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Kurt Roos World Bank Team Member for Weiguo Zhou – Team Lead Rural Development & Natural Resources Sector Unit East Asia and Pacific Region The World Bank Presented at the Black Sea – Danube Regional Conference on Nutrient Pollution Control in Chisinau, Moldova – October 2006
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Livestock in East Asia Project
Kurt RoosWorld Bank Team Member
for
Weiguo Zhou – Team LeadRural Development & Natural Resources Sector Unit
East Asia and Pacific Region The World Bank
Project Background
• Purpose: Reduce negative environmental and health impacts caused by confined livestock in region
– Discharge to surface waters main issue
• Three country areas involved:– China, Guangdong Province– Thailand, Racthuburi and Chonburi
province– Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi
• Project implemented over a 5 year period
• Japan PHRD Grant Fund for Climate Change includes a Greenhouse Gas project component
Large Range in Farm Scale
• Thailand– Very large corporate type farms
>20,000 and very small family farms 10-50 pigs
• Vietnam– Very small family farms 10 – 200
pigs
• China– Moderate scale farm 100 – 2,000
Waste Handling and Collection
All countries solids collection and hose flush
Waste Management
Fish Ponds
Lagoons
Direct Discharge
Fish Ponds
Storage/Direct Discharge
Digesters/Direct Discharge
1) Land application of nutrients limited to solids fraction only
2) Have discharge standards
3) Pollution load is catastrophic
Project Design
Technical TrainingTrian-the-trainor
Demonstration Component
Appropriate Technologies
MonitoringProcess Characterization
Methodology
Implementation Framework
Tools DevelopmentWorksheetsDVD/VideoHandbooks
Software
CAPACITY BUILDING OVER TIME
National StandardsAccepted Technologies
Policy Development: Energy; Regulatory; Voluntary/Market Mechanisms (Code of Practice)
Replication
Other/ExtensionTraining
Certified Technology Providers
(option)
Demonstration Overview
• Purpose is to demonstrate an array of systems that prevent water pollution– Greenhouse gas and air quality are not primary project objectives– Systems must be affordable – gas recovery component does this
• All countries desire systems with gas recovery
• Many system types– Cost implications– Gas use options vary
• Projects are on-farm and communal• Other processes also in technology mix
– Two cell open lagoons
• Land application and nutrient management planning approaches are being introduced.– Long term implications for project– Some countries limited opportunity i.e., fish pond feed resource
On-Farm Demonstrations
Fixed Dome
Covered Lagoon
Polyethylene Bag
Two Phase Digestion
Polyprp Bags Two cell open Lagoon
Communal Digester N. Vietnam
• Social structure allows for communal development, operation, and management of covered lagoon• 200 families• @1,500 pigs
• Village waste canal to be constructed • Designed for rainfall exclusion
• Gas purchased and used as cook fuel for families• Distributed and measured in
refillable bags
Lagoon site integrated into fish pond
Village Waste Canal System
Bank-to-bank covered lagoon type
Gas Use OptionsHeat lamps and light
Shaft Power
Cooking Wood and Coal
Pumps Flares
Electric/Cogen
Cooking Propane
Nutrient Management – TropicalClimate Options• Land application relative to crop
need (N and P)– Most common approach includes
temperate climate approaches – US, Europe
• Wetland– Aquatic crops remove nutrients
• Fish ponds– Waste used as fish feed resource
– China, Vietnam, Thailand
• Treat and discharge - sewage– Livestock waste comparatively
high strength very expensive
Irrigated Rice
Tank hauling of liquid effluent
Fish Pond
Macrophytes
Affordability
• Demonstration has wide range in installed cost– $7-15 per pig (covered lagoons)
– China two phase system
– $55-100 per pig
• Cost will effect replication potential and are of concern
• Policy component– Energy financial incentives may
not be enough to offset extreme costs
Monitoring
• Characterizing performance of water pollution mitigation options, with high levels of data confidence requires a credible basis and approach to measurement
• Requires:– Appropriate methods and protocol to characterize
• Baseline System– Direct discharge– Lagoons– Storage– Fishponds
– In comparison to• Demonstration processes
– Pre-treatment– Primary Treatment– Secondary/Tertiary Treatment
– And costs
Monitoring Component
• Measuring pollution mitigation needs credible basis– Baseline WMS
• Direct discharge
• Storage
• Fishponds
– Methods and Protocol
• Monitoring supports policy, technical, and tools elements
Where : L = I -(R+A) (I and R are measured and
L and A are estimated)
Feed Animals
ConfinementFacility
AnimalProducts
Waste Management Unit Process(Biological or
Physical/Chemical)
Wastes (I)
Products of Biological or Physical/Chemical Transformations
Accumulation within the Unit Process
Ultimate Disposal (Cropland and/or
Alternate Use)
Losses (L)
Accumulation (A)
Residuals (R)
Performance Parameters Oxygen demand Nutrients - Nitrogen & Phosphorus Indicator Organisms Metals
System Boundary
Monitoring Plan and Protocol
• Plan includes:– Monitoring Pre-requisites
1) Evaluations of full-scale systems serving commercial livestock operations,2) At least 12-months in duration, and 3) Conducted after start-up phase of operation has been completed and at steady state
– Sampling protocol for influent and effluent to ensure representative samples• Composite samples – best for flush systems
– At least 6 grab samples taken over a period of no less than 1 hour and combined into single composite sample (>20 L)
– Sampling protocol for solids collection– Plan needs to specify flow measurement
• Pump (gpm)• Collection basin• Rainfall and evaporation need to be accounted for
– Sample preservation• Iced or refrigerated and delivered within 24 hours of collection
Status
– Project launched July 2006– Regional Coordination meeting Oct. 2006
– Key elements– Demonstration construction
– Scheduled dry season 2007– M&E– What and how
– Standardization across countries
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