 HNO2 ( = 4⋅10–4).
46
, α HNO2 ? .
187. + HNO2 HCN , 0,1 /? . .
188. 250 3,55 Na2SO4. - (α = 1).
189. 0,46% (ρ = 1 /c3),
+ = 10–3 /? .
190. 0,6 . FeCl3 (α = 1). Fe3+ 1 .
191. (HNO2) ,
+ = 2⋅10–3 /. - α ? - .
192. , 250 - 3,5 (α = 1). – 250 ?
193. 500 7,1 Na2SO4 (α = 1). , .
194. HNO3 (α = 1) HNO2 ( = 4⋅10–4). , , 0,01 , + .
195. H2SO3 . + 0,4 . , - .
196. 0,1 . 3 1,32⋅10–2. HNO2 ? .
197. + 3 ( = 1.8⋅10–5), 1 0,005 0,05 CH3COONa (α = 1). . (: 166,6 ).
198. , 0,02 / K2SO4 0,01 / KCl.
199. 0,1%- BaCl2 (ρ = 1 /3).
200. MgSO4 MgCl2 , 0,02 . MgSO4 0,01 - MgCl2. .
47
-
2 ++–, = +⋅
_/ . 2H O
298 1,86⋅10–16. 2 = 55,56 / (1000/18),
1000 – 1 (ρ = 1 /3), 18 / – . (α = 1,8⋅10–9), 2 .
= +
–. 2H O
.
+ = – = 10–7 /,
+> 10–7 /,
+ < 10–7 /.
() – - , ..
= - lg +. (9.2)
:
= - lg K = - lg(C +
–) = 14, 2H O 2H O (9.4)

48
= = 7, <7, – >7.
, , , - .
1. , 250 - 0,14 ().
. KOH
m 0,14 = = = 0,01 /.
MV 56 0,25⋅
, (α = 1), - –:
KOH → K*+ OH–, COH – = CM α n = 0,01 1 1 = 10–2 /.
= -lg C
– = - lg 10–2 = 2; pH = 14 – 2 = 12. . = 12. 2.
(NH4OH), = 11. .
NH4OH NH4
++ OH–, = 1,810–5. (9.5) = 14 – = 14 – 11 = 3. = - lg C
–, – = 10–3 /. -
NH4OH, (8.5):
– = , 2
– = , = 2
–/ =
=10–6/1,8·10–5 = 0,056 /. . CM(NH4OH) = 0,056 /. 3. ()
, (α) ( +), -
3,87. = 1.8⋅10–5.
.
= –lg C + = 3,87, C
+ = 1,35⋅10–4 /. (8.5) :
49
(1,35 10 ) = , = = = 0,001 /.
1,8 10
-3
1,8 10α= = =0,13. 10
. C + = 1,35⋅10–4 /; C = 10–3 /; α = 0,13.
201. 1 0,28 . , -
. 202. , 500 0,175
NH4OH ( = 1,8⋅10–5). 203. H2SO4 (α = 0,9), = 2. 204. HNO3 NaOH,
= 2, 13? - .
205. NH4OH - , 250 0,875 NH4OH.
206. NH4OH , 0,001 ? .
207. 0,1 HCl NaOH? 10 ?
208. , 250 0,14 . – ?
209. HNO2 ( = 4⋅10–4) HNO3 (α = 1) - , 0,01 .
210. 3 , 5,2.
211. , NaOH 1 , 10. .
50
212. 0,46%- (ρ = 1/3), 3?
213. ()2 (α = 1) , 0,171% (ρ = 1 /3).
214. , HNO3 c 1 , 11. HNO3, α = 1.
215. , 500 , 12.
216. NH4OH ( = 1,8⋅10–5) - (α = 1) 1 , 11,13? - .
217. 3 1 - , 2,87? .
218. NH4OH, = 11,13. NH4OH - .
219. 3 - , 5,2? - .
220. + 1 , 13? 221.
0,46%- (ρ = 1 /3), 3. .
222. , 500 , 13.
223. 0,2%- HF (ρ = 1 /3), 2%.
224. + –, 100 - , 4.
225. NH4OH 1 - , 12,87? NH4OH .
51
10.
, . , , , , - , - ( ) ( ).
- - , - , – - .
