Papaspirou S. - Exigiansi Edafon

PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor

: : 2011 Copyright : . .: 210 297 78 28 Fax: 210 279 16 63 e-mail: papaspyrouspyros@yahoo.com ISBN: 978-960-93-3447-1 :

. 1. ............................................................... 10 2. ................................................................... 13 2.1. ............................................................................. 13 2.1.1. .............................................................................. 13 2.1.2. .......................................................... 18 2.1.3. ..................................................... 19 2.1.4. ................................................. 29 2.1.5. .................................................................... 38 2.1.6. ....................................................... 40 2.2. ........................................................................... 51 2.2.1. .................................................... 52 2.2.2. .............................................................................. 53 2.2.3. ............................................................ 58 2.2.4. ............................................................. 59 2.2.5. .............................. 65 2.2.6. ........................................................ 67 2.2.7. .................................................................. 80 2.2.8. ................................................................. 88 2.3. ................................................. 91 2.3.1. ................................. 91 2.3.2. ............................................ 94 2.3.3. ................................................ 96 2.3.4. ......................................... 97 2.4. ............................................................ 97 2.4.1. ..................................... 100 2.4.2. ....................................... 105 2.4.3. ............................................. 110 2.4.4. ............................. 111

3. ...........................................................113 3.1. .....................................114 3.2. ............................................116 4. ......................................................118 4.1. .......................................................119 4.2. .............................................................................120 5. ...................................................................122 5.1. ............................................122 5.2. .........................................124 5.3. ............................................................................127 5.4. ................................................................130 5.5 .........................................................137 5.6. ....................................................140 6. ...........................................141 6.1 .......................................................................141 6.2 .................................................................143 6.3 .................................................144 6.4 .................................................144 6.5 ...................................................147 .......................................................................................151 ................................................................151 1. ..............................................................151 2. ..............................................156 3. ...........................................................161 4. ........................................167 5. .................................176 :..................................................................................185

. . . . . , , . . : , , , . , . , , . . , , . , . , . , . , . , . . . . . . . , 2011

1. - , . , , , . , . : ( , , , 1.1) . , , . , , , , .

1.1. , , , , .

. ( 1.2), (.. , .). . : , , . , ( ).

( ). ( ). .

1.2. , , . . .

2. , . . : . . . .

2.1. . . . 2.1.1. , . , , . -

( 2.1). : () , .. (d 19,4 16,0 /m3 0 1,0 3,0% 4 ( ) 3 ( ). : maxD 2/3

G22,4 25% G0,063 7% G mm. 800 mm 500 mm 40 /m ( ). D : D 90100 % D/4 4560 % D/16 2545 % D/64 1535 % 2.7 , , .

2.7. maxD 80 mm maxD 10 mm 02-07-01. .

L+G 3 2E ) L = ) . G = ) . ) = . 30%. . , . 2.1.3.3. 02-07-03 02-07-03 , . , I 4%. 4 ( ) 2.2 : maxD 80 mm G0,063 < 20% LL < 30% PI 4% 0% 0%

( 02-07-01).

: (1) CBR = ( 105-86 12) (2) CBR. (3) (AASHTO T-194). LL = ( 105-86 5) PI = ( 105-86 6) ISO 565 0,063 mm ( 200 AASHTO 0,074 mm.

) ) ) )

2.8. . ) 8 16 mm ) 16 31mm ) 31 80 mm ) : 8 16 mm =40%, 16 31mm=30%, 31 80 mm=30%

15 30 cm. (92% Proctor) . , 98% 100% (. . 2.2.7). 2.1.3.4. -150, 02-07-01 0207-03 . , .

26 70 80 90 mm

28 31 mm

10 mm , ,

2.9. .

, , : , 31 80 mm , 16 28 31 mm , 8 12 16 mm 2.8. ( 2.9). -

, . , . . ( 2.10) . 2.11 . . 2.12 , .

2.10. .

2.11. .

2.12. .

2.1.4. . , . , . : . . , . ( ) (). 2.1.4.1. ,

. , (arching) . . . 5.3 , . . 5.3. , . 10 20 cm . 2.1.4.2. . 0,4 3,0 mm 70 350 gr/m2. ' ' . : i. : w , . ii. : ( , ). (ASTM Standards on geosynthetics 1993, J. P. Giroud 1981, K. M. Korner 1990). : (permeability) M (permitivity) kn w

r Rp Od rmin TG

. , kn , . , . k. kn 2.3 . 2.4.