- , :
HNO3 + NaOH = NaNO3 + H2O; H+ + OH– = H2O; NH4OH + HCl = NH4Cl + H2O; NH4OH+H+ = NH4
+ + H2O; Ba(OH)2 + 2HNO2 = Ba(NO2)2 + 2H2O; 2OH– + 2HNO2 = 2NO2
– + 2H2O; Na2CO3 + CaCl2 = CaCO3 + 2NaCl;
CO3 2–
+ Ca2+ = CaCO3. -
, - , .. .
. , - (NaCl, KNO3, NaBr .), - 7 ( ).
(h) - (),
52


– , , - .
. - .
( - (NH4Cl).
(α = 1), NH4Cl
NH4Cl → NH4 + + Cl–.
:
NH4Cl+H2O NH4OH+HCl;
NH4 ++H2O NH4OH+H+.
+4
+ 4
–, : 2H O
( ) 4 2 2
() 4NH OH
C K K 10 = = = .KC C K NH OH (10.2)
+ ( HCl) NH4Cl, . . < 7.
( - (NaNO2).
NaNO2 → Na+ + NO2 –;
– ( NaOH) NaNO2, . . > 7.
, . , :
CuCl2 → Cu2++2Cl–. 1) CuCl2+H2O CuOHCl + HCl; Cu2++H2O CuOH++H+.
2
K 10 = = . K K
2
K 10 = = . K K
(10.5)
2 << 1, (10.3), (10.4) , 1 >> 2. , . ( < 7).
: Na2CO3 → 2Na++CO3
2–. 1) Na2CO3+H2O NaHCO3+NaOH;
CO3 2–+H2O HCO3
K 10 . K K
–+H2O H2CO3+OH–.
K 10 . K K
54
( , CH3COONH4). - () , , , - ( = 7).
3OONH4 → CH3COO–+NH4 +;
1. , - :
H2S+2OH– 2H2O+S2–; CO3
2–+Ba2+ BaCO3; 2H++2OH– 2H2O. .
, - , - :
H2S+2NaOH 2H2O+Na2S; K2CO3+Ba(OH)2 BaCO3+2KOH; H2SO4+2NaOH Na2SO4+2H2O. 2.
FeCl2. , . - , , .
. – , FeCl2 :
Fe(OH)2+2HCl = FeCl2+2H2O; Fe(OH)2+2H+ = Fe2++2H2O. , FeCl2
(α = 1): FeCl2 → Fe2++2Cl–.
Fe2+.
FeCl2+H2O = FeOHCl+HCl;
Fe2++H2O = Fe(OH)++H+.
55
H+ , . . < 7. (9.1) +, , , (h) :
+H C = ⋅ h(1),
– FeCl2; h(1) – - (10.1)
(1) (1)
2
–,
+ −
− −⋅
= = ⋅
−
FeOHCl+H2O Fe(OH)2+HCl;
FeOH++H2O Fe(OH)2+H+.
+
−
= =
Fe(OH)2 (1) - , (2), 1 >> 2. , (Fe2+) (3
2–), , (FeOHCl) (NaHCO3) .
56
226. -
K2S3 0,04 . , .
227. - CH3COONa. - , 1 0,082 .
228. - 23 0,006 . , .
229. - Na2S3 , 1 - 0,02 , .
230. - NaNO2 , 250 0,172 .
231. - Li23 0,002 . , .
232. - NH4Cl , 1 0,0535 .
233. - 23 0,001 , .
234. - CuCl2 0,04 . , (2()=3 · 10-7).
235. - Li2SO3 0,02 . , - .
236. - K2S3 0,02 . , .
237. - KCN 0,01 . .
57
238. - NaF 0,01 M .
239. - NaOCl 0,01 . .
240. - K3PO4 0,03 . , .
241. - NH4NO3 , 1 - 0,8 .
242. - NaNO2 , 1 - 0,01 .
243. - Na3O4 , 1 - 0,02 , .
244. - Li2CO3 0,001 M , .
245. ` - Li2S3 0,02 . , - .
246. - LiF , 1 0,26 .
247. - Na2CO3 0,002 . , .
248. ` - HCOONa , 1 - 0,68 .
249. - NH4NO3 , 1 - 1 .
250. - Li2SO3 0,02 . , - .
58
, , ( ), , – . - – , ( ). , .
, , (- ), , – . - – , ( ) . , .
, -
, – , . (2–) (+), , 2– +. - (2–) – (–), 2– - – .
– - + – .
, , .
– - .
59
-
, . +7 +4 +2 +6
KMnO4+Na2SO3+H2SO4→MnSO4+Na2SO4. -
MnO4
2–.