2.3 : kn 10 k 10 k/G kn 100 k 100 k/G

dmax ' ' . , . 2.5 2.6 . E r (r rmin), r.

rmin r

2: 2.5: r (kN . m-1) 4,0 A Rp (N) 750

, dmax 60 mm X () , dmax 60 mm dmax 32 mm. .

A Od (mm) 45

d85 > 30 mm rmin 40% rmin 30% rmin 20%

d85 < 30 mm rmin >15%

, . 2.7 3 .) .3

2.7 : (gr/m2)

M < 100 mm 100 - 200 mm 200 - 300 mm 0 - 1,00 m 1,00 - 2,00 m 2,00 - 3,00 m 3,00 - 4,00 m 110 110 130 140 110 130 140 180 130 140 180 200

> 300 mm 140 180 200 235

( 2004) 2.8 , D = 1900 N >= 12 40 70 % >=1000 N EN 965 ISO/EN 12236 ISO/EN 10319 ISO/EN 10319 ASTM D 4632

(VI) (VII) (VIII) . 20 KN/m2 . 200 KN/m2

= 450 >= 3*10-4 m/sec >= 2.5*10-4 m/sec

EN 918 ASTM D 4533 SN 640550

(IX) . 20 KN/m2 >= 0,6 sec-1 2 . 200 KN/m >= 0,5 sec-1 (X) 12 PI < 25 Atterberg 200

PI < 25 PI < 10 PI < 30 PI < 12 PI < 25 PI 30 PI 12

SW-SM SP-SM SW-SC SP-SC SM SC SM-SC

PI < 10 50 G 0, 074 PI 20 + 4 PI > 12 PI < 25

< 30% < -

2A GW GP

PI < 25

2C GH-GC GM-GC

PI < 10 50 G 0, 074 PI 20 + 4 PI > 12 PI < 25 LL < 40 PI < 20 PI > 12

< 30%<

CH CL MH ML OH OL L-CL

45% .. 4 45% .. 4 . 45% .. 4 .

(FM 5-410, Chap. 9). , 05-03-0201 05-03-02-02 . , . 2.1.6.2. , . 50 mm, . . 25 cm . , , . . . . . , , , . ( 2.18), , , , . . . .

2.18. .

2.1.6.3. : (CaO) , (, Ca(OH)2) (). : ) , , . . , , . :

( CaO, 1 2% ). CaO . ) (H2CO), , (Ca(OH)2 ). (CaCO3, MgCO3) . - CO2 . 72 , ( ). , . ( 25~ 30% ). ) . Ca(OH)2 .

2.19. .

2.19 2.20 4 . , . . 7% 10%. , . . , , . (CaO), , . . 2.1.6.4. . , , . (CaO), (Si2O3), (Fe2O3) (Al2O3). . . CaO, , . . 2.21 6% (A. W. Johnson, 1960).

Nat. Lime Association (2004), 2.18, 2,19 2,20, . British Lime Association, ..

2.21. Atterberg 6%. / / 68 / 16 / 18% LL = 28%, PL = 13% PI = 15%

, . . . , . , . , . , .

. . . , . 3 7% . ( 300 400 kg/m3 14 20%). . , . A. W. Johnson, (1960) 2.10. , . 2.10 . MN/m2 7 28 2,1 4,2 2,8 7,0 1,75 3,5 1,4 2,8 2,1 6,3 1,75 4,2

(GW, GP, GC, SW, SP, SC) (ML, CL) (MH, CH)

. 2.22 (. , 2008), . 28 7,0 MN/m2, 3,5% ( 05-07-02).

2.22. 28 , ( . , 2008). : SM (1) SM (2) ML CL GC GP-GM (1) GP-GM (2) , 41 3 0,7 10,1 51 66 50 41 81 69,7 18,4 34 28 42 18 16 29,6 71,5 15 6 8 NP NP NP 22 15 NP NP

35 MPa 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 H

2.22. ( 1986). (1) 59,2%, 35%, 5,2% (2) 58,3%, 35%, 6,7%

2.1.6.5. , SiO2, CaO, , SO2++ . , , , . (clinker) . . , . (1986) CaO 36 46%, 4450 cm2/gr. CaO (13,6%) SiO2 (53%) , ( 2.22). 11,5 KN/m3 1450 cm2/gr.

. (1) (15 50%), (2) .. 0,70 MN/m2. , . . , . , .

2.2. . , .. . . , .. , . . . , .

2.2.1. , , . : . , . , 15 cm. , , . . , . , , . , . , , , . . , . , , , . 2 4% , . ( 2.2.6).

2.2.2. , . . , . 1: W = 18,0 Mg =180 KN D = 0,30 m d = 4,50 m B = 92% Proctor pr = 22,4 KN/m3 . W . x : W=D.d.B.x.pr 180 = 0,30 4,50 22,4 0,92 x x = 6,47 m 2: . D = 0,30 m Proctor

pr = 22,0 KN/m3 B = 95%

= 13,0 16,0 /m3

m2 . Dx : Dx . = B. D . pr Dx = 30 0,95 22,0 / 16,0 = 39,2 cm Dx = 30 0,95 22,0 / 13,0 = 48.2 cm

. . . ( ) ( 2.23) , ( 2.24).

2.23. .

2.24. grader. .

2.26. 25 . .

. . , , ( , ...). ( , ...). ( ) . . . , , ( 2.25). ( 2.26). ,

2.27. .

2.28. . .

2.29. : .

. grader ( 2.27). , , . , , ( 2.28). . 2.29 .

2.2.3. , . , , 1 4, , ... , . , . -

. , . . , , . , , . 2.2.4. (1 4, , ...) (150 300 lt/m3). , 2%, . 3 6 %. ( 2.30). , . , ( ...) 3 4. , , . (.. 1, 2) . . . .

2.30. . , : (150 300 kg/m3) , : wopt Mod. Proctor .

, . . ( 10 tn ) 1,00 m. 0,75 m 0,25 0,50 m, . ( 2.31). 2.11 , ( DYNAPAC, L. Forssblat, 1981). .

2.31. . .

2.32. .PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor

2.11: ( m) ( ) 6 10 15 7 (3) 10 (5) 15 (10) 2 7 10 13 (1)

(1) 0,60 (2) 1,00 1,50

0,75 1,50 2,00

0,45 0,70 1,00

0,25 0,35 0,50

0,40 0,60 0,80

0,30 0,40

0,75 1,50

0,40 0,50 1,00

0,30 0,40 0,70

0,15 0,20 0,35

0,30 0,40 0,60

0,25 0,30 0,40

0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60

0,20 0,30 0,35 0,45

0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25

0,20 0,30 0,40 0,45

0,15 0,25 0,30 0,35

( 2.32). 0,30 0,50 m 4 8. 2-3 , ( 10) . 8-10 , . , . , ( 2.33).

2.33. .

, 0,15 0,20 m. (. 2.11). . . 2.2.7.4. , , . . , . . , , - (). , (2-5 cm) (3) , . , ,

. 2.2.5. , . : () () . 2.2.5.1. . , , ( 2.34). , . , , -

2.34. .

2.35. .

. , , . , 0,6*D. ( 2.35) 2*D 2,0 (. ). . 2.2.5.2. . , , , . ( 2.33) ( 2.36), , , . , ,

() 50 80 kg.

, 40 150 kg.

120 800 kg. 2.36.

15 20 cm . , . , . 2.2.5.3. , . , .. , , ., . , . s . . , 3D. (.. ), , . 2.2.6. , ( 2.37). . : ( , , , .). , . .

2.2.6.1. . . , -

2.37. ( ).

. 5 . , , . . , . , , . , , .5

. K. Terzaghi R. Peck [1969, . 194], M. J. Tomlinson [2001, . 450 481], . [2007, . 293].

2.38 L h. : i=

= (s w) (1 n) s : n : w :

. ().u u, 2.38: u = w.h1 + w .h (2)

(). , 2.38: = w.h1 + .L : (). ().u u (2) (3) (3)

L w .h

i (4) icr. icr =

. w(5)

, . . i ( 1) icr ( 5), . , , . . , ., , k0 = . , .., , k0 = 0. , .. k0 . 2.39 , . ( K. Terzaghi R. Peck, 1969, . 194)

. 2.39a . 2.39b ( ) x. : pO =

h w t h + 2t

x, . 2.39c C k0. . () k0 = , , . ( 2.39c) (6) : pO = hw : FS :

t h + 2t

: D: () Ox : FS pO (OE) =(OE) t +(OE) :

D h + 2t + FS = w w t h

h D = t FS w (9) h + 2t () k0 , : pB = h.w (10)

. () , . C 2.39c. ( , 2.39c) C. h = h D

FS pO (OE) = (OE) w t +(OE) pO = w h 1 (1 a )

h + t 2 h + t

(9) : w t + D h + t w h 1 (1 a ) h + 2t

2.39c a 0 . (12) . a = 1 (10). , , 2.40. . , . . , (t = 0), . . , . , , , . ( 2.41). . , . . , (t = 0), . . , . , , , . ( 2.41). ,

(b) Ox.