: MnO4
2–+H2O – 2 = SO4 2–+2H+ – .
, , - , , 2, 5 – :
MnO4 –+8H++5e = Mn2++4H2O 2
SO3 2–+H2O - 2 = SO4
2–+2H+ 5
- :
2KMnO4+5Na2SO3+3H2SO4 = 2MnSO4+5Na2SO4+K2SO4+3H2O. : KMnO4+Na2SO3+H2O → MnO2+Na2SO4; MnO4
–+SO3 2–+H2O → MnO2+SO4
2–. – :
MnO4 –+2H2O+3e = MnO2+4OH– 2
SO3 2–+H2O – 2 = SO4
2–+2H+ 3 : 2MnO4
–+3SO3 2–+H2O = 2MnO2+3SO4
2–+2OH–; 2KMnO4+3Na2SOs+H2O = 2MnO2+3Na2SO4+2KOH. KMnO4+Na2SO3+KOH → K2MnO4+Na2SO4; MnO4
–+SO3 2–+OH– → MnO4
: 2MnO4
–+SO3 2–+2OH– = 2MnO4
2–+SO4 2–+H2O;
2KMnO4+Na2SO3+2KOH = K2MnO4+Na2SO4+H2O. , ,
KMnO4 : ( < 7) Mn+7 Mn+2; ( = 7) Mn+7 - Mn+4; ( > 7) Mn+7 Mn+6.
–
– , - , .
251. Cu2S+HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2+S+NO KMnO4+Na2SO3+H2O → MnO2+Na2SO4 252. KNO2+KI+H2SO4 → NO+I2 Na3AsO3+KMnO4+KOH → Na3AsO4+K2MnO4 253. PH3+Cl2+H2O → H3PO4+HCl KNO2+KMnO4+H2SO4 → KNO3+MnSO4 254. Mg+HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2+NH4NO3 KMnO4+SO2+H2O → H2SO4+MnO2 255. PbS+H2SO4 → PbSO4+SO2+S KClO3+CrCl3+KOH → KCl+K2CrO4 256. KBr+KMnO4+H2SO4 → Br2+MnSO4 I2+KOH → KIO+KI 257. KMnO4+KI+H2SO4 → I2+MnSO4 Cl2+Na2SO3+H2O → Na2SO4+HCl 258. KI+PbO2+HNO3 → Pb(NO3)2+I2 KClO3+MnO2+KOH → K2MnO4+KCl 259. KBrO+MnCl2+KOH → KBr+MnO2 Cu2S+HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2+H2SO4+NO 260. As2O3+HNO3+H2O → H3AsO4+NO
61
NO2+KMnO4+H2O → KNO3+MnO2 261. Na2SO3+KMnO4+H2SO4 → Na2SO4+MnSO4 NaCrO2+PbO2+NaOH → Na2CrO4+Na2PbO2 262. K2Cr2O7+H2S+H2SO4 → S+Cr2(SO4)3 NaCrO2+Br2+NaOH → Na2CrO4+NaBr 263. HNO3+Ca → Ca(NO3)2+NH4NO3 H2S+Cl2+H2O → H2SO4+HCl 264. K2Cr2O7+HCl → CrCl3+Cl2 I2+NaOH → NaIO+NaI 265. HNO3+Zn → Zn(NO3)2+N2O P+HClO3+H2O → H3PO4+HCl 266. KNO2+KMnO4+H2SO4 → KNO3+MnSO4 PH3+Cl2+H2O → H3PO4+HCl 267. K2MnO4+H2O → KMnO4+MnO2 K2Cr2O7+FeSO4+H2SO4 → Cr2(SO4)3+Fe2(SO4)3
268. KNO2+H2SO4 → KNO3+NO KBrO+MnCl2+KOH → KBr+MnO2 269. KClO3+CrCl3+KOH → KCl+K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7+H2S+H2SO4 → Cr2(SO4)3+S 270. K2Cr2O7+KI+H2SO4 → Cr2(SO4)3+I2
S+NaOH → Na2S+Na2SO4 271. KI+PbO2+HNO3 → I2+Pb(NO3)2 K2S+K2MnO4+H2O → S+MnO2 272. KI+KMnO4+H2SO4 → I2+MnSO4 Br2+KNO2+KOH → KBr+KNO3 273. FeSO4+KMnO4+H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3+MnSO4 NaAsO2+I2+NaOH → Na3AsO4+NaI 274. BiCl3+Br2+KOH → KBiO3+KBr K2MnO4+H2O → KMnO4+MnO2 275. NaBr+MnO2+H2SO4 → Br2+MnSO4 MnO2+KClO3+KOH → K2MnO4+KCl
62
, , - , , - . - – ( ). , - , – . . , , . .