(c) . ko = . ko . PB = a h w

k h + 2t = k k + o h + 2t D

ko 0 : = 100,0 4,5010 = 55,0 KPa > 0 .

2.2.6.2. , . 09-04-01 ( ) . .

Dmax 50 cm (d < 0,063mm) 15% , , , , 80 mm . , . ( 09-0401-00) : 10% ( ) , (.. , , ).

, . . , .. () ( ) .2.2.6.3. , . (. 4.2). , , , . , . . , -

. . . , . , 2,00 m. . . , . . .2.2.7. . , . , 25 30% , , , . . (). . 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.2.6.2. , . 2.2.3 2.2.5. , .

, .. , , . , . 20 30 cm 8 . , . 2.2.7.1. 2.2.7.2. , . = d / pr d pr Mod. Proctor , , . , Mod. Proctor. , . 2.2.8. . . . . CBR , , CBR v2.

, E ks, .2.2.7.1. . , : Los Angeles microduval Proctor CBR

, .2.2.7.2. . ( 2.42), ( 2.43). , ., (Troxler, 2.44). CBR, . ( 2.45) CBR. ( 2.46).

2.42. .

10 kg 500 mm 200 mm. , , . . . , , ... . . . 2.12 .

2.43. .

2.44. Troxler.

. 2.45. .

2.46. . . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 10 kg 9. 10. 11. 12.

INAKA 2.12: Modified Proc- : tor , , C, D ( ) Troxler

dmax20 20 -

45 60 -

90 95 98 100 103 02-07-01 Schultze (1967)

3.3.4 3.3.5 -

7.3.2 3.3.5 . 252

2.10.4 -

2.47. .

20 18 16

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

EV2 (MN/m)

2.48. CBR Ev2

2.47 . 2.13 , . 2.48 C.B.R. (%) Ev2 (MN/m2) 05-03-01 . 4.1.2. 2.13 . , . , , . Proctor. , . . -

100% Mod. Proctor , 0,82 2,0 mm . .

2.3. 2.3.1 . 6 (, c, ). , () qu :

qu = cNc + q.Nq + .1.B.N :

c : : 1 : = 2b : t : q = 1.t Nq = e tan tan 2 45 + Nc =

Nq 1 tan

N = ( Nq -1) tan2(45 /2)6

2.50. ( L. Prandtl 1920).

(c.Nc) , (q.Nq) . 2.50 Rankine . . 2.51 . , D, , (1) 2.51: t t + D p1 = p

2b 2b + D

q = t1 q2 = q + D 2 ( 2 ). 2b 2b + D

2.51. ( ).

q2 qu, p1. . . , . 2.52 ( ) . ( ). : . . .

60 60 50 50 40 30 40 30 20 20 3

2 2.52. ( ) ) ) . 2b = 2,0 m, p = 150 KPa,

D = 2,0 m,

Eo = 8,4. E

EO E > 10

( ) D.

2.3.2. . , .

2.50 CD ds (. A.2, A.3 A.4). ds (3), (4) (5) : Rankine ds = b tan (45 + /2 3) (4) (5)

d s = 2b sin + e 4 2

+ tan 4 2

ds = b e 2

3, 4, 5 ds . . 2.53 ds/2b .

R a n kin e0 , 5

2.53. ds/2b (A. Myslivec Z. Kysela, 1978).

Rankine Prandtl-Terzaghi . , 20 27 ds/2b , , .2.3.3. . , , . 45 (1:1), A.2 . 2.54 1,50 m, 4,00 m. . (t = 1,25) . .

2.54. t.

2.3.4. , . , qu. qu D = 2b . . (. 2.51), D, . , D (. 2.54).

, .. , , . , .. , , ..., .

. , , . . . 2.55 z Oz

2.55. .

, 2b, p. 0,5*p 2b. . . , , . 2.56 .

2.56. .4 pbf E ) D 2b = 2.(b+Dtan)

pb b + Dtan

4 p1 (b + Dtanf ) 4 pbf s1 = E z = , f = f s1 = s z = f < f s1 < s

2.56 (. ). Steinbrenner, , . . , -

. , .2.4.1. 2.57 D. 2,00 m . D . , ( = 3.000 KPa), ( = 6.000 KPa) ( = 12.000 KPa). ( ) , , .