, , - , . , , - : 2, 4, 6, 8.
d– - . 8 18 - , - . : Ag+, Au+, Cu+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Fe2+, Fe3+Co3+, Ni2+, Pt2+, Pt4+ .
, , H2O, NH3, CO, NO .., – Cl–, Br–, I–, CO3
2–, CN–, NO2
–, OH– .. , – .
- , . - – , - , . , [Pt(NH3)2Cl4], [Co(NH3)3Cl3] .
- .
: ( ), ( ).
, - – , . NH3 ( ), H2O – ( ). - , : 2 – , 3 – , 4 – , 5 – , 6 – . – , ( ), -. , (N–), (Cl–), (NO2
–), (2–), (–), (CNS–), (S2–) .. , (- ), .
63
: [Ag(NH3)2]Cl – (I); [Cu(NH3)4SO4 – (II); [PtCl(NH3)5]Cl3 – (IV). , -
– , – - , , – , - . - .
: K[Ag(CN)2] – (I) ;
K3[Fe(CN)6] – (III) ;
NH4[Cr(CNS)4(NH3)2] – (III) .
( ) ( - ) , .
: [PtCl4(NH3)2] – ;
:
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl → [Ag(NH3)2]++Cl–;
K[Ag(CN)2] → K++[Ag(CN)2]–.
: [Ag(NH3)2]+ Ag++2NH3;
[Ag(CN)2]– Ag++2CN–.
, - :
K = [Ag+][NH3]2 / [Ag(NH3)2]+ = 9,3⋅10-8 298 ; K = [Ag+][CN–]2 / [Ag(CN)2]– = 1,1⋅10-21 298 . -
. ,
64
1. , :
K2[HgI4]+KBr; . (1): K2[HgI4]+4 KBr K2[HgBr4]+4 KI. C :
[HgI4]2– = 2,48⋅10-30;
[HgBr4]2– = 2,0⋅10–22.
C, (1) , - , [HgI4]2- < [HgBr4]2-.
2. Ag+ 0,1
[Ag(NH3)2]NO3, 1 / NH3. . [Ag(NH3)2]NO3 (α = 1)
:
[Ag(NH3)2]+ Ag++2NH3.
(. 5 )
= [Ag+]⋅[NH3]2/ [[Ag(NH3)2]+] = 9,3⋅10–8 298 .
1 NH3 , .. [Ag(NH3)2]+. Ag+ , . - Ag+ ,
2 -8 x(2x 1)9,3 10 .
0,1 +
⋅ = −
0,1 1, : -8
-8 -1 -9
⋅ =
= ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅
65
276. , -
Cu(II), CN–, 4. - , - .
277. . , - . .
278. (III) ( ), . .
279. [Ag(NH3)2]+, [Fe(CN)6]4–. . - .
280. Co3+, NH3, K+ , , , - . . .
281. (II) , - , . , - .
282. . Zn(OH)2 ? - , , - .
283. : ) - ; ) ; ) . , .
284. , - : Ag+, NH3, NO2
–, Cu2+, CN–, K+, Cu+, Cl–. .
285. : ) - ; ) . , . - .
286. , - : [Cu(NH3)4]SO4, K2[PtCl6], K[Ag(CN)2]. - .
287. , -
66
: Rb[SbBr6], K[SbCl6], Na[Sb(SO4)2]. - .
288. : AgCl⋅2NH3, AgCN⋅KCN, AgNO2⋅NaNO2. . .
289. Co3+, NH3, NO2 –, K+ -
, [Co(NH3)6](NO2)3. 290. : [Cr(H2O)4Cl2],
[HgBr4], [Fe(CN)6], : Cr3+, Hg2+, Fe3+. .
291. : [Cr(NH3)5NO3], [Pd(NH3)Cl3], [Ni(CN)4], : Cr3+, Pd2+, Ni2+. .
292. : Cr3+, H2O, Cl– K+ - , [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3. - .
293. [Ag(NH3)2]+, [Fe(CN)6]4–, [PtCl6]2–. - .
294. Pt ( +2), 4: PtCl2⋅3NH3, PtCl2⋅NH3⋅KCl, PtCl2⋅2NH3 - .
295. : CoCl3⋅6NH3, CoCl3⋅5NH3, CoCl3⋅4NH3. ( +3) 6. - .
296. [Co(NH3)6]3+, [Fe(CN)6]4–, [Fe(CN)6]3– 6,2⋅10–36, 1,0⋅10–37, 1,0⋅10–44. - ? - , .
297. , - – Fe3+, - F–, 6. ?
298. Al(OH)3 , - , 6. - ? .
299. - K2[Zn(OH)4]? - .
300. , - Cu2+, – , - 4. .
67
1. .. . – .: . ., 2000.
2. .. . – .: . ., 1986.
3. .. / . .. . – .: , 1983.
4. .. . – .: . ., 1989.
5. .. . – .: , 1988.
6. .., . ., ..
«» ,
. – .: , 2001.
7. .., .., .. -
«». « . -
» . –
.: , 2001.
« ». « .
». – .: , 1995.
68

69
2,1
Li Be B C N O F 0,98 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,07 3,5 4,0 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
0,93 1,2 1,6 1,9 2,2 2,6 3,0 K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br
0,91 1,04 1,8 2,0 2,1 2,5 2,8 Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I
0,89 0,99 1,5 1,7 1,8 2,1 2,6
2
- (Δ)
Δ 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,3 - , %
6 18 34 54 64 82 89
70
3
298
HNO2 4⋅10–4 NH4OH 1,8⋅10–5 H2SiO3 1) 2,2⋅10–10
2) 1,6⋅10–16 HCOOH 1,8⋅10–4 H2SO3 1) 1,6⋅10–2
2) 6,3⋅10–8 H2S 1) 6,0⋅10–8
2) 1,0⋅10–14 H2CO3 1) 4,5⋅10–7
2) 4,7⋅10–11 3 1,8⋅10–5 34 1) 7,5⋅10–3
2) 6,3⋅10–8 3) 1,3⋅10–12
HF 6,6⋅10–4 N 7,9⋅10–10 224 1) 5,4⋅10–2
2) 5,4⋅10–5
(f)
Z Z - I ± 1 ± 2 ± 3
- I ± 1 ± 2 ± 3
0,001 0,98 0,78 0,73 0,1 0,81 0,44 0,16 0,002 0,97 0,74 0,56 0,2 0,80 0,41 0,14 0,005 0,95 0,66 0,55 0,3 0,81 0,42 0,14 0,01 0,92 0,60 0,47 0,4 0,82 0,45 0,17 0,02 0,90 0,53 0,37 0,5 0,84 0,50 0,21 0,05 0,84 0,50 0,21
72
() 298

[Ag(NH3)2]+ Ag++2NH3 9,3⋅10–8 [Ag(NO2)2]– Ag++2NO2
– 1,8⋅10–3 [Ag(CN)2]– Ag++2CN– 1,1⋅10–21 [AgBr2]– Ag++2Br– 7,8⋅10–8
[AgI4]3– Ag++4I– 1,8⋅10–14 [AlF6]3– Al3++6F– 1,44⋅10–20 [AuCl6]3– Au3++6Cl– 5,0⋅10–22 [Au(CN)2]– Au3++2CN– 5,0⋅10–39 [Co(NH3)6]2+ Co2++6NH3 7,75⋅10–6 [Co(NH3)6]3+ Co3++6NH3 3,0⋅10–33 [Co(CN)6]4– Co2++6CN– 1,0⋅10–19
[Cu(NH3)2]+ Cu++2NH3 2,24⋅10–8 [Cu(NH3)4]2+ Cu2++4NH3 2,14⋅10–13 [Cu(CN)2]– Cu++2CN– 1,0⋅10–24
[Cu(CN)4]2– Cu2++4CN– 5,0⋅10–28 [Fe(CN)6]3– Fe3++6CN– 1,0⋅10–31 [Fe(CN)6]4– Fe2++6CN– 1,0⋅10–24
[Hg(CN)4]2– Hg2++4CN– 4,0⋅10–42
[HgBr4]2– Hg2++4Br– 2,0⋅10–22 [HgI4]2– Hg2++4I– 2,48⋅10–30 [Ni(NH3)4]2+ Ni2++4NH3 1,12⋅10–8
[Ni(NH3)6]2+ Ni2++6NH3 1,86⋅10–9
[Zn(NH3)4]2+ Zn2++4NH3 3,46⋅10–10
[Zn(OH)4]2– Zn2++4OH– 3,6⋅10–14

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