2.57. . p = 150 2b = 2.00 m E0 = 50.000 KPa ) = 3.000 KPa ) = 6.000 KPa ) = 12.000 KPa

2.57 . D . . 2.58 2b = 2.00 m ( = 6 000 KPa). 0,70 2,00 . ( PHASE) . 0,70 m . 2,00 m. D, . D.

2.58. D . p = 150 KPa 2b = 2.00 m = 6 000 KPa E0 = 50 000 KPa ) D = 0 ) D = 0,70 m ) D = 2,00 m

2.59 (), . Steinbrenner ( = 3.000 KPa), ( = 6.000 KPa) ( = 12.000 KPa). 20,00 m, 4,00 m .

2.59. D . p = 60 KPa 2b = 20.00 m E0 = 50 000 KPa ) = 3 000 KPa ) = 6 000 KPa ) = 12 000 KPa

D 1,00 2,00 , , (. ). 2.57, , D (D 10-3 -1 10 10-5 10-3 10-7 10-5 10-9 < 10-9

, 5.4 k ( m/sec) [M. Carter & St. Bentley, 1991, . 53]. 5.4. k ( m/sec) , 410-1 410-3 , 410-3 410-5 710-4 710-6 710-6 710-8 , 10-7 10-9 710-8 710-10 < 10-9 +) 410-5 410-8 Portland < 10-10+)

, , k < 10-10 m/sec.

5.5 , [M. Carter & St. Bentley, 1991]. k , . , . . , , : , , . Darcy, , ..., . , ( ) .

, . k, , . k 100% 20C, R. F. Craig (2002, . 39), 10C 0C 77% 56%. k e, . : k = (600 800)

o n 0,13 d 2 ( cm/sec) t 3 1 n 10

v0, vt : 10 t 0C : 9 cm d10 n :

Allen Hazen (1892) Schleiher / Chardabela (1940), : k = A . eB ( cm/sec) (5.3) =1102 . d102 B = 2 5 ( 2, 5) e = e = n / (1 n) d10 = cm

: k = C1 . d102 C1 =w e3

( m/sec)

c (1 + e ) d10 = mm w =

. 10%.

5.9. k , d50, . ( M. Preene et al, 1997)

e = e = n / (1 n) = c = ()

A. Hazen C1 0,01 0,015. :k = C1 . d102 ( m/sec)

C1 =0,01 0,015 d10 = mm

M. Preene (Preene et al, 1997) 5.9. k , (, , ). 50% (d50). C 60 10% (C = d60/d10). , . 1: 0,30 m (8 23 mm)

: v0 / vt =1,0 d10 = 1,0 cm n = 0,30 e = 0,30 / (1 0,30) = 0,43 (5.2) : k= (600 800) 1,0 0,30 0,133

1 0,30

= 115 153 cm/sec

(5.3) A. Hazen : A = 1102*1.02=1102 B = 2.5

k=1102*0,432.5= 134 cm/sec 0,30 m, 1,00 m i = 1% Q : Q = 0,30*1,00*1,34*3600/100 = 14,4 m3/h k=10-2. 2: , 0,30 m : v0 / vt =1,0 d10 = 0,04 cm n = 0,28 e = 0,28 / (1 0,28) = 0,39 (5.2) : k= (600 800) 1,0 0,30 0,133

1 0,30

=0,16 0,21 cm/sec

(5.3) A. Hazen : A = 1102*0,042=1,763 B = 2,5 k = 1,763 * 0.392.5 = 0,17 cm/sec 0,30 m, 1,00 m i = 1% Q : Q = 0,30*1,00*0,17*0,01*3600 = 0,018 m3/h = 18 Lit/h .

( 5.10) . , (.., 40*40 50*60), , ( 5.8 5.11). , ( 5.12) 1 2% .

5.10. .

0,33% 3,0 m/sec . . 1500 mm2 . (>57%) (). . , , ( , , ) , .

5.11. .

5.12. .

, . . . , . , . . (. ).

. , , . (1%) . . () , . . 1,00 m, 1 2% . , , .

6. 6.1.

. . 4 , , , , . . , . , , . , . .

( , , .) . , , , , , . . (. 2.1.4.). , . . , , . 6.1. , Fs = 0,83 Fs = 1,18. , Fs = 1,02. .

6.1. . : = 20, c=5,0 KPa, =18 KN/m3 : =43, c=2,0 KPa, =22,0 KN/m3

, , . , . , , , , , , 10 , , . , . ( ) . , . , . , . , , (l. Major, 1961, . 511) , ( 6.2).

6.2. ( A. Major1961)

, . . . . . . : .

6.3. .

. , 1,50 2,00 , . 17 0C. . 17 0C, 5 +15 0C 4 0C . 17 0C, +25 +42 0C. , (HDPE), .

35 45 0C 7 12 0C. , , , ... 1,0 2,0 . 1,0 m. , . , 80-100 . , , . , . ( 6.3). , 3040 cm , 10 cm . 1,00 m . . . , . .

6.5. , , ( , .). . , , . 12 ( 6.4). -

, . : HD 384, HD 60364-5-54: 2007, 62305-3 6: 2006 .

6.5. () , () .

, . , , . (510%) 3,0 m . . . , , ( HDPE). . . . , , , ( 6.5 6.6). , 30*30 cm, ( 6.7). , . (.. TERRAFILTM), . , , .

. . . , . , , . . .A.1.

, . . (, , , ) . A.1 . .

A.1. .PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor

A.2. ( ) .

A.2 , . , . . , -, , H. Borowicka (1938). , Poisson . . A.3 . = , ,

A.3. ( Borowicka, 1938).

= 0, . . . A.4 (Press, 1940) . , . -

A.4. .

( A.4) A.1, . , , , . , , . , . . A.4 A.2. , -

, . , . A.4 , . , . (, , ), , , , .

A.2. A.2.1. , . A.5 1:1 2:1 (), , . ( ). , b. . . , , . 30 ( 2:1) , 45 ( 1:1) , . Kgler 55 (. A.6), (F. Kgler & A.Scheidig, 1927 & 1929).

A.5. , .

A.6. z ( Kgler & Scheidig, 1927).

p 1 + 1,43 z / b

.A.2.2. , (M. J. Boussinesq, 1885, J. K. Mitchell, 1900) (O. K. Frhlich, 1934). . , , , , , , , , , , , . , 13 . , , A.7, z, , . A.8 z . Oz z=p , Oz. A.5. , .13

. . : . - .. (1989, . 137 155), . (1985), . , (2004, . 217), . (2007, . 203 207). : R. Scott, 1965, K. Terzaghi, 1943, G.G. Meyerhof, 1951.

p [a + sin cos( + 2 )]

A.7. z p.

A.8. z z x .

A.2.3. . , . . . . . . A.9 ( ) 20%, 30%,... 60% .

60% 50% 40%

A.9. z ( ) 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% 60% , ( , p=150 Kpa, E=6 000 Kpa =0,3).PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor

D=b D=2b. D=b o 82% p, D=2b 55% . 6b, z 21% p.

. - , . (. A.1). , , , . , . A.10 , .

A.10. .

, . . . Frhlich (1934) p. :

. ( ). ( ). , , Coulomb ( Mohr Coulomb).

1 3 ( A.11).1 =

p 3 = ( - sin) + (t + z) p ( + sin) + (t + z)

Mohr Coulomb (. A.12) , Mohr, 1 , 3 c ( Coulomb).

A.11. 1 3 M(x,z) p.

A.12. Mohr-Coulomb.

A.12 :tan =c =

(2) (30(4)

()=(1-3) /2 ()=(1+3)/2 () = () sin ()=()/sin

) = () + ()

1 3 (2),(3),(4) (5) (6), :1 + 3 c 1 - 3 = 2sin tan + 2

1 3 (1) (7) :

c tan z : z=

+ (t + z) +

sin sin

c sin tan - t sin

p (8) 2 ( .10). p , . , maxz,

p cos 1 = 0 sin

cos sin

= 1 cos = sin =

(8) :maxz =

c 1 tan 2 + - tan - t p

p. (9) , maxz = 0 p .

c +t tan p = 1 + tan 2 :p =

1 - ( 2 - ) tan

tan t 1 - ( 2 ) tan tan 1 - ( 2 ) tan

1 - ( 2 - ) tan

(10) (11)

p = K c + K t

K K A.1. A.1 : , ( FRHLICH). 0 0 10 0,8 4,2 20 2,1 5,6 25 3,1 6,6 30 4,6 8,0 35 6,8 9,6 40 9,9 11,8 45 14,6 14,6

(11) p : ) = 0 , c = Cu = 0, =

(11) p = Cu = 3,14 Cu

t. q = 5,7 Cu

, , > 0 c > 0. > 0 > 0

(11) :p = c + t

(t = 0) p = . c

c, , . > .

A.4. A.4.1. , . Rankine (1857) , A.13. 45 + /2 , 45 + /2 ( .13). D DE ( D DE). qu :

qu = c cos(45+/2) (tan4(45+/2) 1) + Dtan4(45+/2)

A.13. ( Rankine) .

A.13 dsds = b tan (45 + /2)

ds /2 b = 0,5 tan (45 + /2)

A.4.2. Rankine . , .. 2b, (. A.10) , . , . L. Prandtl (1920) . , , ( A.14). . . . , ABC ( A.14) ( Rankine). BAC = 90 = ABC = 45 + /2, ( ). () . () . EBD = BED = 45 /2 90 + . () () ()

A.14. ( L. Prandtl, 1920).

. BC BD ( ). r :r = r0*e.tan

r0 = BC r r0

, Rankine, CD, 90 . ( Mohr-Coulomb). AC BC (). () . , qu (14) :qu = cNc + q.Nq + .1.B.N

c : : 1, : = 2b : t : q = 1.t Nq = e

tan tan 2 45 + 2 (15)

Nq 1 tan

N = ( Nq -1) tan2(45 /2) (c.Nc) , (q.Nq) . , . . A.14 : r = ro etan =

b etan cos + 4 2

= - + = + 2 4 2 4 2 cos + 2 4 tan z = r cos = b e cos + 4 2 ds ,

dz = 0. d

b sin + cos + 4 2 dz b = sin + d cos + 4 2 dz = d

tan e + cos + tan etan 2 4 2 4 + cos + tan e tan = 0 2 4 2 4

sin + = cos + tan 2 4 2 4

tan + = tan : = + 2 4 4 2 :

+ tan d s = 2b sin + e 4 2 4 2 ds + tan = sin + e 4 2 2b 4 2

A.4.3. (14) K. Terzaghi, (1941), qu. Terzaghi , . , qu . A.15 . , (. A.16). .

Rankine, 1857

Prandtl, 1920

Terzaghi, 1941

Meyerhof, 1951

A.16. .

C . , 90 ( A.16). . , Terzaghi, A.16 . A.4.3.,

qu = cNc + q.Nq + .1.B.N

N =1,8 . Nc . tan2

ds , :

ri = ro e tan z= ri cos =+-

b cos + e tan cos 2 dz =0 d

ds = maxz

dz b tan = + cos + tan etan sin + e d cos 2 2 tan dz b = =0 sin + + cos + tan e d cos 2 2

sin + = cos + tan 2 2 tan + = tan 2

b tan cos + e 2 cos 2 2

ds = b e 2

tan ds = 0,5 e 2 2b

A.4.4. (15) , . , c, Nq, N, . H. Meyerhof (1951 1961) 45+/2 , (. A.15). c, Nq, N Terzaghi. J. Brinch Hansen (1961) , , , ... , Terzaghi c, Nq,. .

qu = cN scdcic+ q.Nq sqdqiq + .1.B.N sdi:

( 19 )

sc , sq , s dc , dq , d ic , iq, i

N = 1.5. c.tan2 A.4.5. ds/2b ds 2b A.17 , ( 16 18). . 30 45%. ( > 30) .

A.17. ds/2b .

. . . , .A.5.1. , A.18, 2:1, , , -

A.18 ,

p1 = p

2b , p2 = t1 + D 2. 2b + D

, . D , . q2 (2b + D) qu (14). p1 14 .14

m cm ( DIN 4017/I . 9.3 ), m, 5 . . .

A.5.2. Button (1953) 1=2=0 c1,c2 > 0. . ( A.17 ). = 0, :

qm = c1* N c N c A.19 / c2/c1. Button N c c2/c1 / . , c1 > c2, N c . , . .A.5.3. . Poisson .

L . ( *L, = .z.cos2 ) , L (. E. Schultze, 1968).

A.19. (Button, 1953).

( 0/ = 1 = 3 ) (. 2.52). 0/ = 2 = 3, . 0/, ( .20). (. . 2007, . 206).A.5.4. . A. Myslivec Z. Kysela (1978, . 135) . , .

0/ = 2 - 4,16 8,32 16,6.

A.21. ds/2b (A. Myslivec Z. Kysela, 1978).

. A . ds , . ds/2b :

= 0 ds/2b = 0,70

10 0,80

20 0,95

30 1,10

40 1,25

ds/2b A.17 A.21. ds/2b ( 13, 16 18) :

( < 22) ds/2b . ( > 30) . , Nq, Nc, N . 20 < < 25 ds/2b 1,00, . 20

Papaspirou S. - Exigiansi Edafon

Documents

Edafon (zemljišni uslovi) - Početnapoljoprivrednisavjeti.weebly.com/uploads/7/0/7/2/7072406/2_zemljiste.pdf · Prof. dr Ilija Komljenović OPŠTE RATARSTVO 19 Za savremenu biljnu

94 s s s s s O s s s 9-4 S 94 s Èfr o s cn s s s s s s aa …...94 s s s s s O s s s 9-4 S 94 s Èfr o s cn s s s s s s aa 15/ s 94 S s ¥7 S 5 s s & s S s s s s s 94 s s 94 aft s

s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s - Arte para Incluirarteparaincluir.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Missa-do-Galo-em... · s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s

S,FD, .DFD .DFD] ], S,FD - Barkat-e-Khwaja · s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s T T s s

Ð !( S !S !S S !SÎ SΥΠΟΜΝΗΜΑ!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\ !\!\!\ !\!\!\!\ !\!\!\!\!\!\ !\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\ S% S% S% S% S% S% S% S% S% S% S% S% S%

94 1— 94 s s o s S s S s s 5 94 s s 1 s s s s 94 s s s s s s 9-4 Ill s … · 2012-12-28 · s s s 94 s s ð 94 s 94 o s s 94 94 94 s s s o 94 94; s s s s s o s o s s s 94 s s 94

òíí E s s Ha Il s s s o s s S s s s s 0 s S o s s S s S rH s s S òíí ùtt 94 944 s s s s s

Aya cu ho 05#s #· #· #s #· #s #· n n #s #s #y #s #· #s #s #s #s #s #s #s # #· #s n #s #s#s #s #s #s #s #s #s #s #s #· #s #·#s #s #s #· #s ·# #s #s #s #· #s #· #s

A S S S S S Aggiacciato tremar trà nevi algenti Violino ... · PDF fileS S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S Aggiacciato tremar trà nevi algenti Alto Viola

· o -o 01 s Ilk s s S 4.2 94 s 01 H s o 94 s s S s s s S Ilk s s 9-4 s š . s o E s s s -71 s s s s ržk s s s s s s s s s -71 S s 94 s s S s 0 s o

Sn oqualmi eF r st - sqrecreation.com · "s s" s" "s "s s" "s s" s" s" "ss" "s s" s" s" s"s" s" s" s" s" "s "s "s "s s" s" s" s" s" "s "s s" s" "s s" s"s" s" s" "s "s "s "s "s "s

Wahabi ke pachee Namaz Nahi Hoti Hai - barkatekhwaja.net · s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s B B s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s

6 7 4 L EY NDA...S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S SS S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S

LISTA PROVISIONAL DE ADMITIDOS - Comunidad de Madrid...D.N.I. L.INTE HAB. BILI PRUEBA IDIOMA S S S S S S S S N S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S N N N N N N N N N

s I s z s Il S S o s s s VS S s s D s S k' S s 3 S s s llå q s s ......s z s Il S S o s s s VS S s s D s S k' S s 3 S s s llå q s s D rH z H 9-1} s Ã s q s Il SJI @ a @ 1" O Created

Plan General de Ordenación Urbana de Güeñes..."S "S!>!>!> "S "S "S "S!>" "S!>!> "S "S "S!> "S "S "S "!> !> ""S S " "S "S "S!> "S " "S "S "S!> "S "S "S "S "S "S "S "S!> "S "S "S!>

Podsumowanie Metod Analitycznych i Wydajności · Strona Wprowads s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s3 Słownik s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s

Riken...9-4' s S 94 S S S s s S S s S s S s (1 S S s 94; s s 94 Ilk o s 94 s 9-9. S S 00 I Ill Ilk S < s S S s s s s S 111 S S S 94 s s s (1 94 S m(rnb) s 8.4

Web viewஇ - த - அன்-1 - 1. ੈ। s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s. 26ாவா eiாsேமோன-2008-09 *i鼎$$=曹|

MANUAL DE BOLSILLO 3 MANEJO DE LOS … · MANUAL DE BOLSILLO 3 MANEJO DE LOS RECURSOS HÍDRICOS SS S S S SSS S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S SS S S S S S S SS S